UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
School of Arts and Design
APPLICATION OF FATIMID ARCHITECTURAL AND BOHRA
CULTURAL INSPIRATION IN RE-DESIGN OF
COMMUNITY SPORTS CLUB:
A case study of Anadil Jamaly
BY: RASHIDA HAIDER Z ESSAJI
REG NO: B05/36499/2010
Supervisor: Dr. Lilac A. Osanjo
A Research Project Paper submitted in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the
Bachelor of Arts in Design Degree submitted to the School of the Arts and Design
(StAD), College of Architecture and Engineering (C.A.E),
The University of Nairobi.
January 14, 2014
DECLARATION
I, Rashida Essaji, declare that this is my original work and has not been presented in the
past for the fulfillment of a degree course in any other university to the best of my
Knowledge.
Signature……………………………………………………
Date ………………………………………………………
RASHIDA HAIDER Z ESSAJI
SUPERVISOR,
DR. Lilac Osanjo
Signature …………………………………………………
Date……………………………………………………
DIRECTOR,
SCHOOL OF THE ARTS AND DESIGN, UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI.
Signature………………………………………………
Date …………………………………………………
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DEDICATION
To Allah for taking me through the four years. All praise belongs to Him, The Most
Gracious, The Most Merciful.
To my loving husband Abdulqadir, grandparents Mr. and Mrs. Zakiyuddin, siblings Insiyah, Sakina
and Taher and most importantly my parents Mr. and Mrs. Haider Essaji.
To my parents in law Mr. and Mrs. Najmi and sister in law Khadija.
To all my lecturers, classmates and friends for their support and encouragement through this project.
Thank you and God bless.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, I thank Allah for bringing me this far. If it were not for His grace and mercy I
would not have made it to this level.
Much thanks to my supervisor DR. Lilac Osanjo for her contribution towards the content in this
report and my sincere appreciation goes to my lecturer DR. Lilac Osanjo and Mr. M. Muneneh for
guiding me in this project paper.
The completion of this report would not be possible if it weren‘t for the support of my family and
my friends for the fun times and the moral support in the past four academic years. The journey was
full of ups and downs but it was worthwhile because of your friendship. Thank you for being there
for me.
My extended gratitude towards the Anadil Jamaly members and caretaker for their valuable
cooperation and for granting me the opportunity to take part in this project.
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ABSTRACT
This dissertation examines the application of Fatimid architectural and Bohra cultural inspiration
aimed at promoting a livelier environment in the interior design of Anadil Jamaly Sports Club. It
aims at planning, building or modifying the general look of Anadil Jamaly Sports Club to promote
the application of Fatimid architecture, maintenance and preservation. By examining contemporary
design methods used in sports club, the researcher clarify the process by which designers play a big
role in the development of a livelier environment. It involves the translation of a concept to a design.
The scarcity of resources that were used traditionally in the country has led to the use of modern
technique in design to promote sustainability. The use of readily available materials in the
environment has seen the use of wasted materials such as used timber and recycled metal in the
making of furniture, interior finishes, landscaping and display objects. Qualitative analysis and case
studies are the major research strategies used. The case studies are based on design initiatives already
being used in Kenya and around the world showcasing Fatimid design concepts attempting to
promote sustainability which is a current design issue. The data analyzed by the researcher has been
presented in form of detailed reports of the findings, tables and photographs as data collection
methods. Limitation is based on the depending factor of the location, local ecology of the area,
climate, personal needs of the consumers and the characteristic of the living environment such
as the general layout and ambiance of the site. This dissertation presses on the idea that interior
design should be at the fore front in the development of a livelier environment and in solving current
problems of the same. The design solutions embrace sustainable design in terms of economic, social
and ecological factors implementing new technologies in the country with its available natural
resources. In conclusion of this research, the researcher recommends the preferred and the most
applicable design solutions for the interior architecture, furniture design, landscaping design,
exhibition and display at Anadil Jamaly Sports Club.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Declaration........................................................................................................................2
Dedication.........................................................................................................................3
Acknowledgements............................................................................................................4
Abstract..............................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER 1......................................................................................................................9
1.0 INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY.......................................................................10
1.1 Background of the study......................................................................................................11
1.2Statement of the problem...........................................................................................12
1.4 Objectives of the study……………………………………………………………12
1.4.1 Main objective………………………………………………………………..12
1.4.2 Specific objectives.............................................................................................12
1.5 Research questions……………………………………………………………………12
1.5.1 Main research question.....................................................................................12
1.5.2 Other research questions………………………………………………………...12
1.6 Significance of the study………………………………………………………………13
1.7 Limitations of the study............................................................................................13
1.8 Scope of the study..................................................................................................13
1.8.1 Concept...........................................................................................................13
1.8.2 Content...........................................................................................................13
1.8.3 Geographical..................................................................................................13
1.9 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………14
CHAPTER 2.......................................................................................................................15
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW..............................................................................................16
2.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................16
2.2 Review of theoretical literature………………………………………………………16
2.2.1 Interior design……………………………………………………………………..16
2.2.2 Fatimid Architecture………………………………………………………………17
2.2.3 Sustainable Fatimid architecture………………………………………………….20
2.2.4 Bohra (Dawoodi Bohra)…………………………………………………………..22
2.2.5 Bohra food culture…………………………………………………………………22
2.2.6 Sports club………………………………………………………………………….24
2.2.7 Enhanced indoor environment……………………………………………………..24
2.2.8 Design of a sports club…………………………………………………………….25
2.3 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….31
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CHAPTER 3.......................................................................................................................32
3.0 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY…………………………………....33
3.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………33
3.2Study design....................................................................................................................33
3.3 Target population………………………………………………………………………34
3.4 Sample design…………………………………………………………………………34
3.5 Data collection…………………………………………………………………………35
3.6 Data analysis…………………………………………………………………………..36
3.7 Data presentation……………………………………………………………………37
3.8 Data process…………………………………………………………………………39
3.10 Conclusions………………………………………………………………………..41
CHAPTER 4...........................................................................................................................42
4.0 SITE ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS....43
4.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................43
4.2 Analysis and Evaluations..............................................................................................43
4.2.1 Historical Background.............................................................................................43
4.2.2 Location...................................................................................................................43
4.2.3 Climate....................................................................................................................44
4.2.4 Social Factors..........................................................................................................44
4.2.5 Facilities: Interior………………………………………………………………….44
4.2.6 Landscape………………………………………………………………………….49
4.2.7 Furniture……………………………………………………………………………50
4.2.8 Exhibition and display……………………………………………………………..51
4.2.9 Lighting…………………………………………………………………………….51
4.3 Presentation of Findings................................................................................................52
4.5 Summary of findings.....................................................................................................54
CHAPTER 5...........................................................................................................................55
5.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS........56
5.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................56
5.2 Summary of findings.......................................................................................................56
5.3 Conclusions.....................................................................................................................56
5.4 Recommendations for the four areas of specialization...................................................57
5.4.1External design........................................................................................................57
5.4.2 Interior design........................................................................................................57
5.4.3 Exhibition and display.............................................................................................65
5.4.4 Furniture design......................................................................................................66
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5.4.5 Landscaping……………………………………………………………………….67
5.5 Suggestions for further studies.......................................................................................70
REFERENCES...................................................................................................................71
APPENDIX 1-Interview…………………………….........................................................74
APPENDIX 2 –Questionnaire ………………....................................................................75
APPENDIX 3 – Pictures…………………………………………………………………...79
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CHAPTER ONE
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1.0 INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Design is not just about appearance, but how something performs. Whether it’s a hand held
appliance or an urban scale precinct, the shape, color and material of something may catch our eye
initially. But the benefits of good design are measurable. In reduced workplace injury, stress and
illness, increased productivity and social cohesion, in crime prevention, micro climate comfort, better
access, reduced building maintenance and lifecycle costs. No design, no matter how beautiful and
ingenious, is any good if it doesn’t fulfill a user’s need. Finding out what the client needs is the first
stage of what designers do. (Berman, 2009). Among the most common and enduring definitions of
design is “problem solving.” A problem arrives, the designer analyzes it and distils it into goals, and
these create a roadmap to a solution, working with the means at her disposal. These include the
budget, the materials and techniques we can afford and master. We must also consider the
requirements of distribution and marketing, if the product is meant for wide dissemination. If the
designer is good, the process, simple and linear, will result in an elegant, functional economical and
meaningful solution. (Wynja: 2012)
Design can also be a way of approaching difficult social, environmental or economic challenges.
Increasingly, design is being understood as a means of delivering ‘break through’ thinking in health
care, the challenge of successful aging in our community, retrofit for our cities in the context of a
carbon constrained future. It can act as a tool to translate ambition into action for public benefit.
Design plays a role in reducing car dependency, promoting exercise & wellbeing through safe and
inviting open space to tackle obesity and lifestyle disease, and increasing the opportunity for learning
through great schools and university spaces. Research shows that how something is designed dictates
how well it performs. Well designed public places, streets, buildings, parks and city infrastructure
add positively to the quality of our lives. Poorly designed places can be unsafe, economically run
down, unattractive and unsustainable. (Integrated Design Commission)
According to the Design Council, interior design isn't just about home decoration. It is concerned
with creating functional and beautiful to look at interior spaces in all sorts of places including
houses, public buildings and commercial properties such as shops, restaurants, leisure venues and
offices. The imaginative and efficient use of, color, pattern, texture, light and space is central to an
interior designer's practice. Good interior design will not only make a space look and function better,
it can have a significant impact on mood and wellbeing. The application of uplifting color schemes,
well-designed furnishings and furniture and the thoughtful manipulation of light and space can all
make a real difference to how we feel about and in an environment. A space comes to life when the
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human body moves, sees, smells, touches, hears and even tastes within. The designer acts as the
composer that orchestrates space into synchronization for function and beauty through the senses the
human body engages the space with (Ransley, 2001).
Anadil Jamaly is a sports complex where kids, community and athletics come together. It is an arena
used by local Bohras and university students (Bohra also) everyday for their indoor and outdoor
physical activities; it being a place for young players to develop and nurture their talent in sports.
Every year, during the Easter holidays, Bohras from all over East Africa come to participate in a
sports festival held at Anadil Jamaly with thoughts of joyful brotherly gathering and competitive
sports fostering a unity of Bohra brotherhood; its main mission being raising the competitive level
amongst teams leading the path in sporting innovation.
1.2 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Well-designed spaces can keep community members safe as well as enhance their organizational
skills. The first consideration when designing spaces for a community should be safety. The designer
should get down on their hands and knees to see potential safety problems from a sport member’s
point of view. (Gains, 2008).
In designing a sports club, the facility should primarily be designed to meet the functional
requirements of the community and user groups. In most areas, people use parks year round. This
nearly constant use requires construction materials to be efficient and durable maintaining a high
quality appearance. People should see a place where they are able to socially interact with other
members. Thus a designer should focus on more sitting areas.
It is generally accepted that participation in sports provides an extensive range of benefits to its
individuals. Internationally, government agencies are quick to point out that participating in sports
contributes to; community health and well being, confidence building and empowerment, social
integration and cohesion, national and cultural identity, and reduction in crime and vandalism. (Long
and Sanderson, 2008).
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1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Application of Fatimid sustainable designs in the poor external and internal space designs of Anadil
Jamaly.
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
1.4.1 Main objective
To establish how sustainable Fatimid architectural and Bohra cultural inspiration can be incorporated
in the re-design of Anadil Jamaly.
1.4.2 Specific objectives
·
To establish if application of new sustainable architecture sets a pleasant mood for the
community and attracts them.
·
To determine recommended ergonomics and anthropometric requirements for furniture.
·
To create sitting arrangements for audience to make the club livelier.
·
To improve the landscape in a sustainable way for better outdoor sports and ample parking.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1.5.1 Main research question
How can sustainable Fatimid architectural be enhanced through Bohra cultural inspired design in
sports club?
1.5.2 Other research questions
·
How can application of new sustainable architecture attract people?
·
What are the recommended ergonomics and anthropometric requirements for furniture and
equipments?
·
How to create enough audience sitting arrangement in small area?
·
How to create outdoor sports area and ample parking space in the same area keeping in mind
to use less area.
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1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Considering that sustainable Fatimid architecture and Bohra cultural inspiration plays an important
role in the designing of the sports club as it is used by Bohra community, the significance of this
study cannot be over emphasized. It is of increasing importance for interior designers and interior
space users to gain a comprehensive understanding of the architecture and inspiration of various
users. Having such knowledge will enable them to have a more powerful repository of evidencebased design solutions. It is also important to make a multifunctional space which is well designed
such that the design offers more than one purpose.
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The study is limited to the four areas of interior design which will constitute the area of study:
a) Interior design
b) Exhibition and display
c) Furniture design
d) Landscaping
These four areas of design will be applied to the area of interest which is sustainable Fatimid
architectural and Bohra cultural inspiration. Each area will be tackled separately looking at the
principles and elements of design and Fatimid architectural design in general.
1.8 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
1.8.1 Concept
The study will concentrate on application of sustainable Fatimid architectural designs in the interior
design of the sports club with special reference to furniture design, interior architecture, landscaping
and human development and exhibition and display.
1.8.2 Content
The study will rely mainly on primary sources. More information will be acquired from secondary
sources. All materials, data and ideas will be applied in redesign of the sports club.
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1.8.3 Geographical
The research will be based in Nairobi Kenya while its case study will be Anadil Jamaly Sports Club
in Karen.
1.9 CONCLUSION
Fatimid architectural is an Islamic architecture used by Bohras in their architecture such as mosques,
mausoleums, educational institutes and many more. In Fatimid architecture, there is a big
enhancement in sustainable, ecological, environmental, and green design. Fatimid architecture
proves that it has the knowledge about thermal trade off, air movement science and resources
managements. They make the healthiest building forms to treat and utilize with all climatic and
environmental conditions.
In Kenya, most of the culture- inspired designs have greatly had their inspiration from the traditional
beliefs and practices, forms and shapes, geographical locations and locally available materials. All
these inspirations and influences have been in an attempt to make designs blend in well with the
environments they are found in. Geographic and cultural influences are apparent in architecture,
interiors, furnishing and decorative arts. Human proportions and available building materials in that
environment define built spaces. Spiritual influences often affect the designs denoting differing
customs and beliefs of a people. In summary, a culture of a people in a certain environment is a great
influence to the designs of the structures in that same environment.
The research will therefore be on the Bohra culture as the main cultural inspiration to redesign the
community sports club.
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CHAPTER TWO
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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The literature review in this paper includes research on the appropriate environment suitable for a
sports club needs. It also exploits the impact of design and inspiration of the environment on the
club.
2.2 REVIEW OF THEORETICAL LITERATURE
2.2.1 INTERIOR DESIGN
According to Albert Hadley, the Story of America's Preeminent Interior Designer,
The essence of interior design will always be about people and how they live. It is about the realities
of what makes for an attractive, civilized, meaningful environment, not about fashion or what's in or
what's out.
Overall, interior design should reflect the inhabitants of the home rather than the latest and greatest
design trends. Those looking for a little guidance should follow the six basic interior design rules that
professional interior designers use. These are;
Ø Proportion and Scale
When designing a room, it is important to take into consideration the size and space available. It
would be a major design faux-pas to put oversized furniture into a small room. For example, a dining
room table built for twelve would not look appropriate or even fit into a dining room designed for a
family of four. (Stratton & Arthur, 1925)
Ø Balance
There are two common approaches to creating balance within a room. Some choose to work with
symmetrical balance. Symmetrical balance is when interior designers arrange items in a visually
symmetrical way. For example, a couch with an end table on each end.
Other designers focus on using asymmetrical balance. Asymmetrical balance does not focus on
mirroring items on either side, but rather balancing things visually through the use of a variety of
items. For example, an entertainment center may have a group of small pillar candles on one side,
while a group of small frames balances out the other side. (Stratton & Arthur, 1925)
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Ø Contrast
Items through the room should contrast to help create interest. Interior designers use the decor in the
room to maintain a single style through the use of a variety of elements such as colors, sizes,
patterns, textures and so forth. (Stratton & Arthur, 1925)
Ø Colors and Textures
Following color and texture rules can be the most daunting part of interior design. Color choices will
vary from person to person and not everyone agrees on what matches and what does not. However,
there are some basic color schemes that many interior designers use. In other design environments
colors are used depending and what they imply or mean to the people in that geographical location.
(Stratton & Arthur, 1925)
Ø Rhythm
Going hand and hand with contrast, is rhythm. While it’s important to create contrast for interest, it’s
also important to keep a rhythm throughout the room. Using a single color or pattern and repeating it
throughout the space helps create rhythm in a room. (Stratton & Arthur, 1925)
Ø Harmony
This rule can only work when all other basic elements of interior design have been followed.
Harmony will occur within a room when there is proper balance of proportion, patterns, color,
textures, contrast and rhythm. A consideration of the surrounding environments is also considered to
make designs stand out as one unit with their environs and not look out place. (Stratton & Arthur,
1925)
2.2.2 FATIMID ARCHITECTURE
In the tenth to twelfth centuries, an area including present-day Algeria, Tunisia, Sicily, Egypt, and
Syria came under the rule of the Fatimid dynasty (909–1171), an offshoot of a Shia sect from North
Africa. The Fatimid rulers traced descent from Muhammad's daughter Fatima (hence Fatimid) via
Ismail, the seventh Shia imam, and thus presented a threat to the political and religious authority of
the orthodox Sunni Abbasid caliph. The circular design of the city of al-Mansuriya, one of their first
capitals, founded in 947, can be interpreted as a deliberate challenge to the round city of Abbasid
Baghdad, the "city of peace" (madinat al-salam). This opposition became more significant following
the Fatimid conquest of Egypt in 969. At this time, the Fatimids founded the city of Cairo (al-Qahira,
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"the triumphant") and established it as their new capital (973). While Egypt came to enjoy enormous
prosperity primarily due to its intermediary role in the lucrative trade between the Mediterranean and
India, Cairo soon rivaled the Abbasid capital of Baghdad.
The opulence of the Fatimid court fueled a renaissance in the decorative arts, which made Cairo the
most important cultural center in the Islamic world. Nearby, Old Cairo, known as al-Fustat, became a
major center for the production of pottery, glass, and metalwork, and rock-crystal, ivory, and wood
carving; textile factories run by government officials created tiraz fabrics in the name of the caliph
elsewhere in the Egyptian region, especially the Nile Delta. A novel, more refined style developed in
pottery; bands with small animals and inscriptions now formed the major decoration in textiles; and
rock-crystal carvers demonstrated great skill in works created for and treasured by the caliphs
themselves.
The artwork from this period exemplifies the creativity and ingenuity of Fatimid craftsmen. The
technique of lusterware on ceramic, developed originally in Iraq, was revived in Egypt and Syria.
Some lusterware pieces from this period are signed by their makers, an indication of the esteem in
which the craftsmen were held. Wood carving and jewelry were executed with equal skill and
inventiveness. Fatimid artists created new decorative motifs and made greater use of figural forms,
both human and animal. Figures were stylized but lively, while traditional vegetal and geometric
decorations maintained their abstract quality.
In architecture, the Fatimids followed Tulunid techniques and used similar materials, but also
developed those of their own. In Cairo, their first congregational mosque was al-Azhar ("the
splendid") founded along with the city (969–73), which, together with its adjacent institution of
higher learning (al-Azhar University), became the spiritual centre for Ismaili Shia. The Mosque of alHakim (r. 996–1013), an important example of Fatimid architecture and architectural decoration,
played a critical role in Fatimid ceremonial and procession, which emphasized the religious and
political role of the Fatimid caliph. Besides elaborate funerary monuments, other surviving Fatimid
structures include the Mosque of al-Aqmar (1125) as well as the monumental gates for Cairo's city
walls commissioned by the powerful Fatimid emir and vizier Badr al-Jamali (r. 1073–94)
The architecture of the Fatimids combines elements from the architecture of Syria, Iraq and Iran in
Asia to the east, with elements from North Africa to the west. It is primarily stone-built architecture.
In Cairo, the city that the Fatimids established as their capital in 358 / 969, they sometimes re-used
stone from Pharonic monuments, as well as column capitals and shafts from classical architecture.
Brick is used as a structural material, but is usually sheathed in a carved decorative layer of stone or
stucco. Carved wood is used for elements such as doors, panels and ceiling beams.
The Fatimid period maintained the traditional hypostyle-mosque planning arrangement. However,
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the minaret, which evolved as a standard architectural element in Abbasid religious architecture, is
used only infrequently in Fatimid architecture. The architecture of the Fatimids also provides one of
the first known examples of religious Islamic architecture anywhere to align the façade of the
mosque with the street. Thus it reconciles the different directions of the adjacent street and
the qibla by use of a triangular-plan section, which includes a broken entry axis connecting the street
to the prayer hall.
The keel-shaped arch emerges as a common feature in Fatimid architecture, and the dome sometimes
incorporates a keel-shaped profile. The Fatimid dome usually rests on squinches or a series of niches,
which allows for the transition from the square base of the domed space to the circular outline of the
dome.
Foliated kufic calligraphy is used widely in building inscriptions. Fluted decoration is common for
arches and domes. Windows are often placed within façade recesses. Arabesque, vegetal and
geometric patterns, which are executed in marble, stucco, stone or wood, are common and, in earlier
examples of Fatimid art and architecture at least, show the influence of Abbasid models as they
emerged in Iraq, and also under the Aghlabids in Tunisia and the Tulunids in Egypt. (MWNF 2004)
Examples of Fatimid Architecture:
Image 1: Saifee Hospital, Mumbai (www.saifeehospital.com)
Image 2: Raudat Tahera, Mumbai(www.google.com)
Image 3: Al Jame Anwar, Egypt (www.google.com)
2.2.3 SUSTAINABLE FATIMID ARCHITECTURE
Sustainability is not an option and it is an architect and planner responsibility. Knowledge,
technology, and computer day by day provide techniques and simulation tools to improve building
production, life quality, and human comfort by clear methodology. Therefore, there is no excuse to
think green to save future generation rights and resources.
In Fatimid architecture, there is a big enhancement in sustainable, ecological, environmental, and
green design. Efficiency is the key word for sustainable design, which all-modern environmental
strategies, passive and active techniques are seeking.
Fatimid architecture achieves efficiency with high rates. Fatimid architecture proves that it has the
knowledge about thermal trade off, air movement science and resources managements. They make
the healthiest building forms to treat and utilize with all climatic and environmental conditions.
Fatimid architecture sometimes use re-use stone from Pharonic monuments, as well as column
capitals and shafts from classical architecture. Brick is used as a structural material, but is usually
sheathed in a carved decorative layer of stone or stucco.
Materials are those of nature with little human modification or interference. The use of available
traditional materials such as mud bricks and stones can be seen throughout the evolution of the
Egyptian civilizations. Wet Nile mud bricks were used in buildings dating back to the earliest tomb
in the Old Kingdom and later by Ramses. The Romans, the Christians, and the Muslims, which were
used as logical and available practical materials, mixed with chopped straw and sand. The whole
process of brick making in old Egyptian architecture is similar to that used today. These bricks were
found in some cases uncovered and in others covered with natural colors. Mud bricks proved through
history durability and cultural applicability as well as its low cost, energy efficiency. Natural stones
are also used due to their high thermal capacity and durability.
Construction methods applied throughout Fatimid architecture are simple, easy to implement and
manipulate. Thick bearing walls are used to support roofs; flat, vaulted and/or domed roofs. Using
locally available materials (mud bricks, stones); vaults are constructed by the erection of the kick-
wall forming the parabolic shape of the vault. Meanwhile, mud bricks and stone vaults have evoluted
through the different civilizations in different forms; from being constructed either using squinchs or
pendentives transforming the square to the pentagon on to the circle form which all carry the dome.
These construction methods have resulted in several forms. (Dr. Gihan Mosaad)
Passive energy (Cooling - Heating) are energy systems, which utilize the sun and elements of climate
to provide thermal comfort and energy efficiency. Passive energy mirrors the technical image
through reducing energy consumption through technical proficiency in using materials, passive
devices, natural ventilation in that way the technical image forefronts measurable environmental
facts of resource consumption along with economics, operating costs, efficiency in material use and
systems. Through design’s elements as follows:
1. Courtyard: - The courtyard, which is one of the typologies, is to generate air movement
convection to provide adequate climate. As well as shading which represent natural and
environmental sustainability.
Image 4: Courtyard, Egypt (www.google.com)
2. Roofs (domes – vaults): - Which is represented in terms of construction methods used historically,
it promotes the following:
• Transfer heat more efficiently and hence more easily cooled
• Domes & vaults allow more natural ventilation in the higher space it creates comfort inside houses.
• The connection between climate and building design have changed from the issue of providing
adequate thermal conditions for working and living to the function of promoting energy efficiency.
• These designs help in regulating energy to be more efficient as well as employing ecological design
techniques which considers aspects associated with cross ventilation.
Image 5: Roofs, Egypt (www.google.com)
The construction methods with their different forms dominate an overlap of sustainability images
naturally, technically and culturally which have been adopted in Fatimid Architecture. It can be
noted that these construction methods do not depend on any equipment as well as being resistant to
the effects of the local climate. (Dr. Gihan Mosaad)
2.2.4 BOHRA (DAWOODI BOHRA)
They are a sub-sect of Shia Islam. The Dawoodi Bohra trace their belief system back to Yemen,
where it evolved from the Fatimid Caliphate and where they were persecuted due to their differences
from mainstream Sunni Islam and Zaydi Shia Islam. Around 1530 CE, the community was relocated
to India. The word Bohra itself comes from the Gujarati word vehru ("trade") in reference to their
traditional profession, while the term Dawoodi refers to their support for Dawood Bin Qutubshah in
the 1592 leadership dispute which divided the Tayyibi sect, creating the Dawoodi Bohra.
Image 6: Praying Namaaz (www.google.com)
2.25 BOHRA CULTURE: FOOD CULTURE (TIFFIN)
The unique system of Faiz-e-Mawaid-al-Burhaniyah (Tiffin): food is delivered to community
members from the community kitchens. The system is organized and handled by community
volunteers. The food delivered is enough for two meals. This serves the purpose of providing
'nutritious' 'same' food to 'all' irrespective of 'economic status'. This further facilitate women to
'devote time' for other activities.
Image 7: Tiffin (www.google.com)
Image 8: Served by Bohras (www.google.com)
Image 9: Culture of Dining (www.google.com)
2.2.6 SPORTS CLUB
Community facilities enhance the lives of residents in numerous ways. Improving those facilities
can mean different things for different communities. For some, the issue may be that adequate parks
or facilities simply don’t exist, and need to be created. For others, existing facilities may be old, and
speak only to the needs of a community that has long since changed. Still others might find
themselves with community facilities that are adequate in some ways, but that have become rundown
or dangerous, and need to be revitalized. A less obvious situation is one in which community
facilities are in good shape and seem to be adequate, but isn’t being used.
Improving community facilities, then, comes down to determining what the community needs and
wants, and working – usually over the long term – to provide those facilities that will enhance the
quality of life – socially, intellectually, culturally, economically, politically, and psychologically –
for everyone.
Facilities should be designed to be as beautiful, exciting, and functional as they can be, rather than
merely adequate, regardless of the resources available. Good design doesn’t necessarily mean
expense – it means the best design possible for the use of the facility, given the resources at
hand. That takes creativity and an understanding of the community and its needs and desires, as well
as a commitment to making sure that every part of the community has facilities that are absolutely
first class.
2.2.7 ENHANCED INDOOR ENVIRONMENT
The purpose of a building is not only to provide shelter for its occupants, but also to provide an
environment conducive to high performance of all intended occupant activities (Kessenides, 2005).
Recent studies reveal that buildings with good overall environmental quality can reduce the rate of
respiratory disease, allergy, asthma, sick building symptoms, and enhance worker performance.
High-efficiency in-duct filtration systems and heating and cooling systems that ensure adequate
ventilation can have a dramatic and positive impact on indoor air quality (Fisk & Rosenfeld, 1998).
Poor indoor air quality can be caused by the off-gassing of chemicals found in many building
materials as well as mold and mildew that build up in poorly designed and maintained heating and
cooling systems. Selection of appropriate microbial resistant materials can prevent this indoor
microbial contamination. Effective drainage from the roof and surrounding landscape, installing
adequate ventilation in bathrooms, allowing for proper drainage of air-conditioning coils, and
designing building systems to control humidity can also work to improve indoor conditions.
24
Choosing construction materials and interior finish products with zero or low emissions improve
indoor air quality (Dick, 2007). One of the most common interior pollutants is formaldehyde, a
suspected human carcinogen. Cabinetry, shelving, and furniture are all typically made from
particleboard held together by formaldehyde-based adhesives. The formaldehyde is released into the
facility for years after these products have been installed. Many building materials and
cleaning/maintenance products emit toxic gases, such as volatile organic compounds (VOC) and
formaldehyde. The “new building smell” is actually the odor of these
VOC’s off-gassing, and is a sign that there are harmful chemicals in the indoor environment
detrimentally impacting occupant health and productivity (Loftness et al., 2007). The building
products industry has responded to these indoor pollution problems by developing alternative paint,
finish, and adhesive products. For example, solvent-free adhesives used in flooring can eliminate
many of the suspected and known human carcinogens. Paints, varnishes, and cleaners that do not
contain volatile compounds are now commonly available from most major manufacturers at costs
comparable to conventional products (Dick, 2007).
Additional measures specific to new construction and major facility upgrades are: investigate the use
of separate outside-air and conditioned-air distribution systems; ensure fresh air intakes are located
away from loading areas, exhaust fans, and other contamination points; ensure parking lot and garage
usage cannot generate pollutants that affect fresh air intake; investigate the use of a permanent air
quality monitoring system to ensure acceptable levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) for an indoor office
environment are maintained continuously; and replace filters on a periodic basis (Loftness et al.,
2007).
2.2.8 DESIGN OF A SPORTS CLUB
General design
The hall is a functional space with stipulated court and safety margin dimensions and with
unobstructed clear height requirements. Surfaces should be flush and of consistent color. Applied
design features should be avoided. A successful interior should rely on a careful selection of
materials, colors and lighting. Natural lighting invariably contributes to the halls ambience but a
suitable system will be expensive and difficult to reconcile with sports lighting requirements,
particularly those of badminton. (Robin Wilson, Sports England)
25
Image 10: General design of a sports club (www.google.com)
Access to and from the Sports Hall
The number, width, height and location of access doors to the sports hall will depend on the overall
building layout, the fire strategy, proposals for the delivery of large equipment, and the required
evacuation time. Sports hall access doors should open outwards to avoid creating a hazard to the
users within. Additional doors may be required to give direct access to sections of the hall that can be
divided into separate sections. (Robin Wilson, Sports England)
Structure
Columns and beams should be laid out so that they run between the badminton courts in order to
avoid conflict with the overhead light fittings and the hanging of division netting. Columns can be
wholly or partly within external walls or outside the building envelope. They should never project
into the hall. (Robin Wilson, Sports England)
Sports floor
A specialist sports floor is the critical element in providing a comfortable and safe place in which to
play sport. Halls may also be used for some none a limited number of sports floor products. Most
sports require white lines for major competitions although yellow is used for handball and sometimes
hockey and basketball. For multi-sports halls a range of colors is required to avoid confusion.
Image 11: Example of floor surface (www.google.com)
Internal walls
The internal walls should be flush-faced and impact resistant. Options include:
• Plywood
• Fair faced brick
• Painted block work
• Frameless or flush-framed glazed panels.
Whatever material is selected, it is preferable if it runs full height and with a consistent color as
horizontal changes in material cause visual obstruction to badminton players and can result in a
stepped back surface. The wall color should contrast with the floor and be uniform across the wall
plane.
For dedicated badminton centers, colors with lower light reflectance values (LRV) are preferred,
whilst in contrast for a multi sports hall, a higher LRV will help give a greater spread of light within
the space. Where cricket nets are installed lighter colored end walls or curtains are preferred to help
players see the cricket ball. (Robin Wilson, Sports England)
Exterior facades
When selecting materials for exterior facades consider the following points:
·
Successful external claddings can include color-coated steel. Where profiled metal is used
this looks better when run horizontally.
·
Cedar boarding can be appropriate as it is cheaper than metal cladding and if properly
specified requires minimal maintenance.
·
Metal cladding used above brickwork at a lower level invariably gives a very industrial
appearance and should be avoided.
External windows and door frames must be in powder-coated aluminium or galvanised steel, PVCs
or hardwood. (Robin Wilson, Sports England)
Roof
The roof soffit and structure should:
• Be uniform, preferably white with more than 90 reflectance value
• Make provision for acoustic absorbency. Reverberation time should not exceed two seconds at midfrequency 15. The roof decking should span the main beams to achieve minimum visual obstruction
27
• Where unavoidable, internal linings or suspended ceilings must be impact-resistant suspended
ceilings are generally inappropriate for sports halls. Mill-finish standing seam aluminum roof finish
is likely to provide the best value for money for most sports buildings and can be curved, avoiding
interruption of the ridge.
Where the location demands a slate or tile roof the better quality pressed steel sheet products can
provide a convincing appearance for buildings of this scale without the weight penalty of the genuine
product. (Robin Wilson, Sports England)
Image 12: Roof (www.google.com)
Fittings
The hall should be equipped with a range of fixed equipment depending on the chosen priority sports.
Typically this might be:
• Wall- or roof structure -mounted basketball goals with additional practice goals fixed directly to
the wall
• Roof structure-mounted spotting rig for gymnastic (wall fitting to be above 2.0 m high) and tracked
division netting
• Cricket nets
• Floor and possibly wall sockets with flush fitted cover plates will be required for specific items of
equipment
• Pulley-mounted net bags.
Care should be taken to ensure that there are no dimensional conflicts with the court markings and
the safety requirements. (Robin Wilson, Sports England)
Artificial lighting
Adequate artificial lighting is an essential element of the sports hall and should be integrated into the
design from the outset, rather than be added in later.
The sporting activities often demand critical visual tasks, with fast moving objects and players. It is
important that the whole volume of the space is considered and that the quality of illumination is
considered along with the color and texture of materials.
A good lighting system should provide adequate luminance, suitable brightness, and contrast,
uniformity of light distribution and satisfactory control of glare. It will also have a major influence
on the overall ambiance of the hall. (Robin Wilson, Sports England)
Image 13: Adequate lighting (www.google.com)
Windows and Internal Glazed Screens
There should be no windows below 3m. Any windows above 3m of floor level should be
flush with the internal wall finish of the hall. Windows and internal screens should be of
safety glass and be located to minimize distraction to players. Glazed screens should be
double glazed with blinds between the glass panes when privacy is required. Blinds should be
operated from within the hall using flush-fitting controls.
Image 14: Windows (www.google.com)
Acoustic Considerations
For normal sporting activities a maximum reverberation time of 2 seconds at 500 Hz with a
background noise level of NR 50 is recommended. Shorter reverberation times, if they can be
achieved, would improve the teaching environment.
The hall should be designed to achieve a 40dB reduction in noise level between it and any
adjoining teaching space. Noise spillage to or from the exterior of the building may have to be
contained on some sites. Users with hearing impairments may benefit from a hearing
enhancement system or induction loop encircling the space and it is recommended that an
induction loop system be fitted. Acoustic treatment of walls will not normally be necessary, as
the ceiling will generally best suit the introduction of acoustic treatment. Wall surfaces above
3m can, however, be used to enhance the acoustics. Surfaces can be constructed to be sound
absorbent but must also be capable of withstanding ball impact. Impact resistant acoustic
panels or acoustic masonry blocks may be considered. (Caledonia, Sports Scotland)
External sports facilities
Where site dimensions permit it is advantageous to include a floodlit and fenced multi use games
area close to the hall. These tennis court or larger, sized facilities can significantly increase overall
use and can reduce wear and tear in the sports hall. Overall changing capacity will have to be
increased according to the capacity of the play area and some secure external equipment storage must
be provided. Artificial pitch areas will require paved routes connecting with the halls main or
secondary entrance, arranged so that staff can supervise the changing to play area route.
The same criteria will apply to tennis or netball courts but grass pitches and cricket squares
require separate changing rooms with field exits. Site planning should be arranged so that
routes to grass and artificial pitch areas do not cross or coincide. In centers with extensive
outdoor provision a pavilion, suitably orientated for external viewing and located for
servicing, could be provided. (Caledonia, Sports Scotland)
30
2.3 SUMMARY
From the literature review it can be deduced that it is important to consider the needs of the
people playing sports when designing the environment where they train and play. It is also
important to have some inspiration; in this case, Fatimid architecture and Bohra culture to
have a positive impact on Bohra.
31
CHAPTER THREE
32
3.0 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, explanation is given on how collection and analyzation of relevant information to
address the research theme was carried out. The nature of the study problem and theoretical
orientation led the researcher to select relevant research design that identified Anadil Jamaly as the
area of study. Research instruments and methods of collection that were employed included:
participation and observation, interviews, questionnaires and interview guides, photographs, and
documents review, among others.
Methods of analysis included but were not limited to, graphs, notes, photograph analysis and
interpretation, among others. Methods of interpretation of the data and its presentation are also
looked into. Description of all these aspects is given in the sections that follow. In addition,
description of the challenges and problems encountered in the development and execution of this
study are highlighted.
3.2 STUDY DESIGN
In Robert Yin definition of a case study, he defines the research method as an empirical enquiry that
investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real life context; when the boundaries between
the phenomenon and context are not clearly evident; and in which multiple sources of evidence are
used. (Yin, 1984, Pg23). In his explanation he highlights the main steps used in case study research
as:
a) First a design understands the design problem that needs to be solved by analyzing the
problem critically
b) Determining and defining the research questions
c) Selecting the cases and determining data gathering and analysis techniques
d) Preparing to collect the data
e) Collecting the data in the field
f) Evaluating and analyzing the data
The aim of this project is to propose ways in which Fatimid Architecture can be incorporated into the
design of the sports club to create a positive impact on the community, and also to propose ways in
which the community can socially interact with each other and be physically fit through interior
design by incorporating better sitting arrangements and a better area to practice their sports through
33
design. Therefore, case study method will be applied to carry out this research. Case studies have a
very narrow focus which results in detailed descriptive data which is unique to the case studied. Two
types of data will be used; the primary and the secondary data. The primary data will be derived from
the answers respondents give during interviews with the researcher. The secondary data on the other
hand, will be derived from the findings stated in published documents and literatures related to the
research problem. The study will employ both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The
quantitative approach will focus on obtaining numerical findings and will be used with the
observation method. The interview on the other hand, will make up the qualitative approach of the
study as this focuses on personal accounts, observations, and description and individual insights of
the interviewees. This study will employ the combined approach so as to overcome the limitations of
both approaches.
3.3 TARGET POPULATION
The space is mainly used by the Bohra community and the school and university students which are
Bohras too. Since the population is quite large sampling will be necessary. Sampling is the process of
selecting units from a population of interest so that by studying the sample we may fairly generalize
our results back to the population from which they were chosen. (Trochim: 2006). Random sampling
is the most effective seeing as no personal knowledge about the users of the space is known.
However, it is necessary to ensure there is a balance between age, gender and race. Random
sampling can be combined with stratified sampling to avoid biasness.
3.4 SAMPLE DESIGN
There are several different sampling techniques available:
1. Simple random sampling
In this case each individual is chosen entirely by chance and each member of the population has an
equal chance, or probability, of being selected. One way of obtaining a random sample is to give
each individual in a population a number, and then use a table of random numbers to decide which
individuals to include.
34
2. Systematic sampling
Individuals are selected at regular intervals from a list of the whole population. The intervals are
chosen to ensure an adequate sample size. For example, every 10th member of the sports club is
included. This is often convenient and easy to use, although it may also lead to bias for reasons
outlined below.
3. Stratified sampling
In this method, the population is first divided into sub-groups (or strata) who all share a similar
characteristic. It is used when we might reasonably expect the measurement of interest to vary
between the different sub-groups. Gender or age would be examples of strata. The study sample is
then obtained by taking samples from each stratum.
In a stratified sample, the probability of an individual being included varies according to known
characteristics, such as gender, and the aim is to ensure that all sub-groups of the population that
might be of relevance to the study are adequately represented.
The fact that the sample was stratified should be taken into account at the analysis stage.
4. Clustered sampling
In a clustered sample, sub-groups of the population are used as the sampling unit, rather than
individuals. The population is divided into sub-groups, known as clusters, and a selection of these are
randomly selected to be included in the study. All members of the cluster are then included in the
study. Clustering should be taken into account in the analysis.
The most common method of sampling is known as simple random sampling:
"Pick a number out of a hat!" Gay provides a good example of this type of sampling.
Writers disagree on the usefulness of systematic sampling. Ary and Gay discount systematic
sampling as “not as good as “simple random sampling because each selection is not independent of
the others. Cluster sampling involves randomly selecting groups, not individuals. It is often
impossible to obtain a list of individuals which make up a target population.
3.5 DATA COLLECTION
Data Collection is an important aspect of any type of research study. Inaccurate data collection can
impact the results of a study and ultimately lead to invalid results. The data collection instruments
used to carry out this research will include:
35
Data Collection Methods
Description
Give a visual presentation of the current
Photography
situation at the site.
Compare between the current design and the
intended final design.
Interviewer asks questions, usually following a
Face-to-face interview
guide
or
protocol.
Interviewer records answers.
Observation entails the systematic noting and
Observation
recording of events,
behaviors, and artifacts (objects) in the social
setting chosen for study
Researchers review documents, and identify
Document review
relevant
information.
They keep track of the information retrieved
from documents.
Source: Lusthaus and others 1999
3.6 DATA ANALYSIS METHODS
In this section, the research explains how the data collected was analyzed. Here the researcher
explains how the data collected was organized, interpreted and analyzed in order to be well presented
at the end of the research. This helped in giving a better picture of the intended results after the
research had been successfully carried out in Anadil Jamaly. Some of the methods used were:
a) Bar graphs
Bar graphs were used to show the rise or fall of different various values like expenses, repairs,
damages, resources used etc, what change had been made and how it improved the current situation
in Anadil Jamaly as they are easy to read & understand.
36
b) Picture Displays& photographs ( Exhibition)
Pictures or photographs of Anadil Jamaly and other pictures or photographs used for the purposes of
this research were displayed &used to analyze the collected data and show the real picture of the
current situation at Anadil Jamaly or other inspiring ideas without any modifications.
c) Drawing
The researcher drew sketches and detailed plans of Anadil Jamaly to be able to accurately point out
the area of study and the different composition of the space.
d) Notes
The notes collected were used to compare the current problems at Anadil Jamaly and other
information gathered through historical methods to the intended solutions.
e) Quantitative data analysis
The researcher also used some descriptive data analysis methods like the measures of central
tendencies (mean, mode& median) to analyze the quantitative data.
3.7 DATA PRESENTATION
i.
Reports
The researcher wrote this project paper report for the whole research on, ‘use of Fatimid architectural
and Bohra cultural inspiration in re design of Anadil Jamaly’ after completion of the research. This
included literature review notes on an understanding of various design harmonies and different
inspirations of culture in creating sustainable designs, A breakdown of research methodologies used
for the research, an analysis of Anadil Jamaly and design recommendations for Anadil Jamaly
towards realizing designs that are sustainable and inspired by the Bohra culture. Photographs and
diagrams too were included in various sections.
ii.
Exhibitions
The researcher also exhibited the data in the form of site analysis and site context plans, photographs,
schematic drawings and other graphic presentations of Anadil Jamaly and the intended designs.
37
Table 3.6 (a) Shows a summary of the research methodologies to be used in Anadil Jamaly
Method
Reasons for using it
On whom to use the How the data collected
method
Observation
will be analyzed
Note the designs used This method was mostly Drawings; Sketches &
in the space.
applied to the intended scaled plans.
Note firsthand the soil space; in this case, the
type, relief type of the space is Anadil Jamaly.
land
the
general
vegetation of the area.
Photography
Give
a
presentation
visual The site, Anadil Jamaly
of
Exhibition:
The
the Other hotels that have photographs
current situation at the been
site.
influenced
culture
to
were
by displayed as part of a
create final exhibition of the
Compare between the sustainable designs.
space.
current design and the
intended final design.
Interviews&
To collect primary data on The
Questionnaires
the
challenges
current design.
of
staff,
the manager
customers, Graphs,
&
Notes,
designer Drawings & sketches.
who designed the club.
Books,
To collect secondary data Different authors.
Journals&
on other similar projects Similar researches done measures
Articles
that has been successfully by other scholars.
tendencies
done.
quantitative data.
38
Notes,
Graphs&
of
for
central
the
3.8 DESIGN PROCESS
DEFINE THE PROBLEM
You can't find a solution, until you can spell out what the problem is. Interiors work with the client
to define the project. The problem may be something like "A new school kitchen with cafeteria that
seats 300 students" or "A new high school for 1,000 students."
COLLECT INFORMATION
Once the problem is defined, interiors will spend time gathering information to help them understand
the neighborhood, the site, the users of the building, any existing buildings. Typically this means
taking photographs, sketching, and interviewing the client. It's also valuable to collect information
on the natural environment, so interiors may gather data on the path of the sun around the site, the
direction of the wind, the climate, as well as what types of plants are currently growing around the
site.
ANALYZE
During this stage of the process, interiors may begin sketching or making diagrams to help them
understand how all the data and information they've collected may impact the design of the building.
These early drawings - which may include bubble diagrams, for example, will help the interiors
document their ideas, because it's likely the solution will change as they go along.
DEVELOP SOLUTIONS
At this stage in the design process, interiors will create drawings with specific solutions. Schematic
drawings, as these are typically called, help illustrate the big ideas and space requirements of the
project. Schematic drawings usually do not include dimensions or other construction-related
notes.
BUILD IT
The precise details of the building will determined over several months while the firm is developing
a set of construction drawings and specifications. These construction documents will be used by the
contractor to construct the building.
40
3.9 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The research focused on Bohras and the management of the sports complex in the research
methodology so as to paint out clearly the consumer behavior that is needed to assess the existing
problems in the site. The general methods were used to integrate the whole research into one. The
methods used ensured that the work relates to a wider perspective and comes from a strong
conceptual base to develop an awareness of the system in which the sports club operates in.
41
CHAPTER FOUR
42
4.0 SITE ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Anadil Jamaly Sports Club is situated in Lang’ata, within the Bohora Community Estate (Saifee
Park). It has an open landscape which is used for outdoor sports and a small parking area.
Consisting of two floors, the first floor has a badminton court, gym, a canteen, washrooms and a
room for the care taker. The second floor has a snooker room, darts room, an open space,
meeting room and table tennis court. The second building has a squash court and a swimming
pool with a changing room and sauna. At the backside there is a volleyball court. It is used by the
Bohora only.
4.2 ANALYSIS
4.2.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Anadil Jamaly Sports Club was opened on 18Th September, 1990. It is owned by the Bohra
community.
4.2.2 LOCATION
Anadil Jamaly Sports Club is located at the end of Kiboko Road, 17 km from the city centre. It is
situated in Saifee Park Estate and next to A.M.S.B. Primary and Secondary School.
Image 15: Anadil Jamaly map (www.googlemaps.com)
43
4.2.3 CLIMATE
The site is located in Nairobi. Nairobi receives an average annual rainfall of 800mm. The
day temperatures range between 34 degrees maximum and 12 degrees minimum. The
night temperatures range between 28 degrees maximum and 10 degrees minimum,
depending on the time of the year.
The wind direction is towards south but is redirected by the presence of trees in the undeveloped
areas. The wind is slight yielding gentle breezes most of the time. The wind blow is rarely strong
on the site. The site receives sufficient amount of sunshine. This results in high temperatures
during the day. It‘s only during the cold season when the site has cloud covers that the sun is
minimal or sometimes nil. Seasonal changes of the sun‘s angle alter shadow length.
4.2.4 SOCIAL FACTORS
The land is used by school and university students and community members each day. It
is situated in the estate and surrounded by houses of the Bohora Community and
adjacent to a driveway and a shopping centre that exists within the estate.
The major noise pollutants on the site are from the human activities (on going daily
activities of the inhabitant of the houses and shops).
4.2.5 FACILITIES: INTERIOR
Badminton court
The badminton court is a huge enclosed room with green walls and green curtains on the
entrance doors. There is a green playing mat on the middle of the floor with a net in between. It
has stripped flooring called TNG on the sides and corners of the floor. The roof of the court is
gypsum blocks, some of the blocks are missing and there are signs of water leakage on the
blocks.
44
a) Gypsum ceiling
b)
b) Flooring
Court
d) Net
e) Curtains
Swimming pool
The swimming pool area consists of a large swimming pool of 20m by 8m which is 6 feet deep
and a small baby fountain. The floor surrounding the pools is made up of natural pebble; and on
45
the side walls of the swimming pool are metal wind breakers. There are also four rooms, two
changing rooms for ladies and gents respectively, a sauna and a store room. The sauna does not
work efficiently. Since the swimming pool does not have a rooftop, the sauna should be utilized
and should function well in cases of harsh weather.
Squash room
The squash room consists of two separate courts made up of stripped floor called TNG. Opposite
to the courts are raised wooden benches for the audience to sit back and enjoy the game. The
ceiling of the room is also made up of TNG. Players that enter the court must be strictly wearing
non- marking shoes.
Darts room
Darts is played on the upper left wing of Anadil Jamaly. The dart board is enclosed in a cupboard
which is opened when darts are being played. There is no specific room for darts making it a
drawback as players are frequently interrupted by people entering the upper wing.
Table tennis court
It is a granite floored room with a table tennis table located at the centre of the room with
dimensions 9 feet long by 5 feet wide and 2 feet 6 inches high. One major drawback is that huge
windows on one side of the wall are not covered up allowing light to interfere when people are
playing the game.
a) Table tennis table
b) Windows
46
Snooker
The snooker room is the darkest room in the building, the only light available is from a light
shade above the snooker table of dimensions 11 feet 8.5 inches by 5 feet 10 inches which is
placed in the middle of the room. The floor is carpeted and has cue storing hangers.
Canteen
The canteen at Anadil Jamaly is a very small room which consists of a fridge, a storage counter
and a serving table. It does not have enough room for its owner to serve therefore the room is
quite unhygienic.
a) Canteen
b) Serving table
c) Fridge
47
Gym
The gym room consists of equipment like the treadmill, the cycle, the cross trainers, strength
training machines, weights of different masses and a trampoline. The room has two walls of
mirrors at opposite ends to enable people to look at what they are doing or working on. Also in
the room is a water filter, a music system and gym mats. The main disadvantage of the gym is
that most of the equipments are broken. Equipments are also not placed in order and mats are
usually lying haphazardly on the floor.
Washrooms
The washroom contains six toilet cubicles available for use by general public and players.
Outside the cubicles are two wash basins and mirrors accompanied by storage lockers for some
players. Its main drawback being lack of water most of the times and no separate toilets for male
and female.
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4.2.6 LANDSCAPE
Ground
The ground is located at the foot of Anadil Jamaly. It is a vast ground used mainly for outdoor
sports such as cricket, football, athletics, high jump, long jump, javelin, shot put and discus
throw.
On two opposite ends of the ground are two huge white metal wind breakers which allow
cricketers to be able to view the ball at a distance. The ground is not always properly maintained,
at times the grass on the ground grow a feet tall not allowing players to utilize the ground
efficiently.
Football goal posts have no nets and are usually placed haphazardly on the field. The cricket
pitch at times is not visible as grass growing on the pitch has not been trimmed off.
49
Volleyball pitch
The volleyball pitch is located at the backside of Anadil Jamaly. The pitch is covered in sand and
very small stones; grass, small plants and shrubs surround the pitch. The volleyball net is based
exactly in the middle of the pitch. Besides the volleyball net is a long sitting chair for the refree
and on the side walls of the pitch are long metal wind breakers which do not allow wind to
interfere with the balls direction.
4.2.7 FURNITURE DESIGN
There are wooden benches for audience in the badminton, snooker and table tennis courts as well
as volleyball pitch. Outside the canteen are wooden tables and plastic chairs for people to enjoy
their meals. The swimming pool also has plastic and wooden rest benches.
a) Badminton court bench
b) Canteen tables
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4.2.8 EXHIBITION AND DISPLAY
The main display board is at the entrance stairs of Anadil Jamaly where all sports related events,
information, announcements and results are posted. Another main display board is the cricket
score board where scores of a game being played are changed along the game using numbered
plates.
a) Cricket score board
b) Main display board
4.2.8 LIGHTING
All the rooms at Anadil Jamaly have tube fluorescent lights except the snooker room shade
lighting and canteen which has a yellow bulb light and swimming pool, volleyball pitch and
ground has flood lights.
a) Artificial lighting
b) Natural lighting
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4.3 PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS
Graph presenting gender and age sets playing sports all year round at Anadil Jamaly:
Over the age of 50 years, adults usually play snooker at Anadil Jamaly.
Graph representing sports played by A.M.S.B school students during school days and holidays:
52
Percentage of sports played by different type of people:
Graph representing differnt age groups swimming different strokes:
53
4.4 SUMMARY
Anadil Jamaly is generally in a wanting state and an improvement of the current design of the
site would go a long way towards improving the aesthetic and functional appeal of the site. The
interior walls most of which are permanent are in a worn out state and the cemented floor is also
in a dilapidated state. The ceiling though needs improvement and better maintenance. The
lighting, indoor& outdoor/ natural& artificial, also needs some improvement, as it is not
sufficient for Anadil Jamaly. Most of the furniture is rundown and in need of repairs or
replacement and the exhibition and displays in Anadil Jamaly like the score boards also needs to
be improved and modernized.
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CHAPTER FIVE
55
5.0 SUMMARY FINDINGS CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
The researcher used the findings obtained from the literature review to suggest possible
ideas that can be used by the Sports club to provide a livelier and healthy environment and
sustainability.
5.2 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The sports club’s design is not contemporary design thus the constant need to change from
time to time which is more expensive as compared to the complete design of the whole
sports club. From the findings, the sports club wastes a lot of potential energy that could
have been maximized to cut costs in interior architecture of the courts, offices, washrooms
and ground areas. The landscape has little features that might be of interest to many. Over
the years, broken furniture has always been repaired by the sports club. However, there are
those that were not repaired and so are left without use in the store. This furniture pieces
offer a great deal to practice reusing and recycling as principles of sustainability.
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5.3 CONCLUSION
The research findings clearly show that there is a design problem in Anadil Jamaly Sports
Club. The management had made attempts to redesign the courts in an attempt to solve
some of these problems as well as keep up with the trends. The aim of this research is to
develop solutions to the problems cited in the sports club. The solutions are in line with
the aspect of sustainability with an aim to create a more interesting environment as well as
design for a modern society.
5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE FOUR AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION
The researcher will use the appropriate Fatimid designs and Bohra cultural inspirations to
attract people and create liveliness in the interior design of the sports club with a key eye
on the aspects of sustainability in the material used, concept and costing.
5.4.1 EXTERNAL DESIGN OF ANADIL JAMALY
As explained above about the tiffin culture, tiffin is usually round, thus getting inspired from it;
the shape of the re-designed sports club will be round. People are far more likely to call a room
beautiful when its design is round instead of a linear. The reason may be hard wired into the
brain. Time and again when people are asked to choose between an object that is linear and one
that is curved, they prefer the curved. That goes for watches with circular faces, letters rendered
in a curly font, couches with smooth cushions, even dental floss with round packaging.
5.4.2 INTERIOR DESIGN OF ANADIL JAMALY
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Entrance
The design of the entrance should be warm and welcoming with reception close to the point of
entry with sufficient space for queuing and an informal hotel type arrangement. The reception
desk should be prominently sited and of an open design with a dropped level for wheelchair users
and children, but with sensitively designed security features as appropriate. It should make
provision for the monitoring of fire and security systems and allow for the integration of CCTV,
PA and other essential equipment (retrofitting such equipment when space is tight can be
difficult).
Image 16: Example of an entrance (www.google.com)
Café
Café area should be located in or close to the entrance with Fatimid designs to ensure that
standards of decor match successfully.
Image 16:Fatimid style café (www.google.com)
Changing rooms
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Changing capacity should be provided to cope with the normal maximum occupancy level and
pattern of use. Changing areas need to be fully accessible for disabled users. Cloth storage
lockers in the main corridor can be easily supervised by staff and might help to deter vandalism,
whilst lockers in the changing room are more convenient for users. Toilets can be planned to
share a common access lobby with changing rooms. This is an economical, proven arrangement
that concentrates services and affords convenient access to sports, social and office areas.
Image 17: Changing room (www.google.com)
Badminton court
The ideal badminton floor is a sprung wooden floor with a vinyl, PVC, PU or wooden strip
covering on top to make it shock-absorbent and injury prone. It shall have three different lighting
ways for badminton court lighting: natural lighting, artificial lighting and mixed lighting, which
includes the two. Requirements of badminton court lighting design is that let player can
accurately judge the path, height and drop point of ball.
Image 18: Badminton court (www.google.com)
Squash court
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The most economical solution is to build singles squash courts with a movable side wall to
permit doubles and singles to be played on the same court. The CT fin glass back wall can be
considered as the ‘traditional’ type of glass back wall. Advantage of the fin glass back wall is
that elevated seating areas enjoy a less obstructed view. Floors should be constructed of a light
colored timber to enable the fast-moving ball to be seen in play and have a dense structure such
as beech, ash or maple, finished with textured surface for grip.
The minimum lighting level for a standard squash court measured at 1 metre above finished floor
level.
Image 19: Squash court (www.google.com)
Swimming pool
Single community pools should have a minimum shallow water depth of 0.9 m (if there is no
learner pool) and a deep end of 1.8 m or 2.0 m. Diving from boards, advanced synchronized
swimming and more advanced sub-aqua training require deeper water.
Image 20: Swimming pool (www.google.com)
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Table tennis court
The playing space shall not be less than 14m long, 7m wide and 5m high. The playing area shall
be enclosed by surrounds about 75cm high, all of the same dark background color, separating it
from adjacent playing areas and from spectators. The light intensity, measured at the height of
the playing surface, shall be at least 1000 lux uniformly over the whole of the playing surface
and at least 500 lux elsewhere in the playing area; in other competitions the intensity shall be at
least 600 lux uniformly over the playing surface and at least 400 lux elsewhere in the playing
area. Where several tables are in use, the lighting level shall be the same for all of them, and the
level of background lighting in the playing hall shall not be greater than the lowest level in the
playing area. The light source shall not be less than 5m above the floor. The background shall be
generally dark and shall not contain bright light sources or daylight through uncovered windows
or other apertures. The flooring shall not be light-colored, brightly reflecting or slippery and its
surface shall not be of brick, ceramics, concrete or stone.
Image 21: Table tennis court (www.google.com)
Snooker room
A one-table snooker room requires enough space around the table to accommodate the range of a
stroke of the cue from all angles, while also accounting for chairs, the storage rack and any other
furniture that is or will be present. Optimally, there should be at least 6 ft (1.8 m) of clearance
between the table and any walls, furniture or other objects, on all sides and at all corners of the
table. Lighting is important to the design of a snooker room. Snooker rooms need overhead
61
lighting, and a multi-bulb light fixture specifically designed for illuminating a billiard table is
most often used. Such fixtures are available in both incandescent and fluorescent models, and
range from crude to highly ornate. Snooker rooms with windows usually employ curtains or
blinds during daytime use, to prevent excessive glare.
Image 22: Snooker room (www.google.com)
Darts room
Ideally two lights shining on the board is best but at a minimum there should be at least one light
on the board. The lights should not be positioned in such a way that they may be hit by a high or
stray dart. Even temporary lights that can be clipped on to the ceiling or elsewhere are better
than nothing. Clip on lights don’t do much for the décor but they are easy to install and usually
pretty cheap. They also eliminate the need for you to do any wiring modifications.
Flooring is always preferred to have some kind of carpet in the dart area. The carpet should
extend from the wall where the dart board is hung to about three feet past the toe line. The
carpet should extend about three feet left and right of the centre line of the board back to the toe
line. There are a couple of good reasons to not play on a hard surface. First, it’s easier on your
darts if they fall on carpet instead of concert or hardwood. Secondly, it’s easier on your feet. If
you do have a hardwood, vinyl or laminate floor you want to protect it from darts. So a covering
of carpet is a good start although darts can still pierce through the carpet and into the floor.
62
The last item that is essential to a good dart set up is a score board. This can be as simple of
elaborate. They can be bought relatively cheaply and are even pretty simple to build. Chalk
boards are probably the best option although they do create a lot of dust.
Image 23: Darts board (www.google.com)
Gym
Gym should be light and bright gym. Surrounded by mirrors, for people not to make a weightlifting mistake the floor should be rubber floor.
Image 24: Gym (www.google.com)
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Image 25: Rubber floor (www.google.com)
Stores
Equipment stores should have adequate storage space of suitable proportions, sited in the correct
location, is essential for the efficient operation of multi-sports halls.
All these interior spaces shall have Fatimid designs applied in them, example:
Ø Decorated with extraordinary splendour Gold rafter supported the ceilings
Ø Rare birds and animals decorated the walls and furniture
Ø Curtain inspired by the Byzantine
Ø A huge silk hanging with a map of all the lands of the world and their rulers expressed
the Fatimid claim to belong to the family of kings.
Ø The technique of lusterware on ceramic
Ø Floral wood carvings. Carved wood is used for elements such as doors, panels and ceiling
beams.
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The architecture:
Ø The keel-shaped arch emerges as a common feature in Fatimid architecture
Ø The dome sometimes incorporates a keel-shaped profile. The Fatimid dome usually rests
on squinches or a series of niches, which allows for the transition from the square base of
the domed space to the circular outline of the dome.
Ø
5.4.3 EXHIBITION AND DISPLAY OF ANADIL JAMALY
The main exhibition and display in a sports complex are the score boards. Each court should
have its own score board. As the generation is moving and new technologies are building, score
boards are preferred to be digital. This is less time consuming and efficient.
Image 26: Used for cricket scores (www.google.com)
Image 27: Digital scoreboard (www.google.com)
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2.3.4 FURNITURE DESIGN OF ANADIL JAMALY
The main use of furniture is a sports complex are the sitting arrangements for audience, cafeteria
sitting arrangements, reception furniture and swimming pool rest sits.
Image 28: Fatimid style furniture (www.google.com)
Image 29, 30: Swimming pool furniture Fatimid style
(www.google.com)
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Image 31: Sitting arrangements for audience
(www.google.com)
2.3.5 LANDSCAPING DESIGN FOR ANADIL JAMALY
Parking
Parking should be access and adequate turning provision for service vehicles. Should secure
cycle standing located within sight of the office or reception. Ramps, if there are changes in
ground level, and additional hand railing. Should have well-lit car parks and footpaths for safe
access after dark.
Image 32: Parking (www.google.com)
Football field
Proper crowning of gridirons constructed from natural soil or modified soil is a necessity that
will ensure excellent surface drainage without interfering with play. The design should provide a
10- to 18-inch crown (approximately 1 to 1.9 percent) sloping uniformly from the center of the
field to the sidelines, without pockets. The parallel sidelines should be level. Tile systems are
placed along the sidelines with open catch basins to remove water more rapidly than it will be
67
absorbed through the soil. Except for cases of seepage and high water tables, tiles under the
entire playing area of soil fields may be of little value because surface compaction impedes water
movement to the tile.
Image 33: Football field (www.google.com)
Cricket field
A turf pitch is 20.12m long and 3.05m wide. A non-turf pitch is a minimum length of 17.68m
and a minimum of 1.83m wide. A pitch is bounded at either end by the bowling creases and a set
of wickets in the centre of the bowling crease. In the case of a turf pitch, the slope of the pitch
should not exceed 1 per cent and follow the slope pattern of the oval. If the oval is centre sloped,
the pitch square should also slope from the centre. The amount of fall should therefore not
exceed 30mm across a 3.05m strip or 200mm along its length, being as flat as possible at the
centre. The pitch square should be about 75mm above the level of the outfield to allow for
surface drainage off the pitch.
Image 34: Cricket field (www.google.com)
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Running track
·
Porous: A training surface for top athletes or competition surface for schools and clubs
IAAF approved.
·
Sandwich: A non-porous system finished with a coloured EPDM rubber granulated cast,
then a polyurethane top-coat, providing a top quality surface.
·
Solid: Textured surface designed to meet the highest IAAF standards.
Image 35: Running track (www.google.com)
Volleyball field
Volley Ball field made of anti skit top surface with synthetic rubber base. This system is
designed to have maximum speed in game. This system not only increases the speed but is also
helpful while shooting across the net.
Moreover, the volley ball court floorings are appreciated for their features such as low
maintenance cost and resistance against skid.
Image 36: Volleyball pitch (www.google.com)
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Image 37: Floor (www.google.com)
5.5 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES
Due to the broad spectrum of the research, the researcher was not able to cover all aspects
of this research due to economic constraints and time allocated for the project. There is
still more room for further research work that will contribute to the little literature
currently available on this expansive topic.
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REFERENCES
Answers. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_landscaping?#slide=2
Ngau, P. Kumssa, A. (2004), Research Design, Data Collection and Analysis.
Seal, C. (2004), Social Research Methods, A Reader, Routledge, New York.
Yin, Robert K. (2003), Case study research: design and methods, 3rd ed.,vol. 5, Thousand Oaks:
Sage.
O‘Leary, Z. (2004), The Essential Guide to Doing Research, Thousand Oaks: Sage. Shiha
(December,2012)-
Integrated
Design
Commission
http://www.integrateddesign.sa.gov.au/design-
-
reviews/design-touches-
every-aspect-of-our-lives/
McLennan, J. F. (2004), The Philosophy of Sustainable Design http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_design
http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/hs/ArchCairo
http://www.complex.com/sports/2012/12/the-20-best-sports-rap-references-of-2012
https://www. design++for+sports+complex&oq=design++for+sports+complex
http://www.rdgusa.com/markets/sports
http://www.pinnacleindoor.com/
71
https://www.academia.edu/2531130/Community_benefits_of_major_sport_facilities_The_Darebi
n_International_Sports_Centre
https://www.academia.edu/6868040/OLD_ISLAMIC_HISTORIC_CAIRO_AL_DARB_AL_AH
MAR_AS_A_CULTURAL_HERITAGE_DISTRICT
http://www.cpas-egypt.com/pdf/MohamedBadrKamel/Rsearch
http://islamic-arts.org/tag/fatimid-caliphate/
http://www.sportconcepts.net/pdf/arenas.pdf
https://www.behance.net/gallery/18961081/A-Fatimid-living-room
https://www.google.com/search?newwindow=1&q=design++for+sports+complex&oq=design++
for+sports+complex
www.bartonmalow.com › MARKETS
www.e-architect.co.uk/sports-centre-buildings
Community tool box
Delljvc, Dawoodi bohras
Better health
Metmuseum, metropolitan museum of art
Sports-Halls-Design-and-Layouts-2012
www.sportsengland.com
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ARCHITECTURE:COMFORT AND
ENERGYbook ,EditorsC. Gallo, M.
Arab Academy for science and technology.
73
APPENDIX 1
INTERVIEW GUIDE
The interview guide is for a research carried out by a student of the University of
Nairobi, School of the Arts and Design. The information given will be used by the
researcher for academic purposes only.
1.
What‘s the full name of the sports club?
2.
When was the sports club founded?
3.
Who founded it?
4.
How many rooms/courts exist within the sports club?
5.
What kind of furniture is used?
6.
What do you use to display the score?
7.
What are sports club hours?
8.
What age group uses the facility?
9.
Number of people using the facility?
10. Are the users from one community or different communities?
11. From your observation, do the users enjoy the facility provided?
12. Are you satisfied with the existing environment in the sports club?
13. What other equipments should be added to the sports club?
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APPENDIX 2
STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRE ADMINISTERED TO THE ANADIL JAMALY
MEMBERS
The researcher is a final year student in the School of Design and the Arts, University of
Nairobi, majoring in Interior Design and seeking to understand how external and internal
environment at Anadil Jamaly can be improved. Kindly assist by filling in the questionnaire
below honestly. The report will strictly be for scholarly purposes only.
Gender
Male
Female
How many users use each room/court?
More than 40
30-40
20-29
10-19
Less than 10
Is the space allocated for audience in each room/court enough?
YES
NO
If no in the above, why do you think it is not enough?
………………………………………………………………………………………….…
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….…
………………………………………………………………………………
What do you suggest should be done instead?
………………………………………………………………………………………….…
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….…
………………………………………………………………………………
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Which kind of seats do you prefer?
Plastic ones?
Wooden ones?
Why do you prefer them?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
Comment on the general condition of seats within the sports club
Very good
Good
Fair/ average
Poor
Very poor
Do you like the current material for used as floor finish?
YES
NO
State reasons for your choice.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
What would you suggest instead of the current finish from among the following:
Screed tiles
Ceramic tiles
Timber parquet
Any other
PVC tiles
Rubber tiles
Marble
What would you state is the general conditions of floor finish in the sports club?
Very good
Good
Fair/ average
Poor
Very poor
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Is the natural light in the court enough during the day?
YES
NO
If no in the above, why do you think it is not enough?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
What would you say is the general status of the natural lighting within the room/court?
Very good
Good
Fair/ average
Poor
Very poor
What would you say is the general status of the artificial lighting within the room/court?
Very good
Good
Fair/ average
Poor
Very poor
Are the toilet facilities within the sports club enough?
YES
NO
Do you find any difficulty accessing them?
YES
NO
If yes in the above, state why.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
What do you suggest should be done to curb this problem?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
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What do you suggest is the general condition of the toilet facilities in the sports club?
Very good
Good
Fair/ average
Poor
Very poor
Other than the problems stated above, what other areas do you think beg attention within
the sports club? State them.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
How should these problems be addressed/ solved?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………
Thank you for taking time to fill in the questionnaire!
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APPENDIX 3
PICTURES OF THE SITE
Door
Second floor
Badminton court
Wooden door
Staircase
Ceiling
Field
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Table tennis court
Canteen
Curtains
Volleyball pitch
Gym
Exterior
80
Exterior
Exhibition and display
Exhibition and display
Furniture
Parking lot
81