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Pronto
Wednesday Febuary 1, 2012
News
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Galileo imprisoned
Galileo Galilei invented thermometers and
telescopes, and opposed both the church
and Aristotle with his heliocentric theory.
Now, after being sentenced to prison for
life, he finally talks to the press in this
exclusive interview.
News
Page 3
The Pope attacked
Last night Pope Clement VII had to
escape from St. Peters church when the
Imperial Army of the Holy Roman
Empire went in to Rome in an attempt of
killing the pope. The Pope supposedly
fled from the church. 147 Swiss Guards
was killed at the stairs of St. Peters
Basilica during the attack.
Week 5
no 1
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Galileo Galilei – Madman or genius?
He invented thermometers and telescopes, and
opposed both the church and Aristotle with his
heliocentric theory. Galileo Galilei is sure to make
controversy wherever he goes. Now, after being
sentenced to prison for life1, he finally talks to the
press in this exclusive interview.
Text: Hanna Træland Rostøl, Andreas Glad Farstad and Ada
Harsema Engdahl.
Are you a believer, a Christian?
I am a Christian, I believe in God.
If that is the case, why do you believe the church is wrong in its belief that the earth is in the center of the
universe?
This is not a question of belief, as the Bible has never stated that the Earth does not move. It is the
contradiction of a theory developed by Aristotle, later adopted by the church.
Nicolaus Copernicus is known to be supporting your theory. What do you think of his ideas?
Many forget that I am not the father of helicentrism. Copernicus’ doings in the matter inspire not only me,
but also other bright scientists. I have done nothing else but providing evidence for his theory. Also, my
feisty temper makes me an easier object of controversy.
And finally, your book “Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems” created quite a stir among the
supporters of the church, and has even been banned, as it is said to ridicule the Pope himself. Was it your
intentions to seem biast?
It was obviously not my intention to let my opinion shine through as one of the Pope’s conditions for
publishing the book was that it had to be written in a neutral way. Whether or not the “Dialogue” is biast is a
question of your standing in the matter. Copernicans, like me, will simply say that it is already an ended
argument, taking into consideration the provided evidence confirming our theory.
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The Pope has later commuted his sentence to house arrest
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THE STAND OF THE SWISS GUARD 6 May 1527
Jostein Holen, Regine Pedersen, Martha Christensen, Lin Marthinsen
Last night Pope Clement VII had to escape from St. Peters church when the Imperial Army of the
Holy Roman Empire went in to Rome in an attempt of killing the pope. The Pope supposedly fled
from the church together with approximately 42 Swiss Guards to protect him, while 147 tried to hold
back the troops, but faced death at the stairs of St. Peters Basilica.
In the later years Pope Clement VII have opposed the Habsburg dynasty at the same time as he have given
his support to the Frenchmen. Now the Frenchmen have been defeated by the Imperial Army of the Holy
Roman Empire. The defeat and the lack of payment to the troops are subject to why the Imperial Army of
the Holy Roman Empire has decided to head in to Rome. Rumors tell that the Pope successfully escaped the
Basilica through an underground tunnel that leads to Castel Sant’Angelo. The Pope has ordered the people
of Rome to take up arms and defend the city, but few believe that the Pope has Rome’s best interest at hand.
It is not only the Pope and his men that have faced terrible atrocity the last 24 hours, but monasteries and
churches all over the city have been plundered and destroyed. Rome can now expect a change in power. The
armies that have moved in to Rome are partly driven by the conviction of the new protestant church with
Martin Luther as the head. With the sacking of the Pope, it’s possible that Rome will end up as a Protestant
state
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Michelangelo –
His Life Story
Michelangelo was a very famous painter,
sculptor and poet, and he is most known for his
paintings especially the painting “The Last
Judgment” in the Sistine Chapel and the sculpture David. He was also an architect and
designed the dome of Saint Peter’s Basilica in Rome.
He was born in Florence, Italy
mid-14th Century, in a banker’s
family. He was sent to study
grammar with the Humanist
Francesco da Urbino in
Florence as a young boy, but he
didn’t show any interest in his
schooling because he preferred
to use his hands in more cultural
work.
When
Michelangelo was
13, he was
apprenticed to the
painter Domenico
Ghirlandaio, and was said to be one of his two
best students. Michelangelo’s father demanded
that Ghirlandaio would pay him for helping him,
and because of his talent, the older artist agreed
even though this was unheard during this time. Text: Stian Neverdal Sell, Madeleine Andaya
Ulstein, Kristine Rasmussen Heen
period. Usually, the apprentice would pay for
the lessons, and not be paid for following.
After having moved around in Italy,
Michelangelo moved to Rome. In Rome he
carved a Bacchus for banker’s garden of
ancient sculpture, and his work in Rome is
some of the oldest surviving large-scale work
from Michelangelo.
Rome was also the first place Michelangelo
started carving the Pietà now in St. Peter’s. A
Pietà is an image in which Virgin Mary
supports Christ’s dead body across her knees.
The Pietà contains elements in which
contrasts and reinforce each other: vertical
and horizontal, alive and dead, cloth and skin also
Female and Male.
This was also the time when he changed his usual
sculpting patterns; He started sculpting them in a
manner that let you see the sculptor from every
angle.
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Review on pasta
Pasta is probably not exclusively Italian. A rumour
claims that Marco Polo brought pasta to Italy. The
pasta started in the south of Italy and moved north
throughout the years.
Text: Karoline Birkeland, Kavin Essilfie & Ine Jensen
The Italian cuisine has been known worldwide for
decades. Famous dishes are pasta, lasagna and pizza. The
rumors say that Marco Polo brought pasta from Asia. In
Asia however, they made pasta of millet. The Italians made it of wheat. The Chinese made it from scratch
and they isolated gluten from the pasta, while the Italians didn’t. In the middle ages the pasta reached
Sardinia and Sicily, and they made it by durum wheat. The durum wheat is the most used grain in pasta
nowadays. Pasta dishes evolved in the south and eventually moved north.
In Rome, they liked their pasta a little different. They
preferred spaghetti to pasta. They also liked spectacular
names to their pasta, for example “capelli d'angelo” meaning
angel hairs.
For almost four centuries, the pasta recipe has been an
Italian "secret". The Italians even have a special pasta
museum; Museo Storico degli Spaghetti in Pontedassio. The
typical pasta specialties in Rome nowadays are Pasta
Carbonara, Spaghetti alla Vongole, Gnocchi alla Romana
and Spaghetti all'Amatriciana.
Spaghetti Carbonara:
1. Fill a large soup pot with cold water and add a handful or so of salt. Cover the pot and heat the water
until it boils.
2. Add 200g diced bacon to a cold sauté pan and cook slowly over a low heat for 10 to 15 minutes or until
crisp. Remove bacon from the pan and drain on paper towels.
3. Drop spaghetti into the boiling salted water and cook until al dente, or tender but still firm to the bite.
4. While the pasta cooks, combine two eggs, cheese, 3 dl cream and olive oil in a bowl and beat with a whisk
until completely mixed.
5. Drain pasta, toss with the egg and cream mixture, then add the cooked bacon and chopped parsley.
Serve right away, with additional grated cheese if desired.
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Marco Polo’s journey to Mongolia
When he returned from his voyage to China in 1295, no one
believed what they were told or that it really was him. After all he
had not been in Venice for 24 years. He had travelled to visit the
emperor of Mongolia, Kublai Khan the grandchild of Djengis
Khan. It had taken him, his father and his uncle three and a half
years to get to Peking (Beijing) from Venice.
Text: Fredrik Sommerfelt Grønvold, Jens Patrick Holmsen, Kristian
Johannesen & Lisa Marie Listeid
In 1269 when Marco Polo turned 15 years, his father Nicolo and his uncle Maffeo returned from a ten year
trip to Asia, where they had met the Mongolian emperor, Kublai Khan. Kublai Khan had asked the two
brothers to bring a message to the pope in Rome, and ask him for 100 Christians to inform him about
Christianity and some holy oil from a lamp that was supposed to burn over the grave of Christ.
Unfortunately the pope had just died when the brothers returned to Italy. And after two years they gave up
waiting and started their journey to the east in 1271. Nicolo and Maffeo Polo brought with them 17 year old
Marco because his mother had died.
Travelling through Acre on their way to Jerusalem to get the holy oil they spent some time in Acre. Here
they got the message that a new pope had been elected. They gave the new pope Kublai Khan’s request. But
the pope sent with them two monks instead of one hundred.
On their way to Kublai Khan’s empire, they came over a battlefield and the two monks got frightened and
returned home, but Marco Polo and his company kept on going towards Hormuz were they would take the
sea route to China. But when they got there, they found no appropriate boats, so they decided to continue
their journey by land.
Their new destination was now Karakorum where the two Polo brothers had met the emperor last time they
were in Mongolia. After some time, when they had almost reached Karakorum, they received a message
saying that Kublai Khan had moved east to Chengdu. So they set off for Chengdu and when they came
there, they found out that once again they were too late.
Kublai Khan was in today’s Beijing where he had built The Forbidden City. When Marco Polo, his father
and his uncle finally reached Kublai Khan, they had been travelling for three and a half years.
Marco Polo stayed with Kublai Khan for several years. In 1294, Marco and his family escorted the
Mongolian princess to Tabriz in northern Persia, where she was supposed to get married. By the time they
got there, Kublai Khan had died. Now Marco Polo and his company were no longer bound by the promise
they gave Kublai Khan, about coming back. So in 1295 they came home to Venice after 24 years of absence.
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The House of Medici
By Jacob Handegard, Stine Haugland Øiseth and May Lene Smith Hove
The Medici family originated in Florence in the early 1200s. They were an important power house in
the renaissance, and the Medici legacy accumulated four popes between 1513 and 1605, along with
several dukes of Italy.
In the 15th century the Medicis created the proportional tax system as we know it today. Giovanni de Bicci
increased the family wealth by creating the Medici Bank. The family was now one of the richest in Florence.
There were three generations of the Medici in the 15th century. Their names were Cosimo, Lorenzo and
Piero, and they were very successful. These three they ruled Florence in most parts of the 15th century. Not
as chiefs, yet still very dominating. When Lorenzo died, Piero was not capable of rule Florence. As a result,
the the family went to exile, and the republican government stepped in.
In the periods from 1494-1512 and 1527-1530, the Medicis
lost their power and went into exile. The Medicis ruled most
of Italy in the 16th century, through the two famous popes
Leo X and Clement VII.
Clement made a lot of changes to the alliances, one change
leading to an alliance with the empires of France. Clement had
to marry of his cousin to become the king of France. The Medici
blood later invaded Spain. The most outstanding name in the
Medici legacy in the 16th century was Cosmio I, because he
managed to make a superpower in Tuscany, and he also placed
Tuscany’s military base on an island. His success was given to
his eldest son, as he became sterile before having any sons, his
younger brother’s first son took over. Several successful French
monarchs (except Napoleon) relate to the house of Medici. The
Medicis economy was very much alike to the Tuscan economy
in the late 16th century.
In the 17 century, the Medici family had great influence to the
Catholic Church with several cardinals who were a part of the
family, or previously named Medici. Pope Leo XI got great amounts of help from his family members when
he became pope. Pope Leo XI did not rule for a long time, as he died a month after he was elected. The next
Pope, Pope Paul V was also related to the Medicis. Cosiomo II married Maria Maddalena of Austria. The
Medicis had made connections to different states throughout the history that were one of the factors which
made the Medici house very powerful. One of the dukes from the house of Medici had a great interest in
technology. Grand Duke Ferdinando equipped Palazzo Pitti with hygrometers, barometers, thermometres
and telescopes in 1657. The duke’s younger brother Leopoldo de’ Medici founded Accademia del Cimento
which was a school for scientists. After the Wars of Castro, the Medicean Tuscany nearly went bankrupt, the
reason being that they used all of their money to pay to winning side of the conflict.
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Is Leonardo betraying his beliefs?
Leonardo da Vinci has been taken by the police; accused of sodomy with a male model! He is now in
custody, for interrogation. Will this change our view of him?
Text: Hanna Nilsen Waage, Silje Kastet, Morteza Salihi & Ina Solheim Roland
The twenty-four year-old painter Leonardo da
Vinci, also known as a great inventor and
mathematician where recently taken by the police
for having sexual intercourse with the seventeen
year-old younger model, Florence.
says that we must change them to become a
modern civilization.
We have asked people in what extend this issue
would affect their view on the famous artist?
We asked the young Antonio di Costa (16) son of
the philosopher Romeo di Costa what he thought
considering this situation. He was blown away,
and had the courage to ask us if this was
contemporary art. Like his father would have said,
“Nothing amazes me these days.” With reference
to all the new inventions of our time.
Afterwards we interviewed Giulia Aprilé (70), she
said that the norms and the values were broken.
Then we suggested to her that we could change
values in the society, she absolutely disagreed,
and said that we must conserve our values and
traditions.
This case concerns itself around our values and
traditions, should we change or should we not?
There’s diversity among the citizens of Italy.
Some say we should keep our values, while other
In the recent years Leonardo Da Vinci has had an
especial focus on man’s body in his paintings.
Can this be one of the reasons for his behaviour?
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Advertisement
The artist of the year!
Sculptor Gian Lorenzo Bernini (17) is this Saturday unveiling his second work. The name of the
artwork is preliminary unknown, but the sculpture is said to be truly magnificent.
Bust of Giovanni Battista Santoni
His first artwork (1612)
His last work of art, the Bust of Giovanni Battista Santoni, did not get a significant popularity, while the
upcoming work is already well known although it has not yet been unveiled.
Rumor has it that the Pope Paul V has taken a special interest in the young artist. It has yet to be confirmed,
but sources close to the Pope can reveal that he is considering hiring Bernini for a project. Apparently the
Pope has wanted a new sculpture in his private palace for a long time and feels that Bernini is the man for
the job.
The opening will be at viale fortunato mizzi, in parco di Colle Oppio, where Mr. Berninis work is the
main attraction.
The unveiling is at IV pm, and continues with several other not so famous artists.
Elsa Harsema Engdahl, Emil Otto Siqveland Eliassen & Silvia Sini-Laulu Borgen
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Benedict XIV consecrates Colosseum
The Pope Benedict XIV has consecrated the
ancient Colosseum to the Passion of Christ and
has installed Stations of the Cross to the
memory of the Christians that was executed
there.
Roma 1749
Papal election
Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini was elected Pope in
1740. The conclave that elected him lasted for six
months, and he is reported to have said to the
cardinals: "If you wish to elect a saint, choose
Gotti; a statesman, Aldrovandi; an honest man,
me”. His Papacy Benedict XIV has had great
difficulties, chiefly caused by the disputes
between Catholic rulers and the Papacy about
governmental demands to nominate bishops rather
than leaving the appointment to the Church. His
Papacy has managed to overcome most of these
problems.
Papal reforms
His Papacy has been very active in reforming the
education of priests, changing the calendar of
feasts and reform many papal institutions. His
Papacy has also made several new laws. Perhaps
the most important has been his famous bulls, Ex
quo singulari and Omnium solicitudinum. Now he
has also consecrated Colosseum into a sacred
place, thus prohibiting the area from other
activities.
The rise and fall of Colosseum
The colosseum, or the Flavian amphitheatre was
built under Emperor Vespasian. The work started
in 72 AD. In the early years the theatre was used
for gladiator contests, mock sea battles, animal
hunts and executions.
During the middle ages the amphitheatre was used
as a church, a cemetery, housing, workshop and
even a fortified castle. The colosseum was
severely damaged by the earthquake in 1349 when
the outer south side collapsed. After the
earthquake the amphitheater served as a quarry.
Much of the tumbled stone from the interior was
reused to build palaces, churches, hospitals and
other buildings elsewhere in Rome. The marble
façade was burned to make quicklime. The bronze
clamps holding the stonework together were
hacked out of the walls, leaving numerous
Pope Benedict XIV
pockmarks.
The Colosseum in a 1757 engraving by Giovanni Battista Piranesi
The Sacred Colloseum
During the last century, Church officials sought a
productive role for the Colosseum. Pope Sixtus V
planned to turn the building into a wool factory to
provide employment for Rome's prostitutes.
Cardinal Altieri authorized its use for bullfights,
but a public outcry caused the idea to be hastily
abandoned. Pope Pius V recommended that
pilgrims gathered sand from the arena of the
Colosseum to serve as a relic, on the grounds that
it was impregnated with the blood of martyrs. By
making Colosseum a sanctuary, his Papacy has
preserved this iconic symbol of imperial Rome.
11
11H
2V
→
→
7V
↓
1H
10H
8V
5V
6H
4H
↓
↓
9H
↓
3H
→
1H : Big city in Italy ?
2V : The biggest mountain ridge in Europe ?
3V : A popular game in Italy ?
4H : The Painter of Creation of Adam ( picture underneath ) ?
5V : Which pope declares Catholicism and Confucianism incompatible ?
6H : The smallest country of Europe ?
7V : Capital of Italy ?
8V: Road that links Rome with the Adriatic Sea in the north?
9H : Popular Italian dish ?
10H : The 1st pope ?
11H : Name of the painting and painter ( picture underneath)?
Quiz made by Hanna Vinje Svendsen, Jon-Fredrik Blakstad Cappelen and Liv Ellen Harr
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Answer:
11H
M
O
N
2V
A
L
P
S
→
L
I
O
P
E
10H S
4H
6H
M
8V
V
I
A
↓
D
E
L
→
A
C
C
T
H
O
T.
P
5V
I
C
E L
E
M
E
N
T
R S
→ B Y ↓
7V
L
1H R O M E
O
O
M
N
S
A
E
T
E
A
A
N
N
G
9H P
I
3H G
O
R
A
R
D
E L O
↓
D
Z Z A
↓
N A V
I
N
C
I
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