China Petroleum Processing and Petrochemical Technology
Process Research
2016, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp 32-40
December 30, 2016
Effects of Coexisting Substances on Nitrobenzene Degradation
with O3/H2O2 Process in High-Gravity Fields
Zhang Shiguang; Qin Yuejiao; Zhang Dongming; Jiao Weizhou; Guo Liang; Liu Youzhi
(Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Higee-Oriented Chemical Engineering North University of China, Taiyuan
030051)
Abstract: This study used nitrobenzene as the simulated pollutant to study the effects of common inorganic sodium salts
and organics on nitrobenzene degradation by O3/H2O2 in high-gravity fields. The experiment results showed that the highgravity technology could increase the nitrobenzene removal rate by improving the ozone transfer efficiency and ozone dissolution. Coexisting substances had different effects on the degradation kinetics of nitrobenzene in high-gravity fields. Among
such substances, Na2CO3, NaOH, Na3PO4, and NaNO3 accelerated the removal of nitrobenzene. The main action principle
of nitrobenzene degradation by O3/H2O2 is that the additives can increase the pH value of the solution, stimulate ozonolysis, generate hydroxyl radicals (·OH), and improve oxidation efficiency. By contrast, NaCl, NaHCO3, NaHSO4, ethanol
(C2H5OH), acetic acid (CH3COOH), formic acid (HCOOH), and tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) inhibited nitrobenzene removal.
When NaHCO3, CH3COOH, or HCOOH were added, the pH value of the solution decreased and free radical chain reactions
were hindered. However, NaCl, NaHCO3, C2H5OH, and TBA consumed ·OH radicals and inhibited nitrobenzene removal.
Key words: wastewater; nitrobenzene; coexisting substance; high gravity; ozone; hydrogen peroxide
1　Introduction
Owing to the advantages of high oxidation efficiency
and non-selective oxidation, as well as its ability to treat
a great variety of wastewater with different composition
and concentration, the advanced ozone oxidation technology has been intensively investigated in environmental
protection[1-2]. Given the low solubility of ozone in water, the degradation of most types of pollutants with this
technology is controlled by the mass transfer process
or is controlled simultaneously by the ozonation reaction rate. Therefore, the mass transfer of ozone from the
gaseous phase to the liquid phase becomes the primary
control step. The rotating packed bed (RPB) as a novel
gas-liquid contactor can significantly intensify the mass
transfer[3] and mixing process, and has been used in absorption[4-7], distillation[8-10], green reaction[11], stripping[12],
and other reactions. In recent years, scholars have effectively rectified the low mass transfer rate of ozone from
the gaseous phase to the liquid phase by integration with
the high-gravity technology[13-15], which is significantly
meaningful when ozone is applied to the water treatment
process. Ko, et al.[16] has found that the low mass transfer
·
32 ·
rate of ozone is the major controlling factor in fast chemical reactions for conventional bubble column reactors. By
adopting the high-gravity technology, the mass transfer
rate of ozone has been effectively improved and the removal rate of guaiacol is greatly increased. Chiu, et al.[17]
adopted the RPB-O3 process to treat naphthalene-containing solutions and found that the naphthalene removal rate
increased when RPB was used as the ozone reactor. Zeng,
et al.[18] proved that an O3/H2O2 system with high gravity can be used to treat phenolic wastewater and found
that the phenol removal rate increases with an increasing
rotation speed. Thus, the high-gravity technology can
effectively increase the phenol removal rate. Li, et al.[19]
reported that the simulated amoxicillin wastewater was
treated by the O3/Fenton process in a RPB and the results
showed that the O3/Fenton process was the most effective
one thanks to the synergistic effect of O3 and the Fenton
reagent. The COD removal rate achieved in the O3/Fenton
process was by 65% higher than that obtained by the Fenton
Received date: 2016-05-10; Accepted date: 2016-09-12.
Corresponding Author: Dr. Jiao Weizhou, Telephone: +86-3513921986; Fax: +86-351-3921497; E-mail:[email protected].
Zhang Shiguang, et al. China Petroleum Processing and Petrochemical Technology, 2016, 18(4): 32-40
treatment condition selection and the oxidative degrada-
butyl alcohol (TBA) are added, respectively, to a pH7.5 NB solution at an initial concentration of 100 mg/L
to investigate the effects of different additives on the O3/
H2O2 process.
tion mechanism[20]. However, the strengthening mecha-
2.2　Experimental procedures
process.
Thus far, studies on organic wastewater treatment using
the RPB-O3/H2O2 process mainly focus on the optimal
nism of high-gravity technology is rarely considered.
Moreover, in most experiments, the simulated wastewater
is taken as the research object[21-22]. However, actual industrial wastewater contains not only model pollutants for
treatment but also many coexisting substances. Studies
have found that many substances have significant effects
on the mass transfer of ozone and ozonolysis reaction[23].
Given the complex composition of actual industrial
wastewater, the current studies mainly discuss the effects
of a few types of common inorganic ions in wastewater.
Therefore, on the basis of previous researches [20], this
study analyzes the common inorganic and organic substances existing in a large amount of actual nitrobenzene
(NB) wastewater. By adding relevant pure substances into
the stimulated NB wastewater, this study investigates the
effect of each substance on the O3/H2O2 reaction kinetics
for degrading NB and reveals their action principles in
a high-gravity fields. With a particular emphasis on the
mechanism of high-gravity strengthened O3/H2O2 oxidation, this study provides some theoretical data supports for
the subsequent actual complex wastewater studies on the
effect of different coexisting substances in the O3/H2O2
process.
2　Experimental
2.1　Chemicals
The experiments used the following reagents covering:
nitrobenzene (NB, analytical reagent, provided by
the Development Centre of Tianjin Kemiou Chemical
Reagents Co., Ltd., China), and H 2O 2 30% (analytical reagent, provided by the Tianjin Tianli Chemical
Reagents Ltd., China). The water used in the experiments was the deionized water. The NB-containing
wastewater used in this experiment was prepared by
dissolving a specified amount of NB in the deionized
water. Approximately 10 mmol/L each of Na 2 CO 3 ,
NaOH, Na 3 PO 4 , Na 2 SO 4 , NaNO 3 , NaCl, NaHCO 3 ,
NaHSO 4 , C 2 H 5 OH, CH 3 COOH, HCOOH, and tert-
The experimental device is a cross-flow rotating packed
bed (RPB) made by our laboratory. The packing is made
of the stainless-steel wire gauze. The inner diameter
is 40 mm and the external diameter is 75 mm for the
rotator, and the height in the axial direction is 75 mm.
Instruments include: a Dionex’s UltiMate 3000 liquid
chromatograph (LC), a GT 901 pump suction ozone
detector (Shenzhen Kernuo Electronic Technology
Co., Ltd.), a LBC-50W(S) ozonator (Shandong NIPPON Photoelectricity Equipment Co., Ltd.), and a PHS3C precision pH meter (Shanghai Jinpeng Analytical
Instruments Co., Ltd.).
The setup of NB wastewater treatment with the RPB-O3/
H2O2 process is shown in Figure 1. Oxygen (1) produces
ozone gas at a certain concentration from an ozonator (2).
The ozone gas enters the bottom of the RPB (4) via a gas
flowmeter (3) and then flows upward through the wire
gauze packing. The NB wastewater is sent from a liquid
storage tank (8) to the RPB centre by a pump. Thereafter,
the wastewater passes through the wire gauze packing
from the inside to the outside along a radial direction.
The NB wastewater travels via the cross contact with the
ozone in an axial direction to complete the mass transfer
and oxidation reaction. The wastewater flows to the liquid storage tank (8) when circulating from the exit of the
liquid phase to the bottle wall. Then, the unreacted ozone
gas enters the tail gas treatment tank (9). H2O2 is firstly
added to the wastewater during the experiment, so that
the required concentration can be reached.
2.3　Analytical methods
The NB concentration in the wastewater was detected by
a Dionex’s Ultimate 3000 HPLC, equipped with a C18
reversed-phase column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm). The
UV detection wavelength was 262 nm, and the mobile
phase was composed of methanol-water (70:30). The flow
velocity was 0.9 ml/min, and the column temperature was
20 ℃, while the sample volume was 20 μL. The calculation formula for the NB removal rate is expressed as fol·
33 ·
Zhang Shiguang, et al. China Petroleum Processing and Petrochemical Technology, 2016, 18(4): 32-40
lows:
(1)
where C0 and Ct are the NB concentration in the wastewater before and after treatment, respectively. The gas phase
ozone concentration is measured by iodometry. The measurement of the liquid-phase ozone concentration uses the
indigo method for detection[24].
thus strengthening the shearing and separating force of
packing against the wastewater, and cutting the liquid into
tiny liquid drops, wires, and films to greatly increase the
gas–liquid contact area.
Figure 2　Effect of high-gravity factor β on
the NB degradation by O3/H2O2
Moreover, the liquid suffered from high-frequency
Figure 1　Experimental process flow diagram
1—Oxygen bottle; 2—Ozone generator; 3—Gas flowmeter; 4—RPB;
5—Electromotor; 6—Liquid flowmeter; 7—Liquid pump; 8—Liquid
storage tank; 9—Tail gas treating unit
3　Results and Discussion
3.1　NB removal efficiency of RPB-O3/H2O2 oxidation
The high-gravity factor β[25], the ratio between the average centrifugal acceleration and gravitational acceleration
of the RPB, is a dimensionless parameter that measures
high gravity. The effect of high-gravity factor β on the
NB removal rate in wastewater can determine whether the
high-gravity technology can strengthen O3/H2O2 oxidation
process to remove NB.
Under the optimal operating conditions mentioned
above[20], this study investigated the effects of different
high-gravity factors on the removal of NB. The results are
shown in Figure 2. The NB removal rate increased significantly when the high-gravity factor increased from 0
to 83.2. When the high-gravity factor reached more than
83.2, the NB removal rate tended to be stable (Figure 2).
The ozonation process of NB was simultaneously affected
by the mass transfer process of ozone in water and the
ozonization reaction. Given that the mass transfer process
of the ozone was subject to liquid film control, the highgravity factor increased with an increasing rotation speed,
·
34 ·
impact in the complex packing, thus causing the quick
renewal of the gas-liquid interface and accelerating the
mass transfer rate of ozone from the gaseous phase to
the liquid phase. Figure 3 shows the effect of the highgravity factor on the liquid-phase ozone concentration
in the ozone experiment. Furthermore, the comparison
between the liquid-phase ozone concentration in the
packed bed (PB, in which the high gravity factor was
equal to 0) and the RPB indicated that the concentration of the liquid-phase ozone increased significantly
with an increasing high-gravity factor. When the highgravity factor increased from 0 to 108.6, the concentration of the liquid-phase ozone increased from 0.84
to 2.54 mg/L. When the high-gravity factor reached
above 83.2, the slow trend of increase in the concen-
Figure 3　Effect of high-gravity factor β
on the ozone concentration
Zhang Shiguang, et al. China Petroleum Processing and Petrochemical Technology, 2016, 18(4): 32-40
tration of the liquid-phase ozone became consistent
with the results of the correlation experiment on the
high-gravity factor and the NB removal rate. Thus,
the ozone dissolution rate in the high-gravity fields
was increased to improve the ozone dissolution in a
unit of time and then was combined with the hydrogen
peroxide contained in the wastewater to generate more
hydroxyl radicals (·OH). The high ozone dissolution
rate enhanced the oxidation and degradation of NB to
improve the NB removal rate.
TBA hindered the NB removal (Figure 4(b)).
3.2　Effect of coexisting substance on NB degradation
in the high-gravity field
The NB removal rate can be effectively improved by increasing the mass transfer rate of ozone from the gaseous
phase to liquid phase and the concentration of the liquidphase ozone. However, many other substances exist in
actual wastewater besides NB. These substances can usually influence the mass transfer of ozone and ozonolysis
reaction. During the NB degradation reaction with the
RPB-O3/H2O2 process, some common inorganic sodium
salts and organics were added. Thereafter, their effects on
O3/H2O2 ability to degrade NB in the high-gravity field
were investigated. Earlier studies found that the process
of degrading NB by O3/H2O2 was in accordance with the
pseudo-first order reaction kinetics either in the highgravity field or in the low gravity field:
Figure 4　Relationship between ln(C0/Ct) and t
(2)
(3)
In Formulas (2) and (3), k and kblank represent the reaction
rate constant of NB in the high-gravity field with or without
the addition of coexisting substances (min−1), respectively.
Without the addition of coexisting substances, the linear
equation of NB degradation obtained from the RPB-O3/
H2O2 process is y=0.062 83x-0.022 57, with R2=0.998.
Figure 4 shows the effect of the RPB-O3/H2O2 process on
the degradation kinetics of NB with the addition of coexisting substances. If the enhancement factor A is higher
than 1 (A > 1), these substances can promote NB degradation; otherwise, it can inhibit degradation (Figure 5).
Figure 4 and Figure 5 show that the addition of Na2CO3,
NaOH, Na3PO4, Na2SO4, and NaNO3 facilitated the NB
removal (Figure 4(a)), whereas the addition of NaCl,
NaHCO3, NaHSO4, C2H5OH, CH3COOH, HCOOH, and
Figure 5　Effect of coexisting substances on the
enhancement factor (A)
3.2.1　Facilitation of NB removal by coexisting substances
Figure 6 shows that the addition of Na2CO3, NaOH, Na3PO4,
Na2SO4, and NaNO3 in the RPB-O3/H2O2 process facilitated the NB removal. Moreover, NaOH showed a highest
·
35 ·
Zhang Shiguang, et al. China Petroleum Processing and Petrochemical Technology, 2016, 18(4): 32-40
facilitation ability. The effects of different pH conditions on
the NB removal rate were discussed. Figure 7 shows that
the ability of the RPB-O3/H2O2 process to degrade NB
improved significantly under alkaline conditions. H2O2, as
a weak binary acid, could ionize gradually to generate H+
advanced ozone oxidation process in order to directly inspect the oxidation process. Formulas (7) and (8) are the
relevant equations of this process relating to its reaction
with ·OH and the speed constant[27]. Research results indicate that in the presence of carbonate ions, the pollutant
and HO2-. Increasing the pH value was beneficial to ion-
degradation in the advanced ozone oxidation process is
inhibited[28]. Formulas (7) and (8) show that the addition
of carbonate can result in a competing reaction with NB.
The consumption of ·OH decreases the NB removal rate.
However, this experiment shows that, in a high-gravity
field, the addition of a small amount of Na2CO3 can actually accelerate the NB degradation, which is similar to the
result of Lin, et al[13]. A comparison between the effects
of different concentrations of Na2CO3 on the NB removal
rate in high gravity and normal gravity fields (PB) is
shown in Figure 8.
-
-
ization of H2O2 and generation of HO2 . OH could react
with O3 to generate HO2-. In the free radical chain reaction of O3/H2O2 system, HO2- was the primary accelerant
of ozonolysis and ·OH generation. Therefore, an increase
in the pH value was beneficial to ozonolysis and the generation of strong oxidizing ·OH, thus improving the oxidation efficiency. The reaction mechanism[26] is shown in
Formulas (4)–(6) .
H 2 O 2 +OH - → H 2 O+HO −2
(4)
O3 +OH - → HO-2 +O 2
(5)
2
O3 +HO → ⋅OH+O 2 +O
2
(6)
Figure 6　Effects of coexisting substances on the
facilitation of NB removal rate by RPB3/H2O2
⋅OH+NB → P+H 2 O k = 3.9 ×109 L / (mol ⋅ s)
23
3
⋅OH+CO → ⋅CO +OH
-
8
k = 4.0 ×10 L / (mol ⋅ s)
(7)
(8)
Figure 8　Effect of Na2CO3 concentration on the
NB removal rate
■—RPB Na2CO3; ●—PB Na2CO3
Figure 8 shows that the NB removal rate in the high-gravity field at first increased and then gradually decreased
with a rising Na2CO3 concentration. However, in a normal
Figure 7　Effect of pH value on NB degradation by
RPB-O3/H2O2
■—pH=2.5;
—pH=5.5; ▲—pH=7.5; ▼—pH=9.5; ◆—pH=10.5
Carbonate is a common inorganic ion detected in natural
water and is generally used as a radical scavenger in the
·
36 ·
gravity field, the NB removal rate decreased with an increasing Na2CO3 concentration. The effect of the highgravity factor on the liquid-phase ozone concentration
(Figure 3) shows that, in a high-gravity field, the mass
transfer rate of the ozone increased significantly and a
large amount of ozone entered the liquid phase within a
short time. However, the concentrations of OH- and HO2(generated from the ionized H2O2) were not high enough
to react with all the water-soluble ozone molecules to
Zhang Shiguang, et al. China Petroleum Processing and Petrochemical Technology, 2016, 18(4): 32-40
generate ·OH. Many ozone molecules in the solution
failed to be converted into strong oxidizing ·OH radicals,
and the reaction rate constant between the ozone and
NB was only 0.09 L/(mol·s)[29]. Moreover, the reaction
rate was slow. Na2CO3 was a type of basic salt that could
increase the pH value even in small amounts (with the
pH value of the NB solution increasing from 7.5 to 8.6).
The ionization of H2O2 was then accelerated and a large
number of HO2- radicals were formed. Thus, O3 was decomposed to generate ·OH (Formulas (4)—(6)).
Moreover, the state of NB dissociation was improved with
an increasing pH value, and the reaction rate among dissociated organics, O3, and ·OH species was higher than
undissociated organics[27]. Therefore, the NB removal rate
was effectively increased. Although the carbonate ions
would compete with NB in consumption of·OH radicals
when the concentration of Na2CO3 was <15 mmol/L, the
facilitating effect was actually greater than the inhibiting
effect which could accelerate the removal of NB. When
the concentration of Na2CO3 was >15 mmol/L, the inhibiting effect was greater than the facilitating effect, resulting
in a decreased NB removal rate, and the degradation process was hindered. The experiment on absorption of ozone
in water (Figure 3) indicates that the mass transfer rate of
ozone was slower in the normal gravity field than in the
high-gravity field. Under this condition, the volume of
HO2- generated by OH- and H2O2 ionization in the solution
was large enough to decompose the liquid-phase O3 rapidly and maintain the ozone concentration in the solution
at a low level. At this stage, the addition of Na2CO3 rather
than the significant facilitation of ozonolysis and the generation of ·OH radicals would consumes a large number
of ·OH radicals. Therefore, this process decreased the NB
removal rate and its effect was generally inhibited.
The addition of Na3PO4 could facilitate the O3/H2O2 process
and remove NB in the high-gravity field because Na3PO4
increased the pH value of the solution, and accelerated the
decomposition of O3 to generate ·OH. On the other hand,
the phosphate radical, the accelerant of O3 decomposition,
and the generation of ·OH could improve the performance
of RPB for NB removal. The action principle of additive
NaNO3 for facilitating the O3/H2O2 process might be the
result of the direct and indirect reactions of the promoted
ozone[30]. Thus, the performance of the process for NB
removal was improved. However, the additive Na2SO4 did
not influence the O3/H2O2 process.
The analysis of the effect of adding Na 2CO 3, NaOH,
Na3PO4 in the RPB-O3/H2O2 process on the NB removal
rate revealed that the pH value of the water sample could
significantly influence the NB degradation by the O3/H2O2
process. These additives (Na2CO3, NaOH) increased the pH
value of the water sample, accelerated the ozonolysis, generated the strong oxidizing ·OH radicals, and improved the
oxidation efficiency.
3.2.2 Inhibiting effect of coexisting substances
The addition of NaCl, NaHCO 3 , NaHSO 4 , C 2 H 5 OH,
CH3COOH, HCOOH, and TBA in the RPB-O3/H2O2 process exerted an inhibiting effort on NB removal (Figure 9).
When the reaction rate between ·OH and the coexisting
substance was greater than the reaction rate of NB, a
thorough inhibiting effect appeared. The reaction rate of
CH3COOH[31] with NB differed insignificantly from the
reaction rate of ·OH with NB (Formulas (7) and (9)). A
small volume of added CH3COOH consumed a part of
·OH radicals in the course of competition with NB, thus
decreasing the NB removal rate. The NB removal rate
would decrease to some extent after adding a small volume of NaCl, because chloridion Cl was a scavenger of
·OH[32]. Furthermore, the ·OH concentration was reduced,
which could influence the NB removal rate.
⋅OH+C2 H 5OH → P+H 2 O k = 2.2 ×109 L / (mol ⋅ s)
(9)
Figure 9　Effects of coexisting substances on the NB removal rate by RPB-O3/H2O2
Figure 10 shows the effect of adding NaHSO4, CH3COOH,
and HCOOH on the solution pH value; these substances
reduced the initial pH value of the solution from the initial value of 7.5 to 6.4, 4.3, and 3.1, respectively. The effect
·
37 ·
Zhang Shiguang, et al. China Petroleum Processing and Petrochemical Technology, 2016, 18(4): 32-40
of pH value on the experiment showed that the acidic en-
in the actual wastewater environment is necessary be-
vironment was not conducive to either ozonolysis or ·OH
cause relevant theoretical support can be provided in the
generation. Moreover, as the intermediate products of NB
future discussion about the contribution rate of direct and
degradation, CH3COOH and HCOOH hindered the NB
indirect ozone oxidation in high-gravity fields.
[33]
degradation .
As the ·OH trapping agents, TBA, and NaHCO3 could
greatly consume the ·OH radicals generated from ozonolysis, interrupt the free radical chain reaction, and reduce
the performance of RPB for nitrobenzene removal [27]
(Formulas (10) and (11)).
⋅OH+HCO3- → ⋅CO3- +H 2 O k = 8.5 ×106 L / (mol ⋅ s)
⋅OH+TBA → ⋅CH 2 C ( CH 3 )2 OH+H 2 O
k = 7.6 × 108 L / (mol ⋅ s)
4　Conclusions
1）During the RPB-O3/H2O2 oxidation process, the highgravity technology intensified the ozone mass transfer, increased the ozone dissolution within a unit time, strengthened the ozonolysis reaction, and improved the rate of
(10)
(11)
Figure 10　Effects of coexisting substances on the initial pH value
By analyzing the effect of adding NaCl, NaHCO 3 ,
NaHSO4, C2H5OH, CH3COOH, HCOOH, and TBA in the
RPB-O3/H2O2 process on the NB removal, the inhibiting
effect can be divided into two cases, namely: (1) the additives such as NaHSO4, CH3COOH, and HCOOH can
decrease the solution pH value and influence H2O2 ionization and ozonolysis; and (2) the additives such as NaCl,
NaHCO3, C2H5OH, and TBA can compete with NB and
consume ·OH radicals .
In summary, the degradation of nitrobenzene with the
O3/H2O2 oxidation technology in the high-gravity field
is a complex process. However, the experiments which
were simplified by adding specific inorganic sodium salt
or low molecular weight organic substance into the stimulated wastewater could not thoroughly reflect the actual
nitrobenzene removal.
2）The addition of Na2CO3, NaOH, Na3PO4, and NaNO3
into the RPB-O3/H2O2 process could facilitate the NB
removal. The major facilitating mechanism was to
improve oxidation efficiency by increasing the pH value
of the solution, promoting ozonolysis, and generating
the ·OH chain reaction. The addition of NaCl, NaHCO3,
NaHSO4, C2H5OH, CH3COOH, HCOOH, and TBA inhibited the NB removal. Besides, the addition of NaHCO3,
CH3COOH, and HCOOH could significantly reduce the
solution pH value and hindered the free radical chain
reaction. NaCl, NaHCO3, C2H5OH, and TBA were considered as the·OH depleting agents which would compete
with the NB removal.
3）In the high gravity and the normal gravity fields, when
the Na2CO3 concentration was <15 mmol/L, the experiment of the O3/H2O2 process in degrading NB showed different results. Thus, as compared with the normal gravity
fields, the high-gravity fields could strengthen the mass
transfer rate of the ozone and increase the ozone concentration in water. After Na2CO3 was added, the increase in the
solution pH value accelerated the H2O2 ionization, generated
HO2-, and promoted ozonolysis to generate ·OH radicals.
The facilitating effect is stronger than the inhibiting effect,
as evidenced by the increase in the NB removal rate. When
the Na2CO3 concentration was >15 mmol/L, the inhibiting
effect was stronger than the facilitating effect.
Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the Natural
Science Foundation of China (21206153,U1610106), the Excellent Youth Science and Technology Foundation of Province
processes involving multiple factors. Therefore, further
Shanxi of China (2014021007), and the Program for the Out-
strengthening the study on the mechanism and efficiency
standing Innovative Teams of Higher Learning Institutions of
of coexisting substances in order to accelerate ozonation
Shanxi (201316).
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38 ·
Zhang Shiguang, et al. China Petroleum Processing and Petrochemical Technology, 2016, 18(4): 32-40
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Successful Application of Hydrocracking Technology Aimed at
Prodigiously Boosting Jet Fuel Yield
Recently “the hydrocarcking technology aimed at prodigiously boosting jet fuel yield along with improvement of tail-oil quality” developed by the SINOPEC
Research Institute of Petroleum Processing (RIPP) has
been successfully applied in commercial scale on the
2.0 Mt/a hydrocracking unit at the SINOPEC Yanshan
Branch Company, resulting in implementation of triple
functions, viz.: boosting the jet fuel yield, reducing the
diesel fuel output and improving the tail-oil quality.
This technique has brought about obvious economic
and environmental benefits, which can provide a material basis to bridge the demand gap in jet fuel supply
at the new Beijing Airport and will serve as a good example of SINOPEC’s efforts in the area of transformation of production mode, structure adjustment, product
quality upgrading and enhancement of economic ben-
·
40 ·
efits at the refining enterprise.
The research staffs of RIPP have been working strenuously in 5—6 years to develop the RHC-131 catalyst
featuring high ring-opening cracking ability and high
jet fuel yield with its overall performance commanding
a global leading position. After realizing the optimized
control over the process technology and adopting the
catalyst grading technique, the catalytic performance
has been brought into full play to boost the jet fuel
yield to 43.3%, a 50% increase as compared to the level before the unit retrofitting. The tail oil with a BMCI
value of 8.7 can serve as a qualified steam cracker feed
to effectively improve the downstream operating effectiveness. Meanwhile the yield of gas oil fraction, which
is currently faced with a diesel-glutted market, can be
minimized to 0% in the production plan.