Slide
1
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Chapter 2
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide
___________________________________
2
The Mood
___________________________________
 According to geologists, for millions of years Utah Land
was covered by warm, shallow seas teaming with small
shelled animals, fish, and then reptiles. The seas came and
went over and over again. During this time our oil, gas, and
coal were being formed. The seas dried and sand covered
the land. Dinosaurs lived here for millions of years. Then
mammals, including giant mammoths and musk ox, came.
Eventually mountains and plateaus were formed.
Volcanoes erupted, bringing copper, gold, and silver from
deep in the earth. The Ice Age cooled things off and caused
glaciers to form. When the air finally warmed, melted ice
formed a deep lake. People eventually came, living on what
the ever-changing land provided.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide
3
Timeline (MYA = Million Years Ago)
Our Earth is 4.5 billion years old
___________________________________
___________________________________
 4.5 BYA to 600 MYA – Precambrian Era (85% of the earth’s time period)
 570-240 MYA – Paleozoic Era (Shallow seas cover Utah.) Trilobites,
amphibians, reptiles live in seas. Limestone, oil, gas, salt, potash, shale
are in rock.
 240-65 MYA – Mesozoic Era (Dinosaurs and primitive mammals
appear.) Shallow seas, then sandy deserts cover the land. Sedimentary
rock of Utah’s national parks is formed. River system exists. Dinosaurs
disappear.
 65 MYA –Present – Cenozoic Era (Mammals live here.) Mountains are
formed. Plateaus rise. Volcanoes erupt. Copper and other minerals
occur in rock. Carving of Canyonlands begins. Ice Age glaciers blanket
northern Utah mountains. Lake Bonneville covers much of Utah, then
declines. Great Salt Lake gets saltier. Humans appear.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide
4
___________________________________
Shaping the Land
 We know about Utah’s Geography, but do you know
how it came to be?
 What is the name of scientists who study the land, its
formations, and rocks?
 Geologists


Geo = “Rock”
ology = “The study of”
 In Utah, we can see many things
that tell us how our land has been shaped.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide
___________________________________
5
Geologic Eras
 Precambrian era
 almost nothing living during this time
 about 85% of all the Earth’s billion years falls within this era
 The oldest rocks of the continents formed during this time
 Paleozoic era –
 Paleo means “ancient”
 Zoic means “life”
 This era produced the beginnings of the fossil fuels we have
today (coal, oil, and natural gas).
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide
6
___________________________________
Geologic Eras continued…
 Mesozoic era
 Meso means “middle”
 Zoic means “life”
 This era is associated with dinosaurs (In Utah, bones have been
found in Jensen, Vernal and Price). The Rocky Mountains began to
take shape during this era.
 Cenozoic era
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
 Ceno means “recent”
 Zoic means “life”
 In this era, the Earth began to be shaped similar to how we see it
today. Giant mammals replaced dinosaurs during this era. Several
ice ages changed the layout of the land, creating the Great Lakes,
and Lake Bonneville. Human beings lived here at the end of this
period.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide
7
Ancient Seas and Sandstorms
.
 Sedimentary Rock covers much of Utah.
 Sediment – loose sands, shells, and pebbles.
 Forming Sedimentary Rock
 Sediments are forced together over time forming a hard
layer of rock. As time passes and more sediments are
forced together, the rocks
get larger. Today, much of
this sedimentary rock can
be seen in Utah’s five
national parks.
Slide
8
___________________________________
Fossils
 Dead plants and
animals have, over
time, become fossils.
 Fossils are formed
when minerals
interchange with the
organic matter of a
living thing that has
died. Utah’s oldest
animal fossils are
trilobites.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide
9
Dinosaurs
 The different rock layers of the Morrison Formation, where
many of Utah’s dinosaur bones have been uncovered, reflect
what the region was like at the time.
 The world’s most complete dinosaur skeletons have been found
in the Morrison Formation.
 Nearly 23 complete dinosaurs and 300 partial dinosaurs have been found
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
in quarries, or digs.
 You can see some of these digs at Dinosaur National
Monument near Vernal, at the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur
Quarry in Emery County, in the Moab area, and in other places.
 Utah’s state fossil = Allosaurus
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide
10
Allosaurus
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide
11
Utahraptor
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide
12
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide
___________________________________
13
Assignment! – Work Alone!



Put your name on your paper
Turn to page 29 in your textbooks.
Read the passage that is entitled “Douglas Discovers
Dinosaurs” in gray and answer the question below on
your own sheet of paper:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Who is the story about?
For whom did he work?
What year did he begin to work for them?
What part of his work was very difficult?
How long did it take to extract the complete brontosaurus?
Where was this dinosaur originally displayed?
What is another name for this dinosaur?
To what places were many of Utah’s dinosaur bones taken to
(name three)?
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide
___________________________________
14
Carnivores vs. Herbivores
 Who know what the difference between carnivores
and herbivores?
 In what category do you belong?
 Most likely you are neither. As humans, we eat both
plants and animals. This is called an omnivore.
 What different plants and animals do you eat?
 What types of products are made from animals? From
plants?
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide
___________________________________
15
Mountains Were Formed
___________________________________
 Many different movements of the Earth create mountains.
 Colliding of the Earths plates
 Sliding of the Earths plates
___________________________________
 Volcanic activity
 Erosion
 Fault lines are weak areas of the Earth’s crust that more
typically cause changes in the Earth’s surface
 Is living on a fault line dangerous?
 Did you know that we all live on the Wasatch Fault?
 WSU, UofU, and BYU are all on the Wasatch Fault, and
USU is close to another fault line
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide
___________________________________
16
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide
17
___________________________________
Wasatch Fault Line
 UofU says we have over
EQ 700 per year
 Richter Scale
 10x stronger per point


1-3 can’t feel
4 or bigger you can feel
 Utah worries about an
EQ of a 7
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide
18
___________________________________
State Capitol
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide
___________________________________
19
Volcanoes Made a Different Kind of Rock
___________________________________
 Igneous Rock – lava rock.
 Molten or melted rock surfaces and hardens into what
we know as lava, or igneous rock.
___________________________________
 Volcanoes – the mountains from which lava comes
out.
___________________________________
 All Utah volcanoes are extinct, or dead.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide
___________________________________
20
Hot Springs
 Hot springs are formed when water comes in contact
with hot rocks in the Earth’s crust.
 Utah has many hot springs
 The Crater – Heber City, Utah
 The Seabase – Bonneville, Utah
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide
21
___________________________________
Natural Resources
 A natural resource is a material source of wealth that
occurs in a natural state and has economic value
 Examples of some of Utah’s natural resources
 Water
 Minerals
 Fossil fuels
 Wildlife animals
 Beautiful scenery
 Open space
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
 Dinosaur bones
 Forests & Timber
 Can you list more?
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide
___________________________________
22
How do natural resources help
Utah’s economy?
 Farmers
 Miners
___________________________________
___________________________________
 Tourism
 Trade
 High Tech Industry
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide
23
Renewable Energy Available to Utah
 Renewable
 Geothermal (Heat stored in the earth)
 Biomass (Any living organism that can be burned &
used as fuel)

Derived from five distinct energy sources:
 Wood
 Garbage
 Landfill gases
 Alcohol Fuels
 Waste
 Water
 Wind
 Solar
 Non-Renewable
 Fossil Fuels
(Fossil fuels are formed by the bodies of many plants and animals with a
combination of heat and pressure over millions of years)



Oil
Natural Gas
Coal
 Uranium Ore (Nuclear)
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide
24
___________________________________
Utah’s Rock and Mineral Resources
 A Natural Resource is a material source of wealth, such as timber,
fresh water, or a mineral deposit, that occurs in a natural state
and has economic value.
 Utah is rich in fossil fuels:
 Coal, oil, and natural gas
 Coal used for power plants
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
 Utah also has a rich store of metals and minerals.
 Copper, gold, silver, and molybdenum
 Metals are often deposited through volcanic activity.
 Utah has enough salt to satisfy the worlds needs for 1,000 years.
___________________________________
Other minerals are provided by the Great Salt Lake as well.
 Most of Utah’s salt is used for snowy roads & water softeners.
 Large beds of sandstone, limestone, and quartz have been utilized
here in Utah. A type of pure marble can also be found near Fillmore.
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide
___________________________________
25
The Kennecott Utah Copper Mine
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Highest producing copper mine in the world
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide
___________________________________
26
The Most Recent Ice Age
 The last Ice Age helped to create the Utah we know
today.
 About 10,000-12,000 years ago
 Glaciers were formed in the tops of the Utah
mountains, some of which the remnants still remain
(glacial lakes, small glaciers, etc.).
 Lake Bonneville was a huge lake created toward the
end of the Ice Age. The Great Salt Lake, Utah Lake,
and Sevier Lake were all in the area where Lake
Bonneville stood.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide
27
Lake Bonneville
Named by G. K. Gilbert in honor of Captain
Benjamin Bonneville who explored a lot of
the Western U. S.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide
28
Great Salt Lake
 Harvest millions of pounds of Brine Shrimp a year
 Bird and Fish food
 Robert Smithson’s 1970 Spiral Jetty
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide
___________________________________
29
Assignment! – Work alone!
___________________________________




___________________________________
Ancient Lake Bonneville
Turn to page 35 in your textbooks.
Read all of the information on that page.
Answer the following questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
How many square miles was Lake Bonneville?
Compared to the Great Salt Lake, how deep did Lake
Bonneville get?
Where did Lake Bonneville’s water come from?
What are the three major remnants of Lake
Bonneville?
What eventually happened to Lake Bonneville’s water
besides its losses from evaporation?
Can we see where Lake Bonneville’s water levels used
to be today?
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide
30
___________________________________
Ice Age Animals
 Many animal skeletons have been found in Utah and
other parts of the U.S. that roamed the land during the
Ice Age
 Deer, mammoths, giant sloths, ancient bison, musk ox,
bears, and camels.
 Some animals have been
found with spear points in
them.
 What does this say about the
Ice Age?
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide
___________________________________
31
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide
32
Natural Forces Are Still Shaping the Land
Today
 Erosion





Wind
Water
Ice
Heat
Cold
 Other Changes




Mud slides
Rock slides
Floods
Earthquakes
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide
___________________________________
33
Quiz (20 points)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
What do geologists study? (1 point)
What kind of rock covers much of Utah? (1 point)
What is Utah’s oldest animal fossil? (1 point)
How were the Rocky Mountains formed (name two ways)? (2 point)
Earthquakes usually occur along what natural lines? (1 point)
Where does igneous rock come from? (1point)
Most of Utah’s electricity is made from burning what? (1 point)
Why is the Great Salt Lake so salty? (3 points)
Which of today’s lakes are believed to be remnants of the ancient
Lake Bonneville? (3 points)
Name three Ice Age mammals. (3 points)
Name one way natural forces have changed the land during the last
50 years? (1 point)
What is Utah’s state fossil? (1 point)
Utah has one of the biggest mines in the world. What is the name of
this mine? (1 point)
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________