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2
Storms, Flooding, Landslides
• Increasing Impact of Severe Weather, Flooding, and Related hazards
Forget not the lessons learned from past disasters
because many have sacrificed their lives while we
learnt the lessons.
• Hurricanes/Typhoons & related storms
– and resulting flooding, wind damage, and coastal erosion
• Severe thunderstorms, Tornadoes
• Winter storms
- @Amodmanidixit
• Heavy rain and flooding
• Drought
• Wildfires – forests, grasslands, etc.
• Wind
• Flooding – where, how often, human interventions
• Landslides – causes and solutions
Storm/Landslide/Flooding news and information (updated often by Dr. Kuehn):
https://www.diigo.com/outliner/6p1lf3/Weather-Related-Hazards?key=lwodxl39z1
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https://eos.org/project-updates/an-early-warningsystem-for-landslide-danger
Landslides are one of the costliest and deadliest
natural phenomena in mountainous regions. Between
2007 and 2015, 7000 rainfall-triggered landslides
around the world killed more than 25,000 according
to NASA’s Global Landslide Catalog. The U.S.
Geological survey estimates that costs from these
events could reach $4 billion or more each year.
5
4
https://eos.org/project-updates/an-early-warningsystem-for-landslide-danger
Landslides are one of the costliest and deadliest
natural phenomena in mountainous regions. Between
2007 and 2015, 7000 rainfall-triggered landslides
around the world killed more than 25,000 according
to NASA’s Global Landslide Catalog. The U.S.
Geological survey estimates that costs from these
events could reach $4 billion or more each year.
2015-16 Headlines
6
Storms and Flooding
* Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Overview
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/overview
Hurricane Matthew causes record flooding, matching FEMA flood maps http://temblor.net/flood-insights/hurricanematthew-causes-record-flooding-matching-fema-flood-maps-1589/
Hurricane Matthew in pictures
http://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/hurricane-matthew-powerful-atlantic-storm/
Horrific rains and ocean surge: Hurricane Matthew by the numbers
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-
gang/wp/2016/10/11/horrific-rains-and-ocean-surge-hurricane-matthew-by-the-numbers/
-news/agus-tex-program-to-leadnched-by-white-house
In April 2001, the
overflowing
Mississippi River
caused flooding in
Dubuque, Iowa, and
nearby areas such as
East Dubuque, Ill.,
pictured here. During
an early iteration of
the Resilience
Dialogues, Dubuque
ffi i l
d id t
15 of the deadliest, most destructive hurricanes in US history http://www.businessinsider.com/deadliest-hurricanesstorm-in-american-history-2016-9
Floods that hit New York City every 500 years now hit every 24 | New Scientist
https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn28254-floods-that-hit-new-york-city-every-500-years-now-hit-every-24/
What Does A '100 Or 1000-Year Rain Event' Actually Mean? – Forbes
http://www.forbes.com/sites/marshallshepherd/2015/10/05/what-does-a-100-or-1000-year-flood-actually-mean/
Map of 56 years of tornado tracks http://mapsontheweb.zoom-maps.com/post/140158745717/map-of-56-years-oftornado-tracks-by-f-scale
Hurricane Sandy, 2012: 285 deaths $71.4 billion damages
1
7
2015-16 Headlines
Hurricane Matthew
8
Wind
Learning from the past, reducing risks for the future
Rain
Policy: Hurricane Katrina’s lessons for the world : Nature News & Comment http://www.nature.com/news/policyhurricane-katrina-s-lessons-for-the-world-1.18188?WT.mc_id=TWT_NatureNews
Storm Surge
Flooding
Build cities that work with nature not against it http://www.scidev.net/global/design/multimedia/build-cities-natureaudio-ovink.html
We must build resilience into our communities http://www.nature.com/news/we-must-build-resilience-into-ourcommunities-1.18223?WT.mc_id=TWT_NatureNews
• Death toll in
the hundreds
• More than a
million
needed
assistance
Post-Sandy Rebuilding for Resiliency: Lessons From Long Beach, NY | Steven Cohen
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/steven-cohen/post-sandy-rebuilding-for_b_7878556.html
New Landslide Legislation to Help Alleviate Hazard Risks http://thebridge.agu.org/2016/04/12/new-landslidelegislation-help-alleviate-hazard-risks/
$200M relocation project that moved a mountain to save Grundy, VA pays off
http://www.bdtonline.com/news/m-relocation-
project-that-moved-a-mountain-to-save-grundy/article_8d92ed9c-ee48-11e5-9336-3769bae935de.html
Sandy's Lessons Lost: Jersey Shore Rebuilds in Sea's Inevitable Path
https://insideclimatenews.org/news/25102016/hurricane-sandy-new-jersey-shore-rebuild-climate-change-rising-sea-chris-christie
http://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/hurricane-matthew-powerful-atlantic-storm/
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/10/11/horrific-rains-and-ocean-surge-hurricane-matthew-by-the-numbers/
http://abcnews.go.com/US/town-north-carolina-water-hurricane-matthew/story?id=42724119
Hurricane Matthew
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Hurricane Matthew
Flooding
Hurricane Matthew
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Hurricane Matthew
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Storm Surge
https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/hurricane-matthew-bahamas-florida-georgia-carolinas-forecast
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Sandy's Lessons Lost: Jersey Shore Rebuilds in Sea's Inevitable Path
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https://insideclimatenews.org/news/25102016/hurricane-sandy-new-jersey-shore-rebuild-climate-change-rising-sea-chris-christie
Cost of Weather Disasters (Storms, Flooding, Landslides, Etc.)
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•NOAA Billion Dollar Weather-Climate Disasters
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/
Forget not the lessons learned from past disasters
because many have sacrificed their lives while we
learnt the lessons.
- @Amodmanidixit
West Virginia Economic Impact 1960-2005
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Drought
2014
Occurrence of Loss Causing
Hazard Events
Total Losses from Hazard Events
($2005 Millions)
Drought
problems:
water shortages,
agricultural
losses, power
generation
problems,
ecological
impacts, etc.
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/upshot/mapping-the-spread-of-drought-across-the-us.html
Source:
http://webra.cas.sc.edu/hvriapps/sheldusmap/SheldusMaps.aspx?State=West+Virginia&Search=Submit+Query
California through Washington had drought again in 2015, plus lots of fires. Texas got flooded instead.
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Hurricanes
and
Typhoons
2012 Hurricane Sandy
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• Broke the record for largest storm in recorded Atlantic basin history
• Multi-billion dollar disaster impacting the most heavily-populated
part of the U.S.
• Widespread flooding due to heavy rain and storm surge
• Sea level rise made it worse, perhaps adding a billion $ to the cost
•Before & After Photos http://www.buzzfeed.com/mjs538/shocking-before-after-photos-ofhurricane-sandy#.qibz5LyRP
•Pictures: Floods, Fire, Snow in the Aftermath
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/10/pictures/hurricane-sandy-pictures-floods-fire-snow-in-the-aftermath/
Major contributors to hurricane disasters:
-
Wind
can be up to 200 mph or more!
Rain
sometimes feet of rain in a day
Storm surge seawater floods the coast, sometimes resembles tsunami
Coastal erosion
Vulnerable cities and towns, especially in low coastal areas
•Hurricane Sandy: Death Toll Rises, Costs Could Reach $50 Billion
http://www.motherjones.com/blue-marble/2012/10/hurricane-sandy
•NASA Warned New York About Hurricane Danger Six Years Ago - Scientists told
us a storm like Sandy would be catastrophic
http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2012/10/hurricane-sandy-climate-change-sea-level-rise
•USGS Responds to Hurricane Sandy http://www.usgs.gov/blogs/features/usgs_top_story/sandy/
•USGS Flood Information on Sandy http://water.usgs.gov/floods/events/2012/sandy/index.php
2015 Sets a New Record for Category 4 and 5 Hurricanes and Typhoons
http://www.weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/record-most-category-4-or-5-hurricanes-typhoons
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Flooding
1996 flood in Liuzhou, China
Flooding is a normal river and stream
process. This city is built on a river floodplain as are many other cities.
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Chapter 13 Understanding Earth
Flooding is a natural river (and coastal) process. Most floods result
from heavy rainfall, rapid snow melt, or a combination of both.
During a river flood the amount of water (discharge) is more than will
fit in the river channel, and the excess spills out onto the flood plain.
Flooding becomes a problem when people get in the way.
USGS: http://www.usgs.gov/blogs/features/category/natural-hazards/
NOAA flood monitor: http://www.noaawatch.gov/floods.php
Current River Observations (US national map) http://water.weather.gov/ahps/index.php or
http://waterwatch.usgs.gov/?m=real&r=us&w=real%2Cmap
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Flood frequency
curve
The recurrence
interval for the largest
flood often is
estimated based on
data for smaller
floods. Forecasting
based on past flood
history only works if
enough data has been
collected and the river
system hasn t been
changed significantly.
Many river systems
have been changed by
human activity, and
this can have a big
effect on the accuracy
of flood probabilities.
The "100-Year Flood"
http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-229-96/
Flood-frequency curve for the
Skykomish River at Gold Bar, WA
A different river would have a different curve
Relationship between flood
size (discharge) and frequency
or probability of occurrence. A
ten-year flood has a 10%
chance of happening in any
particular year.
Fig 13.15 Understanding Earth
Fig. 14-29 Geology 2nd edition Chernicoff
Effects of Landscape Changes
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Fig. 14-28 Geology 2nd edition - Chernicoff
Land clearing, fires, urbanization, destruction of wetlands, etc.
https://www.epa.gov/wetlands
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Older, 1982 map compared
to a newer, 1998 map.
The newer map uses both
more accurate land elevation
data and a more accurate
(larger) estimate of flood
discharge.
USGS Open File Report 98-200
Improving Flood
Hazard Mapping
USGS Open File Report 98-200
http://wa.water.usgs.gov/pubs/ofr/floodgis/
See also:
USGS Fact Sheet The 100-year Flood http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-229-96/
USGS Fact Sheet Effects of Urban Development on Floods http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs07603/pdf/fs07603.pdf
Station information: http://waterdata.usgs.gov/usa/nwis/uv?12120000
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What can people do about flooding?
•
•
•
•
Research studies to better understand the problems
Make maps showing what areas are most hazardous
Educate people
Land use planning and zoning regulations for future development
(e.g. avoid building in the most hazardous areas)
• Disaster preparation
Hazard Maps
http://app.temblor.net/
• Supplies
http://www.mapwv.gov/flood/
• Emergency plans & practice
Flooding Maps and Information,
• Control flood waters
Flood Insurance Rates, Guides
• Fix and improve levees
for Homeowners, Etc.
http://quake.abag.ca.gov/floods/
• Dams and retention ponds
• Build or improve flood channels and bypasses
• Raising existing houses (on fill or on stilts)
Map of flood depth using the improved data.
USGS Open File Report 98-200
New laser mapping now helping to improve flood maps:
http://www.usgs.gov/blogs/features/usgs_top_story/3d-elevation-weve-got-you-covered-in-all-50-states/
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2015-16 Headlines
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Mass Movement & Landslides
Landslides
Mass movement includes all processes that transport large quantities of
rock, sediment, soil, etc. down a slope due to gravity. It occurs on
most slopes and can range from very slow to very fast. Heavy rain is a
common trigger.
Types of Landslides & Mass Movements:
Creep – really slow
Rock fall
Debris flows, earth flows, & mudflows
Slumps
AGU Landslides blog
http://blogs.agu.org/landslideblog/
How Rain Turns Dirt into Disaster – Wired
http://www.wired.com/2015/10/how-rain-turns-dirt-into-disaster/#slide-1
* Videos and images of the 2015 mudflows in the Tehachapi Mountains, California - The Landslide Blog
http://blogs.agu.org/landslideblog/2015/10/18/tehachapi-mountain-mudflows/
* Dozens feared dead as hillside collapses on town in Guatemala
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/03/dozens-feared-dead-as-hillside-collapses-on-town-in-guatemala?CMP=twt_gu
Human losses from landslides in Latin America and the Caribbean - The Landslide Blog
11,631 died over ten years; worst in places that combine people, steep slopes, and rain
http://blogs.agu.org/landslideblog/2015/08/24/latin-america-and-the-caribbean-1/
* Bonne Nuit, Jersey: a strange place to build a new Care Home?
http://blogs.agu.org/landslideblog/2016/03/15/bonne-nuit-1/
Learning from the past, reducing risks for the future
New Landslide Legislation to Help Alleviate Hazard Risks
http://thebridge.agu.org/2016/04/12/new-landslide-legislation-help-alleviate-hazard-risks/
http://blogs.agu.org/landslideblog/2011/07/12/two-of-the-best-videos-so-far-why-you-dont-want-to-get-caught-by-a-landslide/
http://blogs.agu.org/landslideblog/2011/10/20/an-interesting-and-large-landslide-in-iceland/
5
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Sample case study:
Landslides in São Paulo, Brazil: An integrated historical perspective
The growing severity of floods and landslides in the state of São
Paulo, Brazil, is related to rapid environmental changes, such as
urbanization, deforestation and settlement in hazardous areas, rather
than to natural events, and unless more sustainable land-use practices
are adopted the impact of these (un)natural disasters might become
more severe.
1995 landslide in La Conchita,
California Photos from U.S. Geological Survey
http://www.pages-igbp.org/download/docs/Nunes_2011-2%2860-62%29.pdf
For example:
Deaths from mudslides in Brazil
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/01/01/world/main6045455.shtml
Next: landslide video
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33
Ophir Chasma
landslide, Mars
NASA
Creep is the slowest type of mass
movement. Almost all slopes consisting
of unconsolidated material creep a few
millimeters up to several centimeters
per year. Creep may produce tilting of
objects such as fence posts, telephone
poles, and retaining walls. It also causes
curved trunks in trees on creeping
slopes. Fig 11.11 Understanding Earth and NOAA
35
36
Fig 11.8 Understanding
Earth
Rockfall is the fastest type of mass
movement. It occurs when loose
material falls from very steep or
vertical slopes.
Types of rapid
mass movement
Geology - Chernicoff
Small rockfall in a road cut in the Blue
Mountains of Oregon S. Kuehn
More examples:
http://www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&hl=en&source=hp&biw=1440&bih=746&q=rock+slide&gbv=2&oq=rock+slide
6
Upper part of a slump
Fig 11.16 Understanding Earth
37
38
Fig 11.13 Understanding Earth
Geology - Chernicoff
Slump - a type of slide that
separates along a concave
surface. Slumps generally do
not travel far, and the
material within the slump
tends to move as a unit and
not become mixed.
Debris flows, earth
flows, and mud flows
- composed of soil,
rock, other debris, and
water
Slump along a road
Fig 11.14 Understanding Earth
http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1999/mf-2325/
39
Debris flow deposits are often poorly
sorted and may contain boulders that
are larger than normal stream flow can
transport. Ancient debris flows can be
identified from similar deposits.
40
Landslide causes
Contributing factors:
balance of slope strength vs. gravity
• Type of slope material: sand, gravel, clay, bedrock, etc.
• How steep the slope is
• Amount of water (rain and storms)
• Vegetation (fire)
• Presence and orientation of fractures
or other zones of weakness
Illustration: the maximum stable slope
angle (angle of repose) for particles of
different sizes and shapes.
Possible landslide triggers:
• Rain
• Earthquakes
(some have no obvious trigger)
Increasing the risk:
April 2015 debris flow in Floyd
County, KY damaged a house and
left deposits downhill of this photo
@matt_m_crawford
• Cutting into slopes to make them steeper
• Building on or near unstable slopes
• Failing to control water runoff
http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3106
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Fig 11.6 Understanding Earth
Fire can remove vegetation and decrease slope stability thereby
increasing the potential for erosion and landslides
(especially debris flows)
42
Enhanced erosion
following a fire near
San Luis Res., CA
Frequency of landslides and
amount of precipitation in the
Seattle area.
Water contributes to landsides by
adding weight and by lubricating
loose sediments.
Photo by S. Kuehn, October 2005
Fig 11.5 Understanding Earth
7
Fractures along sedimentary43
bedding, Arizona
Cutting into slopes to build roads and
buildings increases the risk of mass
movement by making slopes steeper.
Photo by S. Kuehn
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Small landslide
(slump and
earthflow) in a
road cut along
Hwy 70 in CA
Photo by S. Kuehn
Fractured volcanic rocks and
fallen boulders at Pinnacles
National Monument, CA
Zones of weakness
such as fractures
and layers also
contribute to the
risk of mass
movement
Small rockfall in a road cut in
the Blue Mountains of Oregon
1994 landslide near
McClures Pass, Colorado
USGS
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Reducing Landslide Risks
Identify hazardous areas
• Identify factors that increase the hazard
• Computer models to understand hillsides
• Find and map past landslides
• Map areas with high landslide potential
Strengthen problem slopes
Control water
Leave highest-risk areas
Avoid building on or near creeping slopes
Avoid steep bluffs with
unconsolidated sediments
Land use planning (avoid making it worse)
January, 1997
USGS OFR 98-239
Education
Watch out for early signs of movement and for evidence of past
mass movement. USGS OFR 95-213
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Make maps to show where the hazard is greatest.
48
see also: http://landslides.usgs.gov/learning/nationalmap/
NO NATIONAL SYSTEM TO TRACK LANDSLIDE HAZARDS (March 2014)
http://bigstory.ap.org/article/no-national-system-track-landslide-hazards
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March 24, 2014 Washington State Landslide
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Control water and
improve drainage
•At least 41 people killed
•Previous slides at same location in 1949, 1951, 2006; Lots of old slides in valley.
•1999 report warned of continued risk to town.
•Slide occurred during wettest March on record
Installing drain systems to
reduce the amount of water in
a slope can reduce the risk of
landslides.
* Before and After: Photos Show Mudslide's Destruction - NBC News.com
http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/deadly-mudslide/after-photos-show-mudslides-destruction-n60596
* USGS Computer simulation of landslide https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2NzHCOhKr7g
* USGS Landslide Report (preliminary) http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1065/ (see last page)
36 Oso landslide victims identified
http://www.king5.com/news/local/36-Oso-landslide-victims-identified-254903541.html
S. Kuehn, 2005
The Steelhead landslide in Oso, Washington State http://blogs.agu.org/landslideblog/2014/03/25/the-steelhead-landslide-1/
What Started the Mudslide? Satellite Image May Offer New Clues - NBC News.com
http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/deadly-mudslide/what-started-mudslide-satellite-image-may-offer-new-clues-n66166
With dozens still missing, Washington mudslide search lumbers on - CBS News
http://www.cbsnews.com/news/with-dozens-still-missing-washington-mudslide-search-lumbers-on/
It s gone ; Washington community struggles after deadly mudslide - CBS News
http://www.cbsnews.com/news/its-gone-washington-community-struggles-after-deadly-mudslide/
Washington mudslide: Scientist warned of "potential for large catastrophic failure," - CBS News
http://www.cbsnews.com/news/deadly-washington-mudslide-scientist-warned-of-potential-for-large-catastrophic-failure-paper-reports/
Landslide in Oso, Washington
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ellen-moyer-phd/landslide-in-oso-washingt_b_5135878.html
Shannon & Wilson, Inc.
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Stabilize landslide-prone slopes
e.g. by build sufficiently strong retaining structures
Local
52
Flood insurance subsidy revamp targets West Virginia hard
http://www.bdtonline.com/wvstate/x787230019/Flood-insurance-subsidy-revamp-targets-West-Virginia-hard
Mercer County continues flood mitigation efforts
http://www.bdtonline.com/local/x787234684/Mercer-continues-flood-mitigation-efforts
Flood mitigation: Mercer project must continue
http://www.bdtonline.com/editorials/x1233046362/Flood-mitigation-Mercer-project-must-continue
Keller – Environmental Geology
Explore Online - Flooding
Water Science for Schools – elevated house, effect of pavement on flooding
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/impervious.html
Flood Hazards, A National Threat
http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3026/
Significant Floods in the United States During the 20th Century
http://ks.water.usgs.gov/pubs/fact-sheets/fs.024-00.html
Current River Observations (map) http://water.weather.gov/ahps/index.php
Flood Warnings http://www.weather.gov/ahps/hic/WFOs/FLOOD/
Hourly Precipitation records
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/rfcshare/precip_analysis_hourly.php
Map and Hydrographs for our region
http://water.weather.gov/ahps2/index_nonjs.php?wfo=rnk&view=1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1&toggles=10,7,8,2,9,15,6
NWS Blacksburg VA and region http://www.erh.noaa.gov/rnk/
USGS Science – Natural Hazards
http://www.usgs.gov/blogs/features/category/natural-hazards/
53
Explore Online - Flooding
54
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Waterwatch http://water.usgs.gov/waterwatch
real time stream flow, daily/yearly/weekly stream flow, drought, flooding
National Weather Service - flooding, high/low flow
http://www.nws.noaa.gov/oh/hic/current/river_flooding/
USGS Surface Water News http://water.usgs.gov/osw/
Principles of Flood Management
http://www.friendsoftheriver.org/fotr/BeyondFloodControl/no1.html
Flood Statistics – damages and loss of life
http://www.weather.gov/hic/flood_stats/index.shtml
Rethinking Development on Floodplains article
http://www.crcwater.org/issues4/calfloodplain.html
Flood, Stream Flow, and Drought Maps
http://waterwatch.usgs.gov/?m=flood,map&r=us&w=real,map
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Landslides – more examples
55
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More about landslides
Ohio – March 20, 2012 http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57401627/falling-boulder-damages-ohio-home-crushes-cars/
USGS Landslide Hazards Program
http://landslides.usgs.gov/
Landslide info from VA Dept. of Mines, Minerals, and Energy
http://www.dmme.virginia.gov/DMR3/landslides.shtml
USGS list of major landslides by year
http://landslides.usgs.gov/recent/?PHPSESSID=n2jadq60bmt2hsv3kiji5l4ku6
AGU Landslides blog
** http://blogs.agu.org/landslideblog/
http://blogs.agu.org/landslideblog/2011/07/12/two-of-the-best-videos-so-far-why-you-dont-want-to-get-caught-by-a-landslide/
http://blogs.agu.org/landslideblog/2011/10/20/an-interesting-and-large-landslide-in-iceland/
VA Natural hazards (business-oriented site)
http://www.vaemergency.com/business/hazthreats/natural/geologic/index.cfm
Hwy 410 in Washington State buried by major slide- Oct. 11, 2009
http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2010044629_webmudslide11m.html (See gallery
photos 1 & 11)
http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3444/4004690085_04d03278d8_b.jpg
http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2010213314_landslide06m.html (note warning
signs in advance of slide)
http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2010051939_landslide13m.html (ultimate cause
uncertain; slide mechanism discussed)
http://slidingthought.wordpress.com/2009/10/page/2/ http://slidingthought.wordpress.com/page/3/
http://slidingthought.wordpress.com/category/general-landslides/page/2/
(lots of good stuff on the blog about WA state landslides)
About landslides and reducing the risks – WA State Dept. of Ecology
http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/sea/landslides/prevent/prevent.html
Landslide info from Calif. Emergency Management Agency
http://hazardmitigation.calema.ca.gov/hazards/natural/landslide
Kelso, WA landslide: amazing photos, landslide video, etc.
http://www.nwgeoscience.com/kelso/ (Aldercrest is best)
http://search.nwsource.com/search?from=ST&query=410+landslide&x=21&y=10&searchtype=network
(more stories about this slide)
http://www.google.com/search?q=washington+410+landslide (more about this slide – stories,
photos, videos)
Sliding Thought Blog – landslides in WA state
http://slidingthought.wordpress.com/
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130-year history of landslides for La Conchita, California
http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/projects/la_conchita/apcg2001_article/apcg2001_article.html
Southern California—Debris Flows in Wildfire Areas
http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3106/
Landslide hazard photos - NOAA Natural Hazard Slide set
http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=7&t=101634&s=0&d=1
Debris-Flow Hazards in the United States - U.S. Geological Survey
http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-176-97/
General overview of landslides
http://wapi.isu.edu/EnvGeo/EG4_mass_wasting/landslide2.html
contains a computer-simulated landslide
http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/elnino/landslides-sfbay/photos.html
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