Heterotrophic Algae Growth
11/23/2009
1
Biomass
(Algae growth)
2nd
Growth
Conditions
Algal
Ingredient
Biodiesel
Production
1st Semester
Semester
Reactor Design &
Culture
Biochemical
Analysis
Transesterification
4th Semester
Water Chemistry
Algae Sp.
Chlorophyll
pH
pH, DO
COD, TN, TP
CSTR , Plug flow
High rate Pond
Mixed
culture
Pure
culture
Protein
5th Semester
Acid
6th Semester
Alkali
Enzyme
Lipid
TODAY
TSS, FSS,VSS
3rd
Semester
11/23/2009
Fresh water
algae
Marine
Algae
Heterotrophic growth
Carbohydrate
6th
Semester
Oil
Literature
Results
2
Heterotrophic Algae Growth
Instructors :
Dr. Li Ling LIN
Dr. Jack Jie-Dar Cheng
Dr. Paris Honglay Chen Dr. Der-Guey LIN
Speaker : Albert Ramaraj Rameshprabu
Advisor : Prof. Paris Honglay Chen, PhD MPH PE
Course 9105 : 4th Year Seminar
11/23/2009
Sustainable Resources & Sustainable Engineering Research group
3
Contents
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1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1 Algae growth conditions
2.2 Definition
2.3 Essential characteristics
2.4 Species(Heterotrophic)
2.5 high lipid(Autotrophic)
2.6 high oil(Autotrophic)
2.7 Marine Species
2.8 Culture Medium
2.9 Other applications
3. Summary
4
1.Introduction
Sustainable resource utilization &
biotechnology approach
Algae biomass - renewable energy source
Find out the high content lipid or oil algae sp.
To growth algae heterotrophically
5
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Photosynthesis :light / dark
reactions
Dark
reaction
Light
reaction
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Heterotrophic
6
2. Literature Review
2.1 Algae growth conditions
1. Autotrophic
2. Mixotrophic
3. Heterotrophic
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1. Autotrophic
An organism that produces organic compounds from
simple inorganic molecules using energy from light (by
photosynthesis) or chemical reactions.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotroph
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http://algaenews.blogspot.com/2009_07_01_archive.html
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2. Mixotrophic
Simultaneously in the light and on
carbon source (K.Chojnacka,A.Noworyta (2004)
Light
+
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http://www.oilgae.com/
Carbon source
(sucrose, glucose,
CO2…
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3. Heterotrophic
An organism that cannot synthesize its
own food and is dependent on complex
organic substances for nutrition.
+
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Carbon source
(sucrose, glucose,
CO2 …
10
http://www.oilgae.com/
2. Literature Review
2.2 Heterotrophic Definition
Heterotrophic an organism that cannot
produce its own energy and its must
obtain its energy from external sources.
An organism Definition
that cannot 3synthesize its
own food and is dependent on complex
Definition
1
organic substances
for nutrition.
This ability of an organism to use an
organic molecule as carbon source is
Definitionorganisms.
2
known as heterotrophic
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(1,3) http://www.oilgae.com/ref/glos/heterotrophic_growth.html
(2)
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/heterotroph
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2. Literature Review
2.3 Essential characteristics
Heterotrophic culture is best used in
monocultures
Requires extensive sterilization of media
and equipment.
The ability to divide and metabolize
without light
The ability to grow on inexpensive and
easily sterilized media;
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2. Literature Review
2.3 Essential characteristics
The ability to adapt rapidly to the new
environment
The ability to withstand hydrodynamic
stresses in fermentors and peripheral
equipment
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2. Literature Review
2.4 Species (Heterotrophic)
No
Microalgae
Carbon source
Application
Reference
1
Chlorella
protothecoides
Glucose,
Yeast extract
biodiesel
Yun Cheng et al.,
2009
2
Chlorella
protothecoides
Sugarcane
juice,
Glucose
biodiesel
Cheng et al.,2009
3
Chlorella
protothecoides
glucose
Lipid, lipid
as a oil,
biodiesel
X. Miao and Q. Wu,
2006; H. Xu et al.,
2006;
4
Chlorella
protothecoides
starin 25
glucose
Lipid
T. L. da Silva, et
al.,2009
5
Gyrodiniumdominans
acetate
Lipid
E.D.Lund et al.,
2009
Chlorella vulgaris
acetate,
glucose,
glycerol
Lipid
Biodiesel
Y.Lian et al., 2009
6
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2. Literature Review
2.5 high lipid(Autotrophic)
No
Reference
Scenedesmus obliquus
12-14
E.W.Becker, (1994)
2
Scenedesmus dimorphus
16-40
E.W.Becker, (1994)
3
Chlamydomonas rheinhardii
21
E.W.Becker, (1994)
4
Chlorella vulgaris
14-22
E.W.Becker, (1994)
5
Spirogyra sp.
11-21
E.W.Becker, (1994)
7
8
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Lipid (w/w%)
(
1
6
9
Strain
Nannochloris sp.
40
Ratledge,(1989)
Y. Chisti (2007)
Monallanthus salina
72
Ratledge(1989)
Y. Chisti (2007)
Outirococcus sp
50
Ratledge(1989)
Chlorella Protothecoides
14
Miao & Wu (2005)
15
2. Literature Review
2.5.1 Lipid(AC & HC)
Table: Main Chemical components: Autotrophic (AC)
& Heterotrophic (HC) C. Protothecoides
Component(%)
Protein
Lipid
Carbohydrate
Ash
Moisture
Others
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AC
HC
52.64± 0.26 10.28 ± 0.10
14.57± 0.16 55.20 ± 0.28
10.62 ± 0.14 15.43 ± 0.17
6.36 ± 0.05
5.93 ± 0.04
5.39 ± 0.04
1.96 more
± 0.02
3.4 times
10.42 ± 0.65 11.20 ± 0.61
(Miao & Wu,2005)
16
2. Literature Review
2.5.2 Lipid (C.protothecoides AC & HC)
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Autotrophic
Heterotrophic
17
2. Literature Review
2.6 high oil (Autotrophic)
No
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Species
1
2
Botryococcus braunii
Chlorella Sp.
3
Chlorella vulgaris
4
5
6
Chlorella emersonii
Chlorella protothecoides
Chlorella sorokiniana
7 Chlorella minutissima
8 Crypthecodinium cohnii
9 Cylindrotheca Sp.
10 Dunaliella primolecta
11 Isochrysis Sp.
Oil content (%)
Reference
25-75
28-32
40
56.6
63
Y. Chisti (2007)
Y. Chisti (2007)
Illman et al. (2000)
Liu et al. (2007)
Illman et al. (2000)
23
Illman et al. (2000)
22
57
20
16-37
23
25-33
Illman et al. (2000)
Illman et al. (2000)
Y. Chisti (2007)
Y. Chisti (2007)
Y. Chisti (2007)
Y. Chisti (2007)
18
2. Literature Review
2.7 Marine species (Autotrophic)
Spices name
Lipid Content
w/w%
Oil content
w/w%
Reference
Outirococcus sp
50
Ratledge(1989)
Dunaliella bioculata
8
Becker, (1994)
Dunaliella salina
6
Becker, (1994)
Monallanthus salina
72
> 20
Ratledge(1989),
Y. Chisti 2007
Schizochytrium sp.
50–77
Y. Chisti 2007
Phaeodactylum tricornutum
20–30
Y. Chisti 2007
Crypthecodinium cohnii
20
Y. Chisti 2007
Dunaliella primolecta
23
Y. Chisti 2007
25–33
Y. Chisti 2007
Isochrysis sp.
Nannochloris sp.
Tetraselmis sueica
40
20–35
15–23
Ratledge(1989),
Y. Chisti 2007
Y. Chisti 2007
2. Literature Review
2.7 Culture medium
A nutrient material, either solid or liquid, used to support
the growth of microorganisms or to maintain cultures.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O6-culturemedium.html
1. Natural water (filtered)
2. Artificial chemical components.
3. Carbon source
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2. Literature Review
2.7 Culture medium
2.7.1. Natural water (filtered)
the water (river, pond, marine water, etc)
filtered by 0.45 µm filter paper as medium.
Mixed
Culture
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Source : SRSE-Lab, Dept. of SWC, NCHU
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2. Literature Review
2.7. Culture medium
2.7.2. Artificial chemical components
Organic/ inorganic nutrients prepared by
synthetic chemical with distilled water
Pure
Culture
Source : SBRC, Bogor Agri. Uni. Indonesia
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2. Literature Review
2.7. Culture medium
2.7.3. Carbon source
No.
1
2
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Carbon Source
Microalgae
Reference
Brachiomonas submarina
Tsavalos & Day, 1994
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Chen & Johns, 1996
Chlorella saccharophila
Tan & Johns, 1991
Chlorella sorokiniana
Chen & Johns 1991
Dunaliella tertiolecta
Gladue & Maxey, 1994
Nannochloropsis oculata
Gladue & Maxey,1994
Scenedesmus acutus
Ogawa & Aiba, 1981
Tetraselmis chuii
Gladue & Maxey, 1994
Tetraselmis verrucosa
Gladue & Maxey, 1994
Acetate
Glucose
23
2.7.3. Carbon source
No.
Carbon Source
Microalgae
Reference
3
Glutamate
Nitzschia alba
Barclay et al.,1994
Chlorella pyrenoidosa
Gladue & Maxey, 1994
Euglena gracilis
Cook & Heinrich, 1965
Nitzschia alba
Lewin & Lewin, 1967
Tetraselmis suecica
Gladue & Maxey, 1994
Chlorella pyrenoidosa
Running et al., 1994
Tetraselmis suecica
Day et al., 1991
4
5
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Acetate, glucose
Lactate, glutamate
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2.7.3. Carbon source
No.
6
Carbon Source
Acetate, asparagine
Microalgae
Reference
Haematococcus pluvialis
Kobayashi et al., 1997
7
Glutamate,
yeast extract
Poterioochromonas
malhamensis
Gladue, 1991
8
Acetate, glucose,
ethanol
Chlorella regularis
Endo et al., 1977
Chlorella vulgaris
Gladue & Maxey,1994
Dunaliella salina
Gladue & Maxey, 1994
Tetraselmis tetrathele
Gladue & Maxey, 1994
9
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Acetate, glucose,
Lactate, glutamate
25
2. Literature Review
2.8 Other applications (Heterotrophic)
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA)
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
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2. Literature Review
2.8
Other applications (Heterotrophic)
Combination of
nutrition and
pharmaceutical
CO2
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Summary
Led to the attempts to commercially cultivate
phototrophic cells in the dark.
Application point of view
I. Focus on screening phototrophic
II. High contents of valuable products
III. High content of lipid or oil
IV. Grow well in the dark
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Reference
Becker, 1994. Microalgae Biotechnology& Microbiology. Cambridge University Press.
Chisti, Y., (2007) Biodiesel from microalgae, Biotechnol. Adv. 25, 294–306.
N. Kosaric, J. Velikonja / FEMS Microbiology Reviews 16 (1995) 111-142 [Retledge]
http://www.oilgae.com/algae/comp/comp.html [ Becker]
Handbook of Microalgal Culture. Biotechnology and Applied Phycology, Blackwell Science,
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Otto Pulz, (2004) Valuable products from biotechnology of microalgae, Appl Microbial
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Joel C. Goldman, (1986) On phytoplankton growth rates and particulate C : N : P ratios at low
light Limnol.Oceanogr.,31(6),1358-1363.
Robert A. Andersen, (2005) Algal culture Techniques, Physiological Society of America
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J.M.Berg, J.L. Tymoczko, and L. Stryer, Biochemistry. 5th ed. 2002, New York: W.H. Freeman.
Y. Chisti, Biodiesel from microalgae, Biotechnology Advances 25 (2007) 294–306
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11/15/2008
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Reference (cont.)
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Reference (cont.)
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Thank you very much
for your time & attention!!
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