Q1.
Bags of readi-to-mix concrete contain three ingredients.
Readi-to-mix Concrete
contains
cement
crushed rock
sand
Complete each sentence by choosing the correct words from the box.
clay
limestone
salt
slaked lime
water
Cement is made by heating.......................................... and ......................................... in a rotary
kiln.
To make concrete, the contents of the bag of readi-to-mix concrete must be mixed with
............................................................................... .
(Total 3 marks)
Page 1 of 24
Q2.
Limestone and the products of limestone have many uses.
(a)
Limestone is quarried.
Photograph © Lonny Kalfus / Getty Images
Quarrying limestone has impacts that cause environmental problems.
Tick ( ) two impacts that cause environmental problems.
Impact of quarrying
Tick ( )
Puts off tourists
Causes dust pollution
Increases jobs
Increases traffic
(2)
(b)
Limestone contains calcium carbonate, CaCO3. When it is heated calcium carbonate
produces calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
The word equation for this reaction is:
calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
(i)
Complete the sentence.
The reaction when calcium carbonate is heated is called
thermal ...........................................
(1)
(ii)
100 g of calcium carbonate was heated and produced 56 g of calcium oxide.
Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide produced.
...............................................................................................................
....................................... g
(1)
Page 2 of 24
(c)
The flow chart shows the stages in the limestone cycle.
Complete the names of the calcium compounds formed in the flow chart.
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q3.
Limestone has been called the Earth’s most useful rock.
(a)
Limestone contains calcium carbonate, CaCO3.
(i)
Complete the table to show the number of atoms of each element in the formula of
calcium carbonate.
Calcium has been done for you.
Element
Number of atoms in the formula CaCO3
Calcium, Ca
1
Carbon, C
Oxygen, O
(2)
Page 3 of 24
(ii)
The diagram below represents a carbon atom.
Use words from the box to label the parts of this atom.
bond
electron
molecule
nucleus
(2)
(b)
At a cement works, limestone is mixed with clay and heated in a kiln.
Use the information in the diagram to answer these questions.
(i)
Name the fuel that is used to heat the limestone and clay.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 4 of 24
(ii)
Limestone contains calcium carbonate, CaCO3.
Draw a ring around the correct gas in the box to complete the sentence.
argon.
The gas formed when calcium carbonate
decomposes is
carbon dioxide.
nitrogen.
(1)
(c)
The cement works starts to burn a different fuel.
Local residents are concerned because more children are suffering asthma attacks.
Residents have also noticed that parked cars are becoming dirty because of smoke
particles from the chimney.
The table shows the possible medical risk from smoke particles.
(i)
Particle size in mm
Medical effect
Larger than 0.4
No medical risks known
0.3 and smaller
Causes asthma attacks
0.2 and smaller
May cause cancer
Give two reasons why local residents are concerned about the cement works
burning a different fuel.
1 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
Page 5 of 24
(ii)
The company operating the cement works stated that smoke particles from the
chimney had not changed since it started burning the different fuel.
If you were a local resident, what evidence would you like to see to help you decide if
the company’s statement is true or not?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q4.
Limestone contains calcium carbonate, CaCO3
(a)
The flow chart shows the stages in the limestone cycle.
Write the name of the correct calcium compound in each empty box to complete the flow
chart.
(3)
Page 6 of 24
(b)
Limestone is heated with clay to make cement.
Cement is mixed with sand to make mortar.
A student investigated the strength of six mortar mixtures. Each mortar mixture contained
100cm3 cement but each contained a different volume of sand.
To do the investigation the student:
•
added and stirred water into each mortar mixture
•
put each mixture into the same sized moulds
•
left each mixture to set hard
•
dropped a metal ball from increasing height_s until the mortar cracked
•
recorded the results in a table.
(i)
Volume of sand in cm3
Volume of cement in cm3
Height the metal ball was
dropped from to crack the
mortar in cm
700
100
24
600
100
30
500
100
36
400
100
37
300
100
48
200
100
54
What happens to the strength of the mortar as the volume of sand increases?
...............................................................................................................
(1)
Page 7 of 24
(ii)
The student was worried about an anomalous result.
Which result was anomalous?
Volume of sand = ................. cm3
Explain why you have chosen this result.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
The student repeated the investigation but used six concrete mixtures.
From the results the student concluded correctly that concrete was stronger than mortar.
Suggest one reason why concrete is stronger than mortar.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Q5.
Sea water contains magnesium ions. Magnesium oxide can be obtained from sea water
using the following process.
(a)
State the chemical name for limestone.
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Write a word equation for the action of heat on limestone.
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
Page 8 of 24
(c)
State the chemical name for slaked lime.
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
Write a balanced chemical equation for the addition of water to quicklime.
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(e)
How can magnesium hydroxide be separated from sea water?
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(f)
Suggest and explain how magnesium could be obtained from magnesium oxide.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Q6.
Limestone contains the compound calcium carbonate, CaCO3.
(a)
Limestone is used to make cement in a rotary kiln.
Use the information in the diagram to name the two main waste gases from this rotary
kiln.
1 .................................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................................
(2)
Page 9 of 24
(b)
Columns used as supports for buildings can be made from materials such as limestone
blocks or concrete.
From the diagrams, name which you think is the better material for making a column.
....................................................................................................................................
Give three advantages for your choice of material.
1 .................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
3 .................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
Q7.
Lime (calcium oxide) is used in agriculture to reduce the acidity of soils.
Describe, as fully as you can, the reaction by which lime is made.
Name any other product(s).
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(Total 3 marks)
Page 10 of 24
Q8.
(a) Limestone is a hard rock that is used as a building material.
Limestone was used by the Egyptians to make plaster.
Reaction 1 – calcium carbonate, CaCO3, was decomposed by heating limestone
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
Reaction 2 – water was added to the solid produced to make slaked lime
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
Reaction 3 – a mixture of slaked lime and water was used as plaster. After the plaster
had set it became even harder with age
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
(i)
Name the solid formed when calcium carbonate decomposed.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Use the reactions to explain how the plaster became even harder with age.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
Page 11 of 24
(b)
A gardener wanted to make a step up to his greenhouse door. He decided to use a mixture
of cement and sand to make mortar.
He experimented using mixtures with different cement to sand ratios.
•
The mortar mixtures were put in the same sized mould.
•
Each mortar mixture was allowed to set hard.
•
He then dropped a metal ball from increasing height_s until the set mortar cracked.
•
He recorded his results in a table.
(i)
Volume of sand
in cm3
Volume of cement
in cm3
Height the metal ball
dropped to crack the set
mortar in cm
800
100
17
700
100
24
600
100
30
500
100
36
400
100
37
300
100
48
200
100
54
What is the relationship between the volume of sand and the strength of the mortar?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
The gardener was not sure about some of his results.
Use the results to explain why.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 12 of 24
Q9.
Limestone is an important raw material.
(a)
The main compound in limestone has the formula CaCO3 .
Name the elements in this compound.
1 .................................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................................
3 .................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Limestone has many uses. Select from the list below two important materials made from
limestone.
cement
poly(ethene)
diesel oil
sodium hydroxide
glass
sulphuric acid
.............................................................. and ..............................................................
(2)
(c)
The diagram shows a lime kiln. The limestone is heated by the burning coal.
(i)
Suggest why hot air is blown into the lime kiln.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 13 of 24
(ii)
Give two reasons why carbon dioxide is produced in the lime kiln.
Reason 1 ............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
Reason 2 ............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
(i)
Quicklime (calcium oxide) can be converted to slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) by
adding water.
Write a word equation to represent this reaction.
...................................... + ...................................... → ....................................
(1)
(ii)
Why do farmers sometimes add slaked lime to acidic soil?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
Q10.
Limestone is an important raw material.
The diagram shows a lime kiln. The limestone is heated by the burning coal.
Page 14 of 24
(i)
Suggest why hot air is blown into the lime kiln.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Give two reasons why carbon dioxide is produced in the lime kiln.
Reason 1 .....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Reason 2 .....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 3 marks)
Q11.
Magnesium chloride is a useful salt.
The flow diagram shows how it can be made.
(i)
Describe how calcium hydroxide can be made from limestone.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
Page 15 of 24
(ii)
Write a word equation for the neutralisation of magnesium hydroxide with a suitable acid to
form magnesium chloride.
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Page 16 of 24
M1.
clay
1
limestone
1
water
1
[3]
M2.
(a)
causes dust pollution
1
increases traffic
1
(b)
(i)
decomposition
1
(ii)
44(g)
1
(c)
(calcium) hydroxide
1
(calcium) carbonate
1
substances must be in the order shown
[6]
M3.
(a)
(i)
1
1
3
1
(ii)
nucleus
1
electron
1
(b)
(i)
methane / CH4
accept natural gas
ignore air
do not allow other gases
1
(ii)
carbon dioxide
1
Page 17 of 24
(c)
(i)
any two from:
•
medical risks
•
asthma
•
cancer
•
dirt
•
causes global warming / global dimming / greenhouse effect / acid rain
ignore death
accept effect on health
accept difficulty breathing/ lung disease
allow smoke particles
allow harmful for the environment
2
(ii)
any two from:
•
have a test done / scientific evidence
•
independent (evidence)
•
comparison of smoke particles / when different
fuels used
•
medical evidence or more / less asthma attacks or
cancer or dirt on cars
2
[10]
M4.
(a)
calcium oxide
1
calcium hydroxide
1
calcium carbonate
1
substances must be in the order shown
(b)
(i)
strength of mortar decreases (as volume of sand increases)
1
(ii)
400 (cm3)
1
because the height_ the metal ball dropped from should
be 42 cm and not 37 cm
accept because the other results show that the height_ the metal
ball dropped from should have an interval of 6cm
1
Page 18 of 24
(c)
contains aggregate
allow bonding is stronger
1
[7]
M5.
(a)
calcium carbonate
not formula
1
(b)
calcium carbonate → calcium oxide
not common names
allow correct formulae
1
+ carbon dioxide
1
(c)
calcium hydroxide
not formula
1
(d)
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
allow if doubled
all formulae correct, no extra ones
1
balanced
1
(e)
filtration
allow centrifugation
not decanting
not evaporation, crystallisation
1
(f)
electrolysis stated or implied
molten MgO / magnesium oxide is ionic / Mg2+ goes to cathode
not just heated
1
or add sodium / K / Ca / Li / a more reactive metal
1
displaces Mg / reduces Mg
give no marks if reference made to reduction by C or H
1
[9]
Page 19 of 24
M6.
(a)
any two from:
•
nitrogen
accept formulae N / N2
•
carbon dioxide
accept formula CO2
ignore CO
•
water (vapour) / steam
accept formula H2O
2
(b)
any three from:
no mark for ‘limestone’ or ‘concrete’ on first line – mark advantages
only
limestone
•
abundant / local
ignore ideas of speed of production or easier to use
•
natural material or no ‘processing’ needed
•
relatively easy to cut
•
appearance better
concrete
•
raw materials are abundant
•
can be reinforced (by steel rods) / strong(er) / supported (by steel rods)
accept ‘can build higher’
•
concrete mixture can be poured / moulded / constructed on site
•
less reactive with acid rain / weathering / erosion
ignore density / extraction / quarrying / pollution / cost
3
[5]
##
from limestone/marble;
from calcium carbonate;
action of heat/thermal decomposition;
(other product is) carbon dioxide
any three for 1 mark each
[3]
-
Page 20 of 24
M8.
(a)
(i)
calcium oxide / quicklime
allow calcium monoxide
do not accept calcium dioxide
ignore chemical formulae
1
(ii)
any three from:
•
carbon dioxide / CO2
•
(carbon dioxide) reacts (with the calcium hydroxide / slaked
lime / plaster)
allow reaction 3 identified
do not allow incorrect reaction
ignore mixes, unless they state the correct product
•
limestone / calcium carbonate / CaCO3 forms
allow marble / chalk
•
water is lost / evaporates
it = plaster
allow moisture
ignore dries
3
(b)
(i)
as the amount / volume of sand decreases the strength of the
mortar increases
accept as sand decreases the mortar is stronger / harder to crack
allow as sand decreases the mortar increases
allow converse
ignore references to height_ of metal ball
1
(ii)
any two from:
•
400 / 5th result is anomalous
accept two results (36 and 37 / 400 and 500 / 4th and 5th) are almost
the same
accept result at 400 should be 42
•
the interval between the others is similar or the interval
is about 6/7
allow the other results fit a pattern / are on a straight line
•
he has only one set of results
allow he has only done it once
ignore reliable
2
[7]
Page 21 of 24
M9.
(a) calcium
carbon
oxygen
2 correct for 1 mark
3 correct for 2 marks
2
(b)
cement
glass
each for 1 mark
2
(c)
(i)
allows coal to bum / flushes out CO2
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
produced by burning coal
produced by decomposition of limestone
each for 1 mark
2
(d)
(i)
calcium oxide + water → calcium hydroxide
or quicklime + water → slaked lime
for 1 mark
(allow composite equation from these two)
1
(ii)
to neutralise it / because it is alkaline or basic
for 1 mark
1
[9]
M10.
(i)
(hot air) gives faster reaction makes coal burn faster
(provides air / oxygen to help to) allow the coal to burn / helps combustion
flushes out the waste / gases / carbon dioxide
any one for 1 mark
1
(ii)
decomposition of limestone yields carbon dioxide (owtte)
the combustion / burning of coal produces carbon dioxide (owtte)
each for 1 mark
2
[3]
Page 22 of 24
M11.
(a)
(i)
heat (the limestone)
accept decompose limestone
accept heat with coke
1
add water / slake
dependent on 1st mark unless they say add water to the calcium
oxide
1
(ii)
magnesium hydroxide +
hydrochloric acid
1
→ magnesium chloride + water / H2O
1 mark for each side of the equation
(if a symbol equation is given then give 1 mark for correct formulae
(all) and 1 mark for balancing)
1
[4]
Page 23 of 24
Page 24 of 24