✰
✰
✰
✰
✰
✰
Sabato Highlights
3
The 2000 Presidential and
Congressional Contests
✰
Chaos in Florida, Predictability in Virginia
Overall
disputed presidential election of 2000 passed quietly in Republican
☑ The
Virginia, with George W. Bush defeating Al Gore by the relatively comfortable
margin of 52.5 percent to 44.4 percent. With the exception of 1964, when the
Old Dominion voted for Lyndon B. Johnson, the state has gone Republican for
president every four years since and including 1952.
finally ran out for Democratic U.S. Senator and former Governor
☑ Time
Charles S. Robb in 2000. Former Governor George F. Allen denied Robb his
third term by the reasonably close margin of 52.3 percent to 47.7 percent.
combination of close presidential and Senate contests attracted a record
☑ The
2.79 million Virginians to the polls—52.8 percent of those age 18 or older.
This represented a 13 percent increase over the 1996 presidential election
(which also featured a tight Senate race).
Presidential Contest in Virginia
closeness of the election was reflected slightly in Virginia. George W. Bush’s
☑ The
father had carried the state by over 20 percentage points, nearly reaching the
60 percent mark in 1988, compared to his son’s less than 6-point lead over the
combined liberal votes of Al Gore and the Green party’s Ralph Nader in 2000.
Nonetheless, Bush had a broad-based win, sweeping 83 of 95 counties and 21
of 40 cities.
than any other single indicator, the gender gap explained the presidential
☑ More
result. Gore won women, 51 percent to 47 percent, but Bush won men by a
much larger 58 percent to 37 percent—about twice as well as Bush did with
men nationally.
Bush easily outdistanced Gore among whites, 60 percent to 37 per☑ Racially,
cent, while doing a bit better among African Americans (14 percent) than his
national average of 9 percent.
39
core of Bush’s vote was rural and suburban; Gore ran well primarily in
☑ The
central cities and black-majority localities.
U.S. Senate Race
voter categories, the Allen-Robb match-up closely paralleled the Bush☑ InGoremostresults.
For instance, Virginia Independents sided with the Republicans,
with Bush receiving 56 percent and Allen 58 percent.
Robb was strong only in Northern Virginia and majority African
☑ Regionally,
American localities. Allen’s consistent backing in rural areas powered another
statewide win for him.
U.S. House of Representatives
incumbents were reelected to the U.S. House, and Republicans won the
☑ Eight
three open seats (a net gain of one). The GOP’s Ed Schrock replaced retiring Democratic Congressman Owen Pickett in the Norfolk-Virginia Beach
2nd district. As of 2001, the Virginia U.S. House delegation consisted of six
Republicans, four Democrats, and one Republican-leaning Independent
(Virgil Goode of the 5th district).
House candidates received 51.4 percent of the votes in the contests
☑ Republican
where both parties had a nominee; the Democrats garnered 46.4 percent.
Campaign Money
Senate race in Virginia was the seventh most expensive in the nation, cost☑ The
ing $17.5 million between the two candidates. Allen outspent Robb, $10.9
million to $6.6 million.
in Virginia’s U.S. House contests increased from $5.6 million in 1998
☑ Spending
to $9.4 million in 2000.
40
Virginia Votes ✰ 1999–2002
✰
3
✰
✰
✰
✰
✰
The 2000 Presidential and
Congressional Contests
✰
Chaos in Florida, Predictability in Virginia
Introduction
The year 2000 witnessed one of the closest and most chaotic elections in United
States history. From the introduction of “chad” to common usage; to a virtual tie in
the Florida vote; to the United States Supreme Court effectively deciding the winner of the Presidential race, Election 2000 was full of surprises. To no one’s surprise,
however, Virginia once again voted Republican in the 2000 presidential election.
Virginia has voted Republican in every presidential election since 1948 except once:
Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964. But, as in the elections of 1992 and 1996, the 2000
tally in Virginia was closer than expected. George W. Bush, Texas governor and
Republican presidential nominee, had been expected to carry the Commonwealth
handily—Virginia Governor Jim Gilmore was even a co-chairman of his campaign.
In the final weeks before Election Day, however, Virginia, like the rest of the nation,
witnessed a surge by Vice President Al Gore that made the Virginia race a bit more
competitive than projected.
In addition, the highly anticipated U.S. Senate race between incumbent
Senator Charles S. Robb, Jr., Virginia’s only statewide Democratic official, and former Republican Governor George F. Allen received substantial national attention,
but produced a surprisingly underwhelming victory for Allen. Robb, weakened by
scandal and lackluster campaigning, only narrowly defeated the extremely controversial Oliver North in his 1994 re-election bid, and was expected to lose handily to
Allen. Although both Allen and Bush carried the vast majority of Virginia counties
and cities, and Virginia no longer boasts a single Democrat in statewide office (a far
cry from the Democratic dominance of the Byrd era), the election of 2000 builds on
the belief that Virginia is not a permanent, absolute lock for the GOP.
General Election Results and Statistics
On November 7, 2000, Virginia voters once again delivered the Commonwealth’s
electoral votes to a Republican presidential candidate from Texas named Bush.
Governor George W. Bush of Texas, son of the 41st President of the United States,
received 1,437,490 votes (52.5 percent) to Vice President Al Gore’s 1,217,290 (44.4
percent). Bush’s 220,000 vote victory over Gore was much closer than many analysts and pollsters had predicted. Despite Virginia being controlled almost entirely
by Republicans, the Gore vote plus the rather liberal vote for Green Party candidate
Ralph Nader totaled 46.6 percent. It is also important to note that Vice President
41
TABLE 3.01
General Election Results in Virginia for President and U.S. Senate, 2000
Total Number of Votes
Percent
PRESIDENT
Al Gore (D)
George W. Bush (R)
Ralph Nader (Green)
Harry Browne (Libertarian)
Pat Buchanan (Reform Party)
Howard Phillips (Conservative)
Write-ins
Total
1,217,290
1,437,490
59,398
15,198
5,455
1,809
2,807
2,739,447
44.4
52.5
2.2
0.6
0.2
0.1
0.1
100%
U.S. SENATE
Charles S. Robb (D)
George Allen (R)
Write-ins
Total
1,296,093
1,420,460
1,748
2,718,301
47.7
52.3
0
100%
SOURCE: Official election results from the State board of Elections.
NOTES: Party Affiliations are abbreviated as (D) = Democrats, (R) = Republicans. Write-in votes are not permitted on the Virginia ballot.
TABLE 3.02
General Election Results in Virginia for President, 1948–2000
Year
Democratic Candidate
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
Harry S. Truman*
Adlai E. Stevenson
Adlai E. Stevenson
John F. Kennedy
Lyndon B. Johnson*
Hubert H. Humphrey
George McGovern
Jimmy Carter
Jimmy Carter
Walter Mondale
Michael Dukakis
Bill Clinton
Bill Clinton
Al Gore
Average
Percent of Vote
Republican Candidate
Percent of Vote
47.90%
43.4
38.4
47
53.5
32.5
30.1
48
40.3
37.1
39.2
40.6
45.1
44.4
41.9
Thomas E. Dewey
Dwight D. Eisenhower*
Dwight D. Eisenhower*
Richard M. Nixon*
Barry M. Goldwater
Richard M. Nixon*
Richard M. Nixon*
Gerald R. Ford*
Ronald Reagan*
Ronald Reagan*
George Bush*
George Bush*
Robert Dole*
George W. Bush*
Average
41.00%
56.3
55.4
52.4
46.2
43.4
67.8
49.3
53
62.3
59.7
45
47.1
52.5
52.2
SOURCE: Compiled from official returns of the State Board of Elections.
NOTE: The percentages of votes for the Democratic and Republican candidates do not add to 100 percent because of votes received by the independents and
third-party nominees.
* Denotes winner in Virginia.
Gore won the popular vote nationally by over half a million votes, making Bush the
fourth President in U.S. history to be selected despite receiving fewer votes.
Although Bush carried 83 of Virginia’s 95 counties and 21 of the 40 cities (compared to 67 counties and 16 cities for Republican Bob Dole in 1996), Bush received
a much smaller percentage of the vote than did his father, who carried Virginia 59.7
percent to 39.2 percent over Michael Dukakis in 1988. Besides Nader, who won a
mere 2.2 percent, no other candidate on the presidential ballot received more than
0.6 percent of the Virginia vote.
Table 3.02 demonstrates that in over 50 years, no Democratic presidential
candidate since Harry S. Truman, except Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964, has gotten
42
Virginia Votes ✰ 1999–2002
FIGURE 3.01
Comparison between George W. Bush in 2000 and George Bush in 1992, by Cities
SOURCE: Official Election Results provided by the State Board of Elections.
FIGURE 3.02
Comparison between George W. Bush in 2000 and George Bush in 1992, by Counties
SOURCE: Official Election Results provided by the State Board of Elections.
a plurality of the Virginia vote. In fact, Democratic candidates have averaged a
paltry 41.3 percent of the vote since the Republican stranglehold began in 1952.
Republicans by contrast have received an average of 53.2 percent since Dwight D.
Eisenhower’s first election. Bush compares relatively well at 52.5 percent, but he
received a smaller percentage than any winning Republican candidate since Nixon
in 1968. Interestingly, Bush received an almost identical percentage to Nixon’s tally
in the fabled 1960 election, in which—countrywide—Kennedy narrowly defeated
Nixon in the closest Presidential election in modern political history. Virginia was
CHAPTER 3 ✰ The 2000 Presidential and Congressional Contests
43
even more conservative in that era, but there were many loyal conservative Democrats,
which afforded Kennedy a higher vote total than one might have expected.
Turnout in the congressional districts was fairly uniform, ranging from 67 to 70
percent of registered voting, except for the military-oriented 2nd district (which has
a large “ghost” population on ships at sea) and the largely African American 3rd district. George W. Bush carried eight of Virginia’s eleven congressional districts. He received his best percentage in Central Virginia’s heavily Republican 7th district (62.6
percent), as well as sizeable margins in the Northern Neck 1st, the Norfolk / Virginia
Beach 2nd, the Southside 5th, the Mountain-Valley6th, and the Northern Virginia
10th. He also received a wafer-thin plurality in the Tidewater 4th (49.3 percent to
49.1 percent). Bush narrowly lost the 11th, the Fairfax-area swing district that has a
Republican congressman but is balanced very evenly by party. Overall, however, Bush
lost the Northern Virginia vote, losing two of the three districts.
Gore bested Bush handily in the black-majority 3rd district (65.4 percent) and
the largely Democratic 8th district (55.3 percent), and squeaked by 49.2 percent
to 47.0 percent in the 11th district. Gore lost the Southwest Virginia 9th district,
which had been won previously by Bill Clinton in 1992 and 1996. The loss in the
9th incidentally reflects Gore’s inability to win neighboring Tennessee (Gore’s home
state) and West Virginia (historically one of the most Democratic states) because of
strong stances he made on guns, abortion rights, and the environment (affecting the
coal industry). By contrast, Gore had won the 9th district handily in the 1988 Super
Tuesday Presidential primary—it was one of the only two districts he carried (the
other was the neighboring 6th).
The high-profile Senate contest was closer than the Presidential race, although
George Allen and George Bush received almost identical percentages of the vote
(52.5 percent for Bush and 52.3 percent for Allen). George Allen, governor of the
Commonwealth from 1994 to 1998, unseated two-term Democratic incumbent
Senator Charles S. Robb, former Virginia governor and son-in-law of President
Lyndon Johnson. The race marked an anticlimactic ending to the political career
of Virginia’s former golden boy. Robb, who had served as lieutenant governor and
governor of the Commonwealth, was elected to the United States Senate in 1988. He
had been untouchable until scandals in the early 1990’s surrounding illicit parties in
Virginia Beach and a wire-tapping incident involving former Governor L. Douglas
Wilder. By 1994, Robb was a weakened candidate who was no longer considered
mainstream by Virginia Republicans. He defeated right-wing GOP candidate Oliver
North in 1994 only because of the candidacy of independent Republican Marshall
Coleman. Robb was given a new life politically, but he did not take advantage of it.
He registered a more liberal voting record and was considered one of Clinton’s most
steadfast supporters, voting with President Clinton over 80 percent of the time in the
Senate. Robb became Northern Virginia’s U.S. Senator, which made him ripe for the
picking in the GOP-controlled Commonwealth.
Robb’s challenger, former Governor George F. Allen, modeled himself as a
“compassionate conservative” during the campaign. He started with a wide lead over
Robb in the polls, and was considered the front-runner throughout. With his base
secure but the margin in the polls shrinking, Allen attempted to further moderate
his stances during the last few weeks, most noticeably flip-flopping his position on
an assault weapons ban. Robb was slow to reply, and Allen succeeded in remaking his
position a few weeks before Election Day.
In one of the country’s most expensive Senate campaigns, Allen received 1,420,460
votes (52.3 percent) to Robb’s 1,296,093 votes (47.7 percent). The 120,000-vote margin was much closer than the Presidential contest; in fact, Robb’s percentage of the
44
Virginia Votes ✰ 1999–2002
FIGURE 3.03
The 2000 Presidential Election in Virginia, by Cities
SOURCE: Official Election Results provided by the State Board of Elections.
FIGURE 3.04
The 2000 Presidential Election in Virginia, by Counties
SOURCE: Official Election Results provided by the State Board of Elections.
vote was greater than the Gore plus Nader total, which indicates that there were a fair
number of Bush/Robb voters. Allen received six percentage points less in 2000 than his
whopping 58.3 percent in his 1993 gubernatorial bid against former Democratic state
Attorney General Mary Sue Terry. Robb, who received a mere 45.6 percent in his 1994
battle against the polarizing Republican Oliver North and independent Republican
Marshall Coleman, improved slightly against Allen in 2000. But he was well below the
71 percent Robb received in his first Senate race in 1988, when Robb was considered
White House material and was barely opposed by the state GOP.
CHAPTER 3 ✰ The 2000 Presidential and Congressional Contests
45
FIGURE 3.05
Cities Carried by Robb in 1994 Vs. Cities Carried by Robb in 2000
SOURCE: Official Election Results provided by the State Board of Elections.
FIGURE 3.06
Counties Carried by Robb in 1994 Vs. Counties Carried by Robb in 2000
SOURCE: Official Election Results provided by the State Board of Elections.
Looking at the Senate race’s congressional district totals (see Table 3.03), Allen
secured victories in seven of the eleven districts, winning his highest percentage in a
61.5 percent to 38.5 percent romp in the Republican stronghold 7th district. Allen’s
“folksy” demeanor appealed to rural voters, while his conservative economic stances
brought in support from the suburban districts. Robb, like Gore, prevailed with substantial margins in the black-majority 3rd, and the Northern Virginia 8th and 11th
districts, and also managed to eke out a win in the Tidewater 4th district, 50.8 percent
to 49.1 percent. Despite doing much better than Vice President Gore in the Northern
46
Virginia Votes ✰ 1999–2002
FIGURE 3.07
The 2000 U.S. Senate Election in Virginia, by Cities
SOURCE: Official Election Results provided by the State Board of Elections.
FIGURE 3.08
The 2000 U.S. Senate Results in Virginia, by Counties
Frederick
Clarke
Loudoun
Fairfax
Warren
Shenandoah
George Allen (R)
Prince
William
Rappahannock
Page
Rockingham
Chuck Robb (D)
Culpeper
Stafford
Madison
Highland
Arlington
Fauquier
King
George
Orange
Spotsylvania
Cumberland
Amherst
Buckingham
Botetourt
Craig
Bedford
Giles
Buchanan
Tazewell
Dickenson
Appomattox
Roanoke
Campbell
Montgomery
Bland
Russell
ng
r
an
W
illi
d
am
Henrico
Prince
Edward
on
d
Qu
ee
n
New Kent
Charles
City
Prince
George
Nottoway
Franklin
ng
Ki
ve
Chesterfield
Mid
d
Accomack
les
ex
Gloucester
Mathews
Northampton
James Yor
k
City
Surry
Dinwiddie
Charlotte
Pulaski
Wise
no
Powhatan
Amelia
m
Ki
Ha
Goochland
x
nd r
rla te
be cas
um Lan
Fluvanna
Nelson
Ri
ch
se
rth
Rockbridge
Alleghany
Es
No
Louisa
d
Caroline
Albemarle
Bath
an
el
or
tm
Augusta
es
W
Greene
Lunenburg
Sussex
Isle of
Wight
Floyd
Wythe
Smyth
Lee
Scott
Washington
Pittsylvania
Carroll
Grayson
Patrick
Henry
Brunswick
Halifax
Mecklenburg
Southhampton
Greensville
SOURCE: Official Election Results provided by the State Board of Elections.
Virginia districts, there was not a very broad demographic base of support for Robb.
Robb did noticeably worse than 1996 Democratic Senate candidate Mark Warner (who
ran against Virginia’s senior Senator John Warner) in the Southwest 9th (Mark Warner
received 55.5 percent while Robb only managed 43.4 percent), reflecting a belief on the
part of many in that community that Robb only left Washington to visit Southwestern
Virginia during election years. Allen also had the added benefit of nearly three years of
campaigning across the Commonwealth prior to the 2000 election; many observers
believe that Robb did not begin campaign in earnest until too late in the race.
CHAPTER 3 ✰ The 2000 Presidential and Congressional Contests
47
TABLE 3.03
General Election Results in Virginia for President and U.S. Senate by Congressional District, 2000
President
U.S. Senator
District
Total Votes Case
Percent of Registered Voting
Gore (D)
Bush (R)
Robb (D)
Allen (R)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
276,523
190,034
179,564
237,744
234,162
230,022
312,123
268,303
209,755
326,430
253,641
69.8
62.3
63.0
66.7
69.7
69.6
72.5
70.1
65.7
71.1
69.1
39.3
44.6
65.4
49.1
40.2
38.6
34.9
55.3
42.4
38.9
49.2
58.0
52.8
31.9
49.3
56.2
58.4
62.6
40.3
54.5
58.0
47.0
44.1
49.0
67.4
50.8
43.1
41.7
38.5
60.4
43.4
41.2
53.2
55.8
51.0
32.5
49.1
56.9
58.3
61.5
39.5
56.6
58.7
46.7
SOURCE: Official election results from the State Board of Elections.
2000 Presidential Exit Poll Results
The “gender gap” was once again the story in the 2000 Presidential election, just as it
had been in previous elections. Gore narrowly carried women (51 percent to Bush’s
47 percent), but Bush overwhelming carried the male vote in Virginia by 21 percent.
Compared to voters across the country, the margin between males in Virginia voting
for Gore (37 percent) and males voting Bush (58 percent) was nearly twice as large as
the 11 percent difference nationally.
George W. Bush did better in Virginia among African Americans than he had
done nationally, with 14 percent of the black vote in Virginia compared to 9 percent
across the country. This reflects the fact that African Americans in Virginia tend to
be more conservative than African Americans on the national level. Not surprisingly,
Bush carried the white vote 60 percent to 37 percent for Gore. The tipping point for
a Democrat to win in Virginia has historically been receiving 42 to 43 percent of the
white vote; Gore’s 37 percent was not nearly good enough.
Vice President Gore narrowly won the youth vote nationally, but Bush handily
carried (52 percent to Gore’s 41 percent) the 18–29 year old segment in Virginia.
Bush won every age category except those voters aged 60 and over, and he only lost
that portion by a relatively small margin. Gore, fortified by his strong emphasis on
Medicare and Social Security during his campaign, was able to capture 50 percent
of the elderly vote, on par with his national performance in that age group. Oddly
enough, seniors were Bob Dole’s biggest supporters in Virginia during the 1996
campaign.
Green Party candidate Ralph Nader made no splash in Virginia, receiving less
than 4 percent of the vote in every demographic category except 18 to 29 year-olds,
self-described independents, and self-described liberals. By comparison, Ross Perot
did much better in Virginia in 1996, garnering 15 percent among Independent voters and receiving 6.6 percent of the overall Virginia vote. A solid majority of the
Independent vote in Virginia in 2000 favored George W. Bush, 56 percent to Gore’s
36 percent. This 20-point margin is ten times the difference among Independents at
the national level. As with African Americans, Independent Virginia voters tend to
vote more conservatively than Independents nationally, hence Nader’s sub-par performance in Virginia.
Once again, Republicans were more united behind their candidate in the 2000
48
Virginia Votes ✰ 1999–2002
TABLE 3.04
Demographic Breakdown of Voters, General Election Results for President in Virginia and Nation
VIRGINIA
NATION
Percent of Total Cast for
Grouping
Overall Sample %
SEX
Men
46
Women
54
RACE
White
78
Black
16
Hispanic
3
Asian
2
Other
1
AGE
18–29
16
30–44
34
45–59
30
60+
20
PARTY
Democrat
35
Republican
37
Independent
28
INCOME
< $15,000
4
$15–29,999
12
$30–49,999
23
$50–74,999
25
$75–100,000
17
$100,000+
19
FAMILY FINANCIAL SITUATION
Better
54
Worse
9
Same
36
IDEOLOGY
Liberal
20
Moderate
50
Conservative
31
1996 VOTE
Clinton
43
Dole
36
Perot
4
WHITE RELIGIOUS RIGHT VOTERS
Yes
16
No
80
VOTE FOR SENATE
Robb
48
Allen
52
CLINTON JOB APPROVAL
Approve
55
Disapprove
43
Percent of Total Cast for
Gore %
Bush %
Nader %
Overall Sample %
Gore %
Bush %
Nader %
37
51
58
47
3
1
48
52
42
54
53
43
3
2
37
84
NA
NA
NA
60
14
NA
NA
NA
2
1
NA
NA
NA
81
10
7
2
1
42
90
62
55
55
54
9
35
41
39
3
1
2
3
4
41
44
43
50
52
55
54
46
5
1
2
3
17
33
28
22
48
48
48
51
46
49
49
47
5
2
2
2
91
6
36
7
94
56
2
0
5
39
35
27
86
8
45
11
91
47
2
1
6
0
51
46
44
44
36
0
46
49
53
53
61
0
1
3
2
2
2
7
16
24
25
13
15
57
54
49
46
45
43
37
41
48
51
52
54
4
3
2
2
2
2
57
30
28
40
65
67
2
3
2
50
11
38
61
33
35
36
63
60
2
4
3
75
51
13
19
46
86
5
2
0
20
50
29
80
52
17
13
44
81
6
2
1
84
4
0
13
96
0
2
0
0
46
31
6
82
7
27
15
91
64
2
1
7
17
51
82
45
1
2
14
83
18
54
80
42
1
3
91
9
10
90
0
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
74
6
23
91
2
1
57
41
77
9
20
88
2
2
SOURCE: Exit poll conducted and adjusted for CNN by Voter News Service. For Virginia, a total of 1,543 voters were interviewed outside their voting places on
Election Day.
NA = Not Available. Sample Size was too small to produce reliable results in some subcategories.
CHAPTER 3 ✰ The 2000 Presidential and Congressional Contests
49
election than the Democrats. This was true both statewide and nationally. While
Gore received 91 percent of the Democratic support, Bush garnered 94 percent of
the voters who identified themselves as Republicans in Virginia. Nationally, Bush’s
party support was nearly as strong, winning 91 percent of Republicans compared to
Gore’s 86 percent received from Democrats.
When looking at voter income, Gore received his strongest support among
those who earned less than $30,000 annually, both in Virginia as well as nationally.
The Democrat received a 51 percent majority of the votes from this income bracket
in Virginia, slightly less than the 54 percent won nationally. Bush received more support than Gore in Virginia, 49 to 46 percent, from those making between $30,000
and $49,999. (Nationally, Gore edged out Bush by a one-point margin, 49 to 48
percent in the same group.) As income increased, Bush’s support continued to climb
in Virginia and nationwide. Unlike Bob Dole in 1996 who was only able to carry a
majority of those making more than $75,000, Bush was able to garner a majority with
voters making over $50,000 per year. The Virginia electorate, confirming an earlier
trend, continued to be more skewed to conservative upper-income voters in 2000.
In 1992 those making over $75,000 comprised just 14 percent of the electorate in
1992, and 21 percent in 1996; in 2000, 36 percent of the Virginia electorate made
over $75,000 annually.
Each family’s financial situation regularly determines the pattern of presidential voting, and the 2000 election affirmed this observation. Of the 54 percent of
Virginians who said their situation had improved since 1996, Gore received a clear
majority of 57 percent. (Nationally, 50 percent of the electorate felt they were better
off and supported Gore by a margin of 61 to 36 percent.) Those who felt their situation had worsened or remained the same were equally supportive of the challenger,
and Bush won massive majorities of 65 and 67 percent respectively. These Virginia
numbers mirrored the national results in which Bush won 63 percent of those who
were worse off and 60 percent of those who felt their situation had not changed.
While voters who described themselves as either liberal or conservative were
predictably skewed towards their respective candidate (75 percent of the liberal vote
went to Gore and 86 percent of the conservative vote went to Bush), Gore carried the
moderate vote, 51 to 46 percent. This moderate difference was slightly closer, however, than the national moderate vote, which was 52 to 44 percent in favor of Gore.
An analysis of recent voting trends again shows a Democratic Party less unified
behind its candidate. Only 84 percent of those who voted for Clinton in 1996 reaffirmed their support for the Democratic ticket and Gore in 2000. Another 13 percent
crossed party lines and voted for Bush. By contrast, the Virginia Republicans mirrored their 1996 vote, wholeheartedly supporting the GOP candidate. Amazingly, 96
percent of those who voted for Dole also voted for George W. Bush. These statistics
reflect similar numbers on a national level. Without a serious third-party candidate
challenging for conservative votes, Bush picked up ground nationally by winning the
votes of former Perot supporters. Among those who voted for Perot in 96, Bush more
than doubled Gore, 64 to 27 percent.
Home to prominent religious conservative heavyweights, such as Christian
Coalition founder Pat Robertson and Liberty College President Jerry Falwell, the
Commonwealth contains a strong base of those who classify themselves as belonging
to the white religious right. Of the 16 percent of voters who identified themselves
as such, an overwhelming yet predictable 82 percent voted for Bush. The white religious right vote has proven itself to be as conservative as the black vote is Democratic,
with the two effectively canceling each other out in many cases.
50
Virginia Votes ✰ 1999–2002
2000 U.S. Senate Exit Poll Results
George Allen’s victory over Chuck Robb followed much of the same pattern as Bush’s
over Gore. Like Bush, Allen easily won the male Virginia vote, 59 to 41 percent.
Like Gore, Robb carried women voters, but not by a high enough margin. Somewhat
trumping Gore’s 4 percent margin, Robb won the female vote, 53 to 47 percent.
Among whites, Allen carried both men and women, 65 and 55 percent, respectively.
As expected, Robb won the black vote handily with 84 percent to Allen’s 16.
The margin for white voters was somewhat closer, with Allen winning 60 to 40 percent. Robb possibly benefited from Gore’s appeal to the elderly in issues such as health
care, prescription drugs and Medicare; the incumbent Senator gained the support of
54 percent of voters over the age of 60. Allen, like Bush, held a slim margin of victory
among the rest of the population.
In a passionate display of partisanship, the contest was sharply divided among
party lines—Robb and Allen each carried 91 percent of the Democratic and
Republican vote, respectively. Mimicking the presidential election, Independents
handed their support to the GOP candidate, with Allen winning 58 to 42 percent.
Ideology was equally divided—Robb carried most liberal voters while Allen mainly
found support among conservatives. Also, nearly 60 percent of Virginia voters rated
Clinton as unfavorable, most of whom voted for Allen—a factor that did not bode
well for Robb, one of Clinton’s most steadfast supporters in an anti-Clinton state.
Voter Turnout
With 2.79 million votes cast in Virginia for the 2000 elections, the Commonwealth
surpassed its previous record for total absolute votes cast—a 13 percent increase
from 1996 elections. More interestingly, the 52.8 percent of potential votes cast beat
the national average of 51.2 percent and is Virginia’s second-highest turnout in over
a half century. (The highest turnout occurred in the 1992 elections when 54.5 percent of potential votes were cast.) Table 3.07 shows a drop-off in the percentage of
registered voters who actually cast their ballot. In 1992, 84.5 percent of registered
Virginians voted. In 1996, this number dropped to 74.3 percent. By 2000, this number has dwindled to 68.5 percent. This is not, however, due to a decrease in actual
voters. Instead, it is undoubtedly a result of the Motor / Voter federal law of 1993. The
law has simplified the registration process and has increased drastically the pool of
registered voters, but the number of actual voters has not increased proportionally.
The Urban and Rural Voting Patterns
A breakdown of urban and rural voting shows the Democratic Party underachieving in most areas of the state. Demographically, people are moving into the suburbs
at the expense of central cities and rural areas. This shift benefits Republicans, as
the typical suburbanite tends to be upper middle class and have a more conservative
ideology. In central cities, the Democrats had substantial margins of victory, but as a
whole underperformed when compared to past elections. Gore’s 20 percentage point
victory over Bush was less than the usual 33 percent margin that Democrats enjoy.
Robb’s victory over Allen was better, at 61 to 38 percent, but still was not great by
past standards. The suburbs were predictably not close, with Republicans carrying
CHAPTER 3 ✰ The 2000 Presidential and Congressional Contests
51
TABLE 3.05
Exit Poll Data, U.S. Senate Election in Virginia, 2000
Percent of Total Cast for
Grouping
SEX
Men
Women
White Men
White Women
RACE
White
African-American
Hispanic
Asian
Other
AGE
18–29
30–44
45–59
60+
PARTY
Democrat
Republican
Independent
INCOME
< $15,000
$15–30,000
$30–50,000
$50–75,000
$75–100,000
$100,000+
FAMILY FINANCIAL SITUATION
Better
Worse
Same
RELIGION
White Protestant/Relig. Right
Other
IDEOLOGY
Liberal
Moderate
Conservative
OPINION OF CLINTON AS A PERSON
Favorable
Unfavorable
1996 VOTE
Clinton
Dole
Perot
Other
2000 VOTE IN A TWO-WAY RACE
Gore
Bush
Would Not Have Voted
Overall Sample %
Robb (D) %
Allen (R) %
46
54
48
52
41
53
35
45
59
47
65
55
78
15
3
2
1
40
84
0
0
0
60
16
0
0
0
16
34
30
19
46
45
47
54
54
55
52
46
35
37
28
91
8
42
9
91
58
4
12
23
25
17
19
0
53
46
48
50
41
0
46
54
52
49
59
54
9
36
58
36
32
42
64
67
63
45
55
20
49
31
78
54
16
22
46
84
37
59
77
26
22
73
43
36
4
2
83
8
0
0
17
91
0
0
44
51
3
91
10
0
9
90
0
SOURCE: Exit poll conducted and adjusted for CNN by Voter News Service.
For Virginia, a total of 1,543 voters were interviewed outside their voting places on Election Day.
52
Virginia Votes ✰ 1999–2002
TABLE 3.06
Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections in Virginia, 1948–2000
Year
Total Potential
Voting Population
Total Votes
Cast
Percent of
Potential Votes Cast
National Average
Percentage (estimated)
Percent Increase in
Absolute Turnout from
Preceding Election (Va. only)
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2,015,000
2,083,000
2,198,000
2,349,000
2,539,000
2,717,000
3,197,000
3,528,000
3,817,000
4,203,000
4,467,000
4,748,000
5,187,000
5,286,502
419,000
620,000
698,000
771,000
1,042,267
1,361,491
1,457,019
1,716,182
1,866,032
2,180,515
2,231,876
2,582,966
2,468,229
2,789,808
20.8%
29.8
31.8
33.3
41.2
50.7
45.6
48.6
48.9
51.9
50.0
54.5
47.6
52.8
51.5%
62.0
60.1
63.8
61.3
60.2
55.1
53.3
52.6
53.1
50.9
55.0
48.8
51.2
6.0%
47.8
12.6
10.5
35.1
30.6
7.0
17.8
8.7
16.8
2.4
15.7
–4.4
13.0
SOURCE: The State Board of Elections supplied figures for ‘total vote cast’; either the Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service (formerly the Tayloe Murphy
Institute) or the U.S. Census Bureau supplied the figures for the “total potential voting population.”
NOTE: The total potential voting population from 1948–68 includes all persons 21 years of age and older, while the figures for 1972–2000 include those ages
18 and above.
TABLE 3.07
Voter Turnout in Virginia, 1976–2000
Year
Chief Contest
1976
1977
1978
1980
1981
1982
1984
1985
1988
1989
1990
1992
1993
1994
1996
1997
2000
President/Senator
Governor
Senator
President
Governor
Senator
President/Senator
Governor
President/Senator
Governor
Senator
President
Governor
Senator
President/Senator
Governor
President/Senator
% of All Adultsa
% of Registeredb
48.6
34.8
32.7
48.9
37.3
34.7
51.9
32.2
50.0
39.7
26.4
54.5
36.9
41.8
47.6
34.4
52.8
80.8
61.9
60.3
81.4
64.9
63.4
81.5
53.0
77.6
66.5
45.8
84.5
61.1
69.3
74.3
49.5
68.5
SOURCES: Table 3.06 and previous volumes of Virginia Votes.
a
Percentage of all Virginians age 18 and over.
b
Percentage of those adults who had actually registered to vote and thus were qualified to cast a ballot.
the sprawling areas outlying Virginia’s cities. Bush won handily, defeating Gore 54 to
42 percent. Allen’s victory was closer, with a 53 to 46 percent victory. This is due in
part to Robb’s suburban appeal, which he has maintained throughout his career as
governor and senator.
Rural areas once again proved to be Allen’s heartland. Known for his practiced southern accent, tobacco-chewing habit, ‘aw-shucks’ demeanor, and worn
cowboy boots (a striking contrast to the starched former-Marine Robb), Allen won
CHAPTER 3 ✰ The 2000 Presidential and Congressional Contests
TABLE 3.08
Percent of Registered Actually Voting for
President, 1980–2000
Presidential
Year
Percent of Registered
Actually Voting
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
81.4
81.5
77.6
84.5
74.3
68.5
53
TABLE 3.09
The Urban Virginia Vote, General Election for President and U.S. Senate, 2000
Urban Measure
a
Urban Corridor
Metropolitan Statistical Areasb
Central Cities
Suburbs
Rural Areasc
Percent of Votes Cast For
Percent of Votes Cast For
Percent of Total Vote
Gore (D)
Bush (R)
Robb (D)
Allen (R)
62.6
77.7
15.7
62.1
20.1
46.8
45.7
58
42.6
40.3
50.2
51.3
38.8
54.4
56.6
50.5
49.2
61.4
46.1
42.3
49.5
50.7
38.5
53.8
57.7
SOURCE: Compiled from official elections results of the State Board of Elections
NOTE: Party affiliations are abbreviated as (D) = Democrat; (R) = Republican. The votes for other third-party candidates, independents, and write-ins were not
tabulated for this table.
a
Includes cities of Alexandria, Chesapeake, Colonial Heights, Fairfax, Falls Church, Fredericksburg, Hampton, Hopewell, Manassas, Manassas Park, Newport News,
Norfolk, Petersburg, Poquoson, Portsmouth, Richmond, Virginia Beach, and Williamsburg; and the counties of Arlington, Caroline, Charles City, Chesterfield,
Clarke, Dinwiddie, Fairfax, Fauquier, Hanover, Henrico, James City, Loudon, New Kent, Prince George, Prince William, Spotsylvania, Stafford, and York.
b
The nine Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) for Virginia, as established by the U.S. Census Bureau, are Charlottesville, Danville, Lynchburg, Washington,
D.C., Newport News-Hampton, Norfolk-Portsmouth, Petersburg-Colonial Heights, Richmond, and Roanoke. Central Cities and suburbs are included in the MSA
figures. The Charlottesville and Danville MSAs were first designated after the 1980 census.
c
All Virginia localities not included in either an MSA or the Urban Corridor.
TABLE 3.10
Major Statewide Elections in Virginia by Demographic and Black Voting Patterns, 1969–2000
Percent for Winner
Election
GENERAL ELECTIONS
1969 Governor, Linwood Holton (R)
1970 U.S. Senator, Harry Byrd, Jr. (I)
1971 Lt. Governor, Henry Howell (I)
1972 President, Richard Nixon (R)
1972 U.S. Senate, William Scott (R)
1973 Governor, Mills Godwin (R)
1976 President, Gerald Ford (R)
1976 U.S. Senate, Harry Byrd, Jr. (I)
1977 Governor, John Dalton (R)
1977 Lt. Governor, Charles Robb (D)
1977 Attorney General, Marshall Coleman (R)
1978 U.S. Senate, John Warner (R)
1980 President, Ronald Reagan (R)
1981 Governor, Charles Robb (D)
1981 Lt. Governor, Dick Davis (D)
1981 Attorney General, Gerald Baliles (D)
1982 U.S. Senate, Paul Trible (R)
1984 President, Ronald Reagan (R)
1984 U.S. Senate, John Warner (R)
1985 Governor, Gerald Baliles (D)
1985 Lt. Governor, Douglas Wilder
1985 Attorney General, Mary Sue Terry (D)
1988 President, George Bush (R)
1988 U.S. Senate, Charles Robb(D)
1989 Governor, Douglas Wilder (D)
1989 Lt. Governor, Donald Beyer (D)
1989 Attorney General, Mary Sue Terry (D)
1990 U.S. Senate, John Warner (R)
1992 President, George Bush (R)
1993 Governor, George Allen (R)
1993 Lt. Governor, Donald Beyer (D)
1993 Attorney General, James Gilmore (R)
54
Central Cities
Suburbs
Black Vote
50.9%
52.2
50.6
60.3
42.5
43.2
43.6
51.4
47.9
61.2
47.7
45.4
41.3
64.5
67.2
62.7
39.6
47.9
57.6
66.2
64.4
71.3
45.2
76.1
68.5
64.9
72.7
78.0
33.1
46.5
64.6
46.1
56.5%
55.9
39.8
70.1
52.7
54.6
53.9
55.9
59.9
51.1
56.6
53.7
58.4
49.5
52.3
45.4
55.1
66.8
72.9
51.5
48.8
58.6
63.4
70.3
47.0
53.4
61.6
80.9
47.1
59.9
54.2
57.7
37.2%
3.0
91.7
8.8
6.7
5.7
5.0
4.4
5.0
94.9
32.7
7.1
3.4
96.4
95.5
95.9
5.7
8.2
21.2
94.1
96.6
95.6
8.6
83.7
96.2
87.8
94.7
64.2
7.0
11.4
90.9
10.6
Virginia Votes ✰ 1999–2002
TABLE 3.10
Major Statewide Elections in Virginia by Demographic and Black Voting Patterns, 1969–2000 (continued)
Percent for Winner
Election
1994 U.S. Senate, Charles Robb (D)
1996 President, Robert Dole (R)
1996 U.S. Senate, John Warner (R)
1997 Governor, James Gilmore (R)
1997 Lt. Governor, John Hager (R)
1997 Attorney General, Mark Earley (R)
2000 President, George W. Bush (R)
2000 Senate, George Allen (R)
DEMOCRATIC PRIMARY ELECTIONS
1969 Governor, William Battle (first primary)
1969 Governor, William Battle (runoff )
1977 Governor, Henry Howell
1977 Lt. Governor, Charles Robb
1977 Attorney General, Edward E. Lane
1988 President, Jesse Jackson
1994 U.S. Senator, Charles Robb
REPUBLICAN PRIMARY ELECTIONS
1988 President, George Bush
1989 Governor, Marshall Coleman
1996 U.S. Senator, John Warner
1997 Attorney General, Mark Earley
2000 President, George W. Bush
Central Cities
Suburbs
Black Vote
59.2
36.6
45.0
43.7
38.8
48.0
38.8
38.5
43.5
51.1
56.0
58.3
53.3
59.9
54.4
53.8
93.4
4.8
11.6
11.2
9.1
15.6
5.5
8.1
31.8
40.7
59.6
35.0
37.8
64.1
68.5
40.6
51.2
50.6
39.1
32.0
38.2
61.3
11.8
4.8
86.1
26.6
15.8
93.8
82.9
54.5
34.6
75.1
36.9
49.6
52.5
35.9
64.7
38.0
51.4
37.7
42.8
84.6
38.5
31.4
SOURCE: Calculated by the author from data supplied by the State Board of Elections.
NOTES: Party affiliations of winning candidates are abbreviated as: (D) = Democrat; (R ) = Republican; (I) = Independent. Figures for the 1970 Democratic
primary of U.S. senator are not included in this table. Voter turnout in that election was miniscule.
Central cities and suburbs used in this table are designated components of Virginia’s Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs), as established by the U.S. Bureau
of the Census.
Estimates of the black vote are based on results in the selected predominantly black precincts used in this and previous editions of Virginia Votes.
a resounding victory in key rural areas. This parallels the landside victory in rural
Virginia in 1993, where he won 63.4 percent of the vote. The poor performance
of Democrats in rural areas underscored their defeat statewide. Localities that
Democrats formerly split 50 / 50 are now producing resounding defeats. The rural
vote will continue to be key, as 2000 produced the highest recorded percentage of
rural voters in any General Election in recent history. By contrast, the Democratic
strongholds in the central cities are showing lower voter turnout.
African American Voting Patterns
Voter turnout was especially low among Virginia’s African Americans in 2000. Just
56.4 percent of registered citizens in the predominantly black precincts noted in
Table 3.12 showed up at the polls on November 7. This proportion is more than 12
percentage points lower than the overall turnout, and 7.6 percentage points lower
than the 1996 Presidential election. The turnout was much higher, however, than the
41.1 percent turnout in the 1997 gubernatorial election.
African Americans were obviously not enthused by Al Gore and Chuck Robb.
One could clearly argue that had Robb reached out more forcefully to African
Americans and encouraged them to vote in above average numbers, he may have retained his United States Senate seat. In the sample black precincts, both Gore and
CHAPTER 3 ✰ The 2000 Presidential and Congressional Contests
55
TABLE 3.11
Metropolitan Proportions of Statewide Vote in Virginia, 1969–2000
Percent of Statewide Vote
GENERAL ELECTIONS
1969 Governor
1970 U.S. Senator
1971 Lieutenant Governor
1972 President
1973 Governor
1976 President
1977 Governor
1978 U.S. Senator
1980 President
1981 Governor
1982 U.S. Senator
1984 President
1985 Governor
1987 Lottery Referendum
1988 President
1989 Governor
1990 U.S. Senator
1992 President
1993 Governor
1994 U.S. Senator
1996 President
1997 Governor
2000 President
DEMOCRATIC PRIMARIES
1969 Governor (first primary)
1969 Governor (runoff )
1977 Governor
1988 President
1994 U.S. Senator
REPUBLICAN PRIMARIES
1988 President
1989 Governor
1996 U.S. Senator
1997 Attorney General
2000 President
Central Cities
Suburbs
21.5%
22.6
18.6
21.7
22.0
20.1
20.6
19.8
17.0
17.8
18.0
16.8
17.1
15.1
15.0
22.5
13.5
13.7
18.1
17.9
17.2
17.2
15.7
35.0%
35.4
28.4
41.2
37.6
41.5
39.0
39.1
44.3
46.5
46.9
49.3
47.5
48.5
52.6
48.6
61.0
60.0
58.2
59.6
60.6
58.6
62.1
28.1
27.3
26.9
25.4
24.4
26.3
28.8
37.8
45.5
48.2
13.6
15.0
19.1
17.1
14.3
59.7
55.6
64.5
64.6
69.6
Robb received over 90 percent of the African American vote, with Gore winning
93.2 percent and Robb netting 91.8 percent of the vote. (Note that these percentages were higher than those recorded on Election Day exit polls. The explanation is
relatively simple: upper-middle and high income blacks are more likely to live in the
suburbs and to vote for Republican candidates, and while an exit poll samples this
group, a collection of inner-city precincts necessarily excludes them.)
Incidentally, George Allen did worse in the African American precincts in the
Senate race than he did running for governor in 1993 when he received 11.4 percent.
George W. Bush also did less well than his father’s 7.0 percent in the 1992 presidential election. Although former Governor Doug Wilder helped campaign for Chuck
Robb in the closing weeks, Robb garnered 91.8 percent in the majority black precincts, a slight drop from his 93.4 percent in 1994.
56
Virginia Votes ✰ 1999–2002
TABLE 3.12
Voting in Selected Predominantly Black Precincts in Virginia Cities, General Election for President and U.S.
Senate, 2000
City
Number of
Precincts
Total Votes
Cast
Percent of
Registered Voting
Gore (D)
Bush (R)
Robb (D)
Allen (R)
1
1
1
2
8
10
4
2
15
44
828
580
172
3,605
4,784
9,220
2,382
2,832
10,408
34,811
49.1%
57.8
49.1
60.5
53.1
51.5
58.1
67.9
59.3
79.7%
95.2
87.8
87.1
96.8
95.5
94.6
97.2
91.2
15.0%
4.8
11.0
12.1
2.7
3.9
4.0
2.5
6.1
82.3%
94.8
83.6
84.9
94.3
93.6
92.6
95.7
91.0
17.2%
5.2
16.4
15.0
5.6
6.3
7.3
4.1
8.9
56.40%
93.20%
BLACK PRECINCTS
Charlottesville a
Chesapeake b
Emporia c
Hampton d
Newport News e
Norfolk f
Petersburg g
Portsmouth h
Richmond i
Totals
Average of All Votes Cast in
Selected Precincts
5.50%
91.80%
8.10%
SOURCE: Official election results from the State Board of Elections.
NOTES: Party affiliations are abbreviated as (D) = Democrat; (R) = Republican. Presidential percentages do not always total 100% since scattered votes were
cast for the other independent or minor party candidates on the ballot.
a
Charlottesville: Benjamin Tonsler (formerly Firehouse) precinct
b
Chesapeake:
South Norfolk Fire Station precinct
c
Emporia:
Precinct 2
d
Hampton:
Pembroke and Phenix precincts
e
Newport News: Chestnut, Dunbar, Huntington, Jefferson, Magruder, Marshall, Newsome Park, and Washington precincts
f
Norfolk:
Berkely, Bowling Park, Brambleton, Campostella, Chesterfield, Monroe, Park Place, Rosemont, Union Chapel, and Young Park precincts
g
Petersburg:
5th Ward—1st precinct, 5th Ward—2nd precinct, 6th Ward—1st precinct, and 6th Ward—2nd precinct.
h
Portsmouth:
Precincts 26 and 27
i
Richmond:
Precincts 301, 303, 304, 306, 602, 604, 606, 608, 701, 702, 703, 704, 705, 707, and 802.
TABLE 3.13
Voter Turnout in Selected Black Precincts vs. Statewide Turnout in Virginia, 1976–2000
Year
Election
1976
1977
1978
1980
1981
1982
1984
1985
1987
1988
1989
1990
1992
1993
1994
1996
1997
2000
President
Governor
U.S. Senator
President
Governor
U.S. Senator
President
Governor
Lottery/Gen. Assembly
President
Governor
U.S. Senator
President
Governor
U.S. Senator
President
Governor
President
Overall Turnout
(% of Registered )
Selected Black Precincts
(% of Registered)
% Black Turnout Exceeds (+) or
Underachieves (–) Overall Turnout
80.8
61.9
60.3
81.3
64.9
65.1
81.5
53.0
59.1
77.6
66.5
45.8
84.5
61.1
69.3
74.3
49.5
68.5
76.4
62.8
56.4
75.4
67.5
68.9
72.6
53.9
49.6
64.4
72.6
31.7
72.0
50.5
64.0
64.0
41.1
56.4
–4.4
0.9
–3.9
–5.9
2.6
3.8
–8.9
0.9
–9.5
–13.2
6.1
–14.1
–12.5
–10.6
–5.3
–10.3
–8.4
–12.1
SOURCE: Previous editions of Virginia Votes.
NOTES: Overall turnout includes black turnout; therefore, the differential between black and white turnout in each year is obviously greater than the figures in
this column can indicate.
Black turnout is measured by the use of the predominantly black precincts cited to analyze the black vote in this volume; see notes to Table 3.12 for identification
for these precincts.
CHAPTER 3 ✰ The 2000 Presidential and Congressional Contests
57
TABLE 3.14
Public Opinion-Poll Tracking, Presidential and U.S. Senate Elections in Virginia, 2000
Mason-Dixon Polling and Research, Inc.
PRESIDENT
Al Gore
George W. Bush
Undecided
U.S. SENATE
Charles S. Robb
George Allen
Undecided
MARGIN OF ERROR
(plus or minus)
SAMPLE SIZE
(registered voters)
RTD/News 12
Commonwealth Poll (VCU)
Sept. 7–8, ’99
July 12–14
Sept. 13–16
Oct. 24–25
Oct. 30–31
Sept. 22–Oct. 2
May 1–9
Oct. 18–24
32%
51
9
38%
49
10
39%
49
10
41%
48
7
41%
49
6
39%
46
3
41%
45
10
—
—
—
38
50
12
39
49
12
41
48
11
44
47
9
44
49
7
42
45
13
40
41
18
39
54
7
4
4
4
4
4
633
620
622
627
625
4.4
507
5
555
4.5
596
SOURCE: All polls listed were random sample surveys conducted by telephone during the general election campaign. (D) indicates a Democratic polling company. Polls with an asterisk were based on a sample of likely voters.
Public Opinion Polling
For the most part, the Virginia pollsters did an admirable job of predicting close
Senate and Presidential contests in 2000. As usual, Mason-Dixon Opinion Research
was the most accurate, closely predicting the margin of victories for both Republican
candidates. Due to the national attention shed on the Robb / Allen contest, it was
an ambitious year for polling in Virginia, with most major newspapers within the
Commonwealth, including The Washington Post and The Richmond Times-Dispatch,
conducting independent polling. The pollsters were, for the most part, correct. The
main exception to this was the joint polling conducted by Old Dominion University
and The Virginian-Pilot, which predicted Bush’s victory closely but overestimated
Allen’s margin of victory over Robb. The Commonwealth Poll, conducted by
Virginia Commonwealth University, had a similar problem, but to a much worse
extent. They did not conduct a final poll for the presidential race, but their prediction of a 15 percent victory for Allen was substantially different from the final results,
Allen won by a mere 4.5 percent.
2000 Elections for U.S. House of Representatives
With the 2000 retirements of Herb Bateman (R-1st), Owen Pickett (D-2nd), and
Tom Bliley, Jr. (R-7th), Virginia’s influence in the United States Congress would take
a substantial hit following the election. The three legislators had a combined 52 years
of service in Congress, and held important positions on key committees, including
Bliley’s important service as chairman of the House Commerce Committee. Bateman
died on September 11, 2000, after representing the 1st district for 18 years. Still, the
2000 elections, to no one’s surprise, saw all eight incumbents retain their seats, while
Republicans carried all three of the open seats.
As expected, Delegate Jo Ann Davis, who had survived a tough 5-person primary, easily defeated Democrat and former Fredericksburg Mayor Lawrence Davies,
Independent Josh Billings, and Libertarian candidate Sharon Wood with 57.5 percent
of the vote in the heavily Republican 1st district. In the military and shipyard-heavy
58
Virginia Votes ✰ 1999–2002
Media General*
ODU/Virginian-Pilot
TNS Intersearch
Garin-Hart-Yang (D)
American Research Group
Washington Post*
Aug 14–Sept. 10
Aug. 24–27
July 7–10
Sept. 13–19
Oct. 22–26
—
—
—
—
—
—
38%
47
10
44%
52
5
Sept. 22–Oct. 2
Oct. 27–Nov. 2
39%
46
12
40%
46
12
38%
45
17
42
45
13
43
45
12
32
42
26
43
48
9
42
44
14
—
—
—
46
48
5
4
3
4
4
3
647
1013
702
600
1009
4.4
507
3.7
735
Tidewater 2nd district, Republicans picked up a formerly Democratic seat when
state Senator Ed Schrock narrowly defeated Democrat Jody Wagner. Wagner, a wellfunded moderate who had never held elective office, did unexpectedly well by receiving 48.0 percent of the vote in a district that by all accounts should have been won
easily by the Republican candidate. Because it offered a strong chance to switch columns in a close Congress, the 2nd district seat received attention and money from the
national parties. The seat was one of only seven seats that switched from Democrat
to Republican in the 2000 election.
In the 7th district, conservative Republican Eric I. Cantor, a 37-year old fiveterm member of the Virginia House of Delegates, handily defeated Democrat Warren A. Stewart, 66.9 percent to 33.0 percent. The real race for the opportunity to succeed Tom Bliley in the strongly Republican 7th was in the primary, when the Gilmore
and Bliley-endorsed Cantor edged out state Senator Stephen H. Martin by a mere 263
votes. The massive landslide by Cantor in the contested general election was not the
only blowout in Virginia in 2000, as incumbents Virgil Goode (I) in the 5th (67.4
percent), Jim Moran (D) in the 8th (63.3 percent), Rick Boucher (D) in the 9th (69.8
percent), and Tom Davis (R) in the 11th (61.9 percent) easily overcame main-party
opposition. Interestingly, the Republican Davis, won handily in the 11th district,
which was carried by Democrats Al Gore and Chuck Robb in 2000.
Democrats Bobby Scott (3rd) and Norman Sisisky (4th), as well as Republican
Bob Goodlatte (6th), ran unopposed, while Republican Frank Wolf from the 10th
district received a minor challenge from two independent candidates, who between
them garnered only 15.6 percent of the vote. The Virginia delegation for 2000 boasts
six Republicans, four Democrats, and one Independent, although the Independent,
Virgil Goode, caucuses with Congressional Republicans. The longest-serving
Congressmen are Frank Wolf, Norman Sisisky, and Rick Boucher, who share over 56
years of combined experience on Capitol Hill.
As seen in Table 3.17, Republicans carried 46.7 percent of the votes cast in
all the Congressional districts statewide, while Democrats garnered 43.7 percent of
the overall vote. In the party-contested races, Republicans came in at 51.4 percent,
while Democratic candidates in those races received a total of 46.4 percent. In the
party-contested races, Republicans did less well than they did in 1998, but they now
CHAPTER 3 ✰ The 2000 Presidential and Congressional Contests
59
TABLE 3.15
Election Results & Campaign Spending, Virginia General Elections for U.S. Representatives, 2000
Districts
Candidates
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Total Campaign Expenditures
Number of Votes
Percent of Votes
Lawrence A. Davies (D)
Jo Ann S. Davis (R)
Sharon A. Wood (I)
Josh Billings (I)
Write-Ins
District Totals
Jody M. Wagner (D)
Edward L. Schrock (R)
Write-Ins
District Totals
Robert C. “Bobby” Scott (D)
Write-Ins
District Totals
Norman Sisisky (D)
Write-Ins
District Totals
Virgil H. Goode (I)
John W. Boyd (D)
John S. Spence (I)
Write-Ins
District Totals
Robert W. Goodlatte (R)
Write-Ins
District Totals
Warren A. Stewart (D)
Eric I. Cantor (R)
Write-Ins
District Totals
James P. Moran, Jr. (D)
Demaris H. Miller (R)
R V. Crickenberger (I)
Rick L. Herron (I)
Write-Ins
District Totals
Frederick C. Boucher (D)
Michael D. Osborne (R)
Write-Ins
District Totals
Frank R. Wolf (R)
B M. Brown (I)
M A. Rossi (I)
Write-Ins
District Totals
Thomas M. Davis (R)
Michael L. Corrigan (D)
R K. McBride (I)
C. W. Levy (I)
Write-Ins
District Totals
$196,754
$373,654
*
*
—
$570,408
$1,110,449
$1,016,858
—
$2,127,307
$237,345
—
$237,345
$56,674
—
$56,674
$558,606
$38,455
*
—
$597,061
$379,324
—
$379,324
$69,817
$1,295,358
—
$1,365,175
$1,185,606
$202,920
$14,042
*
—
$1,402,568
$662,560
$24,154
—
$686,714
$455,634
$6,826
*
—
$462,460
$1,461,162
$71,649
$10,781
*
—
$1,543,592
97,399
151,344
9,652
4,082
537
263,014
90,328
97,856
145
188,329
137,527
3,226
140,753
189,787
2,108
191,895
143,312
65,387
3,936
70
212,705
153,338
1,145
154,483
94,935
192,652
304
287,891
164,178
88,262
3,483
2,805
471
259,199
137,488
59,335
32
196,855
238,817
28,107
16,031
682
283,637
150,395
83,455
4,774
4,059
285
242,968
37.00%
57.5
3.7
1.6
0.2
100.0
48.0
52.0
0.1
100.0
97.7
2.3
100.0
98.9
1.1
100.0
67.4
30.7
1.9
0.0
100.0
99.3
0.7
100.0
33.0
66.9
0.1
100.0
63.3
34.1
1.3
1.1
0.2
100.0
69.8
30.1
0.0
100.0
84.2
9.9
5.7
0.2
100.0
61.9
34.3
2.0
1.7
0.1
100.0
STATE TOTALS
$9,428,628
NOTE: * information not available.
60
Virginia Votes ✰ 1999–2002
TABLE 3.16
Virginia General Election Results for U.S. Representatives, 1980–2000
District
Incumbent as of 2000 (Party)
1
2
3a
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11a
JoAnn S. Davis (R)
Edward Schrock (R)
Robert “Bobby” Scott (D)
Norman Sisisky (D)
Virgil Goode (I)
Robert “Bob” Goodlatte (R)
Eric Cantor (R)
James Moran (D)
Frederick “Rick” Boucher (D)
Frank R. Wolf (R)
Thomas M. Davis (R)
Year of First Election
2000
2000
1992
1982
1996
1992
2000
1990
1982
1980
1994
1980
1982
54.4
50.4
52.7
51.1
1984
1986
99.9*
1988
99.8*
52.0
62.5
1990
99.9*
99.0
60.2
78.3*
51.7
97.1*
61.5
63.4
68.0
1992
1994
78.6
68.4
79.4
61.6
60.0
1996
1998
99.9*
82.1
78.6
60.8
67.0
76.0
97.0*
98.9*
69.3
56.1
63.1
63.6
59.3
58.8
87.3
52.9
66.4
65.0
72.0
64.1
66.7
60.9
71.6
81.7*
1994
1996
2000
57.5
52.0
97.7*
98.9*
67.4
99.3*
66.9
63.3
69.8
84.2*
61.9
SOURCE: Compiled from official election results of the State Board of Elections.
NOTES: Party affiliations are abbreviated as (D) = Democrat; (R) = Republican; (I) = Independent.
* Denotes an instance where the incumbent ran unopposed or was opposed only by an independent or minor candidate.
a
The third, a black-majority District, and the Eleventh district in Northern Virginia were newly created by the General Assembly after the 1990 census.
TABLE 3.17
Vote by Party, Virginia General Elections for U.S. Representatives, 1966–2000
Party
1966
1968
1970
1972
ALL HOUSE ELECTIONS
Democratic 57.3% 48.4% 51.4% 49.4%
Republican 39.3 43.5 45.8 46.4
Others
3.4
8.1
2.8
4.2
Totals
100% 100% 100% 100%
PARTY CONTESTED HOUSE ELECTIONS ONLY
Democratic 43.9% 47.4% 47.2% 40.7%
Republican 56.1 49.7 49.7 54.3
Others
0.0
2.9
3.1
5.0
Totals
100% 100% 100% 100%
NUMBER OF HOUSE SEATS BY PARTY
Democratic
6
5
4
3
Republican
4
5
6
7
RAW VOTE TOTALS FOR 2000 WERE:
All House Elections
Democrats
1,060,484
Republicans
1,131,999
Others
229,246
Party-Contested Elections Only
Democrats
667,783
Republicans
739,844
Others
30,629
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1998
2000
1966–2000
(Average)
54.8% 45.5% 42.0% 31.3% 47.2% 43.3% 52.2% 42.4% 57.5% 48.5% 39.4% 46.7% 48.3% 43.7%
39.1 45.8 56.3 64.7 51.7 54.6 44.7 56.9 35.6 48.2 57.1 50.8 50.9 46.7
6.1
8.7
1.7
4.0
1.1
2.1
3.1
0.7
6.9
3.3
3.5
2.5
0.8
9.5
100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
47.2%
48.8
4.0
100%
44.8% 47.0% 41.0% 40.5% 46.3% 44.1% 45.2% 46.6% 41.9% 54.4% 53.9% 50.5% 46.3% 46.4%
48.8 50.0 58.5 55.7 52.4 55.1 53.1 52.6 55.5 44.1 45.3 46.8 52.8 51.4
6.4
3.0
0.5
3.8
1.3
0.8
1.7
0.8
2.6
1.5
0.8
2.7
2.2
2.1
100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
46.0%
51.8
2.2
100%
5
5
4
6
4
6
1
9
4
6
4
6
5
5
5
5
6
4
7
4
6
5
6
5
6
5
4
7
5
6
SOURCE: Compiled from official results of the State Board of Elections.
NOTES: The ‘others’ category includes write-ins, independents, and third-party candidates.
The total number of U.S. House seats for Virginia was ten until 1992. Beginning with the 1992 election, Virginia’s allocation increased to eleven.
have more seats, proving that there is not necessarily a strong correlation between the
average statewide vote and the delegation Virginia sends to the U.S. House.
Democrats in the past decade have done well in party contested elections, winning majorities in 1992, 1994, and 1996. Since 1998, however, the Commonwealth
has witnessed a trend toward Republican dominance on the Congressional level.
CHAPTER 3 ✰ The 2000 Presidential and Congressional Contests
61
2000 Virginia Campaign Money: U.S. Senate and
U.S. House Races
The Virginia Senate race was the seventh most expensive race in the country in 2000,
with the candidates spending a combined total of $17.5 million. This amount, while
impressive, was chump change compared to the $91.8 million spent in the Hillary
Clinton / Rick Lazio New York Senate contest and the $63.2 million spent by John
Corzine himself in the New Jersey Senate race. The amount was also close to the
$16.7 million contest between Senator John Warner and multi-millionaire businessman Mark Warner in 1996, where the challenger spent $10.4 million of his own
money in the race, but nowhere close to the $26 million U.S. Senate race between
Robb and North in 1994.
George Allen spent $10,864,974 on the race, 79.3 percent of which came from
individuals and 15.6 percent from PACs. Incumbent Chuck Robb spent $6,610,252
in attempting to defend his seat, 66.6 percent of which was given by individuals and
24.8 percent from PACs. It is highly unusual for a two-term incumbent such as Robb
to be outspent, much less by a wide margin and by a candidate not pouring millions of
his own funds into a campaign. This is yet another sign that Robb had not prepared
fully for this duel. Neither candidate faced a primary opponent, so they put everything they had into bombarding voters in the final months with television advertisements that largely focused on attacking each other’s records. Allen spent about $7.65
per vote he received in 2000, while Robb rang in at $5.10 per vote he received.
TABLE 3.18
Campaign Spending in U.S. Senate Contests in Virginia, 1978–2000
Dollars Spent by (in rounded millions)a
Year
Democrats
Republicans
Independents
Total
Prev. Election
2000
1996
1994
1990
1988
1984
1982
1978
$6.6
11.5
5.4
—
2.8
0.5
1.2
1.0
$10.9
5.2
19.8
0.9
0.3
2.4
2.0
1.8
—
—
0.8
0.1
—
—
—
—
$17.5
16.2
26.0
1.0
3.1
2.9
3.2
2.8
7.60%
–36%
2500%
–68%
7%
–9%
14%
—
SOURCES: Federal Election Commission and previous volumes of Virginia Votes.
a
Includes nomination and general election expenditures.
TABLE 3.19
Campaign Spending in U.S. House Contests in Virginia, 1982–2000
62
Year
Total Spending in Millions:
U.S. House Candidates in Virginia
Percent Increase (Decrease)
from Previous Election
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
$9.43
5.63
6.83
9.89
9.06
5.62
4.74
6.57
5.88
4.04
40%
–18
–31
9
61
19
–28
12
45
—
Virginia Votes ✰ 1999–2002
Every House incumbent substantially outspent his challenger, which may
help to explain the considerable margins by which they won. Democrat Jim Moran
and Republican Tom Davis were the only incumbents to spend over $1 million.
Independent Virgil Goode, Democrat Rick Boucher, and Republican Frank Wolf
also spent around half a million apiece defending their seats against marginal candidates, while Democrats Bobby Scott and Norman Sisisky spent $237,345 and
$56,674 respectively in their uncontested elections.
The three open-seat races were more interesting. The 1st district race between Jo Ann Davis and Lawrence Davies featured modest spending (a combined
$570,408). Spending in the closely contested 2nd district reached $2.1 million with
both candidates receiving money from state and national committees. Wagner, the
Democrat, slightly outspent her opponent Schrock, $1,110,449 to $1,016,858.
Republican Eric Cantor in the strongly GOP 7th district spent nearly $1.3 million
on his bid, over 18 times the amount spent by Democratic candidate Warren Stewart.
Most of Cantor’s cash, though, had been spent to win the primary—the real election
in this one-party district.
Due to increased competition and national focus on a couple of open seats,
spending in Virginia Congressional races increased over 40 percent from $5.6 million in 1998 to over $9.4 million in 2000, comparable to the $9.89 million spent in
1994.
Constitutional Amendments
Both constitutional amendments on the November ballot passed with overwhelming
support. The first proposed amendment, which provides for state lottery revenues to
be allocated to the localities for public education, received 83.5 percent of the vote,
carrying every congressional district by a similar margin. The amendment’s passage
determined that the General Assembly no longer has the broad discretion it had previously to appropriate the lottery profits for any public purpose. The practical effect
is modest, however, since both Republicans and Democrats in the General Assembly
ordinarily allocate funds from the Virginia Lottery for educational purposes.
The second proposed amendment, concerning the right to hunt and fish, stirred
up more controversy, yet passed easily with 59.9 percent of the vote. The issue was one
near and dear to many Virginians who reside outside the urban corridor. Proponents,
led by the Virginia Heritage Foundation, claimed that the right of Virginians “to
hunt, fish, and harvest game” had become increasingly endangered by development and gun restrictions. The governor and both Senate candidates endorsed the
TABLE 3.20
Ballot Fall-off, Virginia Elections, 1980–2000
Year
Number of Issues/Amendments on Ballot
% of Voters Casting Vote on Last Ballot Item
1980
1982
1986
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
4
3
4
4
4
3
5
5
2
68.3%
72.8
81.6
87.5
81.9
80.1
80.9
85.3
86.7
CHAPTER 3 ✰ The 2000 Presidential and Congressional Contests
63
TABLE 3.21
Virginia Proposed Constitutional Amendments, Election Results by Congressional District, 2000
Percent Voting “Yes” on
Congressional District
#1
Lottery Funds for Education
#2
Right to Hunt/Fish
84.3
86.8
85.5
87.8
86.5
87.2
82.6
76.7
89.7
79.9
77.6
83.5
61.8
58.0
57.5
65.5
68.1
69.2
58.7
43.3
75.8
58.7
50.4
59.9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Statewide
SOURCE: Official election results from the State Board of Elections.
proposal. Some opposition to the bill came from the left, with organizations such
as PETA trying to block the bill from making it onto the ballot. Others opposed
the bill on the basis that it was frivolous and not a concern that required amending
the Virginia Constitution. State Senator Janet Howell, a Fairfax Democrat, tried to
amend the proposal so that it would also protect Virginians’ rights to shop and play
golf. Her amendment, which would have effectively killed the measure in the Senate
and prohibited it from being on the November ballot, came within two votes of being adopted. The issue was regionally divisive, as Northern Virginia was much less
supportive than the rest of the state. The only Congressional district that did not
support the amendment was the urban Alexandria 8th, while the issue received the
highest support in the rural Southside 5th (68.1 percent), the Mountain-Valley 6th
(69.2 percent) and the Southwest 9th (75.8 percent).
With only two relatively straightforward constitutional issues to vote on, ballot
fatigue was considerably lower than in recent years, with 88.7 percent of Virginians
voting on the last measure on the ballot. That percentage is a 20-year high and compares favorably to the 68.3 percent who voted on the last ballot item in the 1980
presidential election, for example. Oddly enough, the ballot fall-off was most pronounced in the rural Southside 5th district, where over 25 percent of the voters did
not cast a ballot on the right to hunt and fish. Had they voted on the issue, however,
it is likely that the percentage by which the amendment passed would have only been
higher.
2000 General Assembly Special Elections
The only General Assembly election on the November ballot was for the 15th state
Senate district, which stretches 165 miles from Suffolk to Appomattox in rural
Tidewater / Southside Virginia. Democratic Senator Richard Holland, a twenty-year
veteran of the Virginia Senate, died in April 2000 from cancer, leaving the seat open.
Republican Delegate Frank M. Ruff ran for the Senate seat against Jerry Flowers, the
Democratic candidate who formerly ran against Holland as a Republican in 1995. In
a close race, Ruff defeated 30,395 to 28,235, a margin of only 2,000 votes.
On December 19, 2000, elections were held in three House districts and one
64
Virginia Votes ✰ 1999–2002
FIGURE 3.09
The 2000 Vote on Lottery Proceeds, Constitutional Amendment, by Cities
SOURCE: Official Election Results provided by the State Board of Elections.
FIGURE 3.10
The 2000 Vote on Lottery Proceeds, Constitutional Amendment, by Counties
SOURCE: Official Election Results provided by the State Board of Elections.
Senate district to replace members elected to other positions in November. In the
Virginia Beach 7th state Senate district, which had been formerly held by nowCongressman Ed Schrock, Republican Frank Wagner coasted to an easy 68.8 percent to 31.1 percent win over Democrat Louisa Strayhorn, with 11,041 votes to
Strayhorn’s 4,998. Republicans also were victorious in retaining three House seats
in the special election. Tommy Wright, Jr., from Mecklenburg defeated Democrat
Frank Bacon in the Southside 61st district for the seat left vacant by the election
CHAPTER 3 ✰ The 2000 Presidential and Congressional Contests
65
FIGURE 3.11
The 2000 Vote on the Right to Hunt, Fish, and Harvest Game, Constitutional Amendment, by Cities
SOURCE: Official Election Results provided by the State Board of Elections.
FIGURE 3.12
The 2000 Vote on the Right to Hunt, Fish, and Harvest Game, Constitutional Amendment, by Counties
SOURCE: Official Election Results provided by the State Board of Elections.
of Ruff to the Virginia State Senate (Wright won by a margin of almost 900 votes,
5,097 to 4,205). In suburban Richmond, Republican John O’Bannon handily defeated Independent Sterling Hening, 2,950 to 436, to retain control of Eric Cantor’s
former seat in one of the most Republican districts in Virginia. The closest race pitted Republican Melanie Rapp and Democrat Patrick Pettitt for the York County
96th, left vacant by Jo Ann Davis’ election to Congress. Rapp edged out Pettitt, 51.1
percent to 48.8 percent (5,049 to Pettit’s 4,819) in a low-turnout race.
The final special election was held January 9, 2001, in the 21st House district
66
Virginia Votes ✰ 1999–2002
TABLE 3.22
Ballot Fall-off, Virginia General Election, 2000
Percent of Votes Cast for Office to Total Persons Voting
Congressional District
1
2
3*
4*
5
6*
7
8
9
10*
11
Statewide
President
U.S. Senator
U.S. Representative
Constitutional Amendment #2
(Right to Hunt/Fish)
97.7
98.1
97.1
97.5
97.5
98.2
98.6
99.0
97.5
98.8
99.2
98.2
97.2
98.5
97.4
97.6
95.6
97.4
98.3
98.1
95.4
97.7
98.0
97.4
92.5
97.6
76.4
78.8
86.8
65.4
90.7
94.8
89.6
84.9
93.9
86.8
90.4
95.5
88.0
88.8
74.8
87.0
92.2
93.9
80.3
91.4
91.4
88.7
SOURCE: Compiled from official election results of the State Board of Elections.
* Denotes a race in which the incumbent was either unopposed or opposed by an independent or third-party candidate(s).
TABLE 3.23
Special Election Results in Virginia , 2000
Race
Candidate (Party)
Total Number of Votes
Percent
15th State Senate District—November 7, 2000
Jerry B. Flowers, III (D)
Frank M. Ruff (R)
Amos D. Neill (I)
Write-ins
Total
28,235
30,395
826
16
59,477
47.5%
51.1
1.4
0.0
100.0
7th State Senate District—December 19, 2000
Frank W. Wagner (R)
Louisa M. Strayhorn (D)
Write-ins
Total
11,041
4,998
19
16,058
68.8
31.1
0.1
100.0
61st State House District—December 19, 2000
Thomas C. Wright, Jr. (R)
Frank W. Bacon (D)
Write-ins
Total
5,097
4,205
5
9,307
54.8
45.2
0.1
100.0
73rd State House District—December 19, 2000
John M. O’Bannon (R)
Sterling W. Hening (I)
Write-ins
Total
2,950
436
6
3,392
87.0
12.9
0.2
100.0
96th State House District—December 19, 2000
Melanie L. Rapp (R)
Patrick R. Pettitt (D)
Write-ins
Total
5,049
4,819
9
9,877
51.1
48.8
0.1
100.0
21st State House District—January 19, 2001
John J. Welch, III
Alan P. Holmes
Write-ins
Total
2,533
1,572
18
4,123
61.4
38.1
0.4
100.0
CHAPTER 3 ✰ The 2000 Presidential and Congressional Contests
67
in Virginia Beach to replace state Senator-elect Frank Wagner. In a brief but bitter
campaign full of negative attacks, Republican John Welch defeated rival Democrat
Alan Holmes in a landslide, although only 11 percent of registered voters in the
district cast a ballot. Welch defeated Holmes with 2,533 to 1,572 votes. This win
capped a five to zero special election run for the Republicans. With the Virginia
GOP maintaining all five seats in the General Assembly, the Senate remained divided at 22 Republicans and 18 Democrats, while the House of Delegates has 47
Democrats and 52 Republicans and one Republican-Independent, Delegate Lacey
Putney of Bedford.
A Retrospective Summing Up: Conservative, but Competitive
After the 2000 elections, the Commonwealth of Virginia was controlled entirely
by Republicans. Both houses of the state legislature, the governor, lieutenant governor, attorney general, both United States Senators, and seven of the eleven
Congressmen (eight if you count conservative Independent Virgil Goode) are
Republican. Republican presidential candidates have carried the Old Dominion in
all but one election since 1948. Governor Jim Gilmore was even selected Chairman
of the Republican National Committee by President-elect George W. Bush. The
Republican Party in Virginia is at its apex. Yet the Commonwealth of Virginia is
still, without a doubt, two-party competitive as we enter into the 21st century. Why
and how?
Democrats, although they do not have a majority in either branch of the legislature, could regain control with only a few net seat gains. With the growth of
Northern Virginia, Democrats have an increased long-term chance at winning statewide office, either in the governor’s mansion or in the United States Senate. It seems
unlikely that Democrats will make huge strides in having more representation in
the Congressional delegation or General Assembly, especially given the Republican
controlled 2001 redistricting, but that is strongly underscored by the increasingly
stark regional differences in Virginia. Democrats can win, however, with well-funded
moderate candidates who run in years where circumstances allow them to win, such
as economy, scandal, or a national trend against Republican candidates. ★
68
Virginia Votes ✰ 1999–2002
APPENDIX 2
General Election for President and Vice President, November 7, 2000
George W. Bush (R)
70
LOCALITY
Total Vote
Number
of Votes
STATE
CITIES
Alexandria
Bedford (City)
Bristol
Buena Vista
Charlottesville
Chesapeake
Clifton Forge
Colonial Heights
Covington
Danville
Emporia
Fairfax (City)
Falls Church
Franklin
Fredericksburg
Galax
Hampton
Harrisonburg
Hopewell
Lexington
Lynchburg
Manassas Park
Manassas
Martinsville
Newport News
Norfolk
Norton
Petersburg
Poquoson
Portsmouth
Radford
Richmond (City)
Roanoke (City)
Salem
Staunton
Suffolk
Va. Beach
Waynesboro
Williamsburg
Winchester
COUNTIES
Accomack
Albemarle
Alleghany
Amelia
Amherst
Appomattox
Arlington
Augusta
Bath
Bedford (Co.)
2,739,447
813,929
55,199
2,441
6,279
1,975
13,224
74,585
1,532
7,782
2,214
18,307
2,080
9,556
5,593
3,191
6,681
2,213
47,887
9,958
6,978
2,140
23,506
2,580
12,410
5,694
57,825
61,946
1,530
11,062
5,861
35,455
4,448
65,926
33,442
10,770
8,514
24,661
149,771
7,102
3,725
7,886
1,925,518
11,925
36,846
5,123
4,788
11,712
5,927
83,559
25,271
2,210
26,149
1,437,490
374,056
19,043
1,269
3,495
980
4,034
39,684
613
5,519
966
9,427
938
4,762
2,131
1,393
2,935
1,160
19,561
5,741
3,749
957
12,518
1,460
6,752
2,560
27,006
21,920
639
2,109
4,271
12,628
2,190
20,265
14,630
6,188
4,878
11,836
83,674
4,084
1,777
4,314
1,063,434
6,352
18,291
2,808
2,947
6,660
3,654
28,555
17,744
1,311
17,224
Percent
of Vote
Deviation
from Choice’s
State Average
Percent of
Choice’s
State Total
52.5%
46.0%
34.5%
52.0%
55.7%
49.6%
30.5%
53.2%
40.0%
70.9%
43.6%
51.5%
45.1%
49.8%
38.1%
43.7%
43.9%
52.4%
40.8%
57.7%
53.7%
44.7%
53.3%
56.6%
54.4%
45.0%
46.7%
35.4%
41.8%
19.1%
72.9%
35.6%
49.2%
30.7%
43.7%
57.5%
57.3%
48.0%
55.9%
57.5%
47.7%
54.7%
55.2%
53.3%
49.6%
54.8%
61.5%
56.9%
61.7%
34.2%
70.2%
59.3%
65.9%
–6.5%
–18.0%
–0.5%
3.2%
–2.9%
–22.0%
0.7%
–12.5%
18.4%
–8.8%
–1.0%
–7.4%
–2.6%
–14.4%
–8.8%
–8.5%
–0.1%
–11.6%
5.2%
1.3%
–7.8%
0.8%
4.1%
1.9%
–7.5%
–5.8%
–17.1%
–10.7%
–33.4%
20.4%
–16.9%
–3.2%
–21.7%
–8.7%
5.0%
4.8%
–4.5%
3.4%
5.0%
–4.8%
2.2%
2.8%
0.8%
–2.8%
2.3%
9.1%
4.4%
9.2%
–18.3%
17.7%
6.8%
13.4%
26.0%
1.3%
0.1%
0.2%
0.1%
0.3%
2.8%
0.0%
0.4%
0.1%
0.7%
0.1%
0.3%
0.1%
0.1%
0.2%
0.1%
1.4%
0.4%
0.3%
0.1%
0.9%
0.1%
0.5%
0.2%
1.9%
1.5%
0.0%
0.1%
0.3%
0.9%
0.2%
1.4%
1.0%
0.4%
0.3%
0.8%
5.8%
0.3%
0.1%
0.3%
74.0%
0.4%
1.3%
0.2%
0.2%
0.5%
0.3%
2.0%
1.2%
0.1%
1.2%
Virginia Votes ✰ 1999–2002
Al Gore (D)
Ralph Nader (G)
Number
of Votes
Percent
of Vote
Deviation
From Choice’s
State Average
Percent of
Choice’s
State Total
Number
of Votes
Percent
of Vote
Deviation
From Choice’s
State Average
1,217,290
415,718
33,633
1,078
2,646
941
7,762
33,578
868
2,100
1,168
8,221
1,116
4,361
3,109
1,763
3,360
996
27,490
3,482
3,024
1,048
10,374
1,048
5,262
3,048
29,779
38,221
867
8,751
1,448
22,286
2,063
42,717
17,920
4,348
3,324
12,471
62,268
2,737
1,724
3,318
801,572
5,092
16,255
2,214
1,754
4,812
2,132
50,260
6,643
822
8,160
44.4%
51.1%
60.9%
44.2%
42.1%
47.6%
58.7%
45.0%
56.7%
27.0%
52.8%
44.9%
53.7%
45.6%
55.6%
55.2%
50.3%
45.0%
57.4%
35.0%
43.3%
49.0%
44.1%
40.6%
42.4%
53.5%
51.5%
61.7%
56.7%
79.1%
24.7%
62.9%
46.4%
64.8%
53.6%
40.4%
39.0%
50.6%
41.6%
38.5%
46.3%
42.1%
41.6%
42.7%
44.1%
43.2%
36.6%
41.1%
36.0%
60.1%
26.3%
37.2%
31.2%
6.6%
16.5%
–0.3%
–2.3%
3.2%
14.3%
0.6%
12.2%
–17.5%
8.3%
0.5%
9.2%
1.2%
11.2%
10.8%
5.9%
0.6%
13.0%
–9.5%
–1.1%
4.5%
–0.3%
–3.8%
–2.0%
9.1%
7.1%
17.3%
12.2%
34.7%
–19.7%
18.4%
1.9%
20.4%
9.1%
–4.1%
–5.4%
6.1%
–2.9%
–5.9%
1.8%
–2.4%
–2.8%
–1.7%
–0.3%
–1.2%
–7.8%
–3.3%
–8.5%
15.7%
–18.1%
–7.2%
–13.2%
34.2%
2.8%
0.1%
0.2%
0.1%
0.6%
2.8%
0.1%
0.2%
0.1%
0.7%
0.1%
0.4%
0.3%
0.1%
0.3%
0.1%
2.3%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.9%
0.1%
0.4%
0.3%
2.4%
3.1%
0.1%
0.7%
0.1%
1.8%
0.2%
3.5%
1.5%
0.4%
0.3%
1.0%
5.1%
0.2%
0.1%
0.3%
65.8%
0.4%
1.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.4%
0.2%
4.1%
0.5%
0.1%
0.7%
59,398
17,035
2,094
38
89
27
1,196
732
25
123
24
168
17
352
285
25
326
42
563
641
73
103
441
51
230
59
722
1,153
20
117
93
348
172
2,425
603
181
278
199
2,370
233
188
209
42,363
220
2,043
62
40
135
62
3,952
527
35
376
2.2%
2.1%
3.8%
1.6%
1.4%
1.4%
9.0%
1.0%
1.6%
1.6%
1.1%
0.9%
0.8%
3.7%
5.1%
0.8%
4.9%
1.9%
1.2%
6.4%
1.0%
4.8%
1.9%
2.0%
1.9%
1.0%
1.2%
1.9%
1.3%
1.1%
1.6%
1.0%
3.9%
3.7%
1.8%
1.7%
3.3%
0.8%
1.6%
3.3%
5.0%
2.7%
2.2%
1.8%
5.5%
1.2%
0.8%
1.2%
1.0%
4.7%
2.1%
1.6%
1.4%
–0.1%
1.6%
–0.6%
–0.8%
–0.8%
6.9%
–1.2%
–0.5%
–0.6%
–1.1%
–1.3%
–1.4%
1.5%
2.9%
–1.4%
2.7%
–0.3%
–1.0%
4.3%
–1.1%
2.6%
–0.3%
–0.2%
–0.3%
–1.1%
–0.9%
–0.3%
–0.9%
–1.1%
–0.6%
–1.2%
1.7%
1.5%
–0.4%
–0.5%
1.1%
–1.4%
–0.6%
1.1%
2.9%
0.5%
0.0%
–0.3%
3.4%
–1.0%
–1.3%
–1.0%
–1.1%
2.6%
–0.1%
–0.6%
–0.7%
CHAPTER 3 ✰ The 2000 Presidential and Congressional Contests
Percent of
Choice’s
State Total
28.7%
3.5%
0.1%
0.1%
0.0%
2.0%
1.2%
0.0%
0.2%
0.0%
0.3%
0.0%
0.6%
0.5%
0.0%
0.5%
0.1%
0.9%
1.1%
0.1%
0.2%
0.7%
0.1%
0.4%
0.1%
1.2%
1.9%
0.0%
0.2%
0.2%
0.6%
0.3%
4.1%
1.0%
0.3%
0.5%
0.3%
4.0%
0.4%
0.3%
0.4%
71.3%
0.4%
3.4%
0.1%
0.1%
0.2%
0.1%
6.7%
0.9%
0.1%
0.6%
(continued )
71
APPENDIX 2
General Election for President and Vice President, November 7, 2000 (continued)
George W. Bush (R)
LOCALITY
Bland
Botetourt
Brunswick
Buchanan
Buckingham
Campbell
Caroline
Carroll
Charles City
Charlotte
Chesterfield
Clarke
Craig
Culpeper
Cumberland
Dickenson
Dinwiddie
Essex
Fairfax (Co.)
Fauquier
Floyd
Fluvanna
Franklin
Frederick
Giles
Gloucester
Goochland
Grayson
Greene
Greensville
Halifax
Hanover
Henrico
Henry
Highland
Isle of Wight
James City
King and Queen
King George
King William
Lancaster
Lee
Loudoun
Louisa
Lunenburg
Madison
Mathews
Mecklenburg
Middlesex
Montgomery
72
Total Vote
Number
of Votes
Percent
of Vote
Deviation
from Choice’s
State Average
Percent of
Choice’s
State Total
2,688
13,840
5,997
9,856
5,454
20,327
8,351
11,001
3,066
4,994
110,951
5,284
2,493
12,244
3,507
7,226
9,136
3,831
413,775
23,481
5,739
8,706
18,829
22,392
6,820
13,699
8,777
6,852
5,412
3,906
14,072
41,585
114,252
21,463
1,437
12,950
24,492
2,859
5,852
5,769
5,455
8,748
75,653
10,096
4,591
5,027
4,609
11,654
4,689
27,160
1,759
8,867
2,561
3,867
2,738
13,162
3,873
7,142
1,023
2,855
69,924
2,883
1,580
7,440
1,974
3,122
4,959
1,995
202,181
14,456
3,423
4,962
11,225
14,574
3,574
8,718
5,378
4,236
3,375
1,565
7,732
28,614
62,887
11,870
942
7,587
14,628
1,423
3,590
3,547
3,411
4,551
42,453
5,461
2,510
2,940
2,951
6,600
2,844
13,991
65.4%
64.1%
42.7%
39.2%
50.2%
64.8%
46.4%
64.9%
33.4%
57.2%
63.0%
54.6%
63.4%
60.8%
56.3%
43.2%
54.3%
52.1%
48.9%
61.6%
59.6%
57.0%
59.6%
65.1%
52.4%
63.6%
61.3%
61.8%
62.4%
40.1%
54.9%
68.8%
55.0%
55.3%
65.6%
58.6%
59.7%
49.8%
61.3%
61.5%
62.5%
52.0%
56.1%
54.1%
54.7%
58.5%
64.0%
56.6%
60.7%
51.5%
13.0%
11.6%
–9.8%
–13.2%
–2.3%
12.3%
–6.1%
12.4%
–19.1%
4.7%
10.5%
2.1%
10.9%
8.3%
3.8%
–9.3%
1.8%
–0.4%
–3.6%
9.1%
7.2%
4.5%
7.1%
12.6%
–0.1%
11.2%
8.8%
9.3%
9.9%
–12.4%
2.5%
16.3%
2.6%
2.8%
13.1%
6.1%
7.3%
–2.7%
8.9%
9.0%
10.1%
–0.5%
3.6%
1.6%
2.2%
6.0%
11.6%
4.2%
8.2%
–1.0%
0.1%
0.6%
0.2%
0.3%
0.2%
0.9%
0.3%
0.5%
0.1%
0.2%
4.9%
0.2%
0.1%
0.5%
0.1%
0.2%
0.3%
0.1%
14.1%
1.0%
0.2%
0.3%
0.8%
1.0%
0.2%
0.6%
0.4%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.5%
2.0%
4.4%
0.8%
0.1%
0.5%
1.0%
0.1%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.3%
3.0%
0.4%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.5%
0.2%
1.0%
Virginia Votes ✰ 1999–2002
Al Gore (D)
Ralph Nader (G)
Number
of Votes
Percent
of Vote
Deviation
From Choice’s
State Average
Percent of
Choice’s
State Total
Number
of Votes
Percent
of Vote
Deviation
From Choice’s
State Average
851
4,627
3,387
5,745
2,561
6,659
4,314
3,638
1,981
2,017
38,638
2,166
851
4,364
1,405
3,951
4,001
1,750
196,501
8,296
1,957
3,431
7,145
7,158
3,004
4,553
3,197
2,467
1,774
2,314
5,963
12,044
48,645
8,898
453
5,162
9,090
1,387
2,070
2,125
1,937
4,031
30,938
4,309
2,026
1,844
1,499
4,797
1,671
11,720
31.7%
33.4%
56.5%
58.3%
47.0%
32.8%
51.7%
33.1%
64.6%
40.4%
34.8%
41.0%
34.1%
35.6%
40.1%
54.7%
43.8%
45.7%
47.5%
35.3%
34.1%
39.4%
37.9%
32.0%
44.0%
33.2%
36.4%
36.0%
32.8%
59.2%
42.4%
29.0%
42.6%
41.5%
31.5%
39.9%
37.1%
48.5%
35.4%
36.8%
35.5%
46.1%
40.9%
42.7%
44.1%
36.7%
32.5%
41.2%
35.6%
43.2%
–12.8%
–11.0%
12.0%
13.9%
2.5%
–11.7%
7.2%
–11.4%
20.2%
–4.0%
–9.6%
–3.4%
–10.3%
–8.8%
–4.4%
10.2%
–0.6%
1.2%
3.1%
–9.1%
–10.3%
–5.0%
–6.5%
–12.5%
–0.4%
–11.2%
–8.0%
–8.4%
–11.7%
14.8%
–2.1%
–15.5%
–1.9%
–3.0%
–12.9%
–4.6%
–7.3%
4.1%
–9.1%
–7.6%
–8.9%
1.6%
–3.5%
–1.8%
–0.3%
–7.8%
–11.9%
–3.3%
–8.8%
–1.3%
0.1%
0.4%
0.3%
0.5%
0.2%
0.5%
0.4%
0.3%
0.2%
0.2%
3.2%
0.2%
0.1%
0.4%
0.1%
0.3%
0.3%
0.1%
16.1%
0.7%
0.2%
0.3%
0.6%
0.6%
0.2%
0.4%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.2%
0.5%
1.0%
4.0%
0.7%
0.0%
0.4%
0.7%
0.1%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.3%
2.5%
0.4%
0.2%
0.2%
0.1%
0.4%
0.1%
1.0%
42
207
28
65
96
236
102
126
31
43
1,646
195
39
253
35
85
74
59
12,201
570
244
252
303
483
137
225
139
102
194
13
110
711
1,893
234
32
123
639
33
132
74
88
79
1,665
222
33
148
88
104
84
1,222
1.6%
1.5%
0.5%
0.7%
1.8%
1.2%
1.2%
1.1%
1.0%
0.9%
1.5%
3.7%
1.6%
2.1%
1.0%
1.2%
0.8%
1.5%
2.9%
2.4%
4.3%
2.9%
1.6%
2.2%
2.0%
1.6%
1.6%
1.5%
3.6%
0.3%
0.8%
1.7%
1.7%
1.1%
2.2%
0.9%
2.6%
1.2%
2.3%
1.3%
1.6%
0.9%
2.2%
2.2%
0.7%
2.9%
1.9%
0.9%
1.8%
4.5%
–0.6%
–0.7%
–1.7%
–1.5%
–0.4%
–1.0%
–0.9%
–1.0%
–1.2%
–1.3%
–0.7%
1.5%
–0.6%
–0.1%
–1.2%
–1.0%
–1.4%
–0.6%
0.8%
0.3%
2.1%
0.7%
–0.6%
0.0%
–0.2%
–0.5%
–0.6%
–0.7%
1.4%
–1.8%
–1.4%
–0.5%
–0.5%
–1.1%
0.1%
–1.2%
0.4%
–1.0%
0.1%
–0.9%
–0.6%
–1.3%
0.0%
0.0%
–1.4%
0.8%
–0.3%
–1.3%
–0.4%
2.3%
CHAPTER 3 ✰ The 2000 Presidential and Congressional Contests
Percent of
Choice’s
State Total
0.1%
0.3%
0.0%
0.1%
0.2%
0.4%
0.2%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
2.8%
0.3%
0.1%
0.4%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
20.5%
1.0%
0.4%
0.4%
0.5%
0.8%
0.2%
0.4%
0.2%
0.2%
0.3%
0.0%
0.2%
1.2%
3.2%
0.4%
0.1%
0.2%
1.1%
0.1%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
2.8%
0.4%
0.1%
0.2%
0.1%
0.2%
0.1%
2.1%
(continued )
73
APPENDIX 2
General Election for President and Vice President, November 7, 2000 (continued)
George W. Bush (R)
LOCALITY
Nelson
New Kent
Northampton
Northumberland
Nottoway
Orange
Page
Patrick
Pittsylvania
Powhatan
Prince Edward
Prince George
Prince William
Pulaski
Rappahannock
Richmond (Co.)
Roanoke (Co.)
Rockbridge
Rockingham
Russell
Scott
Shenandoah
Smyth
Southampton
Spotsylvania
Stafford
Surry
Sussex
Tazewell
Warren
Washington
Westmoreland
Wise
Wythe
York
74
Total Vote
Number
of Votes
Percent
of Vote
Deviation
from Choice’s
State Average
Percent of
Choice’s
State Total
6,145
6,114
4,892
5,605
5,492
10,483
7,996
7,385
24,255
9,711
6,363
10,900
100,511
12,697
3,513
2,949
42,817
7,827
23,994
10,792
9,335
14,452
11,740
6,714
35,021
34,246
3,230
3,906
16,344
11,166
20,222
6,026
13,310
10,225
24,583
2,913
3,934
2,299
3,362
2,870
5,991
5,089
4,901
15,760
6,820
3,214
6,579
52,788
7,089
1,850
1,784
25,740
4,522
17,482
5,065
5,535
9,636
6,580
3,293
20,739
20,731
1,313
1,745
8,655
6,335
12,064
2,932
6,504
6,539
15,312
47.4%
64.3%
47.0%
60.0%
52.3%
57.1%
63.6%
66.4%
65.0%
70.2%
50.5%
60.4%
52.5%
55.8%
52.7%
60.5%
60.1%
57.8%
72.9%
46.9%
59.3%
66.7%
56.0%
49.0%
59.2%
60.5%
40.7%
44.7%
53.0%
56.7%
59.7%
48.7%
48.9%
64.0%
62.3%
–5.1%
11.9%
–5.5%
7.5%
–0.2%
4.7%
11.2%
13.9%
12.5%
17.8%
–2.0%
7.9%
0.0%
3.4%
0.2%
8.0%
7.6%
5.3%
20.4%
–5.5%
6.8%
14.2%
3.6%
–3.4%
6.7%
8.1%
–11.8%
–7.8%
0.5%
4.3%
7.2%
–3.8%
–3.6%
11.5%
9.8%
0.2%
0.3%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.4%
0.4%
0.3%
1.1%
0.5%
0.2%
0.5%
3.7%
0.5%
0.1%
0.1%
1.8%
0.3%
1.2%
0.4%
0.4%
0.7%
0.5%
0.2%
1.4%
1.4%
0.1%
0.1%
0.6%
0.4%
0.8%
0.2%
0.5%
0.5%
1.1%
Virginia Votes ✰ 1999–2002
Al Gore (D)
Ralph Nader (G)
Number
of Votes
Percent
of Vote
Deviation
From Choice’s
State Average
Percent of
Choice’s
State Total
Number
of Votes
Percent
of Vote
Deviation
From Choice’s
State Average
Percent of
Choice’s
State Total
2,907
2,055
2,340
2,118
2,460
4,126
2,726
2,254
7,834
2,708
2,922
4,182
44,745
5,255
1,462
1,076
16,141
2,953
5,834
5,442
3,552
4,420
4,836
3,359
13,455
12,596
1,845
2,006
7,227
4,313
7,549
2,922
6,412
3,462
8,622
47.3%
33.6%
47.8%
37.8%
44.8%
39.4%
34.1%
30.5%
32.3%
27.9%
45.9%
38.4%
44.5%
41.4%
41.6%
36.5%
37.7%
37.7%
24.3%
50.4%
38.1%
30.6%
41.2%
50.0%
38.4%
36.8%
57.1%
51.4%
44.2%
38.6%
37.3%
48.5%
48.2%
33.9%
35.1%
2.9%
–10.8%
3.4%
–6.6%
0.4%
–5.1%
–10.3%
–13.9%
–12.1%
–16.5%
1.5%
–6.1%
0.1%
–3.0%
–2.8%
–7.9%
–6.7%
–6.7%
–20.1%
6.0%
–6.4%
–13.9%
–3.2%
5.6%
–6.0%
–7.7%
12.7%
6.9%
–0.2%
–5.8%
–7.1%
4.1%
3.7%
–10.6%
–9.4%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.3%
0.2%
0.2%
0.6%
0.2%
0.2%
0.3%
3.7%
0.4%
0.1%
0.1%
1.3%
0.2%
0.5%
0.4%
0.3%
0.4%
0.4%
0.3%
1.1%
1.0%
0.2%
0.2%
0.6%
0.4%
0.6%
0.2%
0.5%
0.3%
0.7%
273
81
108
97
46
236
143
101
207
122
115
97
1,927
207
161
44
681
248
539
102
85
294
131
44
586
657
29
41
162
260
288
88
160
132
480
4.4%
1.3%
2.2%
1.7%
0.8%
2.3%
1.8%
1.4%
0.9%
1.3%
1.8%
0.9%
1.9%
1.6%
4.6%
1.5%
1.6%
3.2%
2.2%
0.9%
0.9%
2.0%
1.1%
0.7%
1.7%
1.9%
0.9%
1.0%
1.0%
2.3%
1.4%
1.5%
1.2%
1.3%
2.0%
2.3%
–0.8%
0.0%
–0.4%
–1.3%
0.1%
–0.4%
–0.8%
–1.3%
–0.9%
–0.4%
–1.3%
–0.3%
–0.5%
2.4%
–0.7%
–0.6%
1.0%
0.1%
–1.2%
–1.3%
–0.1%
–1.1%
–1.5%
–0.5%
–0.2%
–1.3%
–1.1%
–1.2%
0.2%
–0.7%
–0.7%
–1.0%
–0.9%
–0.2%
0.5%
0.1%
0.2%
0.2%
0.1%
0.4%
0.2%
0.2%
0.3%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
3.2%
0.3%
0.3%
0.1%
1.1%
0.4%
0.9%
0.2%
0.1%
0.5%
0.2%
0.1%
1.0%
1.1%
0.0%
0.1%
0.3%
0.4%
0.5%
0.1%
0.3%
0.2%
0.8%
CHAPTER 3 ✰ The 2000 Presidential and Congressional Contests
75
APPENDIX 3
General Election for U.S. Senate, November 7, 2000
G. F. Allen (R)
LOCALITY
Total Vote
Number
of Votes
STATE
CITIES
Alexandria
Bedford (City)
Bristol
Buena Vista
Charlottesville
Chesapeake
Clifton Forge
Colonial Heights
Covington
Danville
Emporia
Fairfax (City)
Falls Church
Franklin
Fredericksburg
Galax
Hampton
Harrisonburg
Hopewell
Lexington
Lynchburg
Manassas Park
Manassas
Martinsville
Newport News
Norfolk
Norton
Petersburg
Poquoson
Portsmouth
Radford
Richmond (City)
Roanoke (City)
Salem
Staunton
Suffolk
Va. Beach
Waynesboro
Williamsburg
Winchester
COUNTIES
Accomack
Albemarle
Alleghany
Amelia
Amherst
Appomattox
Arlington
Augusta
Bath
Bedford (Co.)
2,718,301
811,382
54,846
2,379
6,239
1,955
13,206
74,994
1,510
7,865
2,198
17,518
2,054
9,462
5,532
3,236
6,711
2,148
48,105
9,903
6,759
2,078
23,604
2,527
12,100
5,710
57,998
62,513
1,527
10,679
5,839
35,824
4,386
65,193
32,865
10,646
8,389
24,287
150,197
6,993
3,651
7,756
1,906,919
11,423
36,341
5,152
4,737
11,551
5,943
82,562
24,910
2,153
25,284
1,420,460
367,360
18,624
1,218
3,706
1,024
4,012
38,833
616
5,521
995
9,152
986
4,677
1,988
1,363
2,809
1,162
19,149
5,735
3,832
901
12,421
1,497
6,866
2,693
26,099
21,717
741
2,423
3,920
12,571
2,146
20,211
14,696
6,011
4,642
11,535
80,946
4,070
1,587
4,265
1,053,100
6,027
17,503
2,855
3,076
6,661
3,639
27,871
17,269
1,366
16,868
76
C. S. Robb (D)
Percent
of Vote
Deviation
from Choice’s
State Average
Percent of
Choice’s
State Total
Number
of Votes
Percent
of Vote
Deviation
From Choice’s
State Average
Percent of
Choice’s
State Total
52.3%
45.3%
34.0%
51.2%
59.4%
52.4%
30.4%
51.8%
40.8%
70.2%
45.3%
52.2%
48.0%
49.4%
35.9%
42.1%
41.7%
54.1%
39.8%
57.9%
56.7%
43.4%
52.6%
59.2%
56.7%
47.2%
45.0%
34.7%
48.5%
77.3%
67.1%
35.1%
48.9%
31.0%
44.7%
56.5%
55.3%
47.5%
53.9%
58.2%
15.9%
42.7%
55.2%
52.8%
48.2%
55.4%
64.9%
57.7%
61.2%
33.8%
69.3%
63.5%
66.7%
–7.0%
–18.3%
–1.1%
7.1%
0.1%
–21.9%
–0.5%
–11.5%
17.9%
–7.0%
–0.1%
–4.3%
–2.9%
–16.4%
–10.2%
–10.6%
1.8%
–12.5%
5.6%
4.4%
–8.9%
0.3%
6.9%
4.4%
–5.1%
–7.3%
–17.6%
–3.8%
25.0%
14.8%
–17.2%
–3.4%
–21.3%
–7.6%
4.2%
3.0%
–4.8%
1.6%
5.9%
–36.4%
–9.6%
2.9%
0.5%
–4.1%
3.1%
12.6%
5.4%
8.9%
–18.5%
17.0%
11.2%
14.4%
25.9%
1.3%
0.1%
0.3%
0.1%
0.3%
2.7%
0.0%
0.4%
0.1%
0.6%
0.1%
0.3%
0.1%
0.1%
0.2%
0.1%
1.3%
0.4%
0.3%
0.1%
0.9%
0.1%
0.5%
0.2%
1.8%
1.5%
0.1%
0.2%
0.3%
0.9%
0.2%
1.4%
1.0%
0.4%
0.3%
0.8%
5.7%
0.3%
0.1%
0.3%
74.1%
0.4%
1.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.5%
0.3%
2.0%
1.2%
0.1%
1.2%
1,296,093
443,329
36,107
1,161
2,528
931
9,177
36,120
894
2,334
1,203
8,365
1,068
4,777
3,528
1,871
3,889
986
28,892
4,144
2,927
1,177
11,147
1,029
5,233
3,009
31,830
40,753
785
8,255
1,909
23,208
2,240
44,966
18,165
4,631
3,740
12,744
69,132
2,920
2,064
3,490
852,764
5,396
18,807
2,297
1,661
4,888
2,304
54,651
7,639
787
8,415
47.7%
54.6%
65.8%
48.8%
40.5%
47.6%
69.5%
48.2%
59.2%
29.7%
54.7%
47.8%
52.0%
50.5%
63.8%
57.8%
58.0%
45.9%
60.1%
41.9%
43.3%
56.6%
47.2%
40.7%
43.3%
52.7%
54.9%
65.2%
51.4%
77.3%
32.7%
64.8%
51.1%
69.0%
55.3%
43.5%
44.6%
52.5%
46.0%
41.8%
56.5%
45.0%
44.7%
47.2%
51.8%
44.6%
35.1%
42.3%
38.8%
66.2%
30.7%
36.6%
33.3%
6.9%
18.1%
1.1%
–7.2%
–0.1%
21.8%
0.5%
11.5%
–18.0%
7.0%
0.1%
4.3%
2.8%
16.1%
10.1%
10.3%
–1.8%
12.4%
–5.8%
–4.4%
8.9%
–0.5%
–7.0%
–4.4%
5.0%
7.2%
17.5%
3.7%
29.6%
–15.0%
17.1%
3.4%
21.3%
7.6%
–4.2%
–3.1%
4.8%
–1.7%
–5.9%
8.8%
–2.7%
–3.0%
–0.5%
4.1%
–3.1%
–12.6%
–5.4%
–8.9%
18.5%
–17.0%
–11.1%
–14.4%
34.2%
2.8%
0.1%
0.2%
0.1%
0.7%
2.8%
0.1%
0.2%
0.1%
0.6%
0.1%
0.4%
0.3%
0.1%
0.3%
0.1%
2.2%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.9%
0.1%
0.4%
0.2%
2.5%
3.1%
0.1%
0.6%
0.1%
1.8%
0.2%
3.5%
1.4%
0.4%
0.3%
1.0%
5.3%
0.2%
0.2%
0.3%
65.8%
0.4%
1.5%
0.2%
0.1%
0.4%
0.2%
4.2%
0.6%
0.1%
0.6%
Virginia Votes ✰ 1999–2002
APPENDIX 3
General Election for U.S. Senate, November 7, 2000 (continued)
G. F. Allen (R)
LOCALITY
Bland
Botetourt
Brunswick
Buchanan
Buckingham
Campbell
Caroline
Carroll
Charles City
Charlotte
Chesterfield
Clarke
Craig
Culpeper
Cumberland
Dickenson
Dinwiddie
Essex
Fairfax (Co.)
Fauquier
Floyd
Fluvanna
Franklin
Frederick
Giles
Gloucester
Goochland
Grayson
Greene
Greensville
Halifax
Hanover
Henrico
Henry
Highland
Isle of Wright
James City
King and Queen
King George
King William
Lancaster
Lee
Loudon
Louisa
Lunenberg
Madison
Mathews
Mecklenburg
Middlesex
Montgomery
C. S. Robb (D)
Total Vote
Number
of Votes
Percent
of Vote
Deviation
from Choice’s
State Average
Percent of
Choice’s
State Total
2,599
13,791
6,178
9,547
5,376
19,966
8,221
10,673
3,037
5,042
111,310
5,196
2,485
12,024
3,486
7,123
9,038
3,778
410,475
23,402
5,761
8,596
18,522
22,088
6,717
13,490
8,732
6,642
5,375
3,850
13,777
41,295
114,821
20,856
1,452
13,115
24,488
2,832
5,880
5,846
5,482
8,329
74,979
10,010
4,647
4,954
4,582
11,351
4,618
26,741
1,759
8,830
2,660
3,928
2,815
12,897
3,936
6,919
1,054
2,955
69,712
2,921
1,611
7,605
2,003
3,308
5,081
2,004
196,827
14,457
3,606
4,991
11,568
14,766
3,687
8,216
5,321
4,164
3,386
1,606
7,514
28,077
62,143
11,895
952
7,318
13,379
1,494
3,473
3,629
3,323
4,678
43,009
5,688
2,552
3,010
2,844
6,642
2,777
13,774
67.7%
64.0%
43.1%
41.1%
52.4%
64.6%
47.9%
64.8%
34.7%
58.6%
62.6%
56.2%
64.8%
63.3%
57.5%
46.4%
56.2%
53.0%
48.0%
61.8%
62.6%
58.1%
62.5%
66.9%
54.9%
60.9%
60.9%
62.7%
63.0%
41.7%
54.5%
68.0%
54.1%
57.0%
65.6%
55.8%
54.6%
52.8%
59.1%
62.1%
60.6%
56.2%
57.4%
56.8%
54.9%
60.8%
62.1%
58.5%
60.1%
51.5%
15.4%
11.7%
–9.2%
–11.2%
0.1%
12.3%
–4.4%
12.5%
–17.6%
6.3%
10.3%
3.9%
12.5%
11.0%
5.2%
–5.9%
3.9%
0.7%
–4.3%
9.5%
10.3%
5.8%
10.2%
14.6%
2.6%
8.6%
8.6%
10.4%
10.7%
–10.6%
2.2%
15.7%
1.8%
4.7%
13.3%
3.5%
2.3%
0.5%
6.8%
9.8%
8.3%
3.9%
5.1%
4.5%
2.6%
8.5%
9.8%
6.2%
7.8%
–0.8%
0.1%
0.6%
0.2%
0.3%
0.2%
0.9%
0.3%
0.5%
0.1%
0.2%
4.9%
0.2%
0.1%
0.5%
0.1%
0.2%
0.4%
0.1%
13.9%
1.0%
0.3%
0.4%
0.8%
1.0%
0.3%
0.6%
0.4%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.5%
2.0%
4.4%
0.8%
0.1%
0.5%
0.9%
0.1%
0.2%
0.3%
0.2%
0.3%
3.0%
0.4%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.5%
0.2%
1.0%
Number
of Votes
Percent
of Vote
Deviation
From Choice’s
State Average
Percent of
Choice’s
State Total
840
4,960
3,502
5,619
2,560
7,069
4,285
3,754
1,983
2,087
41,524
2,275
873
4,416
1,483
3,815
3,957
1,774
213,311
8,932
2,154
3,605
6,953
7,320
3,027
5,274
3,411
2,478
1,989
2,244
6,263
13,209
52,580
8,959
499
5,782
11,088
1,338
2,397
2,211
2,156
3,651
31,862
4,320
2,095
1,943
1,738
4,709
1,841
12,964
32.3%
36.0%
56.7%
58.9%
47.6%
35.4%
52.1%
35.2%
65.3%
41.4%
37.3%
43.8%
35.1%
36.7%
42.5%
53.6%
43.8%
47.0%
52.0%
38.2%
37.4%
41.9%
37.5%
33.1%
45.1%
39.1%
39.1%
37.3%
37.0%
58.3%
45.5%
32.0%
45.8%
43.0%
34.4%
44.1%
45.3%
47.3%
40.8%
37.8%
39.3%
43.8%
42.5%
43.2%
45.1%
39.2%
37.9%
41.5%
39.9%
48.5%
–15.4%
–11.7%
9.0%
11.2%
–0.1%
–12.3%
4.4%
–12.5%
17.6%
–6.3%
–10.4%
–3.9%
–12.6%
–11.0%
–5.2%
5.9%
–3.9%
–0.7%
4.3%
–9.5%
–10.3%
–5.8%
–10.2%
–14.6%
–2.6%
–8.6%
–8.6%
–10.4%
–10.7%
10.6%
–2.2%
–15.7%
–1.9%
–4.7%
–13.3%
–3.6%
–2.4%
–0.4%
–6.9%
–9.9%
–8.4%
–3.9%
–5.2%
–4.5%
–2.6%
–8.5%
–9.8%
–6.2%
–7.8%
0.8%
0.1%
0.4%
0.3%
0.4%
0.2%
0.5%
0.3%
0.3%
0.2%
0.2%
3.2%
0.2%
0.1%
0.3%
0.1%
0.3%
0.3%
0.1%
16.5%
0.7%
0.2%
0.3%
0.5%
0.6%
0.2%
0.4%
0.3%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.5%
1.0%
4.1%
0.7%
0.0%
0.4%
0.9%
0.1%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.3%
2.5%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
0.4%
0.1%
1.0%
(continued )
CHAPTER 3 ✰ The 2000 Presidential and Congressional Contests
77
APPENDIX 3
General Election for U.S. Senate, November 7, 2000 (continued)
G. F. Allen (R)
LOCALITY
Nelson
New Kent
Northampton
Northumberland
Nottoway
Orange
Page
Patrick
Pittsylvania
Powhatan
Prince Edward
Prince George
Prince William
Pulaski
Rappahannock
Richmond (Co.)
Roanoke (Co.)
Rockbridge
Rockingham
Russell
Scott
Shenandoah
Smyth
Southampton
Spotsylvania
Stafford
Surry
Sussex
Tazewell
Warren
Washington
Westmoreland
Wise
Wythe
York
78
C. S. Robb (D)
Total Vote
Number
of Votes
Percent
of Vote
Deviation
from Choice’s
State Average
Percent of
Choice’s
State Total
6,182
6,171
4,809
5,651
5,504
10,415
8,189
6,957
23,436
9,656
6,541
10,988
97,825
12,703
3,515
2,854
42,384
7,798
23,959
10,665
8,994
14,525
11,390
6,861
34,862
34,117
3,185
3,999
15,543
10,993
19,595
6,049
12,962
10,394
24,617
3,110
3,929
2,121
3,439
2,912
6,052
5,360
4,597
15,357
6,767
3,236
6,687
52,783
7,270
1,936
1,774
25,082
4,581
17,475
5,348
5,662
9,800
6,858
3,285
20,308
20,163
1,322
1,774
8,602
6,645
12,315
2,970
6,770
6,704
14,207
50.3%
63.7%
44.1%
60.9%
52.9%
58.1%
65.5%
66.1%
65.5%
70.1%
49.5%
60.9%
54.0%
57.2%
55.1%
62.2%
59.2%
58.8%
72.9%
50.2%
63.0%
67.5%
60.2%
47.9%
58.3%
59.1%
41.5%
44.4%
55.3%
60.5%
62.9%
49.1%
52.2%
64.5%
57.7%
–2.0%
11.4%
–8.2%
8.6%
0.6%
5.8%
13.2%
13.8%
13.2%
17.8%
–2.8%
8.6%
1.7%
4.9%
2.8%
9.9%
6.9%
6.5%
20.6%
–2.1%
10.7%
15.2%
7.9%
–4.4%
6.0%
6.8%
–10.8%
–7.9%
3.0%
8.2%
10.6%
–3.2%
–0.1%
12.2%
5.4%
0.2%
0.3%
0.1%
0.2%
0.2%
0.4%
0.4%
0.3%
1.1%
0.5%
0.2%
0.5%
3.7%
0.5%
0.1%
0.1%
1.8%
0.3%
1.2%
0.4%
0.4%
0.7%
0.5%
0.2%
1.4%
1.4%
0.1%
0.1%
0.6%
0.5%
0.9%
0.2%
0.5%
0.5%
1.0%
Number
of Votes
Percent
of Vote
Deviation
From Choice’s
State Average
Percent of
Choice’s
State Total
3,068
2,238
2,688
2,209
2,592
4,363
2,821
2,357
8,079
2,888
3,305
4,290
45,023
5,432
1,576
1,080
17,292
3,217
6,481
5,316
3,331
4,703
4,532
3,569
14,510
13,908
1,863
2,225
6,941
4,347
7,278
3,078
6,192
3,674
10,374
49.7%
36.3%
55.9%
39.1%
47.1%
41.9%
34.5%
33.9%
34.5%
29.9%
50.5%
39.0%
46.0%
42.8%
44.8%
37.8%
40.8%
41.3%
27.1%
49.9%
37.0%
32.4%
39.8%
52.0%
41.6%
40.8%
58.5%
55.6%
44.7%
39.5%
37.1%
50.9%
47.8%
35.4%
42.1%
2.0%
–11.4%
8.2%
–8.6%
–0.6%
–5.8%
–13.2%
–13.8%
–13.2%
–17.8%
2.8%
–8.7%
–1.7%
–4.9%
–2.9%
–9.9%
–6.9%
–6.4%
–20.6%
2.2%
–10.7%
–15.3%
–7.9%
4.3%
–6.1%
–6.9%
10.8%
7.9%
–3.0%
–8.2%
–10.6%
3.2%
0.1%
–12.3%
–5.6%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.3%
0.2%
0.2%
0.6%
0.2%
0.3%
0.3%
3.5%
0.4%
0.1%
0.1%
1.3%
0.2%
0.5%
0.4%
0.3%
0.4%
0.3%
0.3%
1.1%
1.1%
0.1%
0.2%
0.5%
0.3%
0.6%
0.2%
0.5%
0.3%
0.8%
Virginia Votes ✰ 1999–2002
APPENDIX 4
Proposed Constitutional Amendment, November 7, 2000 (Hunting and Fishing)
YES
LOCALITY
Total Vote
Number
of Votes
STATE
CITIES
Alexandria
Bedford (City)
Bristol
Buena Vista
Charlottesville
Chesapeake
Clifton Forge
Colonial Heights
Covington
Danville
Emporia
Fairfax (City)
Falls Church
Franklin
Fredericksburg
Galax
Hampton
Harrisonburg
Hopewell
Lexington
Lynchburg
Manassas Park
Manassas
Martinsville
Newport News
Norfolk
Norton
Petersburg
Poquoson
Portsmouth
Radford
Richmond (City)
Roanoke (City)
Salem
Staunton
Suffolk
Va. Beach
Waynesboro
Williamsburg
Winchester
COUNTIES
Accomack
Albemarle
Alleghany
Amelia
Amherst
Appomattox
Arlington
Augusta
Bath
Bedford (Co.)
2,418,420
723,640
51,433
1,489
5,797
1,235
12,019
67,633
1,165
7,425
1,748
11,904
1,777
8,960
5,291
2,922
6,138
1,764
45,075
9,065
4,261
1,481
21,884
2,100
9,273
5,017
54,337
53,174
1,415
9,175
5,633
32,578
3,092
55,972
28,408
9,509
7,494
20,757
139,217
6,290
2,834
6,899
1,693,811
8,009
34,212
4,413
4,157
9,933
3,907
78,200
20,474
1,807
21,062
1,448,154
420,918
21,128
1,015
4,365
1,017
5,001
41,710
776
4,833
1,309
8,339
1,375
4,469
1,565
1,962
3,181
1,244
27,137
5,408
3,098
796
14,336
1,392
5,726
3,514
32,850
30,069
1,066
4,388
3,245
20,346
2,584
26,404
18,621
6,494
4,570
14,075
81,567
4,187
1,344
4,412
1,027,236
6,024
16,491
3,428
3,105
7,135
2,953
26,142
15,104
1,387
15,367
NO
Percent
of Vote
Deviation
from Choice’s
State Average
Percent of
Choice’s
State Total
Number
of Votes
Percent
of Vote
Deviation
From Choice’s
State Average
Percent of
Choice’s
State Total
59.9%
58.2%
41.1%
68.2%
75.3%
82.3%
41.6%
61.7%
66.6%
65.1%
74.9%
70.1%
77.4%
49.9%
29.6%
67.1%
51.8%
70.5%
60.2%
59.7%
72.7%
53.7%
65.5%
66.3%
61.7%
70.0%
60.5%
56.5%
75.3%
47.8%
57.6%
62.5%
83.6%
47.2%
65.5%
68.3%
61.0%
67.8%
58.6%
66.6%
47.4%
64.0%
60.6%
75.2%
48.2%
77.7%
74.7%
71.8%
75.6%
33.4%
73.8%
76.8%
73.0%
–1.7%
–18.8%
8.3%
15.4%
22.5%
–18.3%
1.8%
6.7%
5.2%
15.0%
10.2%
17.5%
–10.0%
–30.3%
7.3%
–8.1%
10.6%
0.3%
–0.2%
12.8%
–6.1%
5.6%
6.4%
1.9%
10.2%
0.6%
–3.3%
15.5%
–12.1%
–2.3%
2.6%
23.7%
–12.7%
5.7%
8.4%
1.1%
7.9%
–1.3%
6.7%
–12.5%
4.1%
0.8%
15.3%
–11.7%
17.8%
14.8%
12.0%
15.7%
–26.5%
13.9%
16.9%
13.1%
29.1%
1.5%
0.1%
0.3%
0.1%
0.3%
2.9%
0.1%
0.3%
0.1%
0.6%
0.1%
0.3%
0.1%
0.1%
0.2%
0.1%
1.9%
0.4%
0.2%
0.1%
1.0%
0.1%
0.4%
0.2%
2.3%
2.1%
0.1%
0.3%
0.2%
1.4%
0.2%
1.8%
1.3%
0.4%
0.3%
1.0%
5.6%
0.3%
0.1%
0.3%
70.9%
0.4%
1.1%
0.2%
0.2%
0.5%
0.2%
1.8%
1.0%
0.1%
1.1%
970,266
303,532
30,305
474
1,432
218
7,018
25,923
389
2,592
439
3,565
402
4,491
3,726
960
2,957
520
17,938
3,657
1,163
685
7,548
708
3,547
1,503
21,487
23,105
349
4,787
2,388
12,232
1,318
29,568
9,787
3,015
2,924
6,682
57,650
2,103
1,490
2,487
669,727
1,985
17,721
985
1,052
2,798
954
52,058
5,370
420
5,695
40.1%
41.9%
58.9%
31.8%
24.7%
17.7%
58.4%
38.3%
33.4%
34.9%
25.1%
29.9%
22.6%
50.1%
70.4%
32.9%
48.2%
29.5%
39.8%
40.3%
27.3%
46.3%
34.5%
33.7%
38.3%
30.0%
39.5%
43.5%
24.7%
52.2%
42.4%
37.5%
42.6%
52.8%
34.5%
31.7%
39.0%
32.2%
41.4%
33.4%
52.6%
36.0%
39.5%
24.8%
51.8%
22.3%
25.3%
28.2%
24.4%
66.6%
26.2%
23.2%
27.0%
1.8%
18.8%
–8.3%
–15.4%
–22.5%
18.3%
–1.8%
–6.7%
–5.2%
–15.0%
–10.2%
–17.5%
10.0%
30.3%
–7.3%
8.1%
–10.6%
–0.3%
0.2%
–12.8%
6.1%
–5.6%
–6.4%
–1.9%
–10.2%
–0.6%
3.3%
–15.5%
12.1%
2.3%
–2.6%
2.5%
12.7%
–5.7%
–8.4%
–1.1%
–7.9%
1.3%
–6.7%
12.5%
–4.1%
–0.6%
–15.3%
11.7%
–17.8%
–14.8%
–12.0%
–15.7%
26.5%
–13.9%
–16.9%
–13.1%
31.3%
3.1%
0.0%
0.1%
0.0%
0.7%
2.7%
0.0%
0.3%
0.0%
0.4%
0.0%
0.5%
0.4%
0.1%
0.3%
0.1%
1.8%
0.4%
0.1%
0.1%
0.8%
0.1%
0.4%
0.2%
2.2%
2.4%
0.0%
0.5%
0.2%
1.3%
0.1%
3.0%
1.0%
0.3%
0.3%
0.7%
5.9%
0.2%
0.2%
0.3%
69.0%
0.2%
1.8%
0.1%
0.1%
0.3%
0.1%
5.4%
0.6%
0.0%
0.6%
(continued )
CHAPTER 3 ✰ The 2000 Presidential and Congressional Contests
79
APPENDIX 4
Proposed Constitutional Amendment, November 7, 2000 (Hunting and Fishing) (continued)
YES
LOCALITY
Bland
Botetourt
Brunswick
Buchanan
Buckingham
Campbell
Caroline
Carroll
Charles City
Charlotte
Chesterfield
Clarke
Craig
Culpeper
Cumberland
Dickenson
Dinwiddie
Essex
Fairfax (Co.)
Fauquier
Floyd
Fluvanna
Franklin
Frederick
Giles
Gloucester
Goochland
Grayson
Greene
Greensville
Halifax
Hanover
Henrico
Henry
Highland
Isle of Wright
James City
King and Queen
King George
King William
Lancaster
Lee
Loudon
Louisa
Lunenberg
Madison
Mathews
Mecklenburg
Middlesex
Montgomery
80
NO
Total Vote
Number
of Votes
Percent
of Vote
Deviation
from Choice’s
State Average
Percent of
Choice’s
State Total
Number
of Votes
Percent
of Vote
Deviation
From Choice’s
State Average
Percent of
Choice’s
State Total
2,049
10,662
5,680
7,282
4,366
14,499
7,148
8,838
2,499
3,603
104,116
4,848
2,366
8,376
2,412
6,102
7,436
3,212
390,465
22,177
4,567
7,683
16,939
20,599
4,783
11,098
7,512
5,551
4,133
3,389
7,475
38,313
103,741
13,533
1,377
12,283
23,469
2,442
5,669
5,580
4,909
6,919
72,851
8,995
4,242
4,122
4,036
7,960
3,864
25,200
1,692
8,049
4,513
6,191
3,051
10,390
5,137
6,714
1,810
2,814
62,554
3,283
1,885
5,727
1,729
5,176
5,540
2,332
196,877
14,623
3,398
4,617
12,780
14,487
3,677
7,373
4,911
4,190
2,746
2,785
5,492
24,431
57,803
10,243
1,082
8,334
11,677
1,795
3,916
3,746
2,978
5,588
36,212
6,306
3,170
2,830
2,370
5,825
2,495
16,511
82.6%
75.5%
79.5%
85.0%
69.9%
71.7%
71.9%
76.0%
72.4%
78.1%
60.1%
67.7%
79.7%
68.4%
71.7%
84.8%
74.5%
72.6%
50.4%
65.9%
74.4%
60.1%
75.4%
70.3%
76.9%
66.4%
65.4%
75.5%
66.4%
82.2%
73.5%
63.8%
55.7%
75.7%
78.6%
67.8%
49.8%
73.5%
69.1%
67.1%
60.7%
80.8%
49.7%
70.1%
74.7%
68.7%
58.7%
73.2%
64.6%
65.5%
22.7%
15.6%
19.6%
25.1%
10.0%
11.8%
12.0%
16.1%
12.5%
18.2%
0.2%
7.8%
19.8%
8.5%
11.8%
24.9%
14.6%
12.7%
–9.5%
6.1%
14.5%
0.2%
15.6%
10.4%
17.0%
6.6%
5.5%
15.6%
6.6%
22.3%
13.6%
3.9%
–4.2%
15.8%
18.7%
8.0%
–10.1%
13.6%
9.2%
7.3%
0.8%
20.9%
–10.2%
10.2%
14.8%
8.8%
–1.2%
13.3%
4.7%
5.6%
0.1%
0.6%
0.3%
0.4%
0.2%
0.7%
0.4%
0.5%
0.1%
0.2%
4.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.4%
0.1%
0.4%
0.4%
0.2%
13.6%
1.0%
0.2%
0.3%
0.9%
1.0%
0.3%
0.5%
0.3%
0.3%
0.2%
0.2%
0.4%
1.7%
4.0%
0.7%
0.1%
0.6%
0.8%
0.1%
0.3%
0.3%
0.2%
0.4%
2.5%
0.4%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.4%
0.2%
1.1%
357
2,613
1,167
1,091
1,315
4,109
2,011
2,124
689
789
41,562
1,565
481
2,649
683
926
1,896
880
193,588
7,544
1,169
3,066
4,159
6,112
1,106
3,725
2,601
1,361
1,387
584
1,983
13,882
45,938
3,290
295
3,949
11,792
647
1,753
1,834
1,931
1,331
36,639
2,689
1,072
1,292
1,666
2,135
1,369
8,689
17.4%
24.5%
20.5%
15.0%
30.1%
28.3%
28.1%
24.0%
27.6%
21.9%
39.9%
32.3%
20.3%
31.6%
28.3%
15.2%
25.5%
27.4%
49.6%
34.0%
25.6%
39.9%
24.6%
29.7%
23.1%
33.6%
34.6%
24.5%
33.6%
17.2%
26.5%
36.2%
44.3%
24.3%
21.4%
32.2%
50.2%
26.5%
30.9%
32.9%
39.3%
19.2%
50.3%
29.9%
25.3%
31.3%
41.3%
26.8%
35.4%
34.5%
–22.7%
–15.6%
–19.6%
–25.1%
–10.0%
–11.8%
–12.0%
–16.1%
–12.5%
–18.2%
–0.2%
–7.8%
–19.8%
–8.5%
–11.8%
–24.9%
–14.6%
–12.7%
9.5%
–6.1%
–14.5%
–0.2%
–15.6%
–10.4%
–17.0%
–6.6%
–5.5%
–15.6%
–6.6%
–22.9%
–13.6%
–3.9%
4.2%
–15.8%
–18.7%
–8.0%
10.1%
–13.6%
–9.2%
–7.3%
–0.8%
–20.9%
10.2%
–10.2%
–14.8%
–8.8%
1.2%
–13.3%
–4.7%
–5.6%
0.0%
0.3%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.4%
0.2%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
4.3%
0.2%
0.0%
0.3%
0.1%
0.1%
0.2%
0.1%
20.0%
0.8%
0.1%
0.3%
0.4%
0.6%
0.1%
0.4%
0.3%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.2%
1.4%
4.7%
0.3%
0.0%
0.4%
1.2%
0.1%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.1%
3.8%
0.3%
0.1%
0.1%
0.2%
0.2%
0.1%
0.9%
Virginia Votes ✰ 1999–2002
APPENDIX 4
Proposed Constitutional Amendment, November 7, 2000 (Hunting and Fishing) (continued)
YES
LOCALITY
Nelson
New Kent
Northampton
Northumberland
Nottoway
Orange
Page
Patrick
Pittsylvania
Powhatan
Prince Edward
Prince George
Prince William
Pulaski
Rappahannock
Richmond (Co.)
Roanoke (Co.)
Rockbridge
Rockingham
Russell
Scott
Shenandoah
Smyth
Southampton
Spotsylvania
Stafford
Surry
Sussex
Tazewell
Warren
Washington
Westmoreland
Wise
Wythe
York
NO
Total Vote
Number
of Votes
Percent
of Vote
Deviation
from Choice’s
State Average
Percent of
Choice’s
State Total
Number
of Votes
Percent
of Vote
Deviation
From Choice’s
State Average
Percent of
Choice’s
State Total
5,805
5,816
3,542
5,384
3,628
8,741
7,494
5,069
17,102
8,829
4,018
10,371
77,940
10,237
3,333
2,463
39,075
6,131
22,712
7,055
6,819
13,193
8,641
6,257
33,243
32,927
2,549
2,101
13,432
9,242
16,192
3,800
9,611
9,871
23,644
3,600
3,958
2,618
3,493
2,776
5,625
5,271
3,796
12,723
6,173
2,600
7,248
47,756
7,863
2,045
1,773
26,535
4,490
16,937
5,813
5,719
9,677
6,640
4,719
21,643
20,573
1,862
1,618
10,564
6,685
11,962
2,632
7,736
7,466
13,656
62.0%
68.1%
73.9%
64.9%
76.5%
64.4%
70.3%
74.9%
74.4%
69.9%
64.7%
69.9%
61.3%
76.8%
61.4%
72.0%
67.9%
73.2%
74.6%
82.4%
83.9%
73.3%
76.8%
75.4%
65.1%
62.5%
73.0%
77.0%
78.6%
72.3%
73.9%
69.3%
80.5%
75.6%
57.8%
2.1%
8.2%
14.0%
5.0%
16.6%
4.5%
10.5%
15.0%
14.5%
10.0%
4.8%
10.0%
1.4%
16.9%
1.5%
12.1%
8.0%
13.4%
14.7%
22.5%
24.0%
13.5%
17.0%
15.5%
5.2%
2.6%
13.2%
17.1%
18.8%
12.5%
14.0%
9.4%
20.6%
15.8%
–2.1%
0.2%
0.3%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.4%
0.4%
0.3%
0.9%
0.4%
0.2%
0.5%
3.3%
0.5%
0.1%
0.1%
1.8%
0.3%
1.2%
0.4%
0.4%
0.7%
0.5%
0.3%
1.5%
1.4%
0.1%
0.1%
0.7%
0.5%
0.8%
0.2%
0.5%
0.5%
0.9%
2,205
1,858
924
1,891
852
3,116
2,223
1,273
4,379
5,656
1,418
3,123
30,184
2,374
1,288
690
12,540
1,641
5,775
1,242
1,100
3,516
2,001
1,538
11,600
12,354
687
483
2,868
2,739
4,230
1,168
1,875
2,405
9,988
38.0%
31.9%
26.1%
35.1%
23.5%
35.6%
29.7%
25.1%
25.6%
64.1%
35.3%
30.1%
38.7%
23.2%
38.6%
28.0%
32.1%
26.8%
25.4%
17.6%
16.1%
26.7%
23.2%
24.6%
34.9%
37.5%
27.0%
23.0%
21.4%
29.6%
26.1%
30.7%
19.5%
24.4%
42.2%
–2.1%
–8.2%
–14.0%
–5.0%
–16.6%
–4.5%
–10.5%
–15.0%
–14.5%
23.9%
–4.8%
–10.0%
–1.4%
–16.9%
–1.5%
–12.1%
–8.0%
–13.4%
–14.7%
–22.5%
–24.0%
–13.5%
–17.0%
–15.5%
–5.2%
–2.6%
–13.2%
–17.1%
–18.8%
–10.5%
–14.0%
–9.4%
–20.6%
–15.8%
2.1%
0.2%
0.2%
0.1%
0.2%
0.1%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.5%
0.6%
0.1%
0.3%
3.1%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
1.3%
0.2%
0.6%
0.1%
0.1%
0.4%
0.2%
0.2%
1.2%
1.3%
0.1%
0.0%
0.3%
0.3%
0.4%
0.1%
0.2%
0.2%
1.0%
CHAPTER 3 ✰ The 2000 Presidential and Congressional Contests
81
APPENDIX 5
Proposed Constitutional Amendment, November 7, 2000 (Lottery Proceeds Fund)
YES
LOCALITY
Total Vote
Number
of Votes
STATE
CITIES
Alexandria
Bedford (City)
Bristol
Buena Vista
Charlottesville
Chesapeake
Clifton Forge
Colonial Heights
Covington
Danville
Emporia
Fairfax (City)
Falls Church
Franklin
Fredericksburg
Galax
Hampton
Harrisonburg
Hopewell
Lexington
Lynchburg
Manassas Park
Manassas
Martinsville
Newport News
Norfolk
Norton
Petersburg
Poquoson
Portsmouth
Radford
Richmond (City)
Roanoke (City)
Salem
Staunton
Suffolk
Va. Beach
Waynesboro
Williamsburg
Winchester
COUNTIES
Accomack
Albemarle
Alleghany
Amelia
Amherst
Appomattox
Arlington
Augusta
Bath
Bedford (Co.)
2,475,836
751,777
52,451
1,529
5,946
1,242
12,486
71,372
1,183
7,525
1,752
12,612
1,795
9,073
5,316
2,983
6,261
1,882
46,082
9,285
4,324
1,510
22,715
2,130
9,606
5,186
55,334
58,002
1,458
9,689
5,692
33,429
4,062
56,036
29,878
9,834
7,612
21,514
146,468
6,409
2,906
7,208
1,723,429
8,137
34,685
4,409
4,153
10,433
3,920
78,564
20,302
1,815
21,253
2,067,186
640,079
38,744
1,308
5,438
999
9,527
62,621
1,078
6,348
1,569
11,394
1,555
6,659
3,735
2,648
4,852
1,687
40,090
7,885
3,653
1,229
19,796
1,759
7,814
4,683
47,784
50,637
1,378
8,639
4,615
29,907
3,622
45,546
25,942
8,615
6,555
18,838
127,210
5,529
2,314
5,877
1,421,107
7,094
27,449
3,957
3,502
9,112
3,477
60,921
17,728
1,628
18,618
82
NO
Percent
of Vote
Deviation
from Choice’s
State Average
Percent of
Choice’s
State Total
Number
of Votes
Percent
of Vote
Deviation
From Choice’s
State Average
Percent of
Choice’s
State Total
83.5%
85.1%
73.9%
85.5%
91.5%
80.4%
76.3%
87.7%
91.1%
84.4%
89.6%
90.3%
86.6%
73.4%
70.3%
88.8%
77.5%
89.6%
87.0%
84.9%
84.5%
81.4%
87.1%
82.6%
81.3%
90.3%
86.4%
87.3%
94.5%
89.2%
81.1%
89.5%
89.2%
81.3%
86.8%
87.6%
86.1%
87.6%
86.9%
86.3%
79.6%
81.5%
82.5%
87.2%
79.1%
89.7%
84.3%
87.3%
88.7%
77.5%
87.3%
89.7%
87.6%
1.6%
–9.6%
2.1%
8.0%
–3.1%
–7.2%
4.2%
7.6%
0.9%
6.1%
6.8%
3.1%
–10.1%
–13.2%
5.3%
–6.0%
6.1%
3.5%
1.4%
1.0%
–2.1%
3.7%
–0.9%
–2.1%
6.8%
2.9%
3.8%
11.0%
5.7%
–2.4%
6.0%
5.7%
–2.2%
3.3%
4.1%
2.6%
4.1%
3.4%
2.8%
–3.9%
–2.0%
–1.0%
3.7%
–4.4%
6.3%
0.8%
3.8%
5.2%
–6.0%
3.8%
6.2%
4.1%
31.0%
1.9%
0.1%
0.3%
0.0%
0.5%
3.0%
0.1%
0.3%
0.1%
0.6%
0.1%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.2%
0.1%
1.9%
0.4%
0.2%
0.1%
1.0%
0.1%
0.4%
0.2%
2.3%
2.4%
0.1%
0.4%
0.2%
1.4%
0.2%
2.2%
1.3%
0.4%
0.3%
0.9%
6.2%
0.3%
0.1%
0.3%
68.7%
0.3%
1.3%
0.2%
0.2%
0.4%
0.2%
2.9%
0.9%
0.1%
0.9%
408,650
111,698
13,707
221
508
243
2,959
8,751
105
1,177
183
1,218
240
2,414
1,581
335
1,409
195
5,992
1,400
671
281
2,919
371
1,792
503
7,550
7,365
80
1,050
1,077
3,522
440
10,490
3,936
1,219
1,057
2,676
19,258
880
592
1,331
296,952
1,043
7,236
452
651
1,321
443
17,643
2,574
187
2,635
16.5%
14.9%
26.1%
14.5%
8.5%
19.6%
23.7%
12.3%
8.9%
15.6%
10.4%
9.7%
13.4%
26.6%
29.7%
11.2%
22.5%
10.4%
13.0%
15.1%
15.5%
18.6%
12.9%
17.4%
18.7%
9.7%
13.6%
12.7%
5.5%
10.8%
18.9%
10.5%
10.8%
18.7%
13.2%
12.4%
13.9%
12.4%
13.1%
13.7%
20.4%
18.5%
17.2%
12.8%
20.9%
10.3%
15.7%
12.7%
11.3%
22.5%
12.7%
10.3%
12.4%
–1.6%
9.6%
–2.1%
–8.0%
3.1%
7.2%
–4.2%
–7.6%
–0.9%
–6.1%
–6.8%
–3.1%
10.1%
13.2%
–5.3%
6.0%
–6.1%
–3.5%
–1.4%
–1.0%
2.1%
–3.7%
0.9%
2.1%
–6.8%
–2.9%
–3.8%
–11.0%
–5.7%
2.4%
–6.0%
–5.7%
2.2%
–3.3%
–4.1%
–2.6%
–4.1%
–3.4%
–2.8%
3.9%
2.0%
0.7%
–3.7%
4.4%
–6.3%
–0.8%
–3.8%
–5.2%
6.0%
–3.8%
–6.2%
–4.1%
27.3%
3.4%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.7%
2.1%
0.0%
0.3%
0.0%
0.3%
0.1%
0.6%
0.4%
0.1%
0.3%
0.0%
1.5%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.7%
0.1%
0.4%
0.1%
1.8%
1.8%
0.0%
0.3%
0.3%
0.9%
0.1%
2.6%
1.0%
0.3%
0.3%
0.7%
4.7%
0.2%
0.1%
0.3%
72.7%
0.3%
1.8%
0.1%
0.2%
0.3%
0.1%
4.3%
0.6%
0.0%
0.6%
Virginia Votes ✰ 1999–2002
APPENDIX 5
Proposed Constitutional Amendment, November 7, 2000 (Lottery Proceeds Fund) (continued)
YES
LOCALITY
Bland
Botetourt
Brunswick
Buchanan
Buckingham
Campbell
Caroline
Carroll
Charles City
Charlotte
Chesterfield
Clarke
Craig
Culpeper
Cumberland
Dickenson
Dinwiddie
Essex
Fairfax (Co.)
Fauquier
Floyd
Fluvanna
Franklin
Frederick
Giles
Gloucester
Goochland
Grayson
Greene
Greensville
Halifax
Hanover
Henrico
Henry
Highland
Isle of Wright
James City
King and Queen
King George
King William
Lancaster
Lee
Loudon
Louisa
Lunenberg
Madison
Mathews
Mecklenburg
Middlesex
Montgomery
NO
Total Vote
Number
of Votes
Percent
of Vote
Deviation
from Choice’s
State Average
Percent of
Choice’s
State Total
Number
of Votes
Percent
of Vote
Deviation
From Choice’s
State Average
Percent of
Choice’s
State Total
2,044
10,675
5,605
7,151
4,632
14,690
7,212
9,334
2,521
3,622
108,018
4,296
2,380
8,539
2,371
6,000
7,811
3,293
395,836
22,454
4,529
7,997
17,058
20,860
4,723
11,196
7,762
5,681
4,114
3,391
7,912
38,931
110,368
13,639
1,413
12,361
23,906
2,445
5,700
5,580
5,045
7,205
73,881
9,029
4,236
4,091
4,068
8,064
3,880
25,585
1,848
9,297
4,977
6,657
3,992
12,839
6,250
8,383
2,167
3,097
90,845
3,976
2,111
6,981
1,948
5,531
6,863
2,831
308,972
18,302
3,894
6,584
15,035
17,256
4,162
9,491
6,450
5,118
3,487
3,090
7,007
32,390
91,674
12,396
1,257
10,766
19,216
2,139
4,760
4,871
4,123
6,389
54,964
7,628
3,784
3,450
3,186
7,046
3,165
22,344
90.4%
87.1%
88.8%
93.1%
86.2%
87.4%
86.7%
89.8%
86.0%
85.5%
84.1%
92.6%
88.7%
81.8%
82.2%
92.2%
87.9%
86.0%
78.1%
81.5%
86.0%
82.3%
88.1%
82.7%
88.1%
84.8%
83.1%
90.1%
84.8%
91.1%
88.6%
83.2%
83.1%
90.9%
89.0%
87.1%
80.4%
87.5%
83.5%
87.3%
81.7%
88.7%
74.4%
84.5%
89.3%
84.3%
78.3%
87.4%
81.6%
87.3%
6.9%
3.6%
5.3%
9.6%
2.7%
3.9%
3.2%
6.3%
2.5%
2.0%
0.6%
9.1%
5.2%
–1.7%
–1.3%
8.7%
4.4%
2.5%
–5.4%
–2.0%
2.5%
–1.2%
4.6%
–0.8%
4.6%
1.3%
–0.4%
6.6%
1.3%
7.6%
5.1%
–0.3%
–0.4%
7.4%
5.5%
3.6%
–3.1%
4.0%
0.0%
3.8%
–1.8%
5.2%
–9.1%
1.0%
5.8%
0.8%
–5.2%
3.9%
–1.9%
3.8%
0.1%
0.4%
0.2%
0.3%
0.2%
0.6%
0.3%
0.4%
0.1%
0.1%
4.4%
0.2%
0.1%
0.3%
0.1%
0.3%
0.3%
0.1%
14.9%
0.9%
0.2%
0.3%
0.7%
0.8%
0.2%
0.5%
0.3%
0.2%
0.2%
0.1%
0.3%
1.6%
4.4%
0.6%
0.1%
0.5%
0.9%
0.1%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.3%
2.7%
0.4%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.3%
0.2%
1.1%
196
1,378
628
494
640
1,851
962
951
354
525
17,173
950
269
1,558
423
469
948
462
86,864
4,152
635
1,413
2,023
3,604
561
1,705
1,312
563
627
301
905
6,541
18,694
1,243
156
1,595
4,690
306
940
709
922
816
18,917
1,401
452
641
882
1,018
715
3,241
9.6%
12.9%
11.2%
6.9%
13.8%
12.6%
13.3%
10.2%
14.0%
14.5%
15.9%
22.1%
11.3%
18.2%
17.8%
7.8%
12.1%
14.0%
21.9%
18.5%
14.0%
17.7%
11.9%
17.3%
11.9%
15.2%
16.9%
9.9%
15.2%
8.9%
11.4%
16.8%
16.9%
9.1%
11.0%
12.9%
19.6%
12.5%
16.5%
12.7%
18.3%
11.3%
25.6%
15.5%
10.7%
15.7%
21.7%
12.6%
18.4%
12.7%
–6.9%
–3.6%
–5.3%
–9.6%
–2.7%
–3.9%
–3.2%
–6.3%
–2.5%
–2.0%
–0.6%
5.6%
–5.2%
1.7%
1.3%
–8.7%
–4.4%
–2.5%
5.4%
2.0%
–2.5%
1.2%
–4.6%
0.8%
–4.6%
–1.3%
0.4%
–6.6%
–1.3%
–7.6%
–5.1%
0.3%
0.4%
–7.4%
–5.5%
–3.6%
3.1%
–4.0%
–0.0%
–3.8%
1.8%
–5.2%
9.1%
–1.0%
–5.8%
–0.8%
5.2%
–3.9%
1.9%
–3.8%
0.0%
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%
0.2%
0.5%
0.2%
0.2%
0.1%
0.1%
4.2%
0.2%
0.1%
0.4%
0.1%
0.1%
0.2%
0.1%
21.3%
1.0%
0.2%
0.3%
0.5%
0.9%
0.1%
0.4%
0.3%
0.1%
0.2%
0.1%
0.2%
1.6%
4.6%
0.3%
0.0%
0.4%
1.1%
0.1%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
4.6%
0.3%
0.1%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.8%
(continued )
CHAPTER 3 ✰ The 2000 Presidential and Congressional Contests
83
APPENDIX 5
Proposed Constitutional Amendment, November 7, 2000 (Lottery Proceeds Fund) (continued)
YES
LOCALITY
Nelson
New Kent
Northampton
Northumberland
Nottoway
Orange
Page
Patrick
Pittsylvania
Powhatan
Prince Edward
Prince George
Prince William
Pulaski
Rappahannock
Richmond (Co.)
Roanoke (Co.)
Rockbridge
Rockingham
Russell
Scott
Shenandoah
Smyth
Southampton
Spotsylvania
Stafford
Surry
Sussex
Tazewell
Warren
Washington
Westmoreland
Wise
Wythe
York
84
NO
Total Vote
Number
of Votes
Percent
of Vote
Deviation
from Choice’s
State Average
Percent of
Choice’s
State Total
Number
of Votes
Percent
of Vote
Deviation
From Choice’s
State Average
Percent of
Choice’s
State Total
5,882
5,971
3,727
5,445
3,619
8,831
7,545
5,048
17,364
8,853
4,185
10,436
79,704
10,212
3,373
2,531
40,042
6,043
22,626
6,998
6,837
13,773
8,730
6,352
33,603
33,388
2,642
2,103
13,323
9,478
16,366
3,857
9,772
9,926
24,039
5,035
5,143
3,295
4,596
3,202
7,309
6,668
4,496
15,510
7,560
3,549
9,183
64,232
9,175
2,825
2,169
35,195
5,300
19,698
6,342
6,309
11,827
7,885
5,654
28,286
28,096
2,256
1,791
11,674
1,879
14,703
3,198
9,089
9,056
20,447
85.6%
86.1%
88.4%
84.4%
88.5%
82.8%
88.4%
89.1%
89.3%
85.4%
84.8%
88.0%
80.6%
89.8%
83.8%
85.7%
87.9%
87.7%
87.1%
90.6%
92.3%
85.9%
90.3%
89.0%
84.2%
84.1%
85.4%
85.2%
87.6%
19.8%
89.8%
82.9%
93.0%
91.2%
85.1%
2.1%
2.6%
4.9%
0.9%
5.0%
–0.7%
4.9%
5.6%
5.8%
1.9%
1.3%
4.5%
–2.9%
6.4%
0.3%
2.2%
4.4%
4.2%
3.6%
7.1%
8.8%
2.4%
6.8%
5.5%
0.7%
0.7%
1.9%
1.7%
4.1%
–63.7%
6.3%
–0.6%
9.5%
7.7%
1.6%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.4%
0.3%
0.2%
0.8%
0.4%
0.2%
0.4%
3.1%
0.4%
0.1%
0.1%
1.7%
0.3%
1.0%
0.3%
0.3%
0.6%
0.4%
0.3%
1.4%
1.4%
0.1%
0.1%
0.6%
0.1%
0.7%
0.2%
0.4%
0.4%
1.0%
847
828
432
849
417
1,522
877
552
1,854
1,293
636
1,253
15,472
1,037
548
362
4,847
743
2,928
656
528
1,946
845
698
5,317
5,292
386
312
1,649
1,599
1,663
659
683
870
3,592
14.4%
13.9%
11.6%
15.6%
11.5%
17.2%
11.6%
10.9%
10.7%
14.6%
15.2%
12.0%
19.4%
10.2%
16.2%
14.3%
12.1%
12.3%
12.9%
9.4%
7.7%
14.1%
9.7%
11.0%
15.8%
15.9%
14.6%
14.8%
12.4%
16.9%
10.2%
17.1%
7.0%
8.8%
14.9%
–2.1%
–2.6%
–4.9%
–0.9%
–5.0%
0.7%
–4.9%
–5.6%
–5.8%
–1.9%
–1.3%
–4.5%
2.9%
–6.4%
–0.3%
–2.2%
–4.4%
–4.2%
–3.6%
–7.1%
–8.8%
–2.4%
–6.8%
–5.5%
–0.7%
–0.7%
–1.9%
–1.7%
–4.1%
0.4%
–6.3%
0.6%
–9.5%
–7.7%
–1.6%
0.2%
0.2%
0.1%
0.2%
0.1%
0.4%
0.2%
0.1%
0.5%
0.3%
0.2%
0.3%
3.8%
0.3%
0.1%
0.1%
1.2%
0.2%
0.7%
0.2%
0.1%
0.5%
0.2%
0.2%
1.3%
1.3%
0.1%
0.1%
0.4%
0.4%
0.4%
0.2%
0.2%
0.2%
0.9%
Virginia Votes ✰ 1999–2002