07/06/2012
Controlling parasitic nematodes.
Where to from here?
Jyri Kaapro
www.bayeres.com.au
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07/06/2012
Nematodes
Biology & Ecology
In Turfgrass Systems
Management Practices
What are nematodes?
Nematodes = roundworms
Nema = thread (Greek)
Placentanema gigantissimus 8 metres long, 2cm thick
Greeffiella minutum - 0.08mm long
28,000 species described
1 million all together
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Nematode Types
Free living species – feed on organic matter, algae, fungi, small animals, faecal
matter, dead organisms and living tissues
Parasitic species
In animals – heartworm, hookworm, pinworm, whipworm
Insects – entomopathogenic nematodes
Plants – damage to a range of plants including turf
Basic Structure
Females generally larger than females
Stylet used for feeding on plants.
Stylets vary in size and shape
No defined respiratory or circulatory systems
Diffusion of water, gasses and metabolites in and
out of their semi-permeable body walls
http://www.apsnet.org
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Generally movement oven a life-time in no more than one metre through the soil
But they can be easily dispersed by movement of soil, water (floods or excess
irrigation) and plant material
Wikipedia
Soil borne nematodes
Free-living
Plant Parasitic
http://www.personal.psu.edu
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Soil borne nematodes
Beneficial
Plant Parasitic
Lifecycle
Nematode reproduction involves six
stages including an egg stage, four
larval stages (J1, J2, J3, J4), and an
adult stage
J1 often occurs inside the egg
Eggs hatch into the J2 larval stage.
The juvenile nematodes undergo four
molts before they become an adult and
are capable of reproduction
http://www.apsnet.org
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University of Illinois, 2000
Plant parasitic nematodes
Endoparasitic
Ectoparasitic
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/
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Symptoms
Above Ground
• Reduced vigor
• Nutrient deficiency
• Wilt
• Stunting
• Turf death
• Root diseases
Below Ground
• Reduction of root mass
• Reduction of root length
• Distortion of root structure
• Lack of root hairs
Signs
Few diagnostic signs on turf by nematodes
except root galls, cysts
Colin Flemming
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Turfgrass Nematodes
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Turf Nematodes
Common name
Scientific name
(most common)
Type
Sting
Ring
Belonolaimus Criconemoides
Stubby Root
Paratrichodorus
Lance
Hoplolaimus
Root-knot
Meloidogyne
Endoparasitic
Ectoparasitic
Ectoparasitic
Ectoparasitic
Endoparasitic
Thresholds
Grasses
affected
50
Buffalo
Couch
Bent
Zoysia
750
Couch
Bent
Fescue
Zoysia
Buffalo
200
Couch
Bent
500
Couch
Bent
Buffalo
Zoysia
Symptoms
"Stubby root"
and knob like
appearance
of the root
tips.
Stunting and
thinning of turf.
Stunted roots
with brown
lesions.
2000
Couch
Bent
Tall fescue
Rye grass
Zoysia
Buffalo
Similar
Stunting of
Yellowing and
symptoms to
top growth.
stunting of top
sting nematodes Swelling of
growth,
roots and
swelling of
feeding areas. roots, knots or
Increased
galls present
fungal
in roots.
diseases.
Wilting of top
growth.
Spiral
Helicotylenchus
Ectoparasitic
2000
All
Thin stand
which is difficult
to maintain.
Curtailment of
growth of new
plants in
rhizomes or
stolons.
Sting nematode (Belonolaimus, Ibipora, Morulaimus)
Damage to Turf. One of the most
widespread and destructive nematode pest of
turfgrasses.
Biology. Large nematodes (between 1.0 –
3.0 mm) possessing a characteristic long,
slender stylet. Feed on the tips and along the
sides of the roots.
Ecology. Restricted to very sandy soils.
Symptoms. Turf exhibits drought and
malnutrition symptoms and does not respond
to watering or feeding. Badly affected plants
collapse and die in patches that can measure
up to several feet in diameter.
http://nematode.unl.edu/
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Affects on couchgrass
http://www.apsnet.org
Lance nematodes
Damage to Turf. Damages turf at low
populations. It is found primarily on greens
and tees.
Biology. Rather stout, large nematodes.
Migrate through the soil along roots,
feeding as they move.
Ecology. Large populations are found
only in sandy or well-drained soils.
Symptoms. Common symptoms of
nematode injury to turf are slight to severe
yellowing of the foliage, thinning of the turf
canopy, reduced growth, wilting under light
moisture stress, and premature death.
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Ring nematodes
Damage to Turf. Damage to turf usually
occurs only at high populations. Most
common on golf course greens.
Biology. Ectoparasitic nematode and
feeds on interior portions of the roots but
is found in the soil outside of the root.
Markedly annulate stubby nematodes,
ranging from 0.2 - 1.0 mm in length.
Ecology. Large populations usually
occur only in highly sandy soil.
Symptoms. Yellowing, moisture-stress
wilting and poor growth in above-ground
foliage.
Regional differences
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Nematodes and disease
Nematodes may increase the severity of fungal diseases;
Fusarium
Leptosphaeria
Rhizoctonia
Pythium
These interactions result from mechanical damage to roots and physiological
changes that lower disease resistance.
Nematode Management
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Nematode Management
Prepare for
Nematodes
Nematode
Season
Turf
Management
Nematode
Control
Use nematode free plant and soil material
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Growth Rates
winter
spring
summer
Optimum Temperature: Root growth 10-18oC
autumn
winter
Shoot Growth 16-24oC
Growth Rate
winter
spring
summer
Optimum Temperature: Root growth 24-29oC
autumn
winter
Shoot Growth 27-32oC
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Greatest Root Growth Temperature
Penncross
Spring
10-16oC
Autumn 24-18oC
Tifgreen
Spring
21-34oC
Autumn 34-13oC
Soil Temperatures – 6 June 2012
22oC
12oC
16oC
7 oC
13oC
9 oC
8 oC
8 oC
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Manage root growth periods
Irrigation
Aerification
Nutrition – adequate K and P, careful with N
Poa seedhead control – reduce carbohydrate utilisation
Biostimulants
Rolling instead of mowing
Mowing height
Pre-emergent herbicides – root-pruning effects
Nematode Management
Prepare for
Nematodes
Nematode
Season
Turf
Management
Nematode
Control
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Testing
Testing of soil and plant material a very useful tool
Sample collection
Results are a count of nematodes per volume or mass of soil
Thresholds cannot be used in isolation
Need evaluation of root health as well;
- root mass and length
- condition of root vascular system (stele)
http://home.earthlink.net
Good turf management
Managing compromised root systems
irrigation
nutrition
disease management
Minimise Stress
mowing heights/frequency
monitoring !!!!!
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Nematode Management
Prepare for
Nematodes
Nematode
Season
Turf
Management
Nematode
Control
Control
Turf Establishment
Fumigation chemicals
Metham
Basamid (dazomet)
Telone (1,3- dichloropropene)
Soil amendments
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Trials with Compost (Sports Turf Technology, WA)
Untreated
Compost
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Untreated
Compost
Control
Turf Maintenance
Biological
Econem (Pasteuria usgae) registered in the USA
Nortica (Bacillus firmus) registered in the USA
Entomopathonegic nematodes
Fungal products (Trichoderma, Paecilomyces and nematode-trapping fungi)
Chemicals
Nematicides – fenamiphos, cadusafos, furfural (USA), propylene glycol
alginate, abamectin, methionine
Plant Extracts – sesame (USA), thyme (USA), neem
Products containing molasses and other organic materials
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Control
Turf Maintenance
Biological
Econem (Pasteuria usgae) registered in the USA
Nortica (Bacillus firmus) registered in the USA
Entomopathonegic nematodes
Fungal products (Trichoderma, Paecilomyces and nematode-trapping fungi)
Chemicals
Nematicides – fenamiphos, cadusafos, furfural (USA), propylene glycol
alginate, abamectin, methionine
Plant Extracts – sesame (USA), thyme (USA), neem
Products containing molasses and other organic materials
•
Bacterial parasite
•
3 applications
•
Spring (couch/kikuyu) or autumn (bent)
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Mode of Action Summary
•
Nortica contains the bacteria Bacillus firmus
•
Nortica is a natural product that protects plants from a wide range of
nematode species. The bacteria in Nortica colonize and grow around the root
providing a living barrier of prevention. Nortica provides consistent lasting
protection for a healthier root system.
•
Nortica spores germinate to form reproductive, vegetative cells and these
colonize the root surface.
•
Nortica is primarily acting against nematode eggs (perforation of the eggshell)
•
Nortica has demonstrated a long-lasting activity against nematode eggs
•
The spectrum of activity of Nortica covers all species of major economic
importance
•
A certain regional variability in performance is expected due to soil
environmental conditions and management practice
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Mode of Action Summary
•
Nortica contains the bacteria Bacillus firmus
•
Nortica is a natural product that protects plants from a wide range of
nematode species. The bacteria in Nortica colonize and grow around the root
providing a living barrier of prevention. Nortica provides consistent lasting
protection for a healthier root system.
•
Nortica spores germinate to form reproductive, vegetative cells and these
colonize the root surface.
•
Nortica is primarily acting against nematode eggs (perforation of the eggshell)
•
Nortica has demonstrated a long-lasting activity against nematode eggs
•
The spectrum of activity of Nortica covers all species of major economic
importance
•
A certain regional variability in performance is expected due to soil
environmental conditions and management practice
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Trial Specifics
Trials were completed:
2008-2010
on Bermudagrass in Florida, Alabama and South Carolina by comparing:
Untreated Control (UTC)
Nortica
Nemacur G
Percent Root Increase
Nemacur 10G 112 kg/ha (1 time)
17%
Nortica 78 kg/ha (1 time)
38%
Nortica 39 kg/ha (2 times)
20%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
*Data from Crow, Cisar, Unruh, Guertal, and Lawrence Trials. 2009-2010
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Percent Color Increase
Nemacur 10G 112 kg/ha (1 time)
27%
Nortica 78 kg/ha (1 time)
17%
Nortica 39 kg/ha (2 times)
15%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
*Data from Martin and Mixson 2008 - 2010 trials.
Percent Turf Density Increase
Nemacur 10G 112 kg/ha (1 time)
6%
Nortica 78 kg/ha (1 time)
5%
Nortica 38 kg/ha (2 times)
4%
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
*Data from Martin, Mixson, Crow 2008 - 2010 trials.
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Percent Turf Quality Increase
6%
Nemacur 10G 112 kg/ha (1 time)
10%
Nortica 78 kg/ha (1 time)
7%
Nortica 39 kg/ha (2 times)
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
*Data from B. Martin 2008 - 2010 trials.
Percent Sting Nematode
Reduction
43%
Nemacur 10G 112 kg/ha (1 time)
12%
Nortica 78 kg/ha (1 time)
17%
Nortica 39 kg/ha (2 times)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
*Data from Crow, Martin, Mixson 2008 - 2010 trials.
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USA Turf Nematicides
Furfural
•
Plant extract (sugarcane)
•
Fungal activity
•
Golf course closed
•
Immediate irrigation (15 minutes)
•
Buffer zones
•
12 hour re-entry period
•
Mode of Action - contact
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Furfural
Application August 29 September 12 and 26
Thyme Oil
Mode of Action – contact
Fungal activity
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Other Plant Extracts
•
Mode of Action – contact
•
Preventative application
Control
Turf Maintenance
Chemicals
Fenamiphos
Cadusafos
Abamectin
Propylene glycol alginate
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Fenamiphos
• Previously called Nemacur
• Now various names (Electricur)
• Accelerated (enhanced) biodegradation
• Often the effects are nematostatic, paralyzing nematodes rather than killing them
• Under review by the APVMA
•
Toxicology
•
Environmental
Rugby
Cadusafos (organophosphate nematicide)
Currently used under an APVMA permit (greens only & granule formulation)
Evaluated in 1993 by ATRI
The Lakes Golf Club (bentgrass)
Nelson Bay Bowling Club (couchgrass)
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Stubby Root Nematodes
Sting Nematodes – 5 weeks
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Sting Nematode – 12 weeks
Root health
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Turf Colour
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Abamectin
Abamectin has high Koc – thus binds strongly to organic matter –
very minimal wash-in capacity
Agador Turf Nematicide
Syngenta
20 g/L abamectin + 500 g/L Fe-EDTH chelate
Fe-chelate capsule protects abamectin molecule – facilitates washin to root zone where nematodes reside
Relative change in Sting nematode populations compared to counts at
0WAIT (ave 3 trials) 2009 season
60
Nematode counts:
UTC – ave > 280
Best treatment – ave <100
Threshold 20 / 200g soil
% change in sting nematode numbers
40
20
UTC
0
0WAT
2WAT
4WAT
6WAT
8WAT
Agador
A12115I @2L/HA X 3 (14 DAY
INTERVAL)
-20
Log. (UTC)
-40
Agador @2L/HA X 3 (14 DAY
Log. (A12115I
INTERVAL))
-60
-80
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Agador Nematicide (Abamectin)
Situation
Turf
Disease
Ring Nematode
(Macroposthonia sp.)
Sting Nematode
(Belonolaimus
longicaudatus),
Rate
Critical Comments
2 L/ha
Apply Agador in an early curative
or
situation (after appropriate nematode
20 mL/100 m2 extraction, identification and counts).
Wash application in with 3-6 mm of
irrigation or rain immediately after
application.
Apply 3-4 consecutive Agador
applications at 14-21 day intervals.
Sting Nematode: When counts are
100 nematodes / 200g soil or higher
apply at least 3 consecutive applications
of Agador at 14 day intervals. Switch to
an alternative chemistry class if counts
stay high and symptoms persist.
Propylene glycol alginate
Agri-Trap
Organic Crop Protectants
Mode of Action:
“soil application results in a film around the nematode body. According to in vitro
and Scanning Electron Microscopy studies, there is a lethal physical effect on
soil nematodes, affecting respiration and movement”
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Microphotographs of nematode cuticle before and after treatment
Non-treated
Treated
Conclusion
No “silver bullet”
Good turf management
Monitor and manage root health
Testing useful
Promising new products on the horizon
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Acknowledgements
David Westall, Everris
Albie Leggett, Amgrow
Shane Harvey & Paul Looby, Westgate Research
Ken Johnston & Peter Ruscoe, Sports Turf Technology
Henk Smith, Syngenta
Gary Leeson, Organic Crop Protectants
[email protected]
Thank you!
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