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GLOBES
AND THEIR USE
From the
MAPS AND GLOBES
Unit of Study
Teacher's Guide
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GLOBES
AND
THEIR USE
Grades 5 - 9
Teacher's Guide
Produced by
Colgren Communications
Written by:
John Colgren
Distributed by
AGC/United Learning
1560 Sherman Avenue, Suite 100
Evanston, Illinois 60201
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Globes and Their Use
Table of Contents
Introduction ..................................................... 1
Instructional Notes .......................................... 1
Unit Goals......................................................... 1
Unit Assessment ............................................... 1
Lesson Objectives ........................................... 2
Summary of the Video ................................... 2
Lesson Assessment Tools ................................. 2
Teacher Preparation ...................................... 2
Introducing the Video .................................... 2
View the Video ............................................... 2
FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES
Blackline Masters ............................................ 3
Discussion Questions ....................................... 3
Enrichment Activities ...................................... 4
Answer Key ...................................................... 4
Script of Video Presentation .......................... 7
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and the blackline master handouts that accompany it for the purpose of teaching in conjunction with this video, Globes and Their
Use. This right is restricted only for use with this video program. Any
reproduction or duplication in whole or in part of this guide and
the blackline master handouts for any purpose other than for use
with this video program is prohibited.
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MAPS AND GLOBES UNIT OF STUDY
Grades 5 - 9
INTRODUCTION
This Unit of Study is designed for use in grades 5 - 9 as an introduction to the
major ideas and concepts associated with the use of maps, globes, graphs,
tables, charts, and diagrams.
INSTRUCTIONAL NOTES
Before presenting these lessons to your students, we suggest that you preview the videos and review this guide and the accompanying blackline
master activities in order to familiarize yourself with their content.
As you review the materials presented in this guide, you may find it necessary to make some changes, additions, or deletions to meet the specific
needs of your class. We encourage you to do so, for only by tailoring this
program to your class will they obtain the maximum instructional benefits
afforded by the materials.
It is also suggested that the video presentation take place before the entire group under your supervision. The lesson activities grow out of the context of the video; therefore, the presentation should be a common experience for all students.
UNIT GOALS
This Unit of Study is composed of four video presentations covering the
topics of maps, globes, graphs, tables, charts, and diagrams. An understanding of map and globe skills is essential to developing an appreciation for the planet on which we live and its land and water resources. Because of the increased sharing of data and information in modern society, it is essential that students in this age group understand various tools
for presenting information, such as tables, charts, graphs, and diagrams.
Living in "the information age," it is important that students feel comfortable using tools that are so often used to present data and to organize
ideas and plans.
After completing this Unit of Study students should be able to:
• Use maps and globes and their various features to identify
locations, global relationships, and distances.
• Create bar graphs, line graphs, pie graphs, and pictographs
• Interpret information from tables, timelines, and diagrams
• Produce flow charts and storyboards
UNIT ASSESSMENT
The four-part Unit of Study, when purchased as a package, is accompanied
by an assessment tool (Unit Post-Test) designed to test student
comprehension of the Unit Goals.
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GLOBES AND THEIR USE
LESSON OBJECTIVES
After viewing the videos and participating in the accompanying activities, the students should be able to achieve the following objectives:
•Describe why a globe is a perfect way to represent the earth.
•Measure distances on a globe.
•Identify the four hemispheres commonly used to describe the regions of
the earth.
•Identify key vocabulary terms associated with the use of a globe.
SUMMARY OF THE VIDEO
This video explains how a globe is a scale model of the earth. It describes
how globes are a perfect way to represent the earth and illustrates what is
meant by a scale model. The four major hemispheres are illustrated as
well as the use of lines of latitude and longitude.
LESSON ASSESSMENT TOOLS
This lesson is accompanied by several assessment tools designed to help
you determine student comprehension of the lesson objectives before the
administration of the lesson, immediately following the video presentation,
and after the lesson has been completed. A Pre-Test (Blackline Master #1)
may be used prior to launching the lesson; a Video Quiz (Blackline Master
#2) reflects the questions which appear on-screen at the end of the video;
and a Post-Test (Blackline Master #8) may be contrasted to the results of
the other assessment tools to gauge the efficacy of the lesson.
TEACHER PREPARATION
View the video and review the accompanying activities. Duplicate any
blackline masters you wish to distribute. If you plan to use the Video Quiz,
which immediately follows the video presentation, you may wish to have
copies of the quiz ready to distribute at the completion of the video program. Also, plan to pause the tape between questions if students require
more time.
INTRODUCING THE VIDEO
Hold up a classroom globe and ask students to guess how much larger the
real earth is than this model. Write down some of the estimates on the
board. Find a representative range and then offer 5 or 6 choices. Everyone should raise their hand once to indicate which of the 5 or 6 guesses
they feel will be closest to the actual size of the earth. Find the scale on
the globe. Most globes are 1 to 41,800,000 in scale. Rounded off this means
that the real earth is 42 million times larger than the classroom globe.
VIEW THE VIDEO
Viewing Time is 10 minutes for the program and about 5 minutes for the
Video Quiz.
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FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES
BLACKLINE MASTERS
Most of the follow-up activities for this program are designed for intermediate grades.
• Blackline Master #1: Pre-Test is used to discern what students already
know about maps prior to the administration of the lesson.
• Video Quiz is to be used at the end of the video program. At the completion of the video, there is a short quiz. The narrator will read the questions which are displayed on the screen. Students can use Blackline
Master #2: Video Quiz to record their answers. Answers to the questions
are provided in the Answer Key section of this teacher's guide.
• Vocabulary is the title of Blackline Master #3. It contains ten vocabulary
words from the video presentation. You may want to distribute the sheet
before the video so students can copy down definitions. Another option might be to write the terms on the board and pause the video to
discuss them as they appear.
• Blackline Master #4: Pumpkin Globe, is an especially fun project for Halloween. Students use a pumpkin as the basic globe and paint on a
map of the world. You could have a contest for most accurate, greatest detail and prettiest globes.
• Blackline Master #5: Continents and Oceans, asks students to label the
flattened globe with the continents and oceans.
• Blackline Master #6: Scale Models, describes how the scale of two objects can be determined.
• Blackline Master #7: Equinoxes and Solstices, is an information sheet
that describes equinoxes and solstices. After reading the selection students are asked to lable a diagram using the information contained in
the reading selection.
• Blackline Master #8: Post-Test is the assessment tool to be administered
at the completion of the lesson. You may contrast its results with those
of the Pre-Test to gauge student comprehension of the lesson objectives.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. Ask students to share examples of other models with which they are
familiar. Are these models scale models?
2. The model of earth can be used to think about other planets in our solar
system. For instance Jupiter's diameter is 11 times larger than earth's
diameter. How can the globe be used to visualize the size of Jupiter
given that information?
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ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES
1. The first globe was made by a Greek geographer back in 150 B.C. People
knew even back then that the earth was round. How is it possible that
history records that Columbus was the first to suggest a round planet?
Find information about early ideas about the size and shape of the earth.
2. Students could be broken into groups to make models of planets in our
solar system.
ANSWER KEY
• PRETEST, Blackline Master #1
1. Northern, Southern, Eastern, and Western Hemispheres
2. An imaginary line that divides the earth into the Northern and
Southern Hemispheres.
3. The Prime Meridian which runs through Greenwich England is
used as the starting line of longitude.
4. Lines of latitude and longitude form a grid system that covers
the globe. Locations on earth can be designated by the intersection of
these lines.
5. A compass rose is used to show the direction of north, south,
east, and west on a globe.
6. The earth is a sphere so the best way to represent it is with another sphere that is made as a scale model.
7. A scale model is accurate with all aspects of size and shape
but is made with a scale that allows it to be many times smaller than the
original.
8. A key or legend will identify how symbols on the globe are used.
This may include elevation, type of land cover, cities, capitals, and symbols used to show borders.
9. A scale of 1:42,000,000 means that the real earth is 42 million
times larger than the model.
10. A string is stretched between the two cities. Then it is brought
over to the milage scale on the globe. The string is held against this
scale bit by bit until the entire length of the string has been used to
calculate the mileage.
• VIDEO QUIZ, Blackline Master #2
1. A scale model is accurate with all aspects of size and shape
but is made with a scale that allows it to be many times smaller than the
original.
2. The Prime Meridian is designated as 0º longitude and is the reference point from which east and west lines of longitude are organized.
It is an imaginary line of longitude that runs from the north pole to the
south pole.
3. Northern, Southern, Eastern, and Western Hemispheres.
4. Imaginary lines running east and west around the globe parallel to the equator.
5. Imaginary lines running north and south around the globe.
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6. An imaginary line that circles the globe at its widest point. It
divides the earth into the northern and southern hemispheres.
7. The earth is a sphere so the best way to represent it is with a
sphere.
8. The cardinal directions are north, south, east, and west.
9. One method to determine distances on a globe is to take a
piece of string and pull it between the two points you are measuring.
Then bring it to the globe scale and determine the distance by measuring the string against the scale.
10. A compass rose is used to indicate the cardinal and intermediate directions.
• VOCABULARY, Blackline Master #3
1. equator - an imaginary line that circles the globe at its widest
point. It divides the earth into the northern and southern hemispheres.
2. Prime Meridian - an imaginary line of longitude that runs from
the north pole to the south pole. It is labeled 0º longitude and is the
point of reference for all other lines of longitude.
3. axis - an imaginary line running through the earth around which
the planet spins. The earth is tilted at a 23.5º angle on this axis.
4. key - a table used to identify what symbols stand for on a globe.
5. hemisphere - is half of the earth. The equator divides the earth
into the northern and southern hemispheres. The Prime Meridian divides the earth into the eastern and western hemispheres.
6. latitude - imaginary lines circling the earth parallel to the equator.
7. longitude - imaginary lines extending from the north pole to
the south pole.
8. scale model - is accurate with all aspects of size and shape but
is made with a scale that allows it to be many times smaller than the
original.
9. time zones - divisions of the earth designed to provide a means
for keeping track of time.
10. compass rose - is found on the globe to identify the cardinal
directions.
• PUMPKIN GLOBE, Blackline Master #4
Answers will vary
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• CONTINENTS AND OCEANS, Blackline Master #5
Arctic Ocean
Asia
Pacific
Ocean
Australia
North
Europe
America Atlantic
Ocean
Africa
South
America
Indian
Ocean
Antarctica
• SCALE MODELS, Blackline Master #6
Model A 150 cm
Model B 50 cm
Model A is 3 times bigger
1:3
• EQUINOXES AND SOLSTICES, Blackline Master #7
top globe March 21 equinox
globe on left June 22 solstice
globe at bottom September 21 equinox
• POST-TEST, Blackline Master #8
1. The earth is a sphere so another sphere is the best way to represent it. On a globe land and water areas are properly represented.
2. A scale model is accurate with all aspects of size and shape
but is made with a scale that allows it to be many times smaller than the
original.
3. Lines of latitude circle the earth parallel to the equator.
4. Lines of latitude and longitude are used to identify the position
of places on globes and maps.
5. To measure the distance between two locations on a globe
you could use a piece of string and stretch it between the locations.
Then go to the mileage key and determine the mileage by marking off
the string length.
6. We experience seasons because the earth is tilted on its axis.
Because of this tilt there are times when the earth is receiving rays of
sunlight that are more direct than at other times.
7. 23.5º
8. The four hemispheres are the northern, southern, eastern, and
western.
9. A compass rose indicates the cardinal directions on a globe or
map.
10. A key is used to identify what symbols on the globe stand for.
globe at right December 22 solstice
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GLOBES AND THEIR USE
Script of Narration
The first globe was made about 150 B.C. by a Greek geographer. The
Greeks knew the earth was round and had even calculated the circumference or distance around the earth with great accuracy. However, at
the time very little was known about the land masses of the earth. As a
result the globe maker created what he thought would represent a balance between land and water masses. He drew what was known about
Europe and part of Africa and then added three other continents for a
total of four land masses. He then separated the land masses with four
oceans.
Today globes are much more accurate and detailed because we have
photographed the planet from satellites spinning in orbit. These pictures
provide the detailed information and data needed to create realistic
models of our planet. As seen from space the earth looks like a huge
sphere. So the best way to show it is with a globe. A globe is a model of
the earth that is made to scale. If you have ever built a plastic model from
a kit, you know that the model uses a scale. It is a smaller version of the
real thing created to a specific scale. This model of a viper has a scale of
1 to 24. That means that every inch on the model equals 24 inches on the
real car. Or if measuring in centimeters, every centimeter on the model
equals 24 centimeters on the real viper.
Globes are made to scale as well. Most globes are made to the scale of 1
to 41 million eight hundred thousand or rounded off 1 to 42 million. This
means the earth is about 42 million times bigger than this globe. This scale
is used because there are about 42 million feet across the diameter of the
earth. So this model has a one foot diameter.
A globe is a great way to represent the earth because it shows the true
relationships of land and water. It shows not only their sizes but also the
distances between them. You can measure the distance between two
places on a globe with a string. Hold one end of the string on one location
and find the destination with your other hand. Then measure that distance with a ruler and multiply by the scale to find the distance.
Notice that somewhere on the globe there is a compass rose which indicates North, South, East and West. These are called the “cardinal” directions. When the North Pole is positioned at the top then East is to the right,
South is down, and West is to the left.
You may have noticed that the globe is usually tilted so that the North Pole
is slanted to one side. It is showing that the earth is tilted on an imaginary
axis that runs through the center of the planet. It is tilted 23.5 degrees in
relationship to the sun. It is this tilt that gives our planet the seasons. If the
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earth weren’t tilted we would experience pretty much the same climate
year round. But because the earth is tilted there are times when parts of
the planet are tilted away from the sun and as a result don’t receive as
much direct rays.
You may also notice that the globe has a series of horizontal and vertical
lines running around it to create a grid. This helps to find locations easier
and permits us to identify a very exact location on the earth. Lines of
latitude run east and west as circles around the globe. The equator is a
line of latitude that is exactly half way between the north and south poles.
It is referred to as the reference latitude at zero degrees. The distance
between lines of latitude is about 70 miles. The lines of latitude are divided
into smaller units called minutes and seconds. It takes 60 minutes to equal
the distance between two lines of latitude. The apostrophe is used to designate a minute. Minute lines are divided into 60 units called seconds. A
quotation mark is used to identify seconds. So the proper way to identify
the equator is by saying zero degrees, zero minutes, zero seconds.
The equator divides the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere.
The word hemisphere comes from a Greek word that means half a sphere
or half a globe. Any great circle that goes around the earth can be used
to divide the globe into hemispheres or halves. However, there are four
hemispheres that are used most often to represent parts of the planet. As
stated before the equator divides the earth into the northern and southern hemispheres. The eastern hemisphere is commonly shown as Europe,
Africa, Asia, and Australia. The western hemisphere is shown as North and
South America.
Places above the equator are identified as so many degrees NORTH latitude and places below the equator are said to be so many degrees SOUTH
latitude. Philadelphia is 40 degrees north latitude.
Most globes don’t show all the lines of latitude because it would become
too difficult to follow the lines. Instead globes often show every 10 or 20
degrees. This globe has lines of latitude every ten degrees shown on the
surface but also has an outer gauge that shows individual latitude degrees.
There is a second set of lines used to help divide the globe into a grid. The
north south lines of longitude start at the north pole bulge out at the equator and intersect at the south pole. These lines which are also called meridians, are divided in the same manner as the lines of latitude; degrees,
minutes, and seconds. The Prime Meridian, which is zero degrees, zero
minutes, zero seconds, runs through Greenwich England. Lines drawn to
the east of the Prime Meridian are referred to as 10 degrees east or 30
degrees east. Lines drawn to the west of the Prime Meridian are identified
as 10 degrees west or 30 degrees west. There are 180 degrees in the east
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and 180 degrees in the west for a full circle. The 180 degree line of longitude is not identified with a W or E because it is the same line for both east
and west.
To identify the exact location of a place on earth measurements of latitude and longitude are given. For example Philadelphia is at 40 degrees
north latitude and 75 degrees west longitude.
Lines of longitude are also used to identify time zones for the world. It
takes the earth 24 hours to rotate or turn around once. If we divide 360
which is the number of degrees in a circle by 24 we get 15. That means
that the earth turns fifteen degrees every hour. So more than a hundred
years ago, an international commission established 24 international time
zones. These time zones are about 15 degrees apart.
Here are the time zones for the continental United States. In New York
when it is 12:00 noon, it is 11:00 in Chicago, 10:00 in Denver, and 9:00 in Los
Angeles.
SUMMARY
The globe is the best way to represent the earth. It shows land and water
masses in the proper location, size, and gives accurate distances between
them. Because the earth is a sphere it makes sense that a sphere is the
best way to make a model to properly represent the earth. The disadvantages are that globes are difficult to take along when traveling and they
don’t show details.
Globes are models that use a scale just like a plastic model is a true representation that is scaled down in size.
Lines of latitude and longitude are used to divide the earth into a grid that
makes it possible to pinpoint the location of things anywhere on the globe.
Lines of latitude go from east to west around the globe starting at the
equator and moving north and south until they reach the poles. Lines of
longitude go from the north pole to the south pole. The Prime Meridian is
located near Greenwich England and is considered zero degrees, zero
minutes, zero seconds. Lines of longitude fifteen degrees apart are used
to designate twenty four different international time zones.
The lines of latitude and longitude create a grid system that can be used
to identify the location of any place on earth. The earth has been scanned
and photographed by satellites orbiting the planet and as a result much is
known about our home in the solar system.
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1
Globes and Their Use
PRE-TEST
DIRECTIONS: Use the space provided to answer the following questions.
1.
Name the four hemispheres.
2.
What is the equator?
3.
What is the Prime Meridian?
4.
How are lines of longitude and latitude used to located places
on earth?
5.
What is a compass rose?
6.
Why does a globe make a good model of the earth?
7.
What is a scale model?
8.
What kind of information can you expect to see on a globe key
or legend?
9.
What does it mean if the scale of a globe is given as
1:42,000,000?
10.
How would someone measure the distances between two
cities or locations on a globe?
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Name ____________________________
2
Globes and Their Use
VIDEO QUIZ
Directions: At the end of the video production is a short quiz. You may write the
answers to the quiz on this duplicating master.
1. What is a scale model?
2. What is the Prime Meridian?
3. The four hemispheres are ______________, ______________, _____________, and
__________________.
4. What are lines of latitude?
5. What are lines of longitude?
6. What is the equator?
7. Why is a globe a good model of the earth?
8. What are the cardinal directions?
9. How can you figure out distances on a globe?
10. What is a compass rose?
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Name ____________________________
3
Globes and Their Use
VOCABULARY
Directions: Write a definition for each of the terms listed below.
1.
equator
2.
Prime Meridian
3.
axis
4.
key
5.
hemisphere
6.
latitude
7.
longitude
8.
scale model
9.
time zones
10.
compass rose
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Name ____________________________
4
Globes and Their Use
Pumpkin Globe
DIRECTIONS: Make your own globe using the following materials and a nice fresh
pumpkin.
MATERIALS: a pumpkin that has a nice sphere shape
permanent markers or paint
globe
PROCEDURE:
1. To prepare your pumpkin globe you may want to first lightly draw lines of
latitude around the globe to help identify the location of land and water
masses.
2. Look at a real earth globe to plan where continents and oceans will
appear on the pumpkin.
3. Use markers or paint to create the pumpkin globe.
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5
Globes and Their Use
CONTINENTS AND OCEANS
DIRECTIONS: Identify the continents and oceans by labeling the map at the bottom
of the page with the names in the box.
Arctic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Africa
Antarctica
Asia
Australia
Europe
North America
South America
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6
Globes and Their Use
SCALE MODELS
DIRECTIONS: Follow the steps below to determine the scale of the two objects labeled A and B. Use the metric side of the ruler and make your readings in centimeters.
Model A
Model B
PROCEDURE: Measure the height of model A and record it here _________ centimeters.
Measure the height of model B and record it here ______________ centimeters.
How much bigger is model A than model B? ____________
The original (model A in this case) is given the value of 1. What is the scale of
model B?
1: ________.
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7
Globes and Their Use
EQUINOXES AND SOLSTICES
The earth is tilted on an imaginary axis at an angle of 23.5 degrees. As the earth orbits
the sun the tilt remains in the same direction. That means that the sun will appear to
be directly overhead at noon at different latitudes throughout the year. If the earth
wasn't tilted then the sun would be directly overhead at the equator at noon everyday.
Twice during the year the sun appears directly overhead at noon on the equator.
These are called equinoxes because the amount of daylight and darkness are about
the same all over the world. In the Northern Hemisphere the equinox occurs about
March 21. In the Southern Hemisphere the equinox occurs about September 23.
The Tropic of Cancer is located at 23.5 degrees north latitude. This is the furthest point
north that the sun's rays will be directly overhead at noon. The summer solstice in the
Northern Hemisphere occurs about June 22. This means that the length of daylight
and darkness for the Northern Hemisphere is about equal. However, in the Southern
Hemisphere on this date, people would be having winter and the shortest period of
daylight. The Tropic of Capricorn is located at 23.5 south latitude and represents the
time during the year when the Southern Hemisphere has its summer solstice. This occurs about December 22. This is the day that the Southern Hemisphere experiences
its longest period of daylight. As you can probably guess, the Northern Hemisphere
has its shortest period of daylight on this date.
DIRECTIONS: Based on the information above, identify which earth represents each
of the four earth positions shown in the diagram at the top of the page.
September 21 equinox March 21 equinox June 22 solstice December 22 solstice
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Globes and Their Use
POST-TEST
Directions: Use the space provided to answer the following questions:
1.
Why is a globe a good model of the Earth?
2. What is a scale model?
3. How are lines of latitude organized on a globe?
4. How is the grid system of lines of latitude and longitude used on
a globe?
5. How would you measure the distance between two locations
on a globe?
6. Why do we experience seasons on planet earth?
7. What is the tilt of earth's axis?
8. What are the four hemispheres?
9. What is a compass rose?
10. What is a key or legend on a globe?
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All rights to print materials cleared for classroom duplication and distribution.