Honours in Ecology and Environmental Science 2017 Honours Projects 2017 Honours Projects 2017 Honours Projects 2017 Honours Projects 2017 Honours Projects 2017 Honours Projects www.sciences.adelaide.edu.au/future-students/honours 2017 Honours Projects Table of Contents Overview of Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Ecology and Environmental Science ................ 3 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................. 4 Eligibility .................................................................................................................................................................... 4 How to apply............................................................................................................................................................. 5 Structure of the Honours program in Ecology and Environmental Science .............................. 5 Honours Projects and Supervisors ..................................................................................................................... 7 Choosing a Research Project ............................................................................................................................. 7 Terrestrial Plant Ecology ......................................................................................................................................... 8 Ecology and Behaviour of Birds, Plant-Animal Interactions; Conservation Biology; Restoration Ecology ................................................................................................................................................ 10 Plant Physiology; Nutrient Uptake, Ecotoxicology, Plant Molecular Biology .............................. 13 Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology............................................................................................................. 14 Functional Ecology of Animals & Plants, Especially Evolutionary Adaptations ........................ 15 Marsupial / Native Rodent - Life-History, Reproduction, Population Biology, Disease and Conservation............................................................................................................................................................... 17 Invasion Biogeography & Quantitative Ecology ........................................................................................ 18 Global Change Biology; Climate Change Ecology & Macroecology................................................... 20 Water Research Group – Catchments, Lakes, Estuaries & Rivers ..................................................... 21 Marine Ecology .......................................................................................................................................................... 23 Marine & Freshwater Ecology; Fish/Cephalopod Biology & Ecology ............................................. 25 Fish ecology, Climate Change, Estuaries & Coasts .................................................................................... 27 Marine Ecology and Evolutionary Biology ................................................................................................... 28 Spatial Information, Environmental Remote Sensing and GIS ........................................................... 30 Landscape Systems.................................................................................................................................................. 34 Centre for Applied Conservation Science; and Unmanned Research Aircraft Facility ........... 35 The University of Adelaide 2 Overview of Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Ecology and Environmental Science The Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Ecology and Environmental Science within the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Adelaide is the gateway to increased job opportunities and to a great range of rewarding careers from research to working in natural environments. Our teaching and research staff are international leaders in their fields. Join us for your Honours project and you will be a member of a research team working at the leading edges of ecological and environmental sciences. This booklet includes many of the research projects in Ecology and Environmental Science that are available to honours students. However, we encourage you to talk with staff as the projects in the booklet do not reflect all the projects available. After identifying your preferred projects or areas, please contact the academics who supervise those projects or those areas that interest you for more details. You may also want to talk with current Honours students to find out what Honours is like from a student perspective. What is Honours like? As an Honours student you become a member of the School and a valued colleague. You will spend most of your time as part of a research group sharing goals, triumphs, disappointments and all of the other things that are part of the adventure of scientific research. For the first time, you become responsible for the outcome of your own scientific work. Honours students also partake in all aspects of the social life of the School. You will form friendships and professional associations that could last a lifetime. The Honours degree will give you a thorough training in scientific method and a detailed insight into ecological and environmental processes in the area of research that you pursue, as well as exposure to analytic tools and techniques. The scientific approach to problem solving and communicating science, and the self-confidence gained during the Honours year will equip you for a wide variety of careers. Many of our students elect to continue in the research domain by enrolling in the School's PhD programs. However, the analytical and communication skills that our students acquire have led other Honours graduates into a range of careers in many different fields. David Paton & José M. Facelli EES Honours Co-ordinators For information about Honours in Ecology and Environmental Sciences contact: A/Prof. José Facelli, Room 104, Benham Building. Ph (08) 8313 4559 email: [email protected] or A/Prof. Bertram Ostendorf, Room Mo3, Davies Building, Waite Campus. Ph (08) 8313 7317 email: [email protected] The University of Adelaide 3 Introduction As an undergraduate you have learned about many facts, ideas and resources, and you have demonstrated your ability to recall, organise and interpret that information. These are skills that you will call upon many times in the future. So far, however, you may not have had many chances to develop and apply your own ideas. This is one of the great attractions of the year ahead! Completing a Honours year is a very worthwhile supplement to your B.Sc. degree. It is not just a bridge to a postgraduate degree, nor simply a chance to explore an area of biology that especially interests you. It is also an opportunity for personal development: a test of your imagination, self reliance and self-discipline. It will help to develop your confidence and prowess in clear thinking, constructive criticism, communication and a variety of technical skills. These "advanced" skills are likely to enhance your prospects for employment in many areas, quite apart from biology. Honours in Ecology and Environmental Science is the recommended option for the student who is enthusiastic about a career in research and academic pursuits from ecology, behaviour and physiology to landscape science and the conservation and management of wildlife. The Honours degree is the usual stepping-stone to a higher degree but all possibilities for future employment remain open to you and are improved with an honours degree. Entry qualifications are normally credits in 9 - 12 points of level 3 courses for your major or relevant to your Honours research project, or equivalent. Students from outside the University and from allied departments within the university may have equivalent courses and are encouraged to apply. Honours in Ecology and Environmental Sciences will run from early February until November. It is also possible to begin in second semester, commencing in late July and completing in late May. Under exceptional circumstances, the Honours degree can be done on a half-time basis, over two years. For further information, contact one of the EES Honours Coordinators. During the year you will need to commit yourself to a series of challenging assignments, and you will be responsible for most decision-making and management of your time. This information booklet tells you about the content of the Honours program and offers suggestions about the various options, particularly the research project. If you need more information about a project you are encouraged to contact individual supervisors. Toward a higher degree Over the past several years, the number of students achieving a first class Honours degree in the Environmental Biology has been about 50%, the Science Faculty average. Students with a first class Honours are competitive in the scholarship rankings for postgraduate research in a PhD or Master of Philosophy. Eligibility To win a place in Honours Ecology and Environmental Sciences you need to (1) have completed your Science degree; (2) hold credits (65%) or better in the Level III subjects for your major and/or relevant to your research project; and (3) have approval from a staff member with whom you have discussed a possible project, and who has indicated that they would be willing to be your supervisor. If you are in any doubt over your eligibility, please ask one of the Honours Coordinators. Some supervisors may not be able to accept you because there is a limit on the number they are allowed to supervise. You should investigate several alternative supervisors and projects and submit at least 2 preferences when you submit your application. If you come from another university, you may be eligible for Honours at Adelaide, depending on the courses you have taken and your results. Please contact one of the Honours Coordinators in the first instance with your transcripts and scholastic desires and they will advise you. The University of Adelaide 4 How to apply If you are interested in studying Honours you need to contact a prospective supervisor to discuss potential honours projects and submit an Expression of Interest form to the Faculty of Sciences and await an offer of a place in the class. You are then free to accept or reject the offer; your application is not binding. To find out how to submit your Expression of Interest and key dates go to the Faculty of Sciences Honours website at: http://www.sciences.adelaide.edu.au/future-students/honours/ For those intending to start in First Semester, the nominal deadline for applications is late October, so that offers can be sent out in December. Later applications are possible, but there may be delays in processing. Those wanting to begin in Second Semester may apply in November, if they wish, or postpone their application until, at the latest, the end of May. If you are sure that you wish to make a mid-year start, you should apply in November, as potential supervisors may no longer be available by the May selection period. In some years certain kinds of projects are more popular than others, and it may not always be possible to give you your first choice of research project and supervisor. In case complications do arise, we ask you to nominate a reserve choice. Scholarships for Honours In general students should consult the web-site: http://www.adelaide.edu.au/scholarships/honours/ Some staff have research grants that may include a scholarship for a project that falls within the grant's umbrella. There are also a few 6-8 week summer scholarships available before honours, but not for honours projects. Talk to potential supervisors about these. Structure of the Honours program in Ecology and Environmental Science The structure of the Honours programs in the Faculty of Sciences consist of two separate year-long courses that collectively equate to 24 units. For Honours in Ecology and Environmental Science the two courses are: Advanced Ecology and Environmental Science (Hons) worth 9 units Honours Ecology and Environmental Science Project worth 15 units The course “Advanced Ecology and Environmental Science (Hons) contains three tasks that are completed across the full academic year and focus on building research and (written) communication skills. The three components are a literature review and research proposal, a broadening essay and a short essay. The course “Honours Ecology and Environmental Science Project” covers the major research project. The research project consists of about 18 weeks of full time research and is presented as a thesis written in the form of a research paper (hopefully with the intention of publication) with a substantially expanded discussion to cover relevant literature and to explore project issues more fully. In addition to the assessed tasks, students will also undertake an Occupation Health and Safety induction course and complete a Senior First Aid certificate, and should also attend regular or special seminars and interact with the postgraduate students and staff. Honours students should also become involved in some of the other activities that are part of University life, like assisting in an undergraduate camp, or accompanying an academic or postgraduate student in the field if you have the time. There will also be meetings between the class and the Honours Coordinator(s) and between individual students and their supervisor. Other meetings during the year will be devoted to discussions about the progress of your research, about ways to prepare essays, talks and posters, and the use of school resources (e.g. computer software and statistical methods). The University of Adelaide 5 Assessment The Honours grading system is not like the one used for under-graduate courses. It ranges from First Class (I) through Second Class Division A (IIA), Second Class Division B (IIB) and Third Class (III), each with a numerical value. The greatest rewards in assessment are for originality, insight, clear thinking and technical competence. These things will come through hard work and dedication. For the purpose of scholarship competition, all students will be ranked. The ranking within the classes is confidential. Research supervisors Most staff should be available as supervisors, but some may be unavailable, either because they have their quota of students or they are on leave for part of the year. In addition, some of the staff employed at the South Australian Museum, State Herbarium, Dept of Environment, Water & Natural Resources, CSIRO and SARDI (Aquatic Sciences) are affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences, and can offer projects and act as supervisors. Some of these external supervisors are included below in the list of potential supervisors. Other external supervisors are possible but may need to work with a staff member as an "internal" supervisor. If you have ideas in this direction, discuss them with the appropriate staff member and one of the Honours Coordinators. Role of the supervisor Your research supervisor is someone with enough expertise in your field of interest to be able to advise you about techniques, literature and so on. S/he should not direct your research, but offer support, counsel and criticism, particularly in the planning stages. In consultation with your supervisor, you need to refine the original idea (which may be only vaguely defined) and develop a work plan. It may be a month before you have a clear set of goals. In this process you are expected to play the major role: your supervisor will look to you for bright ideas and initiative. Supervisors know from experience that student's inclinations and abilities differ, and they adjust their contribution accordingly. Of course, you may need to make comparable adjustments in the demands you make on your supervisor! Your relationship with your supervisor therefore is important. S/he should be someone you find easy to talk with and, most importantly, someone you feel you could work with and learn from. Finally, it is your responsibility to maintain close contact with your supervisor and work out problems immediately when they arise. There will be problems, and they tend to get worse if not dealt with quickly. Role of the Honours Coordinators The Coordinators will want to keep in touch with the progress of each student and, in particular, to offer advice and support if needed. The Coordinators are there to direct the course as a whole, to oversee assessment of components, to organise and sit on marking committees, and to assemble final reports so that the academic staff can decide on final marks and rankings. The University of Adelaide 6 Honours Projects and Supervisors Choosing a Research Project Try to put aside the idea that now is the time to commit yourself to your future career. Honours provides an introduction to research, and there are many pragmatic considerations to over-ride what may be a long-held interest in tropical rainforests, dingoes, crocodiles, whales or other intriguing organisms. Even if a competent supervisor is available, some project ideas will be judged as simply impractical for Honours. Your project need not be a commitment to the kind of work you want to do in future. Even so, you must have a genuine interest in it. If your enthusiasm is tentative, you may find it hard to weather bouts of drudgery or those occasions when your best-laid plans go wrong. As a rough guide, the research project is equivalent to about 18 weeks of full-time work (excluding the literature review). As your time is limited, your project should be a modest one. It is much wiser to "take a small bite and chew it well" than to be over-ambitious. Your budget also is limited. The School allots a modest sum of money to your supervisor to support your research. However, if your project involves extensive travel you will run down your budget very quickly, unless you are able to offset the costs personally or by arranging shared field trips. Consult your supervisor about the likely costs of your proposed research and how those costs will be met. Your project should be foolproof. That is, it should have a straightforward core that will guarantee you some results even if all your experiments fail. By all means be adventurous, but insure yourself against disappointments. If the subject of your study is a population of animals, it should be abundant, easily accessible and, if necessary, easily maintained in the lab. It is better to work with houseflies than platypuses. Avoid projects that depend on seasonally available animals or plants. Your project should have some scope for your ingenuity. A simple survey is likely to produce a rather drab, uninteresting thesis, unless some form of critical inquiry accompanies it. One way to develop this part of your project is to design experiments to explore what you see as the critical questions. They may not work through no fault of yours, and importantly you are unlikely to be penalised if you understand clearly what went wrong and what might be done in future. Your examiners will be interested in your reaction to whatever difficulties may arise; endeavour to learn from your mistakes and turn them to your advantage. Some of our most highly regarded theses contain few original results; their winning virtues are more in the realm of "good ideas". One way to think about a topic is to look beyond your project to a prospective publication in a scientific journal. If you are planning to go on to a higher degree, a publication based on your Honours research is a fine way to launch your career! In short, choose a reasonably simple project that you would find interesting, and one "safe" enough to guarantee some results and yet provide scope for innovation and experiment. Your work can be hypothesis-oriented or descriptive, or both. Sometimes a project can begin with a relatively "safe" core of descriptive material. As the work is carried out, unforseen questions arise and hypotheses can be tested. The research interests of potential supervisors within the Department of Ecology and Environmental Science are provided below with a few suggested projects. Bear in mind that these are suggestions only. They give an idea of the research areas of potential supervisors and what they are interested in at the moment. The supervisors also think that they are feasible. However, staff will be pleased to discuss your own ideas and determine their feasibility. If you are interested in any of these suggestions, or if you would like to discuss variations related to the staff member's research interests, make an appointment to talk with them. If you are from interstate, please contact the appropriate staff member(s) by email or telephone. Sometimes supervisors are on leave and unable to take part in the Honours program. Be sure to confirm that your supervisor is available for the period of your study. Please note that there are other projects that overlap with the research areas outlined above that are offered by colleagues in the Department of Genetics and Evolution and interdisciplinary projects with the School of Agriculture, Food and Wine. The University of Adelaide 7 Terrestrial Plant Ecology CONTACT SUPERVISOR Assoc. Prof. José M. Facelli [email protected] CO-SUPERVISORS Dr Renate Faast, Dr Evelina Facelli, Dr Emma Steggles ,Dr Jasmin Packer, Assoc. Prof. George Ganf, Dr John Goodfellow The Terrestrial Plant Ecology research focuses on arid lands, and Mediterranean-type environments, using an approach that always includes a strong conceptual component and rigorous experimental design and statistical analyses. Currently there are projects available in the following areas. Effects of fire on terrestrial orchids and their pollinator. This project aims to assess the impacts of fire on the reproductive output of threatened orchid populations, taking into account the impacts of pollination, grazing, seed viability and seedling establishment. It targets several species of orchids with contrasting pollination biology to fire management regimes. Projects available include addressing the impact of prescribed burns on the viability of orchid seeds and impact of prescribed burns on the survival and recruitment of orchid seedlings. This project would suit an Honours intake at the beginning of the year, as most shallowtubered orchid species emerge in late autumn. Root distribution and salinity and soil water dynamics in a chenopod shrubland: implications for restoration ecology Underground ecosystem processes (i.e. water distribution and use by plants) are central to arid land ecology, but they are complex and poorly understood. In post-mining reconstructed soil profiles they have to be re-established to make the system self-sustained. This project investigates the distribution of roots and the use of water by key species in an open woodland with shrub understorey in a restored site in South Australia. It also investigates the effects of salinity redistribution during the revegetation process. The information will help to understand long term dynamics of these ecosystems and provide insight in their possible responses to climate change. It will also provide essential information for restoration ecology. At least part of the work is conducted in a remote mine site, sometimes staying for extended periods and working long hours under strenuous conditions (flights, accommodation and meals are provided at the mine site). There are projects available in the demography and reproduction biology of key species, adaptations of arid land plants to stress and disturbances. Interactions between microbes and plants Plants modify the microbial community in the soil in ways that may favour or harm them. Some invasive species, in particular, seem to be able to obtain an advantage over native plants through this mechanism. The research in this area includes the effects of mycorrhizal and rhizobial associations on seedling establishment and plant competition, plant-soil-microbe feedbacks, and the effects of pathogens on native vegetation. This research can be particularly important to understand the success of invasive species and to address limits to our ability to effect restoration of native vegetation. The sources and consequences of spatial and temporal variability in chenopod shrublands. Spatial and temporal variability is a key aspect of the structure and function of arid land ecosystems. During the last 12 years we have investigated how some of this heterogeneity is generated (e.g. by accumulation of nutrients around perennial plants, through the effect of grazing animals, etc.). We have also investigated the role of heterogeneity on population dynamics, community structure and ecosystem processes). Some of our research in this area has direct practical implications for the management of rangelands, while other aspects of the research are more directly linked to the development of current ecological theory, in particular through the testing of the Storage Effect Model of species coexistence. There are opportunities for research on the interactions between annual plants and shrubs, assessment of heterogeneity in distribution of seeds in the soil seed bank, and aspects of the competitive effects between shrubs. NOTE: Because of the seasonality of the The University of Adelaide 8 system most project are available only for the beginning-of-the-year intake. The research is based at the Middleback Field Centre, near Whyalla, at the Koonamore Vegetation reserve, near Yunta. This work requires 4WD experience and extended stays in remote areas. The ecology of invasive plants in native ecosystemsInteractions between plant parasites and their hosts Parasitic plants are widespread and abundant in Australia. However, their role in shaping the population dynamics of their hosts and their effects on ecosystem processes are poorly understood. There are opportunities to investigate the interactions between mistletoes and their host in along environmental gradients to determine how abiotic stress affects the relationship. We are also interested in the interactions between Cassytha spp (native coiling hemi-parasite) and their host, particularly invasive species: Cassytha pubescens is often found on species such as Scotch broom and gorse, having much stronger negative effects that on native hosts. These projects require understanding of Plant ecophysiology. Ecology and management of Phragmites australis The common reed is an important species in freshwater and brackish ecosystems. While it is native to local wetlands, its abundance is reported to have increased, probably in response to changes in management regime. We are undertaking research to determine the drivers and consequences of the expansion of the species, and obtaining information to help to develop control strategies. In addition there is a project aimed to determine the genetics of the species, including ploidy assessment on 50 living collection samples and sampling to inform species distribution modelling (predictive modelling under different climate and management scenarios). Faunal assemblages in wetlands of the Fleurieu Peninsula: effects of floristic changes Fleurieu peninsula swamps are dynamic and changing systems. Research is currently being undertaken on the management of the successional states within the Fleurieu Peninsula Swamps. This research is focused on determining the effects of disturbance effected to alter the successional stages on the flora within swamps on animal assemblages. The projects include assessment of areas with different levels of dominance by blackberry and common reed. The University of Adelaide 9 Ecology and Behaviour of Birds, Plant-Animal Interactions; Conservation Biology; Restoration Ecology CONTACT SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISORS Assoc. Prof. David Paton [email protected] Dr Daniel Rogers, Dr Katherine Moseby We have broad interests in terrestrial ecology and behaviour that are all aimed at providing research outcomes that facilitate the management, conservation and restoration of biodiversity. Much of our research investigates spatial and temporal variation in resources, and how these, and perturbations like fire and drought, influence the distribution, abundance, behaviour and population demography of flora and fauna, but particularly birds. We have a range of on-going research and long-term monitoring programs being conducted in different areas of the State, and we list some project ideas under each of these. These should act as a guide to the types of projects that could be developed for an Honours degree. Ecology and behaviour of birds and their resources in the Coorong The Coorong is a Wetland of International Significance that is changing as a consequence of a lack of adequate environmental flows. These in turn lead to changes in the distribution and abundance of key food resources used by birds, such as the submerged aquatic plant Ruppia tuberosa. These changes are likely to affect the quality of the habitats for waterbirds. One method of assessing habitat quality from a waterbird perspective is by the amount of time allocated to foraging. Some shorebirds (sandpipers, stints) and waterfowl (e.g. Black Swans) allocate most of the day to foraging suggesting the quality of the Coorong wetlands is poor from their perspective. Potential projects could investigate the performances of selected shorebirds (sandpipers, plovers, stilts, oystercatchers and greenshank) that feed in both estuarine and hypermarine systems of the Coorong and/or other wetlands that differ in types and abundances of available resources and so test this idea. Other projects could explore the spatial and temporal patterns in the distributions and aggregations of some of the piscivorous bird species in the region (terns, cormorants, herons, egrets). These projects are aimed at assessing the quality of habitats for waterbirds, determining the niches of waterbird species and in turn their ecological responses to changes in environmental flows to the Coorong and adjacent Lower Lakes. The projects link to other work building habitat suitability models for selected waterbird species and Ruppia tuberosa. There are also other projects that explore how filamentous algae interfere with Ruppia tuberosa. Other potential projects exist in the Coorong based on terrestrial birds and would involve investigating use of space and habitat by co-existing honeyeaters in coastal vegetation. Declining woodland birds in the Mt Lofty Ranges A variety of potential projects on woodland birds are possible. These include autecological studies on species that are regarded as declining in the Mt Lofty Ranges such as the Brown Thornbill and Brown Treecreeper. The project on Brown Thornbills would involve documenting the shrub species being used for foraging to determine if they have a predilection to use some species preferentially and assessing home range sizes in different parts of the Mt Lofty Ranges. Willie Wagtails and Jacky Winters are other species that could be studied. Restoration ecology at Arid Recovery, Roxby Downs Arid Recovery is multi-award winning partnership between the University of Adelaide, BHP Billiton and the Dept of Environment, Water and Natural Resources that aims to restore an arid ecosystem to something close to its pre-European condition. Projects on birds, endemic and re-introduced mammals, invertebrates, plant demography, herbivory, and interactions between predators all have the potential to be developed for an honours project. Although ecological restoration in these arid systems takes time, there are a series of enclosures that now contain differing densities of bettongs, bilbies and stick-nest rats that allow some experimental comparisons, as well as areas outside the The University of Adelaide 10 reserve that lack the re-introduced native mammals but have rabbits, cats and foxes. In recent years there has been an over-abundance of bettongs that has resulted in significant over-browsing of selected native plants. To reduce these impacts the numbers of bettongs has been reduced (translocated to outside areas) and so opportunities exist to examine recovery of vegetation elements post-bettong removal. One of the key plants that was virtually eliminated in the presence of high numbers of bettongs was Enchylaena tomentosa and this might be a suitable focal species to study where the capacity of the plant to recover following removal of bettong (using small enclosures) could be explored. This could include translocating seeds from outside the reserve into areas that are and are not protected from grazing by bettongs. Influence of fire, drought and topography on flora and fauna in Ngarkat Ngarkat is a large reserve south of Lameroo and east of Tintinara. This largely mallee-heath system has experienced a series of droughts and extensive fires over the last two decades. Projects here would look at assessing the recovery of these heath-lands, particularly spatial and temporal (time since fire) variation in recovery. Projects could investigate this recovery from a plant, invertebrate, mammal, reptile or bird perspective, but a plant or invertebrate-based project is probably better for an Honours degree. We already know that certain locations (the bases of southern and eastern faces of dunes) are more likely to be used by birds and understanding why these patterns exist by looking at plant productivity and invertebrate biomasses may provide the explanation. Various webforming spiders are also more prominent in mature heaths, greater than 10 years post-fire. So another project could involve investigating the relationships between vegetation structure, plant productivity, invertebrate abundance and spider ecology and behaviour. Other heathlands closer to Adelaide are likely to provide similar opportunities, such as the Fleurieu Peninsula swamps. Performance of revegetated areas in the Monarto area, and their re-colonisation by fauna The Monarto region was planted with a wide range of local and exotic native trees (various eucalypts mainly from Western Australia). Only the tree layer was planted before the revegetation works ceased. This area is gradually being re-colonized by native fauna (birds, brush-tailed possums, invertebrates) and understorey plants, the latter mainly arriving via birds. A range of a potential projects suitable for honours exist building on previous work that has examined patterns of use of the newly established novel woodlands by selected fauna relative to their use of nearby remnants. Future projects could investigate colonisation patterns of selected invertebrates (ants, wolf-spiders, native bees), birds, reptiles, and development of pollinator networks. Other projects could investigate patterns to reproductive outputs and recruitment into the existing planted populations, and or document and compare the performances (growth, survival, flowering) of the different tree and shrub species that have been planted. Significant additional areas of farming land are also being set aside for restoration providing opportunities to explore factors such as weeds and grazing that may limit future revegetation works. Use of hollows by hollow-dependent birds There are a wide range of bird species, notably various pardalotes, tree martins, treecreepers, parrots, lorikeets, cockatoos, owlet-nightjars, owls and ducks that use hollows in trees for breeding. Other fauna including brush-tailed possums, bats and introduced honeybees also use hollows. This project would involve documenting hollow use, hollow availability and assessing potential competition between different species for access to suitable hollows. The project could be conducted on properties in the nearby Mt Lofty Ranges, such as Para Woodland where lorikeets, parrots, treecreepers and pardalotes are prominent hollow-users. Another project could be based on Kangaroo Island where the focus would likely be on hollow use and interactions between different species of cockatoo and or honeybees. This project could also be developed in other woodland areas with mature trees. These projects are probably better suited to a mid-year start. Restoring woodland habitats Restoration of habitats is often promoted as a key initiative for preventing biodiversity losses. On ground works vary from removing grazing by domestic stock (sheep, cattle), the control of weeds, to replanting areas using different methods (direct seeding, planting tube stock). There is usually little if The University of Adelaide 11 any monitoring of the outcomes from those actions. A suite of projects are possible under this broad restoration heading from assessing benefits from excluding stock from patches of remnant vegetation, to assessing some of the techniques used to germinate seeds and establish plants (these latter projects could be done with staff from the Botanic Gardens), to exploring weed competition or studying weed dispersal. In the Mt Lofty Ranges, high densities of Western Grey Kangaroos have been recorded over-grazing native vegetation, and this erodes the quality of the remnant vegetation. They are also a significant nuisance in revegetation works. Documenting the extent of damage caused by kangaroos, whether there are any preferences for certain species or spatial characteristics to the grazing impacts (edge effects) and testing whether heavily browsed plants can recover (exclusion experiments), aid in the development of sensible management actions. The University of Adelaide 12 Plant Physiology; Nutrient Uptake, Ecotoxicology, Plant Molecular Biology CONTACT SUPERVISOR Assoc. Prof. Rob Reid [email protected] The broad focus of our group is plant physiology, with specific interests in plant nutrition and plant stresses caused by hostile soils or soil-based pollution, and the way in which these stresses can limit productivity or adversely affect human health. Most projects are lab or glasshouse-based, but can involve some aspect of fieldwork. The main techniques used in this work are: (a) measurement of plant growth under favourable and toxic conditions; (b) radioactive tracers to measure uptake and root to shoot transfer of nutrients and other elements; (c) elemental analysis by ICP and colorimetry; and (d) basic molecular biology (database mining, PCR, gene sequencing, analysis of gene expression). There are many projects suitable for an honours year including, but not limited to: Acid Sulphate Soils in the Lower Murray River The drawing down of water in the Murray River and the lower lakes has exposed soil which can rapidly become very acidic, releasing toxic metals into the environment. Little is known about the extent to which the release from these acid sulphate soils will impact on plant survival and accumulation of toxic metals in plants. The project would examine these issues. There is currently intense interest in this problem, and there may be research funds available to assist with the running of the project. Arsenic in plants. In many areas of the world, particularly developing countries in Asia, arsenic compounds occur in high concentrations in soil and water, either through the natural geochemistry or via contamination. As a consequence, large numbers of people are being slowly poisoned through drinking water and ingestion of agricultural produce with elevated levels of arsenic. Attempts to limit arsenic in food crops have focussed on how arsenic is absorbed by plants and how it is stored and transported around plants. There is scope for studying the transport processes, the biochemical conversions of arsenic inside the plant, or the molecular biology on which these activities depend. Heavy metal uptake by plants Excess heavy metal uptake can impact adversely on plant growth and on humans and other animals who ingest plant products containing high concentrations of heavy metals. Relatively little is know about the processes involved in the accumulation and internal transport of heavy metals in plants. However, it is well known that some plants take up very little heavy metal while others take up very large amounts (‘hyperaccumulators’). Physiological investigation of heavy metals and plants could involve examination of the mechanisms of toxicity and/or detoxification, membrane transport or mechanisms or strategies for limiting heavy metal loading into edible plant tissues. Boron toxicity and tolerance in plants Boron toxicity is a problem for many plants and there have been some recent advances in the understanding of mechanisms of boron tolerance. This work is now mostly being tackled at the molecular level by identifying the genes responsible. Nevertheless there is still much to be learnt about how boron exerts toxic effects, and how tolerant plants are able to deal with the toxicity. Feel free to propose any topic in the area of soil-plant-nutrition-heavy metal interaction that you think might make an interesting honours project. The University of Adelaide 13 Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology CONTACT SUPERVISOR Prof. Phil Weinstein CO-SUPERVISOR Prof Andy Austin [email protected] Chironomids in extreme environments Non-biting midges (Chironomidae) are very similar to mosquitoes, and are masters at survival: their larvae live in waters that can be surprisingly hot (hot springs), cold (Antarctica), deep (2 km!), acidic, saline, ephemeral, or otherwise challenging. We are interested in comparing larval habitats in South Australia to what is known from the international literature: are the larvae in our Dalhousie hot springs tougher than their counterparts overseas? How acid and salt tolerant are larvae in the Coorong compared to elsewhere? Can our larvae survive desiccation in ephemeral water bodies, like the ones in Africa? The exact focus and hypothesis to be tested will be developed under this umbrella, depending on the interests and skills of the student – it could include aspects of vulnerability to climate change, molecular approaches to cryptic species identification, and biodiversity conservation. The University of Adelaide 14 Functional Ecology of Animals & Plants, Especially Evolutionary Adaptations CONTACT SUPERVISOR Em. Prof. Roger Seymour [email protected] I encourage students to develop their own projects within my area of expertise. Most recent Honours student projects from my lab have been published in reputable journals, and the expected aim is to produce more new research at a professional level. The best projects evolve from discussions about what interests the student and me at the time. The project should have a core that is certain to be successful but offer scope for students to expand in less certain ways. But in case you need ideas, below are a few suggestions that I think would make good Honours projects. They are projects that have not been done before, but are generally quite feasible with the available time and resources. To get sufficient background, it is advisable for a student to study relevant aspects of comparative ecophysiology of animals at the beginning of the year under my supervision. Buoyancy and aquatic stability of sauropod dinosaurs The aim here is to use computer models and 3-D printed models to examine the proposal that sauropod dinosaurs were aquatic. The student should have some ability to learn CAD and boat buoyancy software. Another question revolves around the problem of pulling feet from mud, and this could be approached with physical models. Estimating blood flow from holes in bone This project extends from previous projects that have been very fruitful (four publications from four honours students). The idea is simple. One can assess the amount of blood flowing through the arteries to organs if one knows the size of the vessel. We have already measured the femoral nutrient foramen of mammals, birds, reptiles and dinosaurs that is involved in locomotion. One can predict the maximum metabolic rate of the organism from the size of these holes. We have also looked at the carotid foramen of primates which shows how much blood goes to the brains during evolution of the group. Recently the technique has been applied to human evolution, with startling results. The project next stage could involve other groups of vertebrates, and ask, for example, whether female birds have greater blood flow to their bones than males because they recruit calcium for eggshell formation. The results from this could lead to analysis of dinosaur bones and possibly distinguish the sex of the animal. Heat-producing flowers Flowers of about 14 families of plants produce enough heat from metabolism to raise their temperatures significantly above the temperature of the air. Some species can warm themselves 35C above the environment, with metabolic rates that exceed all living animals except for a few flying insects. Some species regulate the floral temperature with striking precision. They do this apparently for the benefit of insect pollinators. The literature in this area has come largely from my laboratory and from collaborators. If funded for 2017, there is scope for someone interested in botany and pollination biology to join in research in Adelaide and possibly overseas. Respiration and energetics in wood-boring beetle larvae Many larvae of insects burrow through wood of living and dead trees. This behaviour raises two main questions concerning the cost/benefit of the activity in terms of energy and the respiratory environment inside the burrows. Energy balance could be measured by respiration during burrowing and relating it to the distance burrowed, the volume and energy content of the wood, and the energy assimilation efficiency of the larvae. Respiratory environment could be measured with oxygensensitive fibre-optic probes called optodes. Two students could be involved with this project and share resources and techniques. Endothermy of dung beetles Adult dung beetles belong to the scarab family, a group that shows facultative endothermy (physiological warming of the body) during locomotion: walking, flying and burrowing. An earlier Honours project showed that it was possible to measure metabolic rate during burrowing in dung beetles from Australia. Burrowing is an important behaviour because the adults bury dung in which The University of Adelaide 15 their eggs are laid. However it is not known whether endothermy is involved during burrowing of any insect, let alone scarabs. Manipulation of soil characteristics and measurements of temperature and oxygen consumption would offer insights into this essential activity of a most important group of insects. Aquatic spiders Some Australian spiders are known to make webs on the bottom of shallow lakes near the Coorong. Underneath the web is a layer of air in which the spiders live. The composition of that air, how it is maintained and whether oxygen is gained from the water through the web is unknown. By using tiny fibre-optic oxygen sensors, we can measure the oxygen level in this gas space in the field and possibly the lab. Then we could model how gas moves across the web to keep the spiders alive. The University of Adelaide 16 Marsupial / Native Rodent - Life-History, Reproduction, Population Biology, Disease and Conservation. CONTACT SUPERVISOR Dr David Taggart [email protected] I have strong interests in marsupial and native rodent life history, applied conservation and rewilding, reproductive ecology, assisted breeding, population biology, wildlife health and disease, spatial distribution; comparative physiology; behaviour and conservation genetics. I am keen to supervise passionate, high-quality students interested in the fields described above. If these general areas of research are of interest, then I would be happy to discuss possible Honours projects with you further. Potential projects and supervision will vary from year to year depending upon student interests and academic background; available funding; research priorities and current student numbers. Some specific projects are listed under ‘Spatial Information, Environmental Remote Sensing and GIS’. The University of Adelaide 17 Invasion Biogeography & Quantitative Ecology CONTACT SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISORS INDUSTRY PARTNERS Assoc Prof Phill Cassey [email protected] www.cassey-invasion-ecology.org Dr Rebecca Boulton, Dr Thomas Prowse, Dr Steven Delean Dr Andrew Woolnough (DEDJTR, Victoria), Dr John Virtue (PIRSA) Human actions have contributed to pervasive changes in biodiversity at a variety of scales through the dual processes of species extinction and introduction. We are interested in the use of invasive vertebrate populations as models for studying the flexibility in behavioural and physiological traits during the invasion process. All projects will be well-supported logistically and the development of individual research projects, to match the students’ interests, will be particularly encouraged. Interested candidates should refer to our website for further information: http://www.cassey-invasion-ecology.org/ Our research has strong research and collaborative funding ties with Biosecurity SA (http://www.pir.sa.gov.au/biosecuritysa ) and the quantitative sciences and invasive species groups in the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (http://www.daff.gov.au/abares ). We are participating members of the Invasive Animals CRC (http://www.invasiveanimals.com/ ). Scholarships are available for candidates with particularly strong academic records. A number of projects are available in Animal Behaviour and Physiology, Biosecurity Risk and Policy, Invasive Species Biology, Global Change Ecology, and Biogeography. Examples of some of these are listed below: Distribution and habitat preferences of overabundant vertebrate pests South Australia has a number of over-abundant (exotic and native) vertebrate pest species. These species include over-abundant native marsupials (Kangaroo Island) and exotic mammals (Mount Lofty Ranges). These projects will work with state and local Government agencies and stakeholder groups to determine the distribution and habitat preferences of over-abundant species and the impacts that these populations are having on other species and native communities. Guidelines for their future management will be developed. The suitable candidate should be prepared to undertake a project with both intensive field and quantitative components, and (on Kangaroo Island) live away from Adelaide for extended periods. Monitoring of threatened species in the Mount Lofty Ranges Effective conservation of threatened species relies on an adequate and reliable knowledge of their distribution. Threatened species are usually sparsely distributed and their populations are localised, resulting in challenging situations to conduct essential monitoring programs. These projects will examine different methods and techniques for obtaining reliable information about the status of: (i) a vulnerable bird species (Zoothera lunulata halmaturina); and (ii) threatened reptile species in the Mount Lofty Ranges. The results would be of interest not only for the management of the particular study species, but also to a broader audience of both researchers and managers. The suitable candidate should be prepared to undertake a project with both intensive field and quantitative components. Overgrazing in the Mount Lofty Ranges Overgrazing of remnant woodlands by native and exotic herbivores is a critical conservation issue. However, the spatial distribution of grazing pressure, and flow-on effects for biodiversity, are poorly understood. This project will map current grazing pressure throughout the Mount Lofty Ranges using rapid vegetation assessments and, using comprehensive data available from the woodland bird monitoring programme, quantify relationships between grazing pressure and bird diversity. This project will inform herbivore-management approaches and links strongly with currently funded research seeking woodland management strategies that optimise conservation outcomes. The The University of Adelaide 18 student will be expected to work closely with a number of internal and external stakeholders, including the Department of Environment and Water Resources and the Nature Conservation Society of South Australia. The suitable candidate should be prepared to undertake a project with both intensive field and quantitative components. Native predators as novel promoters of exotic pest control Mice plagues are an increasing agricultural issue with the change of tilling practices in the South Australian range lands. This project (based on the Yorke Peninsula) will examine the distribution and resource limitation of native barn owls, Tyto alba (habitat, roosting, and nesting), and the potential placement and occupancy of artificial nest boxes across agricultural and conservation areas. The suitable candidate should be prepared to undertake a project with both intensive field and quantitative components, and live away from Adelaide for extended periods. The University of Adelaide 19 Global Change Biology; Climate Change Ecology & Macroecology CONTACT SUPERVISOR Dr Damien Fordham [email protected] Global extinction rates have soared over the past century, due predominantly to the resource demands of a burgeoning human population. Shifting land-use and wildlife exploitation, and elevated rates of competition and predation by invasive organisms, have reduced the range and abundance of many species, directly causing severe biodiversity loss at local scales, and indirectly limiting the scope for sufficient ecological and evolutionary adaptation to future environmental change. Understanding how biodiversity will respond to future human impacts requires innovative new approaches which explicitly couple ecological and climatic-geophysical processes. Research in my group is focused on: Delivering the predictive tools required to anticipate ecological responses to climate change in the context of other human-driven threatening processes. Identifying the mechanisms that drive range contractions. This is important for the conservation and management of biodiversity, because the contraction of a species’ distribution generally precedes its extinction. Determining why some species are present in some locations, but not others? This is a simple, fundamental ecological question, yet surprisingly, our answers on this point remain far from complete. Our research utilizes the latest developments in quantitative ecology, paleoclimatology, geochronology and genomics. A number of honours projects are available in the areas of climate change ecology, global change impacts on biodiversity, species range dynamics and extinction processes. Examples of some of these are listed below: Management strategies for mitigating climate change impacts on frogs. Recently we developed species’ range dynamics models for 24 frogs in the protected Wet Tropics of Queensland UNESCO World Heritage Area. These models showed that 4 species face extinction by 2080 due to human-induced climate change. However, the research also showed that for at least three species, there might be more time than first expected for conservation managers to intervene successfully. The next step in this on-going research project is to use these range dynamics models to compare the efficacy of different on-ground management interventions, including the translocation of frogs to more suitable environments. Mapping the pace and stability of past climate change in Australia Climate metrics, such as the speed of climate change and frequency of extreme events, can be used to estimate the influence of climate shifts on poorly described (ecologically) species, which represent most of the Earth’s biodiversity. Therefore ecologists are using climate metrics with an increasing frequency to forecast future biological responses to climate change. In this project we are using PaleoView, a climate analysis and viewing tool that we recently developed, to map the speed and magnitude of climate change since the last glacial maximum (approximately 21,000 years ago) for marine and terrestrial systems in Australia. This information will be used to identify areas of high and low climate stability and quantify their relative effect on macro-ecological patterns. Modelling the effects of climate change on the range dynamics of plants For the last few years we have been modelling the past distributions of plant species using physiological models. Recently we independently tested predictions of climate-driven range shifts from these models using the fossil record. These validation tests showed that our physiological models tend to do a good job at predicting ‘real-world’ range shifts in response to past climate change. There is now opportunity to use these good performing models to investigate the impacts of likely future climate change on the range area and movement of plants. The University of Adelaide 20 Water Research Group – Catchments, Lakes, Estuaries & Rivers CONTACT SUPERVISOR Assoc Prof Justin Brookes [email protected] CO-SUPERVISORS Dr Kane Aldridge , Dr Todd Wallace, Dr Anna Rigosi, Dr Deb Furst, Dr Paul van Ruth, Dr Leon Linden Change to land-use and modified hydrology has changed nutrient loading and biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems, including estuaries, lakes, rivers and wetlands. The focus of our group is to study how plant and animal physiology, populations and community assemblages respond to changes in flow and biogeochemistry. We are particularly interested in productivity and the transfer of material from one trophic level to another. We have projects in the Coorong, the Southeast, the Murray River, creeks and rivers of the Mt Lofty Ranges, and lakes around the globe. Our approach is experimental and relies upon field observations that can be tested either in the laboratory or by manipulation in the field. We often model our results to test scenarios of how systems will respond to climate warming, nutrient loading or modified biogeochemistry. Our research has strong ties with SA Water, The Murray Darling Basin Authority, Department of Environment,Water and Natural Resources, SARDI Aquatic Science, The Goyder Institute, Water Research Australia and The Global Lake Ecosystem Observatory Network. The group also has a strong interest in providing solutions to the water industry and environmental managers. This includes reservoir management, using sophisticated sensors for detecting hazards and treatment solutions for chemical and biological contaminants. Potential projects are not limited to those listed below and we welcome discussion on other ideas and projects. Do mangroves provide carbon to food webs or are they only structural habitat? This project will explore marine food webs associated with mangrove habitats. The association of fauna will be determined with surveys and a subsample collected for stable isotope analysis to determine the structure of the food web. The possible sources of carbon fuelling these food webs are pelagic phytoplankton, epiphytic algae, seagrasses and mangroves. The carbon stable isotopes will be used to assess how much mangrove derive carbon is entering the foodweb. Phytoplankton productivity and foodwebs in the Great Australian Bight This is a collaborative project with Paul van Ruth at SARDI Aquatic Sciences and will involve examinations of primary productivity of phytoplankton in the Great Australian Bight and its contribution to fisheries. Primary productivity will be measured via the uptake of radioactive carbonate (14C) and fluorometry, assessments of size-fractionated phytoplankton biomass. Food web studies based on the relative enrichment of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in organisms in lower trophic levels (microbes: zoo/ichthyoplankton) in comparison to their food sources will be used to construct food webs and build knowledge on how nutrient rich upwelling current can fuel a boom in primary and secondary productivity. Nutrient increase in the clear lakes - Ewens Ponds and Piccaninnie Ponds Ewens Ponds and Piccaninnie Ponds are beautiful clear lakes south of Mt Gambier. However, the lakes are showing signs of impact by surrounding landuse and nutrient inputs. This project will look at the light requirements of macrophytes in the lake and determine how nutrient inputs increase phytoplankton growth and so decrease light availability. The lakes will be instrumented with oxygen sensors to measure lake metabolism and determine how this is impacted by nutrient input and The University of Adelaide 21 temperature. The practical outcome of this work will be a nutrient threshold for maintaining lake water quality. Algal blooms and climate change. Cyanobacterial blooms are expected to increase with climate change. This project will use a range of data from lakes from all over the world to determine if there has been an increase in algal blooms and how this is affected by different nutrient and hydrodynamics. This project will contribute to an international collaboration on this theme. Sediments and nutrient dynamics Lake sediments can contribute a significant nutrient load to lakes during anoxic conditions. In addition, finer sediment, are likely to be exposed to wave action and suspended into the water column, thus enhancing nutrient release into the water column. The aim of this project is to examine the extent to which these two mechanisms are likely to influence nutrient levels in lakes and assess the increased potential of the occurrence cyanobacterial blooms. This project will involve a combination of field and laboratory work. Food webs and energy flow in Aquatic systems Food webs map the flow of energy through ecosystems. In aquatic systems phytoplankton primary productivity and terrestrial inputs are incorporated into zooplankton and then fish and birds. We have several food web studies using isotopes and predator-prey associations to determine how food webs respond to drought and flooding. Sites of interest include the Coorong, The River Murray (particularly around Chowilla) and the streams of Kangaroo Island. The influence of reduced river inputs on nutrient balances of freshwater systems Reduced input of water from rivers into lakes is a common occurrence around the world, which reduces the amount and form of nutrients entering river and lake systems from the terrestrial landscape. These reduced inputs also increase water residence time in lakes, thus increasing deposition of inorganic and organic material. This results in release of nutrients from the sediment, essentially switching the primary source of nutrients from external inputs to internal inputs (sediments). This is likely to alter the form of nutrients within the water column, which will have major implications for the biota of the system through altered ecological stoichiometry. The aim of this study is to compare the relative abundances of various forms of nutrients entering lakes from external and internal inputs. Development of an index for aquatic plant condition Biofilms are a layer of microorganisms that adhere to surfaces including rocks, gravel, sediment, wood and aquatic macrophytes. Biofilms are highly responsive to changes in the flow regime over short-temporal cycles. Stabilisation of water levels has had a major impact on biofilms in the lower River Murray. This is due to (i) a reduction in the frequency and duration of periods of exposure (drying) and deep inundation (reduced light availability), and (iii) the velocity of flows within weir pools is typically much lower than would have been occurred for the same discharge. The project will investigate the potential for weir pool manipulations and short periods of elevated discharge to improve the nutritional quality of biofilms which are grazed by shrimps and other invertebrates. Functional and structural algal and biofilm community responses to disturbance Algal and biofilm communities are highly dynamic and able to respond quickly to disturbance. Unlike less dynamic communities (macrophytes) their community composition is likely to change in response to disturbance with little apparent change in the functioning of the community. This makes it extremely difficult to assess the condition of algal communities without carrying out timeconsuming identification and counts. The aim of this project is to compare the functional and structural responses of algal communities to perturbations in order to determine appropriate measurements for assessing the condition of ecosystems. The University of Adelaide 22 Marine Ecology CONTACT SUPERVISOR Prof. Sean D. Connell [email protected] Giant Australian Cuttlefish, squid and octopus Cephalopods continue to capture the imagination of scientists and public alike, demonstrating staggering levels of intelligence and adaptability. They are also becoming an ever-more important component of global fisheries. This project will work with the behaviour and performance of cephalopods in their natural environment and in aquaria. It will work out the best conditions for their growth and future sustainability Habitat restoration for conservation and economy How can we restore habitats that not only improve biodiversity and water quality, but also increase protein production and regional economies? This project opens up a new way of thinking for science and policy. Ocean-acidification and ocean-warming What will marine life in our oceans look like in 150 years time? We will create future oceans and test its affects on marine life and their interactions with each other. Students working in this area have produced world-class results that has received global attention. Developing a new theory about stability of nature This project will assess unstudied mechanisms (i.e. compensatory processes) that underpin biological and ecological stability. Most organisations are concerned about stability and resistance to change, yet ecologists tend to study change and resilience to change. This project requires an open mind to create a new way to consider nature and how to assist her persist future shocks. Future shock and ecosystem collapse. One of the greatest challenges in ecology is to understand the relationship between local patterns and the hierarchy of processes that interact to sustain or drive collapse of complex assemblages. The project will investigate the processes anticipated to be of most importance and span the spatial scales of greatest relevance to many species. The work may focus on seagrass beds, kelp forests or intertidal areas and involve fieldwork or laboratory work or any combination of these. Putting it together: genes, species, communities, ecosystems. Despite more than 100 years of modern ecology, there are few if any cross-scale and disciplinary models spanning molecular biology, species taxonomy, population dynamics, functional group hypotheses, and ecosystem processes to account for biological diversity. This project aims to use disparate approaches, as integrated by biogeography, oceanography and climate, both past and future. SCUBA Diving to discover new species and insights into nature. This project requires SCUBA diving and use of boats. You will need to have 15 hours of SCUBA experience and a boat licence. The diving will be on kelp forests or/and seagrass forests. You will be looking for new species and gather new data to fill gaps in knowledge about patterns of diversity of fish, invertebrates and plants. Some projects may involve doing underwater experiments to test hypotheses about habitat restoration. Blending field, aquarium and laboratory work. This project involves work in the field and laboratory to assess locations in which biodiversity is vulnerable and locations in which lost biodiversity may be restored. Some of it will require wading around the intertidal zone, using microscopes, controlled temperature rooms and aquariums. Some aspects of this work may be funded by both state and federal agencies and involve meetings with their scientists and managers. Collaborative projects The University of Adelaide 23 To enrich your research experience, I often co-supervise with experts from within the university (Ivan Nagelkerken, Bronwyn Gillanders, Pablo Mungiua, Zoe Doubleday) and government scientists and policy makers (Department of Environment & Natural Resources, SA Water, EPA, Marine Parks). The University of Adelaide 24 Marine & Freshwater Ecology; Fish/Cephalopod Biology & Ecology CONTACT SUPERVISOR: Prof. Bronwyn Gillanders [email protected] Our research group focuses on marine and freshwater ecology, with a strong emphasis on fish and fisheries ecology. A key gap in knowledge concerns identifying origins (e.g. nursery habitats) and potential movements of organisms and determining past environmental histories. We are particularly interested in the use of chemical signatures (e.g. trace elements and isotopes) in calcified structures (e.g. ear bones, vertebrae and shells) to track movements. This interest is also being used to solve issues of sustainability of the giant Australian cuttlefish and freshwater fishes of the Murray River. Calcified structures as indicators of climate change and past environmental histories Calcified structures found in aquatic species are being used more and more to identify environments that aquatic species have experienced via analysis of elemental composition. Although many field studies are analysing elements within calcified structures, their ability to interpret such analyses is limited without a thorough understanding of the factors that affect their chemistry. There are a range of possible projects that involve raising fish or invertebrates under different experimental conditions and determining effects on trace elements and stable isotopes within the relevant calcified structure. In addition, there are other field-based projects that could, for example, investigate movement or environmental histories of fish using differences in trace elements. Potential species for such work include estuarine/marine (e.g. mulloway, bridled goby) and freshwater (e.g. golden perch, Murray cod) fish, as well as sharks, cephalopods (e.g. squid), bivalves and gastropods. Fish in estuarine and reef habitats Many fish utilise a variety of habitats (e.g. seagrass, mangroves, saltmarsh) during the juvenile stages of their life cycle and then move to habitats that are some distance away. We currently have little information on which species use which habitats and how this may change with distance from different habitats. There is scope for many projects in this area depending on the interest of the student. We also lack information on fish assemblages on rocky reefs and how this may change with habitat or protection. There is scope for projects to use baited remote underwater videos to survey fish assemblages. Cephalopod (squid, octopus and cuttlefish) biology and ecology Cephalopods are well known for their rapid growth, short life spans and strong life-history plasticity. They are also an important fisheries species and our recent work demonstrates a global proliferation of cephalopods, although the reasons for this increase are unclear. In addition little is known about the potential impacts of a changing climate on the early life history stages of cephalopods. There is scope to conduct a laboratory-based project which investigates the effects of elevated temperature and CO2 on embryo development and/or hatchling behaviour in cephalopods. A range of projects investigating drivers for changes in abundance, and how life history traits affect abundance are also possible. Development of biochronologies in the calcified structures of aquatic species Many hard calcified structures found in aquatic organisms form growth rings with a precise periodicity (e.g. ear bones, shells and teeth). Ecologists are increasingly using these growth rings to look at long-term decadal-scale changes in the growth rates of aquatic taxa in relation to various environmental indices, such as freshwater flows and water temperature. There are a number of possible projects that would involve developing growth chronologies (ie measuring ring widths) and linking the chronologies to various environmental datasets. Species may include marine and freshwater fish, bivalves and gastropods. Historical ecology of Murray cod Stocking of Murray cod in South Australia has recently begun, however we lack historical information on this species. A range of projects are available that bring together historical information to gain a better understanding of this iconic species. The University of Adelaide 25 Sharks teeth as environmental indicators Sharks are important predators in the oceans. They exist in both modern and historic collections. Several projects are available in this area – one would focus on palaeo collections of sharks teeth and what species existed in the past and another would focus on modern day collections and investigate the usefulness of sharks teeth to trace changes in environmental conditions. Several of the above projects will also involve co-supervisors from the University, SARDI Aquatic Sciences or PIRSA fisheries. The University of Adelaide 26 Fish ecology, Climate Change, Estuaries & Coasts CONTACT SUPERVISOR Assoc. Prof. Ivan Nagelkerken [email protected] My research is centred on two main themes: (1) the effects of climate change on marine species and ecosystems, (2) nursery function of mangroves/seagrass bed for coastal fish species. Together these themes focus on the effects of global change and anthropogenic impacts on the biology of ecologically or economically important aquatic species. The studies are highly relevant for management purposes and to understand how climate change will affect productivity and resilience of coastal ecosystems and their associated animal populations. Projects are sometimes in collaboration with experts from other Australian universities or staff from the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences (e.g. Sean Connell, Bronwyn Gillanders, Pablo Munguia). Below, three ongoing themes with multiple projects are listed, but many other options are available (e.g. coral reefs, marine reserves, etc.). Climate Change Multiple projects are available to study climate change effects (e.g. ocean warming, ocean acidification, extreme weather events) on marine animals and ecosystems. While the focus is largely on fishes, research includes the ecological interactions with other vertebrate and invertebrate species as well as interactions with their aquatic habitats. Advanced field as well as lab experiments are done on a variety of ecologically or economically important species (e.g. barramundi, snapper, mulloway, Port Jackson sharks). Projects focus on the physiology (e.g. growth, metabolism), behaviour (e.g. predator-prey interactions, feeding behaviour) and the ecology (e.g. habitat use, competition, invasive species, trophic cascades) of marine organisms. Complex experiments on community structuring and ecosystem functioning are done in our state-of-the-art mesocosm facility at SARDI West Beach. The overall focus of my research is to understand and better predict the long-term impacts of global change on marine species and functioning of coastal ecosystems. This research theme has received much international and local media attention, has a multi-disciplinary approach, and includes field-work components. Sensory ecology and fish behaviour The majority of marine species have a two-phase life cycle, one of which is an oceanic larval phase. Larvae possess excellent navigational capabilities and can have a large influence on where they end up after settlement. Several projects are available that investigate the attraction of larval fish species towards olfactory and sound cues from coastal habitats (e.g. rocky reefs, mangroves, seagrass beds, kelp). Projects also focus on how human deterioration of coastal habitats may affect settlement behaviour of marine larvae, including the effect of anthropogenic sound on hearing and the effect of coastal water quality on olfaction by fish and invertebrate larvae. Nursery function of coastal ecosystems Mangrove and seagrass ecosystems have long been recognized for their nursery role for a variety of coastal fish and crustacean species. Many of these species are of commercial importance or perform important ecological roles. Projects are available to study the underlying mechanisms of nursery habitat use (i.e. based on experiments), or understand how coastal ecosystems and estuaries locally enhance juvenile abundances/diversity of fisheries species (i.e. based on patterns revealed from field work) and how this depends on different levels of protection (e.g. sanctuary type) systems. The University of Adelaide 27 Marine Ecology and Evolutionary Biology CONTACT SUPERVISOR Dr Pablo Munguia [email protected] My long-term research goals involve addressing how and why rare species persist in communities. In any given local habitat, only a few species are abundant, while the rest are less common or rare. This uneven distribution of abundances is noted over a wide range of taxa and habitats. Therefore, research involving rare species is fundamental for understanding diversity patterns and evolutionary trajectories of individual species. These research interests encompass two different avenues. The first involves studying whole communities in order to understand the relative importance of mechanisms that affect and maintain diversity. The second approach focuses on individual species in order to understand the constraints imposed by their natural history (such as growth, and reproductive behaviour), dispersal ability, and interactions with other species. While my research goals are founded on basic ecological theory, these studies have potential applications in fields such as conservation biology, fisheries biology and the ecology of invasive species. I collaborate with several members of the School of Biological Sciences. Aquaculture and fisheries biology of blue crabs and other commercially important invertebrates Taking advantage of ecosystem services with sustainable strategies requires a good understanding of species-specific processes at subcellular, organismic, and ecosystem-level scales. This research line takes advantage of the Coobowie field station and collaborations with stockholders and other scientists. Honours projects currently revolve around blue crab field ecology or laboratory experiments concerning development of protocols for larval and juvenile rearing. Studies on other commercially important species can be discussed on a case-by-case basis Ecology of shallow water benthic communities Current ecological theory suggests that habitat heterogeneity and dispersal limitation (or habitat isolation) can affect the maintenance of local populations from outside sources. This project would consist of experimental work in relatively shallow benthic communities to test the effect of these mechanisms on the abundance and distribution of species. Hermoregulation of intertidal snails and crabs Intertidal organisms experience large variation in daily and seasonal temperatures, yet the majority are ectotherms. This project would consist of lab and field work conducted in habitats near Adelaide. See the BBC article: http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/14631028 Parasite ecology Crustacean parasites that occur on fish have very complex life cycles shaped by the co-evolutionary history of the host. This project would benefit from the South Australia Museum collections and would consist mostly of laboratory work. See the piece by National Geographic on my MSc student’s research: http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2013/02/28/tongue-eating-fish-parasites-nevercease-to-amaze/ Population structure, harem formation and orientation behaviour in native and invasive isopods Proximate mechanisms of dispersal can provide information as to how animals move and help understand the evolutionary consequences. Isopods are a fantastic experimental tool to understand many of the processes associated with dispersing and aggregation, including group living behaviour. This work would be field and laboratory based. Population structure and levels of selection in marine crustaceans Current genomic methods provide a new set of tools to understand genetic diversity and levels of selection in non-model species (e.g., a model species would be Drosophila). However, a current The University of Adelaide 28 challenge is to understand the large amount of information obtained from next generation sequencing. This project would involve molecular biology research. The University of Adelaide 29 Spatial Information, Environmental Remote Sensing and GIS CONTACT SUPERVISORS –Prof. Megan Lewis [email protected] A/Prof Bertram Ostendorf [email protected] CO-SUPERVISORS A/Prof Lian Pin Koh, Dr David Taggart, Dr Ken Clarke, Dr Ramesh Raja Segaran, Dr Dorothy Turner Honours projects that use spatial information tools and data (remote sensing, geographic information systems, spatial analysis and modelling) are available for students in science, natural resource management, environmental science, geography, geoscience and agriculture. They cover a wide range of applications and settings, including terrestrial and marine ecology, land assessment and management and earth science. Students should have completed level 3 courses in GIS and/or Remote Sensing, but specific projects can be defined to suit different interests and skill levels. These projects provide opportunities for students to use and intensify their skills in natural resources management and to network with potential employers. Several of the projects listed below are conducted in collaboration with government agencies and outside partners such as the Department of Environment & Natural Resources and regional Natural Resource Management groups. In addition, there is scope for projects that involve supervisors from other research areas. Software and equipment available for use in projects include: ERDAS Imagine, ENVI, IDL, ArcGIS and other image analysis software ASD FieldSpec Pro Visible-shortwave infrared spectroradiometer. Differential GPS Unmanned aerial vehicles and a range of sensors: visible, infra-red and thermal cameras and video GIS & image data: SA Soils, digital elevation, land use, fauna abundance, extensive archived Landsat, Access to national and international archives of many forms of satellite and airborne imagery & spatial data from broad to ultra-fine scales. Precision Wildlife Management. With an increasing number of humans with increasing demands on natural resources, the need for wildlife management is more urgent than ever. Conflict between land use and land conservation and the need to manage abundant as well as rare native fauna and flora is of increasing complexity. This new area of research allows scope to develop projects around theoretical and applied aspects of remote sensing for precision management of wildlife and improve biodiversity. We will ask the question: How can we use remote sensing imagery at different spatial and temporal scales from geostationary satellites to ultra-high resolution drones for cost-efficient management of biodiversity? Wombats from space. There is a strong conflict between farmers and environmental protection of Southern Hairy-nosed Wombats. This project aims to answer the question of where and how many wombats exist. Population estimates are needed for decisions by governments and policy development. The objective of this project is to develop relationships between warren number/size/location and wombat population using remotely sensed information as wombat warrens can be readily identified on satellite imagery but detailed information may require ultra-high resolution imagery from drones. Species distribution modelling using our wombats as a model species. Statistical modelling of native fauna belongs to the most important tools for wildlife managers. But models rely on animal observations and accurate presence and absence information and this information is very difficult to obtain. The only exception of the Southern Hairy-nosed wombat with diggings visible from space. We are currently assembling millions of accurate presence and The University of Adelaide 30 absence locations, allowing us to produce the first truly spatially representative dataset at continental extent of any mammal species world-wide. This cutting-edge modelling project is for students with a mathematical inclination who love animals. Reintroduction as a conservation tool Reintroduction of rare animals into the wild is an important tool for conservation ecologists. But pressure from introduced predators threatens success. Off-shore islands come to the rescue as they can provide safe havens for rare animals. Islands have been successfully used for the conservation of rare mammals because predators can be much easier removed or controlled than on the mainland. We are looking for creative students who would like to assess the potential of Australia's off-shore islands for biodiversity conservation, look at past attempts to reintroduce rare animals on islands, find the best islands for endangered species using GIS and remote sensing, or to apply concepts of Precision Biodiversity Management to study one of Australia's biggest success stories: Wedge Island, which is only 100km away from Adelaide. Monitoring spring flows and wetlands in the Great Artesian Basin Mound springs fed by groundwater from the Great Artesian Basin are of great ecological, evolutionary and biogeographical significance. However, these groundwater-dependent ecosystems are under threat as water is withdrawn from the GAB aquifer and the wetlands are affected by grazing and invasive species. Remote sensing is an effective way to monitor changes in these remote ecosystems. Projects include: monitoring long term trends and changes in spring flow with time series of satellite imagery and relating these to on-ground flow measurements assessing spring response after capping of a nearby free-flowing artesian bore combining time series of vegetation and surface water to understand seasonal and longer-term variations in spring-fed wetland at Dalhousie Springs Complex Inundation monitoring with satellite remote sensing Released in late 2014, Geoscience Australia’s “Water Observations from Space” (WOfS) is the world's first continent-scale product of the presence of surface water derived from Landsat satellite imagery. WOfS covers the entire Australian continent at 25 metre spatial resolution from 1987 to the present, providing information through time-series analysis on where water is usually seen, such as in lakes and rivers, and where it is unusual, such as during flooding events. Several projects are available using WOfS data to provide new information about the extent, timing and variability of inundation in selected regions and environments of interest. Results will include time series of area and frequency of inundation, interpretation in relation to rainfall, flooding and other environmental factors, with potential to relate to ecological data. Projects include: documenting duration of surface inundation across inland arid Australia during the 2016 extreme ‘wet’ and how this influenced mosquito-borne disease outbreaks in South Australia developing a risk atlas for areas where outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases are likely to occur Monitoring management impacts at Arid Recovery Arid Recovery is a long term fenced reserve from which feral cats, rabbits and foxes have been eradicated and four species of locally extinct mammals have been reintroduced. This project compares long term vegetation cover change inside and outside the reserve, looking at initial increase in cover with removal of herbivores and then a gradual reduction due to overpopulation. Satellite remote sensing time series will provide evidence of vegetation change inside and outside the reserve, which can be compared with on-ground vegetation data and bettong abundance over time. The project will be conducted in collaboration with external researchers and managers associated with Arid Recovery. The University of Adelaide 31 Rapid drone-based remote sensing for mosquito/arbovirus surveillance and control In Australia mosquito-borne diseases cause significant loss of productive time and reduction in quality of life for thousands of Australian citizens. Mosquito control is therefore an area of increasing national and global importance. During disease outbreaks, rapid identification of mosquito larval breeding sites is essential for prompt control and minimisation of the extent of the outbreak. However, these sites are often in marshland inaccessible by vehicle, and very slow to survey on foot. We are conducting trials to develop a rapid drone-based remote sensing for mosquito/arbovirus surveillance and control. This project provides an opportunity to work with our research team to evaluate cameras mounted on drones for detecting the shallow water, vegetated habitats in which mosquitoes breed. Trials will include various imaging sensors, types of drones and also methods of automated analysis of the images that are captured. Vegetation structure and habitat mapping Several projects are available using data from a LIDAR (laser scanning) instrument to provide information about vertical structure in vegetation stands, combined with data from advanced hyperspectral remote sensing about species composition and health. The LIDAR provides highresolution terrain data, including vegetation height and density profiles, while optical remote sensing provides information about vegetation type, cover and condition. We are interested in combining the two technologies for habitat assessment in several regions: Monarto native vegetation and revegetation stands, mound springs in northern arid South Australia, bushfire affected areas near Mt. Bold, and the River Murray floodplain. Projects involve advanced image analysis combined with field work and the application of drones to validate the data. Koonamore vegetation analysis with GIS We have created an ultra-high resolution photo-mosaic of the Koonamore reserve. The image at 5cm resolution allows identification of dead branches, canopy structure and colour. There is sufficient stereo-overlap to interpret the 3D structure of the vegetation. We have a detailed 3D elevation model that allow us to identify confluence and divergence areas of water and seeds. This spatial information, combined with the 100 year time series of vegetation pattern at the Koonamore makes this a worldwide unique dataset that needs creative, spatially literate minds to answer question why and how spatial vegetation pattern evolve in arid systems. Understanding spatial rainfall pattern using Rainfall Radar. Rainfall is possibly the most critical environmental variable for most environmental research ranging from biodiversity and rare species habitat to the economic viability of agricultural regions. But the traditional rainfall gauge network is too sparse to identify the detail in spatial rainfall pattern that is necessary for many environmental and agricultural studies. Spatial radar rainfall data (a map every 10 minutes!) may help. This challenging project will be conducted in close collaboration with the Bureau of Meteorology and will make you one of the few people who know how to use this data. Fire in Desert Australia. These projects aim at analysing the fire regime of desert Australia. How to manage fire to maintain desert biodiversity is under strong debate. Projects include: Examining the relationships of plant growth, climate and soil conditions prior to large fires in arid Australia, using satellite images and weather records in order to get a clear idea of the causes of such fires. Examining the patchiness of such large fires, using satellite imagery to assess the proportion of burned areas within the region of these large fires. The idea is that an understanding of the patchiness may lead to important management decisions because the patchiness of fire has strong implications for fauna survival and biodiversity conservation. Comparing and evaluating new satellite image products to document the fire regime in selected habitats in the arid regions of SA. The University of Adelaide 32 Land-coast interactions. The following projects aim at understanding the linkages between land processes and marine biodiversity. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are under increasing pressure from many users. Little attention has been paid to agriculture as a potential threat. There is the need to understand the link between the quality of marine biodiversity and terrestrial ecosystem processes. Potential projects can use remote sensing and/or GIS to assess land-based nutrient inputs into coastal waters and then study how these may impact benthic communities as visible on underwater videography. Precision agriculture and satellite imagery. Precision agriculture is a rapidly expanding technology. Very detailed yield data have been collected for a wide range of crops. Yield varies substantially across paddocks will allow us to lessen environmental impact if fertiliser and pesticide applications can be reduced. This project will help farmers and catchment groups to manage environmental and economic sustainability, and biodiversity in agricultural systems. What are environmental and economic benefits of planting trees? Planting trees in the cropping zone is seen as a possible solution to mitigate increasing atmospheric CO2 levels. In addition to income from carbon credits, a mixed land use provides a range of environmental benefits (salinity, biodiversity). But how much carbon is taken up given biophysical constraints (climate, soils) and how do the credits (carbon, environmental) compare with the farmers loss of cropping or grazing? This project is geared towards students with an interest in regional management and addresses the question under which conditions trees may be a viable alternative option for farmers and rural communities. The project will be in collaboration with the Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Drones for Grapevines. This is a collaborative project with Agriculture. Viruses in vineyards produce in excess of 12 million dollar loss per year in Australia. The objective is to develop a methodology for early detection of viruses in grapevines by combining plant physiology and spatial sciences. The project uses hyperspectral imaging techniques to identify virus infected grapevines. Mapping is done with autonomous airborne vehicles (drones) that collect ultra-high spatial resolution hyperspectral imagery. Providing data layers for land use planning in developing countries. Land evaluation and land use planning is an important issue in many developing countries. Yet very often critical data for regional management is missing. Detailed soil maps often exist only for limited areas but expansion of urban and agricultural land is occurring at a fast rate. This project in collaboration with the Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, will develop means to improve existing soil maps by studying the relationships between topographic variables (using the US Space Shuttle Radar Mission data) and soil properties in order to improve soil mapping in tropical Vietnam. Land evaluation in Burkina Faso Mining companies spend millions of dollars collecting data during mining explorations. In collaboration with Gryphon mining and the ‘For a better future foundation’ we are trying to find ways to use this information (airphotos, satellite imagery, topography, soil and geology maps etc.) to increase food production and income of poor rural communities. The study area is in proximity of a new gold mine in subtropical Africa. The University of Adelaide 33 Landscape Systems CONTACT SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISORS Prof. Wayne Meyer [email protected] Dr Georgia Koerber, Dr Elena Kondrlova Characterising the carbon exchange of the Calperum mallee ecosystem Managing carbon in the Earth’s atmosphere will become much more urgent in the near future. Sequestering carbon by endemic vegetation in semi-arid woodlands could be important, but we need to know when and how much can be accumulated. As part of the national Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) an intensive monitoring site has been set up on Calperum Station north of Renmark adjacent to the Murray River. The mallee vegetation of the area is being monitored for the exchange of carbon dioxide, water and energy in the ecosystem. With nearly 6 years of data available covering different seasons, rainfall patterns and the effects of a large bushfire there is an opportunity to help characterise the additions and losses of carbon in this uniquely Australian ecosystem. There will be opportunity to learn about field measurement of energy and gas exchange as well as soil and plant measures using state of the art instrumentation. Characterising the water exchange of the Calperum mallee ecosystem As climate changes in southern Australia, it is expected that increased temperatures will be accompanied by changes in the seasonality of rainfall and very likely decreased total amounts of rainfall. Endemic vegetation in the semi-arid mallee woodlands of southern Australia is very well adapted to limited and variable rainfall. However it is not clear how these ecosystems will change as climate changes. Since water is such a limiting resource in these ecosystems it is important that a full understanding of water exchange be obtained so that more reliable projections of future change can be made. Data from nearly 6 years of measurement at Calperum Station, north of Renmark is available that can show water coming in and water being evaporated from the ecosystem. To develop predictive capability a generic plant growth, water use and yield model will be tested. There will be opportunity to learn about field measurement of water exchange as well as learn about the developing science and application of simulation modelling. Applying Landscape Futures Analysis to assess regional adaptation to climate change A process called Landscape Futures Analysis (LFA) has been developed as a Web based GIS system that enables regional planners to explore management options and their consequences in possible future climate and economic scenarios. Thus far, the system has been applied to two NRM regions. The analysis can now be applied to other regions of interest where the questions of likely successful adaptation to climate, market and social changes may be different to those already identified. This project provides the opportunity to glimpse and experiment with the complexity of the bio-physical and socio-economic changes that will be necessary for successful adaptation to climate change and resource availability. The University of Adelaide 34 Centre for Applied Conservation Science; and Unmanned Research Aircraft Facility CONTACT SUPERVISOR: Assoc. Prof. Lian Pin Koh [email protected] Research within my group addresses urgent challenges in biological conservation facing Australia and other nations. We are interested in problems at scales ranging from species to landscapes. We focus on research that could have real impacts on the ground. We emphasise innovative, out-of-thebox approaches to wicked problems with the overarching goal of producing useful new knowledge and technology that inform land-use decisions and policymaking. I am the Director of UoA’s Centre for Applied Conservation Science (in partnership with Conservation International), and Unmanned Research Aircraft Facility. These research units present a wide range of exciting research possibilities, often involving overseas experiences. I work with highly independent, self-motivated and slightly overambitious Honours students to develop ideas and projects that they are passionate about. Feel free to contact me for an informal chat. The following are a few examples of potential research topics. Monitoring malleefowl mounds on the Eyre Peninsula Returning burrowing bettongs to Bon Bon – survival outside fenced sanctuaries How many beans in the jar? Developing a robust and efficient platform for the automatic and accurate detection of animals (principally birds) in aerial imagery See the Light? An investigation into the remote detection of birds in different spectrums (e.g. visible, thermal) relevant to varying environmental conditions Leave me alone! An investigation into bird response to experimenter disturbance by measuring variation in corticosterone levels For further information about our group, please visit: http://researchers.adelaide.edu.au/profile/lianpin.koh The University of Adelaide 35 The University of Adelaide 36
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