Technology for Eco-friendly Solution of
Human Waste Disposal
Dr V. Vasudevan
Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior
[email protected]
BIODIGESTER
BACTERIA
(INOCULUM)
BIO-DIGESTER
Anaerobic microbial consortium
developed by acclimatization /
enrichment of microbes at low
temperature and bio-augmentation
with critical group of bacteria
Fermentation container made of MS/
SS / FRP / LLDPE/RCC.
The dimensions and internal design
varies with no. Of users, water
availability and geo-climatic
conditions
100% ANAEROBIC PROCESS
SPECIAL FEATURES OF DRDO BIODIGESTER
Low
LOW space
SPACErequirement
REQUIREMENT
Choice of material for
fabrication / construction
Effluent is free from off odour
and safe for environmetal
discharge
Affordable
Maintenance free, no need to
clean the tank
Organic pollution reduction by
99%
Permits toilet cleaning agents
Pathogen inactivation by 99%
Viability in all geo-climatic
conditions prevalent in the
country
Easy to transport and install
Fermentation device seeded with cold
active bacterial cocktail for accelerated
degradation of organic waste
BIODIGESTER
TECHNOLOGY
Biodigester is made of mild steel/ SS/
FRP/ bricks Dimensions and internal
design vary with no. of users, water
availability & geo-climatic conditions
Biodigester
Stationary Biodigester
For Armed Forces
(166)
For Snow
Bound
Regions
For Soil
Bound
Regions
Biodigester for
mobile vehicles
For Civil application
(10000)
For coastal
areas
(Lakshadweep)
For cold
climates
(Laddakh)
For Indian
Railways (40000)
For
House
Boats
LOW COST BIODIGESTER TECHNOLOGY
 Volume depends upon the number of users
 Septic tank may be converted
 Masonry work needs common building material like brick,
sand, stone-chips, cement, pvc pipes, pvc immobilization matrix
S. No. of Users
No
.
1
5
2
10
3
15
4
20
5
50
6
100
7
150
8
200
9
300
*Volume
of Septic
Tank (m3)
1.12
1.8
2.34
3.28
10
19.87
30
39.6
60
Volume of
Biodigester (m3)
0.7
1.2
1.7
2.3
6
9
12
14
17
LOW COST BIODIGESTER TECHNOLOGY
 Volume depends upon the number of users
 Septic tank may be converted
 Masonry work needs common building material like brick,
sand, stone-chips, cement, pvc pipes, pvc immobilization matrix
No. of Users
Volume (m3)
Cost (approximate)
4-6 (for a family)
~10
~50
~100
~200
1/2
1
3
6
10
~10,000
~15,000
30,000-40,000
50,000-60,000
1,00,000
BIODIGESTER/BIOTANK : WATER QUALITY
Parameters
Septic Tank
Biodigester/ Biotank + Reed
Biotank
bed treatment
pH
6.7-7.5
7.0-7.2
7.0-7.5
Turbidity (NTU)
500-800
70-90
2-5
Total Suspended Solids 150-300
(mg/L)
90-120
50-80
TDS(mg/L)
500-850
350-450
100-300
VS (mg/100ml)
50-60
20-30
5-12
COD (mg/L)
1200-2000
250-300
15-25
BOD5 (mg/L)
350-500
70-120
2-4
Coliforms (MPN/ml)
>3000
300-350
0-12
SAFETY OF EFFLUENT
 Oral toxicity at 0.5% of effluent
Acute toxicity
Chronic toxicity
 No clinical signs such as excitability, CNS stimulation,
uncontrolled urination, bulging eyes, depression, etc
observed
 No change in biochemical parameters
Conclusion:
No toxicity found in both rat and fish models (Report:
DRLT/PT/Tech Report-Biodigester/01/2012, May 2012)
CURRENT STATUS OF BIODIGESTERS
Installed so far
High Altitude Low Temperature Areas: 166
Indian Railways: ~40000
Plain areas: 10000 + 1837 (Lakshadweep)
Curent/ Future Assignments
UT of Lakshadweep: 10000 (M/s MRC, Kapurthala)
Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council: 750 (M/s SuperFlow,
Industries, Gwalior)
UT of Daman: 50 (L1 selected)
Shri Amarnathji Shrine Board (M/s MRC, Kapurthala)
FOR ANY ENQUIRY CONTACT
•
Dr Lokendra Singh, Director, Defence R & D Establishment (DRDE),
Jhansi road, Gwalior – 474 002.
•
•
Ph No - 0751-2341550, 2343972.
•
Fax –
•
Email- [email protected]
0751-2341148
Mr. S. Radhakrishnan, Director, Directorate of Industry Interface & Technology
Management (DIITM), DRDO HQ, Rajaji Marg, New Delhi – 110011
•
Ph No - 011-23013209
•
Fax –
•
Email- [email protected]
011-23793008
…………. for better health & Hygiene
Centralised Sewerage Solutions at Nagpur
Generation
Treatment
Recycle & Reuse
A Success Story
National Workshop on Sanitation at New Delhi
8 April 2016
12
Sewerage Network
• The total area of city is
226.96 Sqkm.
Map showing Sewerage Zones in NMC Jurisdiction
• The present population
(2014) is 25.95 lacs.
• The city has been
divided into 3 sewerage
zones depending on the
topography.
North Zone
Central
Zone
North Zone : North west & East
(Pili river)
Central Zone : Central Nagpur
(Nag river)
South Zone
South Zone : South west.
(Pora river)
13
Status
Present Sewage generation
345-400 MLD
Present Sewage Treatment
70-80 MLD (22%)
Area under sewerage network
70%
Total Length of Sewer lines
1670.00 kms
Diameter of Sewer lines
Varies from 150 to 2600 mm
14
Sewage Generation & Treatment
Present & Proposed sewage generation and treatment upto 2031.
Particular
North
Central
South
Total
Sewerage Generated in
2014
117.44
142.55
85.40
345.39 MLD
Sewerage Generation in
2031 (forecasted)
185.39
189.50
135.63
510.52 MLD
885.72 kms.
427.59 kms.
434.07 kms.
1747.38 kms.
Sewerage System
(pipeline- 150 mm to 2600
mm)
15
completed projects
• Recycle & Reuse of Waste Water (NAG-016)
• Salient Features :
•
This project has been taken up under JnNURM which consists of 130 MLD capacity
STP, Intake well & pumping station, 1200 mm dia MS pipeline of 18 Kms. length.
•
The awarded cost of the project is Rs. 195.00 Crs. including O&M for 10 years.
•
This recycled water shall be used by state power generation company for their cooling
towers & coal washeries at Koradi Thermal Power Station.
•
This will save the equivalent amount of domestic potable water which is presently used
for this purpose.
•
The pollution load of the Nag river will be reduced to a large extent.
•
This project will fetch NMC Rs. 15.00 Crores per annum for 30 years with a rise of 10%
every three years.
•
The project is already completed 2015 and under trial run by MAHAGENCO.
16
PROJECT COMPONENT & COST UNDER JnNURM
Sr. No.
Components
Cost approved by
JnNURM (Rs. In Lacs)
1
Module-A: Intake for raw sewage
274.30
2
Module-B: STP (Primary &
Secondary )
5000.00
3
Module-C:Tertary treatment)
4013.70
4
Module-D:(Transmission system)
2230.50
5
Module-E:(Interlinking of STPs)
1492.00
Total project cost
13010.50
17
Recycle & Reuse – NAG 016
Arial View of STP Bhandewadi
Upcoming projects
• Augmentation of existing 100 MLD STP to 200 MLD capacity (A
PPP initiative)
• Salient Features :
•
The existing 100 MLD capacity plant is about 15 years old & the treatment capacity is
reduced to 70-80%.
•
This plant needed immediate renovation & NMC decided to augment the existing
capacity to 200 MLD through PPP (Deferred Payment Basis).
•
The work has been awarded at the cost of Rs. 261.00 Crs. including O&M for 30 years
& the capital work shall be completed in 3 years.
•
The capital cost shall be borne by the PPP operator & shall be repaid by NMC during
the O&M period in EMIs.
•
•
The work includes intake well & pumping station, STP, 17 Kms. pipeline work.
PPP operator shall have the right to sell the recycled water. Out of it 25 Mld shall be
vested with NMC.
•
If complete treated water is reused (sold), NMC shall get a revenue equivalent to its
O&M cost.
19
Upcoming projects
• Collection system for North Sewerage zone
• Salient Features :
•
North Sewerage zone DPR costing Rs. 491.14 Crs. got approved by GOI under
JnNURM. NMC is yet to receive the grant-in-aid.
•
The project includes Collection System
& Trunk sewers, Sewage Pumping Station
(Civil, Elect & Mech. works), Sewage Pumping Mains.
•
This will help in 100% coverage of sewerage system (Collection, transmission &
Treatment) as per Master plan of City for Yr. 2046
•
Prevent the Pollution of Natural stream & Improve the hygienic condition of city.
•
Help in Planned Infrastructural development work in City.
•
Sewerage collection and treatment is also included in DPR of Nag River Pollution
Abatement Project considering Pili river as tributary of Nag river.
20
Project Benefits
• Saving of 110 mld of fresh water, sufficient to cater 0.8 million
population.
• New STP of 130 mld will improve ecology and environment of
water bodies.
• Reliable and economical source of water for power plant
• Cost centre converted in to profit centre for Nagpur & source
of finance for additional STPs
• Saving in energy cost as alternative source need huge energy
for pumping.
• Opens the possibility of swap of existing fresh water
consumption of 140 mld in power plant, sufficient to meet 1.03
million population.
Where the mind is without fear and the
head is held high; Where knowledge is
free…………..
Where the world has not been broken up
into fragments; Into that heaven of
freedom, my Father, let my country
awake.- Rabindranath Tagore
Mission Swachh Bharat 2.10.19
Where the body is without fear and the
toilet is held high; Where cleanliness is
overfowing….
Where Cities are not divided into clean
and dirty….
Into that heaven Swachh Bharat, my
Father, let my country awake.Dream of Mahatma Gandhi
Dream of the Nation
Sanitation Mission 2nd October 2019…
• All 4,041 Statutory Towns
in scope
• Household toilets for 1.2
crore urban households
• Construct 2.52 lakh public
toilets seats
• Construct 2.56 lakh
community toilet seats
Sanitation Linked Objectives, under the
Mission
• Elimination of open defecation
• Eradication of Manual Scavenging
• To effect behavioral change regarding
healthy sanitation practices
• Generate awareness about sanitation
and its linkage with public health
• Capacity Augmentation for ULB’s
• To create an enabling environment for
private sector participation
AMRUT FINANCING NORMS………..Eligible components.
AMRUT Mission Components
Sewerage i. Decentralised, networked underground sewerage systems,
including augmentation of existing sewerage systems and sewage treatment
plants.
ii. Rehabilitation of old sewerage system and treatment plants.
iii. Recycling of water for beneficial purposes and reuse of wastewater.
Septage
i. Faecal Sludge Management- cleaning, transportation and treatment in a
cost effective manner.
ii. Mechanical and Biological cleaning of sewers and septic tanks.
4/27/2016
25
Funding
Scope
Goals
Mission
Full ODF Requires Swachh Bharat Mission & AMRUT to Converge
Swachh Bharat Mission
AMRUT
Ensuring hygiene, waste management and sanitation
across the nation
Providing basic services (e.g. water supply, sewerage) to
households and build amenities in cities which will
improve the quality of life for all, especially the poor
and the disadvantaged
•
•
•
Elimination of open defecation
Eradication of Manual Scavenging
To generate awareness & effect behavioral change
about sanitation
•
•
•
Water supply
Sewerage facilities and septage management
Storm water drains to reduce flooding
•
•
•
•
Household toilets
Community & Public toilets
IEC & Public Awareness
Capacity building
•
•
•
•
Water Supply
Sewerage & Septage
Reforms and management support
Capacity building
•
Budget Outlay Rs. 62,000 Crore with Rs. 14,623 as
Centre Contribution
Budget Available for 42 Cities – Rs. 1,650 Crores
•
Budget Outlay Rs. 1 Lakh Crore with Rs. 50,000 as
Centre Contribution
Budget Available for 42 Cities – Rs. 4,500 Crores
•
•
AMRUT FINANCING NORMS
AMRUT Mission
.
One-third of the project cost as grant from GoI for cities with a
population of above 10 lakh.
One-half of the project cost as grant for cities/towns with
population up to 10 lakh.
Balance funding by State Governments /ULBs or through private
investment.
The tender will include O & M for five years based on user charges.
For the purpose of calculation of the project cost, the O&M cost will be excluded; however, the
States/ULBs will fund the O&M through an appropriate cost recovery mechanism in order to make
them self-reliant and cost-effective.
4/27/2016
27
AMRUT FINANCING NORMS
Thank you
J.B Ravinder
Joint Adviser (CPHEEO)
Ministry of Urban Development
4/27/2016
28
Waste to Energy Project - Nashik
Co-processing of Organic Waste and Septage
A Project under the International Climate Initiative (IKI) of Govt. of Germany
National Urban Sanitation Workshop
7th to 8th April 2016
India Habitat Centre, Stein Auditorium, Lodhi Road New Delhi
Mr. B.G. Mali, Executive Engineer, Nashik Municipal Corporation
Mr. Jitendra M Yadav, Technical Expert, GIZ
Nashik Municipal Corporation – An Overview
General Info
Population
Services
•259 Sq.Km
• Established in Nov.1982
• 6 Administrative Divisions/122wards
•1.5 Million (Census 2011) - Current 1.75 Million
• Floating Population : Approx. 01.1 Million daily
•2.5 to 5 Million during Kumbh Mela (Once in 12 Years)
• Water Supply, Sewerage Management, SWM, Health etc.
Solid Waste Management in Nashik
Municipal Solid Waste management
• Quantity: 375 TP
• Treatment and Disposal: Mechanical Composting & Biomethanation,
Sanitary Landfill, Mechanical Segregation, Inert Processing, RDF Plant, and
Animal carcass Incinerator
Collection and transportation
100 % door to door collection of waste by private operator
Monitoring by GPS
Dust Bin Free City since 1996
Waste to Energy, Nashik : A Pilot Approach
The concept involves co-fermentation of the organic municipal solid
waste and fecal sludge
Advantages
 Combined treatment of two types of wastes (septage & solid waste).
 Anaerobic digestion ensures scientific treatment of fecal sludge.
 Reuse & recover supports the closure of material loops.
 Innovative business model improves economic viability.
 Contribution to climate protection goals.

Approach for rapidly growing cities.
Project Partners
MoEFCC
NMC
Waste to
energy
GIZ
Govt. of
Maharash
-tra
Technology
10 -15 MTD
Organic kitchen
Waste from Hotels
10 -20 MTD
W2E
Plant
30 MTD
Collected by
Operator
Tipping fees paid by
NMC to Operator
Fresh septage
4500 kWh
Daily
+
+
Electricity
Treated Effluent
1150 kWh electricity given free of
cost to NMC by Operator
Treated and disposed by
Operator
Positive conditions in Nashik
1.5 -2 MTD
25 - 30 MTD
Manure
Treated and sale by
Operator (manure)
Waste to Energy: Steps for Implementation


Pre-feasibility study * - Site selection
Feasibility study - Project design (incl. baseline creation
through focused studies/assessments)

Detailed Project Report (DPR) preparation







Operational model
Business model
Process negotiation with the partner and political
clearances
Tendering process
Construction ( current status)
Commissioning
Monitoring
Nashik – Key-criteria for
selection:







Secured waste sources
Well regulated collection system
for organic waste from hotels
Provisions for utilization of the
produced energy into the state
power grid
HR capacities of Nashik good
Market for products – manure
Availability of compost plant
Land availability
Delhi
Nashik
Raipur
Nashik
Area: 259 Sq. Km,
Population: 1.48 million (2011)
1.65 million (current)
Supportive studies and baseline assessment
Study on biogas generation potential of different mixtures of
organic waste and septage
• Admixture of organic waste to fecal sludge at 1:1.5 and 1:2 ratios gives
better biogas production as compared to other ratios.
Study for characterization and quantification of organic solid
waste generated in commercial establishments
Wastewater study from selected Community Toilet Complexes
(CTC) in Nashik:
• To assess the hydraulic load of the septic tanks inflow to ensure that
sufficient quantity of fecal sludge is available throughout the year.
Detailed Project Report (DPR) Preparation (2011)
DPR prepared by an Indian consultant with detailed design, technical specification,
O&M Plan, business model, EHS plan.
Project Financials:
Capital Costs
Investment : approx. 1.2 Million Euro
 Grant will be provided by GIZ (upto 1 million euro)
 Additional investment (if any) from contractor (as per tender)
Operation and maintenance cost factors


Collection and transportation
Maintenance of the plant, staff
Expected Revenue from



Manure – Rs. 3000 per ton
Monthly O & M service fee for collection and treatment
Feed in tariff for excess electricity (INR 5 per unit)
Tender Process: Qualification criteria
Implementation through Design, Finance, Built, Operate and Transfer
(DFBOOT) mode
Pre-bid: Company provides securities as per NMC norms
Tender
Process
Financial Bid: Bidder is selected based on lowest service fee and highest
guaranteed electricity generation (subject to minimum 1150 kwh/d); whatever
is the best deal for Nashik
Technical Bid: Technical know-how, understanding of the concept, experience
in implementation and O&M, experienced staff, financial capabilities
Sustainable operation of the plant ensured through a provision, stating that
services should be “one – stop – solution” (collection, transportation,
processing, marketing and disposal in one hand).
The Tender results
(as proposed by the selected bidder)
 500.000 INR/ month for collection, transportation and treatment of
organic solid waste and fecal sludge as per tender requirements
 Guaranteed electrical energy supply of 3300 kWh/day to Nashik
(as against minimum requirement of 1150 kWh/ day) worse 5 INR/
kWh (approx. Rs. 5 lakh per month)
 The gross gain from this contract for Nashik is savings in transport
of at least 450 tons per month of MSW and 300-600 tons of fecal
sludge / month depending on actual quantities and avoided costs
for processing of MSW
 Bidder gets service fee as well as feed in tariff for excess electricity
and can sell manure
Process flow diagram
Safe costs by
Thank
You……
Background
 Nabadiganta Industrial Township Authority (NDITA) at Sector-V, Salt
Lake, Kolkata is now one of the largest IT Townships in India. As there
was no organized water supply & sewerage system in Sector – V, the
building premises used to extract groundwater indiscriminately and
dispose of untreated sewage to environment.
 This integrated PPP Project was then conceived in 2006 by Urban
Development Department of Govt. of West Bengal, Kolkata
Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA) & NDITA.
 JUSCO – VOLTAS Consortium was selected as Private Partners for the
project through competitive bidding. A Development Agreement was
signed on 08/11/2007. The Private Partners formed Naba Diganta
Water Management Limited (NDWML – An JV Company floated by
JUSCO and VOLTAS, both TATA Enterprises).
 NDWML was given responsibility to Build all necessary infrastructure
and network and Operate these for 30 years. NDWML shall Transfer all
project facilities to NDITA after completion of concession period.
Salient Features of the Project
 An integrated Water Supply and Sewerage System, a pioneering BOT –
PPP Infra Project in India with an initial construction cost of Rs.72 Crore
 Arrangement of 65% finances by Private Partners with viability gap
funding of 35% from Govt. of India through JNNURM
 Design, Construction and Commissioning of project by Private Partners
 24X7 Supply of Water and Collection, Treatment & Disposal of Sewage
by Private Partners for 30 years post construction
 Administrative support, land and bulk water (chargeable) to be provided
by NDITA
 Tripartite User Agreements between NDWML, Consumers and NDITA
 Recovery of investment and profit through Connection and User
Charges by NDWML directly from Users (Consumers) over 30 years
Project Structure
JUSCO
(Shareholder &
Contractor in
Construction Phase)
Nabadiganta
Industrial
Township
Authority
(Urban Local
Body)
Consortium Agreement
Financing, Project Construction
Administrative
Support, Land,
Bulk Water
Naba Diganta
Water
Management
Limited
(Project
Implementer &
Infra Service
Provider)
Development
Agreement
Payment for
Bulk Water
Water Supply
& Sewerage
Services
User
Agreement
VOLTAS
(Shareholder &
Contractor in
Construction Phase)
Development
Agreement
Project
Development,
Monitoring &
VGF Support
Payment for
Services
Users / Customers @
Salt Lake Sector – V
(Consumer of Services)
Kolkata
Metropolitan
Development
Authority
(State Level
Nodal
Authority)
Implementation & Achievement
 Construction works started in 2008 and were completed in about 2½
years. The project was commissioned in January, 2011. For the last 5
years, NDWML has been providing uninterrupted water supply and
sewerage services at Nabadiganta.
 NDWML’s customer base consists of mostly Corporate Organizations,
Institutional Bodies and Government Offices. Currently, it serves a
population of 1.5 Lakh and covers about 90% of 30 Million Sq.Ft. Built
Up Area spread over 432 Acres of Nabadiganta Command Area.
 NDWML uses best practices and modern technologies to provide quality
services and reduce carbon footprints. NDWML enjoys high customer
appreciation with 86% top-box rating in the last Customer Satisfaction
Survey.
 The Company’s business has remained profitable for the last 3 financial
years. It has secured ICRA BBB+ credit rating with Stable outlook.
Sewage Treatment Plant
Revenue Model & Tariff
The tariff model consists of the following:
 Connection Charge: One Time @ Rs.10/- per square foot of Built Up
Area (non-refundable) payable either in 4 installments or payable
upfront with 8% rebate
 Combined User Charge: Monthly for on combined Water & Sewerage
Service @ Rs.33.90/- per kilo litre (KL) of Water supplied
The above is based on bulk water purchase cost of Rs.4/- per KL.
Provision for Tariff Revision is incorporated in Agreements which has
enabled us to increase tariff from Rs.25/- per KL in FY 2011-12 to
Rs.33.90/- per KL in FY 2016-17. However, Connection Charge rate has
not been revised till inception.
Challenges & Risks
 Absence of Regulatory Framework in Water & Sanitation Sector: There
is no Central Act in this sector defining rights and responsibilities of all
concerned. Absence of statutory empowerment of the private partners
remains a concern.
 Lack of coordination between Government Agencies: There is a
multitude of Government Authorities involved in development, design,
approval, land allotment, permission for right of way, execution,
certification, disbursement of Grants & operation. Therefore, gaps,
overlaps and conflicts exist here as procedures lack clarity.
 Mindset towards municipal services: General unwillingness to pay for
such services and propensity for overlooking or aversion of contractual
terms at all levels pose serious threats to sustainability.
 Ambiguity in accounting treatment of assets, taxes etc.: There exists
vagueness in accounting treatment of assets in Income Tax Laws and
laws related to Bank Mortgage. Taxability and Exemptions with respect
to Indirect Taxes also need specific attention.
Learning
 Urban Infrastructure PPP Projects offer affordable solutions to ULBs and
Public, as well as a long term business opportunities for Private
Investors. It is possible to register profits within a short term.
Achievement of desired ROI, however, remains a subject of very long
term perseverance.
 Business opportunities in this sector pose some serious risks which can
be mitigated with proper and timely measures. A central regulatory
framework would be helpful to ensure sustainability.
 Reforms in Direct and Indirect Tax laws will attract more investments in
Urban Infrastructure PPP projects.
 A well-thought customer sensitization programme and reliable quality
service with transparency in billing can earn customer patronage. This,
we hope, will ensure desired level of success of our venture.