LDC Argumentative Module
Task 2: Extended Metaphors of “O Captain! My Captain!”
8th Grade Communication Arts
Lebanon Middle School
Lebanon School District, Lebanon, Pennsylvania
Created By: Allison Bullock & Kelly Newswanger
LDC Argumentation Module Template – version 3 | © Literacy Design Collaborative, 2011
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Information Sheet
Module Title: Extended Metaphors in Walt Whitman’s “O Captain! My Captain!”
Module Description (overview):
“O Captain! My Captain!” is one of Walt Whitman’s most famous poems. Whitman not only shows his own
remorse for the loss of Lincoln, but also represents the somber feelings of many Americans during a time when
the country would have been celebrating the Union's Civil War victory. By comparing Lincoln to the captain of a
ship, Whitman uses this among other extended metaphors to speak for the nation. Students are to determine if
Whitman was justified in his comparisons.
Template Task (include number, type, level)
Task 2: [Insert question] After reading _____
(literature or informational texts), write a/ an
_________(essay or substitute) that addresses the
question and support your position with evidence
from the text(s). L2 Be sure to acknowledge
competing views. L3 Give examples from past or
current events or issues to illustrate and clarify your
position. (Argumentation/Analysis)
Teaching Task
Your Task: Does Walt Whitman adequately portray
the sense of loss felt by Americans after Abraham
Lincoln’s assassination? After reading “O Captain! My
Captain!” and other informational texts, write an essay
that addresses the question and support your position
with evidence from the texts. L2 Be sure to
acknowledge competing views. L3 Give examples from
past or current events or issues to illustrate and clarify
your position.
Grade/Level: 8
Discipline: (e.g., ELA, science, social studies, other?): ELA
Course: Communication Arts
Authors: Allison Bullock & Kelly Newswanger
Contact information:
Lebanon School District
Mary Garrett-Giovino
or
Lancaster-Lebanon IU 13
Barbara Smith
LDC Argumentation Module Template – version 3 | © Literacy Design Collaborative, 2011
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Section 1: What Task?
What task sets clear, measurable goals for learning?
A. Template task (include number, type, level): Insert the argumentation template task you selected
exactly as it is worded.
Task 2: [Insert question] After reading _____ (literature or informational texts), write a/ an
_________(essay or substitute) that addresses the question and support your position with evidence
from the text(s). L2 Be sure to acknowledge competing views. L3 Give examples from past or current
events or issues to illustrate and clarify your position. (Argumentation/Analysis)
B. Standards: The Literacy Design Collaborative has already identified the CCSS “built in” to all
argumentation tasks. Please select which (if any) “When Appropriate” Common Core State Standards are
included in the argumentation task/module you developed.
COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS
READING STANDARDS FOR ARGUMENTATION
“Built-in” Reading Standards
“When Appropriate” Reading Standards
1. Read closely to determine what the text says explicitly
and to make logical inferences from it; cite specific textual
evidence when writing or speaking to support conclusions
drawn from the text.
3. Analyze how and why individuals, events, and ideas develop
and interact over the course of a text.
2. Determine central ideas or themes of a text and analyze
their development; summarize the key supporting details
and ideas.
5. Analyze the structure of texts, including how specific
sentences, paragraphs, and larger portions of the text (e.g.,
section, chapter, scene, or stanza) relate to each other and the
whole.
4. Interpret words and phrases as they are used in a text,
including determining technical, connotative, and figurative
meanings, and analyze how specific word choices shape
meaning or tone.
6. Assess how point of view or purpose shapes the content
and style of a text.
10. Read and comprehend complex literary and
informational texts independently and proficiently.
7. Integrate and evaluate content presented in diverse formats
and media, including visually and quantitatively, as well as in
words.
8. Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a
text, including the validity of the reasoning as well as the
relevance and sufficiency of the evidence.
9. Analyze how two or more texts address similar themes or
topics in order to build knowledge or to compare the
approaches the authors take.
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WRITING STANDARDS FOR ARGUMENTATION
“Built-in” Writing Standards
“When Appropriate” Writing Standards
1. Write arguments to support claims in an analysis of
substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and
relevant and sufficient evidence.
2. Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and
convey complex ideas and information clearly and accurately
through the effective selection, organization, and analysis of
content.
4. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the
development, organization, and style are appropriate to
task, purpose, and audience.
3. Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences
or events using effective technique, well-chosen details, and
well-structured event sequences.
5. Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning,
revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach.
6. Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and
publish writing and to interact and collaborate with others.
9. Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to
support analysis, reflection, and research.
7. Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects
based on focused questions, demonstrating understanding of
the subject under investigation.
10. Write routinely over extended time frames (time for
research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames
(a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of tasks,
purposes, and audience.
8. Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital
sources, assess the credibility and accuracy of each source,
and integrate the information while avoiding plagiarism.
Content Standards: Insert appropriate content standards as defined by your state/district.
Number
Content Standard(s)
1.1.8.E
Expand a reading vocabulary by identifying and correctly using idioms and words with
1.1.8.G
1.1.8.H
1.2.8.A
1.3.8.A
1.3.8.B
1.3.8.C
1.3.8.F
1.4.8.C
1.5.8.A
1.5.8.B
1.5.8.C
1.5.8.D
1.5.8.E
1.5.8.F
literal and figurative meanings. Use a dictionary or related reference.
Demonstrate after reading understanding and interpretation of both fiction and nonfiction
text, including public documents.
Demonstrate fluency and comprehension in reading.
Read and understand essential content of informational texts and documents in all
academic areas.
Read and understand works of literature.
Analyze the use of literary elements by an author including characterization, setting, plot,
theme, point of view, tone, and style.
Analyze the effect of various literary devices.
Read and respond to nonfiction and fiction including poetry and drama.
Write persuasive pieces.
Write with a sharp, distinct focus.
Write using well-developed content appropriate for the topic.
Write with controlled and/or subtle organization.
Write with an understanding of the stylistic aspects of composition.
Revise writing after rethinking logic of organization and rechecking central idea, content,
paragraph development, level of detail, style, tone, and word choice.
Edit writing using the conventions of language.
Content Standards Source: Pennsylvania Department of Education
Academic Standards for Reading, Writing, Speaking, and Listening
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C. Teaching Task: Design your teaching task.
Background to share with students: Have you ever had the same experience as a friend
but had very different points of view about it? Public opinion surrounding Lincoln’s presidency
and assassination varied widely. In this module, we will explore the question, “Does Walt
Whitman adequately portray the sense of loss felt by Americans after Abraham Lincoln’s
assassination?”
You will read an excerpt from “Lincoln: A Photobiography” that focuses solely on the
assassination of Abraham Lincoln and its effect on American citizens during this time. We
will then read and analyze Walt Whitman’s “O Captain! My Captain!” You will summarize
each stanza and make connections to “Lincoln: A Photobiography.”
Prompt: Does Walt Whitman adequately portray the sense of loss felt by Americans after
Abraham Lincoln’s assassination? After reading “O Captain! My Captain!” and other
informational texts, write an essay that addresses the question and support your position
with evidence from the texts. L2 Be sure to acknowledge competing views. L3 Give
examples from past or current events or issues to illustrate and clarify your position.
Reading texts: See Materials List
Extension (optional):
LDC Argumentation Module Template – version 3 | © Literacy Design Collaborative, 2011
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TEACHING TASK RUBRIC (ARGUMENTATION)
Scoring
Elements
Focus
Controlling
Idea
Reading/
Research
Development
Not Yet
1
Attempts to address prompt,
but lacks focus or is off-task.
Attempts to establish a claim,
but lacks a clear purpose. (L2)
Makes no mention of counter
claims.
Attempts to reference reading
materials to develop response,
but lacks connections or
relevance to the purpose of the
prompt.
Attempts to provide details in
response to the prompt, but
lacks sufficient development or
relevance to the purpose of the
prompt. (L3) Makes no
connections or a connection
that is irrelevant to argument or
claim.
1.5
Approaches Expectations
2
Addresses prompt appropriately
and establishes a position, but
focus is uneven.
Establishes a claim. (L2) Makes
note of counter claims.
Presents information from
reading materials relevant to the
purpose of the prompt with
minor lapses in accuracy or
completeness.
Presents appropriate details to
support and develop the focus,
controlling idea, or claim, with
minor lapses in the reasoning,
examples, or explanations. (L3)
Makes a connection with a weak
or unclear relationship to
argument or claim.
2.5
Meets Expectations
3
Addresses prompt appropriately and
maintains a clear, steady focus.
Provides a generally convincing
position.
Advanced
4
Addresses all aspects of prompt
appropriately with a consistently strong
focus and convincing position.
Establishes a credible claim. (L2)
Develops claim and counter claims
fairly.
Establishes and maintains a substantive
and credible claim or proposal. (L2)
Develops claims and counter claims fairly
and thoroughly.
Accurately presents details from
reading materials relevant to the
purpose of the prompt to develop
argument or claim.
Accurately and effectively presents
important details from reading materials
to develop argument or claim.
Presents appropriate and sufficient
details to support and develop the
focus, controlling idea, or claim. (L3)
Makes a relevant connection to clarify
argument or claim.
Presents thorough and detailed
information to effectively support and
develop the focus, controlling idea, or
claim. (L3) Makes a clarifying
connection(s) that illuminates argument
and adds depth to reasoning.
Organization
Attempts to organize ideas, but
lacks control of structure.
Uses an appropriate
organizational structure for
development of reasoning and
logic, with minor lapses in
structure and/or coherence.
Conventions
Attempts to demonstrate
standard English conventions,
but lacks cohesion and control
of grammar, usage, and
mechanics. Sources are used
without citation.
Demonstrates an uneven
command of standard English
conventions and cohesion.
Uses language and tone with
some inaccurate, inappropriate,
or uneven features.
Inconsistently cites sources.
Demonstrates a command of standard
English conventions and cohesion,
with few errors. Response includes
language and tone appropriate to the
audience, purpose, and specific
requirements of the prompt. Cites
sources using appropriate format with
only minor errors.
Content
Understanding
Attempts to include disciplinary
content in argument, but
understanding of content is
weak; content is irrelevant,
inappropriate, or inaccurate.
Briefly notes disciplinary content
relevant to the prompt; shows
basic or uneven understanding
of content; minor errors in
explanation.
Accurately presents disciplinary
content relevant to the prompt with
sufficient explanations that
demonstrate understanding.
LDC Argumentation Module Template – version 3 | © Literacy Design Collaborative, 2011
3.5
Maintains an appropriate
organizational structure to address
specific requirements of the prompt.
Structure reveals the reasoning and
logic of the argument.
Maintains an organizational structure that
intentionally and effectively enhances the
presentation of information as required
by the specific prompt. Structure
enhances development of the reasoning
and logic of the argument.
Demonstrates and maintains a welldeveloped command of standard English
conventions and cohesion, with few
errors. Response includes language and
tone consistently appropriate to the
audience, purpose, and specific
requirements of the prompt.
Consistently cites sources using
appropriate format.
Integrates relevant and accurate
disciplinary content with thorough
explanations that demonstrate in-depth
understanding.
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Section 2: What Skills?
What skills do students need to succeed on the teaching task?
Each module is required to identify the specific student skills, define them, and cluster them. The example
below is one list. Module builders can use this version, change it, or create a different skill list, different
definitions, and different clusters using the chart.
LDC Example Skills List
Specific Skills
What skills are essential?
Student Skills Defined (“Ability to…”)
How do you define/describe those skills?
Skills Cluster 1: Preparing for the Task
1. Bridging Conversation
Ability to connect the task and new content to existing knowledge, skills,
experiences, interests, and concerns.
2. Task Analysis
Ability to understand and explain the task’s prompt and rubric.
3. Project Planning
Ability to plan so that the task is accomplished on time.
Skills Cluster 2: Reading Process
1. Reading “Habits of Mind” Ability to select appropriate texts and understand necessary reading strategies
needed for the task.
2. Essential Vocabulary
Ability to apply strategies for developing an understanding of a text by locating
words and phrases that identify key concepts and facts, or information.
3. Note Taking
Ability to read purposefully and select relevant information; to summarize
and/or paraphrase.
4. Organizing Notes
Ability to prioritize and narrow notes and other information.
Skills Cluster 3: Transition to Writing
1. Bridging Conversation
Ability to transition from reading or researching phase to the writing phase.
Skills Cluster 4: Writing Process
1. Initiation of task
Ability to establish a controlling idea and consolidate information relevant to
task.
2. Planning
Ability to develop a line of thought and text structure appropriate to an
argumentation task.
3. Development
Ability to construct an initial draft with an emerging line of thought and
structure.
4. Revision
Ability to apply revision strategies to refine development of argument,
including line of thought, language usage, and tone as appropriate to audience
and purpose.
5. Editing
Ability to apply editing strategies and presentation applications.
LDC Argumentation Module Template – version 3 | © Literacy Design Collaborative, 2011
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Section 3: What Instruction?
How will teachers teach students to succeed on the teaching task?
All LDC instructional ladders have mini-tasks (prompt, product, and mini-task scoring), instructional strategies,
and pacing. The following is an example instructional ladder. Module developers can adopt, adapt, or delete
the approaches for each section in order to build their own mini-tasks, instructional strategies, and pacing to
teach to skills identified in Section 2.
LDC INSTRUCTIONAL LADDER 1
Skills Cluster 1: Preparing for the Task
Optional Pre-test: Administer classroom assessment as pre-test if the instructor needs to gather
information. Read the poem “Mother to Son” by Langston Hughes. Does the metaphor in this poem
accurately describe life’s struggles? Provide details from the poem to support your claim.
1. Bridging conversation: Ability to connect the task and new content to existing knowledge, skills, experiences,
interests, and concerns.
Mini-task
• Prompt: In a quick-write, write your first reaction to the task prompt. What strategies might you use
to gain knowledge of the issue and form an opinion?
Collins: Type 1 Writing — Brainstorm List
• Product: short response (5-8 items)
• Mini-task scoring: No scoring
Instructional strategies
• Teach or review content required for the task depending on when content is taught, either before or
during the production of the task.
• Conduct a seminar to help students focus on the task’s question or ideas and to open their minds to
possible ways of thinking about the prompt.
Pacing 1 day
2. Task analysis: Ability to understand and explain the task’s prompt and rubric.
Mini-task
• Prompt: Introduction of Module
What do you need to know and know how to do to accomplish this task?
What materials will you need to accomplish this task?
Which text structure best fits this task?
• Product: Short response (list 5 items)
• Mini-task scoring: No scoring
Instructional strategies
• Review each student’s response to ensure she/he understands the task. Ensure relevant reading
material is selected or provided.
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•
•
Have students share responses so that students can hear/know what their peers are doing and
encourage them to help each other when appropriate.
Discuss in detail the prompt, type of writing and structure, the product, and the rubric.
Pacing 1day
3. Project planning: Ability to plan so that the task is accomplished on time.
Mini-task
• Prompt: Create a project timeline.
• Product: Timeline
• Mini-task scoring:
Meets
Creates a “doable” timeline that paces reading and writing
processes.
Not yet
Attempts to meet the criteria
for “meets.”
Instructional strategies
• Model a sample or common timeline and homework.
• Provide students with a timeline template.
• Discuss the importance of planning.
Pacing 1 day
Skills Cluster 2: Reading Process
1. Reading “habits of mind”: Ability to select appropriate texts and understand reading strategies needed for
the task.
Mini-task
• Prompt: 1) Identify sources you will use and note how each source relates to your task. 2) Note
sources in bibliographic format (if applicable).
•
Mini-task scoring:
•
•
Meets
Selects appropriate texts for task (if applicable).
Writes in readable prose.
Not yet
Attempts to meet the criteria
for “meets.”
Instructional strategies
• Students will be given teacher-selected texts and video clips relevant to the task.
• Demonstrate reading strategies relevant to a type of text to prepare students for next steps in the
ladder: highlight main idea, margin notes, and summarizing sections of a text.
Pacing 2days
2. Essential vocabulary: Ability to apply strategies for developing an understanding of a text by locating words and
phrases that identify key concepts and facts, or information.
Mini-task
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•
•
•
Prompt: In your notebook, identify key words or phrases as you read and define them denotatively and
connotatively in the context of the passage in the work you are reading. Add terms we identified as
the “language of the discipline.”
Product: Vocabulary notebook entries
Mini-task scoring:
Meets
Not yet
• Identifies vocabulary and phrases and notes their denotative
Attempts to meet the criteria
meaning and, if applicable, their meaning in the context of the
for “meets.”
passages.
• Writes in readable prose.
Instructional strategies
• Teach strategies for understanding words in context.
• Introduce or review relevant terms used in the discipline (“Lincoln: A Photobiography”: summarizing
and tone; “O Captain! My Captain!”: extended metaphor, repetition, irony, tone, stanzas, symbolism).
Pacing 2 days
3. Note Taking: Ability to read purposefully and select relevant information; to summarize and/or paraphrase.
Mini-task
• Prompt: Using a note-taking method, select information (passages, facts, data) relevant to the task; list
(bullet) each source and note relevant information.
L2 What strategies will you use to discern “credible sources”?
L3 Why is it important in the process of inquiry to “identify gaps” or “unanswered questions”
about the topic?
What does “plagiarism” mean and what strategies can you use to avoid it? Model using in-text
citations to document your sources.
The following tools can be referenced in the writer’s notebook:
Summarize sections of “Lincoln: A Photobiography” — focus on Freedman’s tone and
connection to task.
•
Analysis of “O Captain! My Captain!” — focus on metaphor, extended metaphor, repetition,
irony.
•
Photobiography and poem summary/evidence chart.
•
Highlight evidence found in “Northerners Reaction to Lincoln’s Assassination” & “The War
Ends: A Small Town’s Reaction” as well as the video clips from Safari Montage.
•
Product: Notes & short response
Mini-task scoring:
Meets
Not yet
• Accomplishes task by selecting relevant source material to
Attempts to meet the criteria
support controlling idea (include L2 and 3 if applied to task).
for “meets.”
• Answers question about plagiarism correctly and provides
appropriate strategies for avoiding it.
• Writes in readable prose.
•
•
Instructional strategies
• Review policy for plagiarism and develop students’ understanding of it.
• Provide students with a note-taking method and graphic organizer.
• Discuss the term “relevant” and what it means stay on task — two demands embedded in the rubric.
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•
•
•
Teach strategies for identifying and selecting source material in the form of quotes, passages, data, etc.
as it relates to a controlling idea and task — give students strategies for avoiding “highlight sprawl.”
If teaching Levels 2 and/or 3, discuss the demands embedded in these levels as well.
Identify any gaps or unanswered questions as you read about your topic.
Pacing 4-6 days
4. Organizing notes: Ability to prioritize and narrow supporting information.
Mini-task
• Prompt: Prioritize relevant information in your notes on which to build your sequence or process by
utilizing an outline. Students will not only choose relevant information, but will also organize it
according to their body paragraphs.
• Product: Notes and graphic organizer
• Mini-task scoring:
Meets
Not yet
• Provides a prioritized set of notes that connects points for logic
Attempts to meet the criteria
structure or line of thought.
for “meets.”
• Suggests implications drawn from information about the issue or
topic.
• Writes in readable prose.
Instructional strategies
Students prioritize by creating topic sentences to illustrate their argument.
Pacing 2 days
Skills Cluster 3: Transition to Writing
1. Bridging Conversation: Ability to transition from reading or researching phase to the writing phase.
Mini-task
• Prompt: Choose your most reliable, relevant sources, reread the task, and discuss with a partner
whether or not the information is accurate and is answering the prompt.
• Product: Short response (with bullets), class work
• Mini-task scoring: No scoring
Instructional strategies
• Review professional or other samples of writing type and structure.
• Deconstruct professional samples of the type of writing students will engage in:
o Demonstrate patterns of development (e.g., from most important to least important).
o Note the difference between a claim and a controlling idea or thesis.
o Note the difference between an “explanation” and an “argument”.
o Analyze purpose and audience.
o Analyze tone and language choices.
o Evaluate effectiveness. Do you get the information and explanation you expect? Why?
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•
•
Discuss the prompt and what students need to do to complete the writing portion.
Refer to rubric; point out demands and qualities of performance.
Pacing 1 day
Skills Cluster 4: Writing Process
1. Initiation of task: Ability to establish a controlling idea and consolidate information relevant to task.
Mini-task
• Prompt: Students will review their resources and information to formulate a thesis statement to use in
their introduction. It must include their support towards the prompt.
• Product: Thesis statement
• Mini-task scoring:
Meets
Not yet
• Writes a concise summary statement or draft opening that
Attempts to meet the criteria
establishes a controlling idea and identifies key points that
for “meets.”
support development of information and/or explanation.
• Writes in readable prose.
Instructional strategies
• Show students’ introductory paragraph possibilities from professional works.
• Identify the hook, background information leading to the task, and thesis statement in other works.
• Demonstrate or provide a checklist for the “ingredients” of an opening paragraph, such as author’s
name, title of poem, background knowledge of Whitman, and concluding with a strong thesis
statement.
• Collectively write a summary demonstrating a controlling idea with key points that support the
development of the explanation.
Pacing 1 day
2. Planning: Ability to develop a line of thought and text structure appropriate to an argumentation task.
Mini-task
• Prompt: Create an outline including key elements drawn from your reading or research and order
them in some logical way (teacher provided outline to students).
• Product: Outline/plan
• Mini-task scoring:
Meets
Not yet
• Applies an outline strategy to develop reasoning for argument.
Attempts to meet the criteria
• Provides citations and references with elements for correct
for “meets.”
form.
• Draws a credible implication from information about an issue or
topic.
• Writes in readable prose.
Instructional strategies
• Use discussion-based strategies to develop thinking relevant to prompt.
• Have students connect ideas among the arts, literature, events.
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Pacing 1 day
3. Development: Ability to construct an initial draft with an emerging line of thought and structure.
Mini-task
• Prompt: Redraft an opening for your composition with one or more paragraphs that establishes the
controlling idea and provides a lead in for your reader. Write an initial draft to include an
introduction with thesis statement, three body paragraphs in order of relevance, and a conclusion. L2
Will include a rebuttal in the second or third body paragraph. L3 Will form an additional body
paragraph highlighting a similar event in history.
• Product: First draft
• Mini-task scoring:
Meets
Not yet
• Provides an opening to include a controlling idea and an opening Attempts to meet the criteria
strategy relevant to the prompt.
for “meets.”
• Provides an initial draft with all elements of the prompt
addressed.
• Writes in readable prose.
Instructional strategies
• How to open and end an argumentation composition.
• Use of template for all levels to guide students through first draft.
Pacing 2 days
4. Revision: Ability to apply revision strategies to refine development of argument, including line of thought, language
usage, and tone as appropriate to audience and purpose.
Mini-task
• Prompt: Apply revision strategies for clarity, logic, language, cohesion (students should do at least two
drafts). Be sure to include and review citations within the paragraphs to show your sources.
• Product: Revised drafts (two or more)/completed Focus Correction Areas [FCA] checklist)
• Mini-task scoring
Meets
Not yet
• Demonstrates use of revision strategies that clarify logic and
Attempts to meet the criteria
development of ideas; embeds relevant details; improves wordfor “meets.”
usage and phrasing; and creates smooth transitions between
sentences and paragraphs.
• Applies a text structure to organize reading material content and
to explain key points related to the prompt.
Instructional strategies
• Develop ways to manage revision process so that students get feedback in timely and helpful ways.
• Student-led revision session utilizing the editing checklist with the Focus Correction Areas (FCAs)
both with a peer and independently.
• Peer feedback on clarity of thinking and development of claim/argument.
• Read aloud for peer and adult feedback.
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•
Strategies for embedding information — citation methods, quoting, paraphrasing.
Pacing 1 day
5. Editing: Ability to apply editing strategies and presentation applications.
Mini-task
• Prompt: Finalize draft for the readership; apply finishing touches (e.g., visuals, neatness, formatting, copy
editing).
• Product: Typed final draft
• Mini-task scoring
Meets
Not yet
• Demonstrates use of strategies that enhance the readability and
Attempts to meet the criteria
appearance of the work for presentation.
for “meets.”
Instructional strategies
• Use of error analysis to encourage self-correction of language usage and grammatical errors.
• Use of copyediting marks.
Pacing 6 days
Final Draft: Submit your final draft before or on due date for scoring and feedback.
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Materials, references and supports: List the materials you will need and students will use. Provide
citations.
•
•
•
•
For Teachers
Instructional PowerPoint for “Lincoln: A
Photobiography” and “O Captain! My
Captain!”
Notebook file for Citations (Smartboard)
Citation directions obtained from
citationmachine.net
McDougal Littell textbook
For Students
“The Civil War Ends – A Small Town’s Reaction,
1865” EyeWitness to History, 2011. Web. 6 Mar
2011. www.eyewitnesstohistory.com (2004).
Freedman, R. "Lincoln: A Photobiography." The
Language of Literature. Ed. McDougal Littell.
Evanston, Il: Houghton Mifflin, 2006. Print.
“The Lincoln Assassination.” Safari Montage.
Web 15 Mar 2011.
http://safari.iu13.org/SAFARI/montage/play.php
“Northerner’s Reaction to Lincoln’s
Assassination.” History Engine. University of
Richmond, 2008. Web. 6 Mar 2011.
http://historyengine.richmond.edu/
Whitman, W. "O Captain! My Captain!” The
Language of Literature. Ed. McDougal
Littell. Evanston, Il: Houghton Mifflin, 2006. Print.
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Section 4: What Results?
How good is good enough?
A. Student work samples: Include examples of student work to represent each performance level on the
teaching task.
B. Classroom assessment task (Optional): Design a classroom assessment task using the same template
task as the one you will be teaching.
Background to share with students:
Prompt:
Focus
Reading/Research
Controlling Idea
Development
Organization
Conventions
Focus
Reading/Research
Controlling Idea
Development
Organization
Conventions
LDC Argumentation Classroom Assessment Rubric
MEETS EXPECTATIONS
Addresses the prompt and stays on task; provides a generally convincing
response.
Demonstrates generally effective use of reading material to develop an
argument.
Establishes a credible claim and supports an argument that is logical and
generally convincing. (L2) Acknowledges competing arguments while defending
the claim.
Develops reasoning to support claim; provides evidence from text(s) in the
form of examples or explanations relevant to the argument. (L3) Makes a
relevant connection(s) that supports argument.
Applies an appropriate text structure that develops reasons.
Demonstrates a command of standard English conventions and cohesion;
employs language and tone appropriate to audience and purpose.
NOT YET
Attempts to address prompt, but lacks focus or is off-task.
Demonstrates weak use of reading material to develop argument.
Establishes a claim and attempts to support an argument but is not convincing.
(L2) Attempts to acknowledge competing arguments.
Reasoning is not clear; examples or explanations are weak or irrelevant. (L3)
Connection is weak or not relevant.
Provides a weak text structure; composition is confusing.
Demonstrates a weak command of standard English conventions; lacks
cohesion; language and tone are not appropriate to audience and purpose.
LDC Argumentation Module Template – version 3 | © Literacy Design Collaborative, 2011
Page 16
Teacher Work Section
What now? What next?
A. Teacher thoughts. Provide thoughts and ideas after teaching the module to different students in
different classes
Students who need special accommodations in regards to reading and writing received guided instruction
during independent note taking and were given an adapted outline prior to writing their paper.
Teacher designated the students to complete the L2 and L3 assignments.
B. Possible variations. Add ideas for spin-offs or extensions to the module.
Revision of task: Does Walt Whitman adequately portray the sense of loss felt by Americans after Abraham
Lincoln’s assassination? After reading “O Captain! My Captain!” write an essay that addresses the question and
support your position with evidence from the text(s). L2 Be sure to acknowledge competing views. L3 Give
examples from past or current events or issues to illustrate and clarify your position.
Another option: Are the extended metaphors in the poem adequate symbols of Lincoln’s presidency and
assassination? After reading “O Captain! My Captain!” write an essay that addresses the question and support
your position with evidence from the text(s). L2 Be sure to acknowledge competing views. L3 Give examples
from past or current events or issues to illustrate and clarify your position.
Appendix
The attached materials support teaching this module
LDC Argumentation Module Template – version 3 | © Literacy Design Collaborative, 2011
Page 17
Name: ____________________________________
Date: ___________________
Section: ________________
Argumentation Module:
The Extended Metaphors in “O Captain! My Captain!”
Background Information: “O Captain! My Captain!” is one of Walt Whitman’s most famous poems.
Whitman not only shows his own remorse for the loss of Lincoln, but also represents the somber
feelings of many Americans during a time when the country should have been celebrating the Union's
Civil War victory. By comparing Lincoln to the captain of a ship, Whitman uses this among other
extended metaphors to speak for the nation. Students are to determine if Whitman was justified in his
comparisons.
Your Task: Does Walt Whitman’s use of extended metaphors adequately portray the sense of loss
felt by Americans after Abraham Lincoln’s assassination? After reading “O Captain! My Captain!” write
an essay that addresses the question and support your position with evidence from the texts.
Think about:
What do you need to know and know how to do to accomplish this task?
What materials will you need to accomplish this task?
Which text structure best fits this task?
Name: ______________________
Date: _______________
Analysis of O Captain! My Captain!
by Walt Whitman
Argumentative Task 2: Are Walt Whitman’s extended metaphors accurate comparisons portraying the
feelings of Americans after Abraham Lincoln’s assassination? After reading “O Captain! My Captain!”
write an essay that addresses the question and support your position with evidence from the text(s). L2
Be sure to acknowledge competing views. L3 Give an example of another extended metaphor to
illustrate a leader and the feelings of Americans after the loss of that leader.
 Metaphor (define): ______________________________________________
Example: The child’s eyes were stars on Christmas morning.
 Extended Metaphor: when two people, places, or things are _________________ at some length
and in several places in a work of literature. Usually not directly stated in one line or sentence.
Example: Algernon, the mouse, representing Charlie Gordon.
 Repetition: Used by poets to __________________ the point or purpose for writing.
 Irony: The _________________ (difference) between what is expected to happen in a poem or
narrative and what actually exists. Types include situational, dramatic, and verbal.
Directions: Following today’s reading and discussion of Lincoln and the Civil War, re-read
“O Captain! My Captain!” on the following page and complete questions 1-4.
1. In the chart below, determine the meaning of each extended metaphor.
Extended Metaphor
Meaning
captain
ship
storm
arrival of ship at port
prize
“On the deck my Captain lies,
fallen cold and dead.”
2. Underline all examples of repetition that occur throughout the poem.
Choose two examples of repetition and explain why Whitman chose to emphasize those specific
lines/words. What points are being emphasized?
3. Re-read the second stanza. Describe what Whitman is saying in this stanza and describe what
irony occurs here in the poem. Use one or two lines in the poem to support your response.
4. Next to each stanza summarize in one or two sentences the event or feeling that is taking place.
5.
Next to each stanza, find support from “Lincoln: A Photobiography” for Whitman’s
comparisons.
O Captain! My Captain!
By: Walt Whitman
O CAPTAIN! my Captain! our fearful trip is done;
The ship has weather’d every rack, the prize we sought is won;
The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,
While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring:
But O heart! heart! heart!
O the bleeding drops of red,
Where on the deck my Captain lies,
Fallen cold and dead.
O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells;
Rise up—for you the flag is flung—for you the bugle trills;
For you bouquets and ribbon’d wreaths—for you the shores a-crowding;
For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning;
Here Captain! dear father!
This arm beneath your head;
It is some dream that on the deck,
You’ve fallen cold and dead.
My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still;
My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will;
The ship is anchor’d safe and sound, its voyage closed and done;
From fearful trip, the victor ship, comes in with object won;
Exult, O shores, and ring, O bells!
But I, with mournful tread,
Walk the deck my Captain lies,
Fallen cold and dead.
5
10
15
20
Stanza from
“O Captain!
My Captain!”
by Walt
Whitman
Stanza 1
Stanza 2
Stanza3
Summary of this stanza
1) Evidence from “Lincoln: A
Photobiography” by Russell
Freedman, with (page #)
Task 2 Outline
Argumentative Task 2: Does Walt Whitman’s use of extended metaphors adequately portray the sense
of loss felt by Americans after Abraham Lincoln’s assassination? After reading “O Captain! My
Captain!” write an essay that addresses the question and support your position with evidence from the
texts. L2 Be sure to acknowledge competing views. L3 Give examples from past or current events or
issues to illustrate and clarify your position.
Introduction: Who was Walt Whitman? What was the purpose of Whitman’s poem? What were the
feelings of Americans in the Union after the assassination? (Remember, Lincoln was the first president
assassinated in America).
Thesis Example: Through extended metaphors, Walt Whitman accurately portrays the sense of loss
felt by Americans after the assassination of President Lincoln in his poem “O Captain! My Captain!”
Body 1: Connect stanza one to research findings
Body 2: Connect stanza two to research findings
Body 3: Connect stanza three to research findings
Conclusion: Restate thesis. Summarize the mixed emotions of Americans after April 14,, 1865.
Closing thoughts!
L2: Include competing view within Body 2 where you see fit.
L3: Additional body paragraph (Body 4)
Outline:)Introductory)Paragraph)
!
Hook)(Sentence)#1))
!
_________________________________________________________________________________________________!
!
_________________________________________________________________________________________________!
!
_________________________________________________________________________________________________!
!
!
Major)topics)to)be)covered)(Sentences)#2B4))Who!was!Walt!Whitman?!!What!was!the!purpose!of!
Whitman’s!poem?!!What!were!the!feelings!of!Americans!in!the!Union!after!the!assassination?!!
(Remember,!!Lincoln!was!the!first!president!assassinated!in!America).)
!
1. _________________________________________________________________________________________!
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2. _________________________________________________________________________________________!
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3. _________________________________________________________________________________________!
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Thesis)Statement)(last)sentence))
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________!
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)
Outline:)Body)Paragraphs)
!
!
Body)Paragraph)#1)
!
!
Topic)Sentence))
!
_________________________________________________________________________________________________!
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Explanation)of)Stanza)1/)Supporting)Details)
!
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1._________________________________________________________________________________________!
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2._________________________________________________________________________________________!
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_________________________________________________________________________________________!
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Research)to)support)your)idea:)
!
3._________________________________________________________________________________________!
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_________________________________________________________________________________________!
!
Body)Paragraph)#2)
!
!
Topic)Sentence))
!
_________________________________________________________________________________________________!
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________!
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Explanation)of)Stanza)2/)Supporting)Details)
!
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1. _________________________________________________________________________________________!
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_________________________________________________________________________________________!
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2. _________________________________________________________________________________________!
!
_________________________________________________________________________________________!
!
Research)to)support)your)idea:)
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3. _________________________________________________________________________________________!
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_________________________________________________________________________________________!
!
!
Body)Paragraph)#3)
!
!
Topic)Sentence))
!
_________________________________________________________________________________________________!
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________!
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!
Explanation)of)Stanza)3/)Supporting)Details)
!
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1. ________________________________________________________________________________________!
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_________________________________________________________________________________________!
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2. ________________________________________________________________________________________!
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_________________________________________________________________________________________!
Research)to)support)your)idea:)
!
3. ________________________________________________________________________________________!
_________________________________________________________________________________________!
!
)
)
Conclusion)
)
Restate)Thesis:)____________________________________________________________________________)
)
)
)
)))))____________________________________________________________________________)
)
)
)
)
Restate)Three)Major)Points)
1. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________)
)
2. ___________________________________________________________________________________)
)
___________________________________________________________________________________)
)
3. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________)
)
Closing)Thoughts:)
)
_______________________________________________________________________________________)
)
)
_______________________________________________________________________________________)
)
)
_______________________________________________________________________________________)
Joe Student
Communication Arts, Section 4
Mrs. Bullock
April 11, 2011
Extended Metaphors in “O Captain! My Captain!”
Works Cited
“The Civil War Ends – A Small Town’s Reaction, 1865” EyeWitness to History, 2011.
Web. 6 Mar 2011. www.eyewitnesstohistory.com (2004).
Freedman, Russell. "Lincoln: A Photobiography." The Language of Literature. Ed.
McDougal Littell. Evanston, Il: Houghton Mifflin, 2006. Print.
“The Lincoln Assassination.” Safari Montage. Web 15 Mar 2011.
http://safari.iu13.org/SAFARI/montage/play.php
“Northerner’s Reaction to Lincoln’s Assassination.” History Engine. University of
Richmond, 2008. Web. 6 Mar 2011. http://historyengine.richmond.edu/
Whitman, Walt. "O Captain! My Captain!” The Language of Literature. Ed. McDougal
Littell. Evanston, Il: Houghton Mifflin, 2006. Print.
Name: _________________________
Date Due: ______________
Subject of Writing Piece: ______________________
Editing Checklist — Use with FCAs
1. Circle three places where you have utilized research to connect to the poem.
2. Underline the thesis in your introduction and the restated thesis in your conclusion.
3. Highlight where you have properly punctuated an in-text citation.
Use the checklist below to edit each paragraph.
Intro
Body 1
Body 2
Body 3
Conclusion
Check spelling
Eliminate
contractions (like
don’t, can’t)
Check ending
punctuation
Check
capitalization
________ Eliminate phrases like these: “I am going to tell you about…” “In this paragraph…”
“These are the reasons why…” Replace with transition words or a clearer phrase.
*Use your transition word list (avoid: first, next, last)
________ Eliminate/reword: things, stuff — what do you really mean?
_________ Eliminate writing in first person (I) or second person (you). Use one, readers, or citizens.)
________ Reference Whitman as Walt Whitman the first time you mention him in your introduction.
Every other time throughout the paper as Whitman, or use his full name again only in a topic sentence.
Same with Lincoln!
If you are typing your final copy, follow the format below:
Jane Doe
Communication Arts, Section 1
Ms. Bullock
April 7, 2011
The Extended Metaphors of “O Captain! My Captain!”
4. While typing your paper:
_____ double space lines
_____ Time New Roman Font, Size 12
_____ two spaces after a period, question mark, or exclamation point
_____ one space after a comma (no spaces before a comma)
_____ paragraphs start on a new line (hit “enter” once for a new paragraph)
_____ every paragraph is indented (by hitting “tab” once)
5. _____ Spell check.
6. _____ Print.
7. _____ Read aloud and make final corrections.
8. _____ Have a peer editor read aloud to you and make final corrections.
___________________________
(Partner’s Signature)
9. _____ Print final copy, staple, and give to teacher.
*
*
*
*
*
*
If handwriting your paper:
Use the same format above. Double space, skip lines, and stay between side margins.
Follow the same partner procedures.