Smarr Publishers
English
for
Classical Studies
A Student’s Companion to
Selected Works of
Edgar Allan Poe
by Dori Anne Abbott &
Robert W. Watson
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Selected Works of Edgar Allan Poe / 1
C
Introduction to Selected Works of Edgar Allan Poe
ALLED by many “the dark genius of the short story,” Edgar
Allan Poe is a pivotal figure in American literature. Born in
Boston, Poe grew up in Richmond, Virginia. His parents were
both actors. At the time of Poe’s birth, acting as a profession was
regarded by many as silly at best, and evil at worst. Thus when Poe
was orphaned at the age of two, prospective adoptive parents were
reluctant to take this child of actors in.
The Allan family did finally step in to support the young child, but
Mr. Allan refused to give Poe his name. This refusal would later cause
much bitterness in Poe—a bitterness that showed itself in fits of
temper and rebellious behavior. When Edgar was six, the Allan family
moved to England where they lived for five years.
Back in Richmond, Poe was matriculated at the University of Virginia where drunkenness,
gambling, and other hellish behaviors were commonplace. Poe floundered morally in this
environment. Not only did he have a propensity towards drinking, Poe also gambled recklessly,
running up enormous debts which he could not repay. Mr. Allan removed young Poe out of the
university, forcing him into a menial job with one of Allan’s counting houses to pay off the
money he owed. As revenge, Poe ran off and joined the army under a false name. Not having
the fortitude to stay in the army, Poe begged help from his foster father. Mr. Allan paid for
Poe’s release. During this tumultuous time period, Poe had two collections of poems published:
Tamerlane and Other Poems and Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems.
For some strange reason Poe decided to reenter the army. Poe was accepted at West Point
where he eventually got himself expelled for deliberately cutting classes and drills. Mr. Allen
would now have nothing to do with Poe because of his constant trouble. Indeed Poe once
described himself as a person whom “unmerciful disaster followed fast and followed faster”
Having now no permanent home, Poe moved to Baltimore and lived with his aunt, Maria (Poe)
Clemm.
In 1833, Poe won a fifty-dollar prize for his short story, “M.S. Found in a Bottle.” Befriended
by one of the contest judges, Poe sold an article to the Southern Literary Messenger Magazine;
then he joined the editorial staff there, eventually becoming its chief editor. Poe moved the
Clemms to Richmond, and married his young cousin, Virginia Clemm.
Trouble followed Poe again as he was dismissed from the Messenger for drinking. A move to
New York proved profitable for the Poe family. During his stay in New York, Poe published
“The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym,” which was so accurate in detail that many thought it
was a true sea voyage. The next move was to Philadelphia where Poe became the editor for
Burton’s Gentleman’s Magazine. Poe wrote a monthly feature for the magazine—usually some
tale of horror or the supernatural. Later he would publish a collection of these featured stories as
Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque.
When Burton’s was sold, Poe stayed on as the editor of its successor, Graham’s Magazine.
Many believe that Graham’s was the most important American magazine of its time. In this
magazine, Poe wrote the first detective story, “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” that introduced
the world to Dupin the detective of logical deductions. After a move back to New York in 1843,
Poe reached the height of his fame when “The Raven” was published. Still desperately poor,
Poe moved from one editorial job to another. Though he was a gifted critic and talented editor,
his struggles with alcoholism and emotional instability caused him to lose jobs at a phenomenal
rate, because he offended those who could most help him in his career.
2 / Selected Works of Edgar Allan Poe
Poe was admired by many readers, despite his rancorous demeanor, and his wife and her mother
adored him at home. Poe in turn tenderly loved Virginia who was dying of tuberculosis. After
Virginia’s death, Poe gave in to all his eccentricities (some say he went mad), wandering from
city to city until eventually he died in a gutter in Baltimore, the city where he had found his
beloved wife. His last days were unfitting for such a great talent.
The importance of Edgar Allan Poe to American literature cannot be under-estimated. Poe
alone transformed the short story into a recognized literary genre, creating the detective story,
and perfecting the psychological thriller. Jules Verne, Rudyard Kipling, and Arthur Conan
Doyle (Sherlock Holmes) were greatly influenced by Poe. In modern times, everything from
Agatha Christie to Murder She Wrote finds its roots in Poe’s detective stories.
Poe’s literary criticism influenced the entire literary world. Poe’s criticism of the New York
literati was especially harsh, because he felt that the Northern “talent” was overrated, while
genius like that of Augustus Baldwin Longstreet and William Gilmore Simms (both
Southerners) was deliberately ignored.
As with so many American authors, Poe received the respect he deserved long after his death.
West Point now has a gate (the Poe Gate) over which is inscribed a quotation from Francis
Bacon: “There is no exquisite beauty without some strangeness in the proportion.” Edgar Allan
Poe’s works are a living testament to the truth of Bacon’s words.
DORI ANNE ABBOTT
Selected Stories of Edgar Allan Poe
Lesson One
To me belongeth vengeance, and recompence; their foot shall slide in due time: for the day of
their calamity is at hand, and the things that shall come upon them make haste.—Deuteronomy
32:35
1.1 Vocabulary
placid adj.
caprice n.
demeanor n.
cerements n.
1.2 Vocabulary Exercise: Select the word that does not belong in each of the following lines.
1. placid
calm
serene
agitate
2. caprice
whim
bravery
notion
3. demeanor
laughter
mien
deportment
4. cerements
winding cloth
glue
shroud
1.3 Reading Assignment: “Ligeia” in The Gold-Bug and Other Tales
1.4 Recall Questions
1. Where did the narrator meet Ligeia?
Selected Works of Edgar Allan Poe / 3
2. How does the narrator describe Romance?
3. What must be present, according to Bacon, Lord Verulum, in order to have exquisite
beauty?
4. In the poem, “Conquering Worm,” who is the hero in the tragedy called “Man”? Why?
5. What is the name of the second wife of the narrator?
6. Why does the narrator believe he would fall into the goblet of his wife when she was ill?
7. What quality did Ligeia possess that enabled her to “beat death?”
1.5 Critical Thinking

Is it possible to “beat death?” Explain what the Bible says about death.

Explain how does Poe creates terror in this story.
1.6 Bonus Thoughts

Why her? Readers may wonder why Poe is always killing people off in his stories;
especially beautiful, young women like Ligeia. The answer lies in Poe’s philosophy of
literature written in his works of literary criticism. In his essay, “The Philosophy of
Composition,” Poe states that “the death then of a beautiful woman is unquestionably the
most poetic topic in the world.”
4 / Selected Works of Edgar Allan Poe
Selected Stories of Edgar Allan Poe
Lesson Two
And the light shineth in darkness; and the darkness comprehendeth it not.—John 1:5
2.1 Vocabulary
trepidation n.
gossamer adj.
vivacious adj.
cataleptic adj.
2.2 Vocabulary Exercise: Select the word that does not belong in each of the following lines.
1. trepidation
dread
circulation
apprehension
2. gossamer
lucid
tenuous
sheer
3. vivacious
spirited
ferocious
lively
4. cataleptic
stiff
rigid
disastrous
2.3 Reading Assignment: “The Fall of the House of Usher” in The Gold-Bug and Other Tales
Note: Although this tale may not seem hideous to modern readers, those who read the story
during Poe’s day appreciated the terror of Roderick Usher in fearing Madeline would be buried
alive. Many prominent citizens of the day coerced their private physicians to sign papers stating
that they would decapitate their bodies, open a major artery, or pierce their hearts in an attempt
to ensure that they were really dead. Being buried alive was considered a fate worse than death.
2.4 Recall Questions
1. How did the narrator know Roderick Usher?
2. From what was Roderick Usher suffering?
3. What did Usher assume would kill him?
2.5 Critical Thinking

How does the opening line prepare the reader emotionally for this tale? Can you name some
other great opening lines from other books?

Poe describes Roderick Usher’s mind as an object from which “darkness, as if an inherent
positive quality, poured forth upon all objects of the moral and physical universe, in one
unceasing radiation of gloom.” Is it possible for this to be true? Can darkness overcome
light; or does light dispel darkness? Give a Scripture reference to support your answer.
2.6 Bonus Thoughts

Appellation—what’s in a name? The word appellation comes from the French “apel”
which means name. The importance of names can be seen in history and throughout
Scripture where God commanded certain names like John the Baptist and Jesus, and where
Selected Works of Edgar Allan Poe / 5
He changed certain names like Abram to Abraham; and Jacob to Israel. Poe makes good
use of names when he uses “Usher” which sounds like “shh,” and “undertaker.”
Selected Stories of Edgar Allan Poe
Lesson Three
And Paul, as his manner was, went in unto them, and three sabbath days reasoned with them
out of the scriptures—Acts 17:2
3.1 Vocabulary
enigma n.
conundrum n.
hieroglyphic n.
acumen n.
3.2 Vocabulary Exercise: Select the word that does not belong in each of the following lines.
1. enigma
conundrum
riddle
mistake
2. hieroglyphic
consortium
pictorial
character
3. acumen
insight
zenith
keenness
3.3 Reading Assignment: “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” in The Gold-Bug and Other
Tales
3.4 Recall Questions
1. According to the narrator, which requires more mental skill: card games or chess?
2. In Paris, what relationship does the narrator have with C. Auguste Dupin?
3. What ability does Dupin have that astounds the narrator?
4. Where was the body of the daughter, Camille L’Espanaye, discovered?
5. Who was arrested for the murder and what was the person’s connection with Madame
L’Espanaye?
6. For what two reasons does Dupin have an interest in the murder case?
7. With regard to the shrill voice, Dupin states that what is important is not that the witnesses
disagreed about the language spoken, but that they all agreed concerning what?
8. Which window did Dupin deduce was the egress of the murderer?
6 / Selected Works of Edgar Allan Poe
9. According to Dupin, how was the escape of the murderer accomplished?
10. What evidence taken from Madame L’Espanaye’s hand does Dupin give to the narrator that
suggested that the murderer was not human?
11. How did Dupin deduce that the owner of the animal was sailor belonging to a Maltese ship?
12. What was the intention of the sailor regarding the animal when he came to Paris?
13. What did the sailor use to control the animal which at its sight caused it to flee into the
streets?
3.5 Critical Thinking

Is the introduction about games of chance an effective way to begin this story? Why or why
not?

Do card games increase mental acumen? Why or why not?
3.6 Bonus Thoughts

A posteriori and a priori: These two terms are found in philosophical writings. A posteriori
(Latin “later”) designates the method of reasoning when general conclusions are derived
from facts and other specific evidence. This kind of reasoning is said to be inductive and
empirical; therefore, scientific experiments operate under this reasoning. On the other hand,
a priori (Latin “former”) is anything that is based on generally accepted principles or
theories. A priori assertions are not proven by experimentation. For an example, any
discussion about the origin of the earth and man is a priori. It is impossible to duplicate the
process of creation or of evolution in the science lab. Since both Creationism and Evolution
cannot be verified in a laboratory, proponents for these two competing worldviews must be
confined to theory, or faith.

Logic: During the Middle Ages and right up into the Renaissance, a liberally educated
student studied the trivium. The three subjects that comprise the trivium are grammar, logic,
and rhetoric. Grammar teaches the student to use language correctly and rhetoric helps the
student to persuade his audience. On the other hand, logic looks at the validity of reasoning.
Unconsciously, you make dozens of decisions every day based on logic. There are two
accepted forms of logical reasoning: induction and deduction. Inductive logic takes specific
facts in order to produce a general conclusion. In science, this reasoning is called the
scientific method. However, deductive logic takes general principles in order to derive a
specific conclusion. In today’s story, see if you are able to find examples of these two kinds
of logic.

Malta: The country of Malta is three islands in the Mediterranean Sea south of Sicily. The
island nation has a long history that has been influenced by Phoenicians, Greeks,
Carthaginians, Romans, Saracens, and Normans. In 1530, Malta was given to the
Hospitalers, a military order where the knights were also priests. The Hospitalers wore red
garments with a white “Maltese” cross. In 1798, Malta became a part of France and then in
1800, Great Britain took possession of the island. In 1964, Malta became an independent
nation.
Selected Works of Edgar Allan Poe / 7
Selected Stories of Edgar Allan Poe
Lesson Four
If thou forbear to deliver them that are drawn unto death, and those that are ready to be slain;
If thou sayest, Behold, we knew it not; doth not he that pondereth the heart consider it? And he
that keepeth thy soul, doth not he know it? And shall not he render to every man according to
his works?—Proverbs 24:11
4.1 Vocabulary
locution n.
lucid adj.
epoch n.
insuperable adj.
4.2 Vocabulary Exercise: Select the word that does not belong in each of the following lines.
1. locution
phraseology
expression
vicinity
2. lucid
sane
irrational
intelligible
3. epoch
climax
eon
era
4. insuperable
avoidable
required
necessary
4.3 Reading Assignment: “The Masque of the Red Death” and “The Pit and the Pendulum” in
The Gold-Bug and Other Tales
4.4 Recall Questions
1. What did Prospero do when the villages under his care (his domains) were depopulated by
the Red Death?
2. How did Prospero make sure the Red Death could not come into his castle?
3. What word would best describe Prospero’s tastes and style?
4. How did Prospero pay for neglecting his suffering neighbors?
5. What is the dominant color in this story?
6. In “The Pit and the Pendulum,” where did the narrator think he had ended up?
7. From what did the narrator’s fall save him?
8. After the narrator discovered the pit, what did his torturers do?
8 / Selected Works of Edgar Allan Poe
9. How did the narrator escape death the second time?
10. After he was free from the pendulum, what did the narrator notice about the walls of his
prison?
11. What happy ending does this story have?
4.5 Critical Thinking

In “The Masque of the Red Death,” what does Poe mean when he says that one of the
masqueraders “out-Heroded Herod?” (p. 60)

What significance does color play in this story? Do these colors represent symbols?

Why do you think the narrator was being tortured? Hint: The inquisition mentioned in the
story was the Spanish Inquisition.

Is it sometimes right to do wrong in order that “right” will win in the end? Why or why
not?
4.6 Bonus Thoughts

Perspective: When an author writes, he must choose what person the story will be told in.
Edgar Allan Poe often chooses first person perspective where he inserts himself into the
story as the narrator. Third person perspective tells a tale without the author having actually
been there. First person is subjective writing and leads to a more emotional style. Third
person writing is more objective and leads to a cerebral style, a style that appeals to the
intellect.
Selected Stories of Edgar Allan Poe
Lesson Five
“A sound heart is the life of the flesh…”—Proverbs 14:30
5.1 Vocabulary
Note: All of today’s vocabulary words are nouns derived from adjectives. Poe seems especially
fond of these words. See how many you can find in his stories.
suavity n.
sagacity n.
audacity n.
definitiveness n.
5.2 Vocabulary Exercise: Select the word that does not belong in each of the following lines.
1. suavity
smoothness
laundry
agreeableness
2. sagacity
blindness
wisdom
foresight
3. audacity
recklessness
timorousness
daring
4. definitiveness
precision
authority
conjugation
Selected Works of Edgar Allan Poe / 9
5.3 Reading Assignment: “The Tell-Tale Heart” and “The Cask of Amontillado” in The GoldBug and Other Tales
5.4 Recall Questions
1. Why did the narrator want to kill the old man?
2. According to the narrator, what is mistaken for madness?
3. How did the narrator hide the dead body?
4. Why did the narrator turn himself in?
5. In “The Cask of Amontillado,” according to the narrator, what are the rules of revenge?
6. What was Fortunato’s one weakness?
7. How did the narrator prove he was a mason?
8. What do you suppose the Latin phrase at the end of the story means?
5.5 Critical Thinking

In “The Tell-Tale Heart,” what proof does the narrator give that he is not mad (crazy)? In
your opinion, do these traits prove him sane or insane? Have you ever heard about a
criminal with these traits?

Explain what role, if any, does the conscience play in “The Tell-Tale Heart.”

In “The Cask of Amontillado,” how did the narrator follow the rules of revenge as stated on
p. 116?
5.6 Bonus Thoughts

Carnival: In Italy, as in many Catholic countries, citizens celebrate “Carnival.” Carnival
can take place anytime between January 6th (12th night) and the beginning of Lent (Ash
Wednesday). Usually Carnival takes place on the four days before Lent (the traditional
observance of our Lord’s time of suffering). The day before Ash Wednesday is called Mardi
Gras, which literally means, “Fat Tuesday.” The word probably comes from the tradition of
parading a fattened ox down the main street of the city before lent. Even though the word
carnival literally means “removal of meat,” this festival is marked by reveling and
drunkenness. However, after Carnival, many Catholics give up meat, desserts, and other
indulgences during Lent as another way to accumulate good works.

Amontillado is a dry sherry, or Spanish wine. The word is comes from a small town in
southern Spain, Montilla.
10 / Selected Works of Edgar Allan Poe
Selected Stories of Edgar Allan Poe
Lesson Six
6.1 Vocabulary
mortification n.
coppice n.
entomological adj.
abstruse adj.
6.2 Vocabulary Exercise: Select the word that does not belong in each of the following lines.
1. mortification
shame
humiliation
autopsy
2. coppice
pond
thicket
grove
3. entomological
biological
zoological
astronomical
4. abstruse
recondite
obtuse
bewildering
6.3 Reading Assignment: “The Gold-Bug” in The Gold-Bug and Other Tales
6.4 Recall Questions
1. Why was Legrand living in a hut on Sullivan’s Island?
2. What did Legrand say was the most beautiful thing in the world?
3. Why did Jupiter think that Legrand was sick?
4. What did Kidd do to ensure secrecy?
6.5 Critical Thinking

Give some examples of how Legrand’s preoccupation gave the impression of madness.

Make up a cryptic code or alphabet of your own. Write a message in code and see if a friend
can figure it out!
6.6 Bonus Thoughts

Viewpoint: It has been said that if six persons were to see a car accident, and each were
asked to describe the incident, one would hear six different tales. Viewpoint is the angle at
which the author wants the reader to see the facts. The reader’s thoughts and emotions can
be influenced or even manipulated by an author’s viewpoint. For instance, it is hard to
believe from reading Poe’s description of Sullivan’s Island that it is one of South Carolina’s
foremost resort areas, commanding a hefty price for lodging, food, and entertainment. His
viewpoint shows the island as deserted, isolated, and primitive. Can you think of an
example from a recent book, movie, or television drama where the author’s viewpoint tried
to manipulate your emotions?
Selected Works of Edgar Allan Poe / 11
T
Introduction to the Poetry of Edgar Allan Poe
HE POETRY of Edgar Allan Poe is hauntingly beautiful. As you read Poe’s works,
you will note that most of his poems center on the theme of death. Poe’s fixation on
death is not because he was a morbid writer who enjoyed thinking about mortality. To
Poe, death and beauty are closely related. Poe believes that the Beautiful can only find
legitimate expression in poetry, because poetry affects the emotions. According to Poe, nothing
quite stirs the emotions like the contemplation of death. The next section about Poe’s
philosophy about Beauty should help you to understand a little more about this connection
between Beauty and death.
These next few days will not make you an expert with Poe. I intend for you to become
familiar with some of the best poems of Poe. You will not be studying these poems from a
technical viewpoint. While you should notice the use of sounds, figurative language, and other
devices that mark the art of poetry, and more importantly you should concentrate on the
meaning of the poems. I warn you—you must read each poem several times in order to get even
an initial meaning of the poet. Nevertheless, even if you seem to struggle with Poe’s meaning
(like so many of us), you will be aware that something unusual is taking place with the words.
Take your time and read carefully.
W
Poe’s Philosophy of Beauty
HENEVER I consider writing about Edgar Allan Poe, I become embarrassed—
embarrassed by the immense amount of excellent material produced by this man.
Poe excels equally as a poet, as a storyteller, and as a literary critic. Poe’s writings,
particularly his poems, appeal to those who feel deeply about life—not with the mind or with
the heart, but with the soul. Poe’s poetry requires the reader to consider the Beautiful, which is
the soul striving for perfection. Whether drawn by the rhythm, the words, or the subject
expressed, the soul of the sensitive reader becomes aware that something beautiful is happening
in Poe’s poetry. Indeed, Poe discusses this awareness of Beauty in his essay, “The Philosophy
of Composition,” where he reveals the domain, the tone, and the topic of Beauty.
Regarding literature, Beauty’s domain is poetry. Poetry speaks to the soul and thus belongs to
the realm of art. The only justification for poetry is that it fulfills a purpose that prose is unable
to do. Poe points out that “effects should be made to spring from direct causes—that objects
should be attained through means best adapted for their attainment.” If the goal is to enlighten
the mind with Truth, then the writer should use prose because Truth requires precision.
Likewise, if the goal is to raise the passions of the heart, then prose is the better vehicle. But to
elevate the soul, poetry is necessary. Poe correctly states that Beauty is not a quality, but rather
an effect. Spiritually speaking, since the soul is the seat of our emotions, how we react to
Beauty reveals the state of our souls. The redeemed soul recognizes that Beauty inspires true
worship and holiness (Psalm 29:2).
Next, Beauty’s tone is sadness. Poe argues that “Beauty of whatever kind in its supreme
development invariably excites the sensitive soul to tears.” While joy and laughter can cause
tears, sadness almost always does so. For most of us, we think it strange to connect sadness
with Beauty. However, if we remember that Beauty is an effect, not a quality, then we can
easily see the connection. Profound sadness affects the soul like no other emotion. I know of a
young man whose brother was a diabetic. One night, this young man cried himself to sleep
because his brother could no longer eat any ice cream. We may think this silly, but to this
young sensitive soul, this was a great sadness. The result of these tears was the perfecting of a
soul that before had a bent towards selfishness. He ensured that he never ate any ice cream in
12 / Selected Works of Edgar Allan Poe
the presence of his brother, nor did he allow others to do so as well. In Housman’s poem,
“Terence, This is Stupid Stuff,” Terence’s friends accuse the young poet of killing them with
his poetry “before their time / Moping melancholy mad.” Terence replies to his friends that
even though his poetry may be sad, the poetry has inoculated them against the coming
heartbreaks and “embittered” hours. Yes, sadness helps perfect the soul.
Finally, Beauty’s topic is death. Referring to his “Raven,” Poe asks himself what is the most
melancholy of subjects. Poe concludes that it is death and that it is most poetical when
connected with Beauty. Then he adds, “the death then of a beautiful woman is unquestionably
the most poetic topic in the world.” If the idea that Beauty is associated with sadness appears
strange, then certainly Beauty’s association with death may seem even stranger. A soldier who
sees death on the battlefield, or nurses and doctors who witness death daily may fail to see what
is so beautiful about death. But, once again, if Beauty is an effect, what then hastens a soul
towards perfection faster than the contemplation of death? Perhaps one of the most beautiful
passages of poetry ever written is found in the Bible, Isaiah chapter 53. While “there is no
beauty that we should desire him” (a quality), we reflect deeply concerning the sorrow of the
Savior and his rejection by men (an effect). Thinking about the death of Christ on the cross
moves the sensitive soul who has been touched by the Holy Spirit. Yes, the old rugged cross has
a “wondrous attraction” for many.
According to Poe, Beauty takes place whenever souls experience poetry that centers on the
sorrows connected with death. Poe’s philosophy of Beauty provides some insight into why
death holds a universal fascination with mankind. Men are restless souls who are trying to find
meaning and Beauty in life. Ironically, in order to find life, the soul must die to self. True
perfecting of the soul comes by reading and by obeying the Scriptures. Then will the perfected
soul contemplate “Zion, the perfection of beauty,” while worshipping the Lord “in the beauty of
holiness.”
ROBERT W. WATSON
Selected Poetry of Edgar Allan Poe
Lesson Seven
7.2 Vocabulary
fervid adj.
pall n.
eminence n.
videlicet adv.
7.2 Vocabulary Exercise: Select the word that does not belong in each of the following lines.
1. fervid
ardent
furtive
passionate
2. pall
coffin
obscurity
precipice
3. eminence
vale
mount
hill
4. videlicet
viz.
namely
et cetera
7.3 Reading Assignment: The Raven and Other Favorite Poems, pp. 1–11
Selected Works of Edgar Allan Poe / 13
7.4 Recall Questions
1. In “I saw thee on thy bridal day—,” what is the object that commands the poet’s attention?
2. What does the poet mean when he states “its glow hath raised a fiercer flame / In the breast
of him”?
3. In “Dreams,” what does “A chaos of deep passion” refer to? What is this thing contrasted
to?
4. How many times did “some power” bind the speaker in the poem?
5. In “Spirits of the Dead,” why are thoughts and visions liken unto dew-drops?
6. What is “a symbol and a token” in stanza V? Can we understand this symbol?
7. In “Evening Star,” why does the speaker admire the Evening Star more than the moon?
8. In that the Evening Star is the planet Venus, named after the goddess of Love, does this help
explain the poem?
9. In “A Dream within a Dream,” how does the speaker describe hope that seems to vanish?
10. What is the tone of this poem?
11. In “Stanzas,” what two possibilities does the narrator suggest are the reasons for his
thinking in stanza 2?
12. What took place on the “The Happiest Day, the Happiest Hour” that the poet ever knew?
13. Why doesn’t the poet desire to relive the “brightest hour”?
14. In “The Lake,” what kind of terror did the narrator experience at night by the lake?
15. What was the “jewelled mine” unable to do.
16. In “Sonnet—To Science,” what is the poet’s complaint?
17. In “Romance,” what two birds are contrasted?
18. In the poem “The bowers whereat, in dreams, I see,” what three things does the poet speak
of concerning his lover?
14 / Selected Works of Edgar Allan Poe
19. In the poem “To the River—,” according to the poet, what is the “emblem of the glow / Of
beauty”?
20. Why does the lover resemble the river after the girl looks into the water?
21. In the poem “I heed not that my earthly lot,” what is forgotten in the “hatred of a minute”?
22. While the poem states that he is not moved by poverty, hatred, or envy, he is however
moved by what?
23. In “Fairy-Land,” the poet states that “They use that moon no more / For the same end as
before—.” What was the moon used as?
24. What brings the “specimen” of the particles that separate into a shower?
7.5 Critical Thinking

In the poem “Stanzas,” find support to show that the poem is about death.

Explain the imagery found in “Fairy-Land.”

Explain how Byron’s stanza from The Island is an appropriate introduction to “Stanzas.”
7.6 Bonus Thoughts

Diana, Hamadryad, and Naiad: Poe alludes to Greek mythology with these terms. Diana
is the goddess of the woods and the moon. As a huntress, Diana was skillful with the bow
and javelin. As a goddess, Diana could be sever. The hapless Actaeon, who was hunting one
day, saw Diana while she was bathing. The goddess changed poor Actaeon into a stag who
was chased and eventually killed by his own dogs. You will find Diana mentioned in the
Bible (Acts 19:21–41)
Hamadryads are nymphs who live in trees. The nymph’s life is connected with the tree.
When the tree dies, or is chopped down, the nymph dies. On the other hand, naiads are
water nymphs who live in brooks and springs.
Selected Works of Edgar Allan Poe / 15
Selected Poetry of Edgar Allan Poe
Lesson Eight
8.1 Vocabulary
giddy adj.
pendulous adj.
avaunt adv.
entablature n.
8.2 Vocabulary Exercise: Select the word that does not belong in each of the following lines.
1. giddy
celerity
lightheaded
dizzy
2. pendulous
wavering
tenacious
undecided
3. avaunt
hence
away
behold
4. entablature
tabulation
chart
table
8.3 Reading Assignment: The Raven and Other Favorite Poems, pp.12–22
8.4 Recall Questions
1. In “To Helen,” to what is Helen’s beauty likened to?
2. What brought the traveler home?
3. In “Israfel,” why does the poet proclaim that Israfel is the best and wisest bard?
4. What does the poet mean when he states, “the shadow of thy perfect bliss / Is the sunshine
of ours.”
5. In “The City in the Sea,” even though light does not come down from above, where is the
source of light for the city?
6. In “The Sleeper,” what is the significance of the word “Lethe”?
7. What words in the poem suggest that the lady is not merely sleeping but is dead?
8. In “Lenore,” what are the tones of each of the four stanzas?
9. What is ironic about the title, “The Valley of Unrest”?
10. In “The Coliseum,” from whom do the echoes come?
16 / Selected Works of Edgar Allan Poe
11. In “To One in Paradise,” why does the poet state, “Ah, dream too bright to last”?
12. In “To F——,” the poet remarks that he found a “Eden of Bland repose.” Where is this
Eden?
13. In “Sonnet—To Zante,” what is the theme of the poem?
14. In “The Haunted Palace,” what are the “two luminous windows”?
8.5 Critical Thinking

In “Lenore,” explain the change in tone in the last stanza compared to the tone in the rest of
the poem.

In “The Coliseum,” what are the contrasts that Poe uses through the poem?
8.6 Bonus Thoughts

Psyche and Cupid: Even though she was mortal, Psyche rivaled Venus in beauty and
indeed in worship. This fact was upsetting to Venus, who sent Cupid to make life miserable
for the young lady. Cupid by accident wounds himself with his own arrow and falls in love
with Psyche. The story is a classic in Greek mythology that explains how love (Cupid) and
soul (Psyche) became united.
Selected Works of Edgar Allan Poe / 17
Selected Poetry of Edgar Allan Poe
Lesson Nine
9.1 Vocabulary
mime n.
tarn n.
nebulous adj.
sibyllic adj.
9.2 Vocabulary Exercise: Select the word that does not belong in each of the following lines.
1. mime
imitator
parodist
canine
2. tarn
lake
iceberg
pond
3. nebulous
limpid
unclear
cloudy
4. sibyllic
prophetic
oracular
minute
9.3 Reading Assignment: The Raven and Other Favorite Poems, pp. 23–33
9.4 Recall Questions
1. In “Sonnet—Silence,” what is the “incorporate” thing that is a type of entity that comes
from matter and light?
2. Why cannot corporate Silence harm us?
3. In “The Conqueror Worm,” what do you think is the Phantom that is chased?
4. What does the worm symbolize in this poem? Why?
5. In “Dream-Land,” what does the traveler meet along the way.
6. Why is this region peaceful and soothing for the heart whose woes are legion?
7. In “The Raven,” what was the student’s dream that he was dreaming that “no mortal ever
dared to dream before”?
8. What is the significance of the raven’s remark when the student asks where there was a
balm in Gilead?
9. In “Eulalie—A Song,” what is unable to compare with Eulalie’s eyes?
10. According to the poet, what will never come again?
18 / Selected Works of Edgar Allan Poe
11. In “To M.L.S——,” what happens when the “soft-murmured words, “Let there be light” are
spoken?
9.5 Critical Thinking

In “The Raven,” explain how Poe creates and maintains a melancholy mood in the poem.

In “Ulalume,” explain how Poe uses symbolism in the poem.
9.6 Bonus Thoughts

Thule: Ancient Greek geographers believed that Thule was the most northerly part of the
habitable world. Guesses have been rendered that Thule was actually an island north of
Great Britain, identified as Iceland or the Shetland Islands.

Astarte: Astarte was a Semitic goddess whose domain was fertility and sexual love. On the
other hand, Astarte was also the goddess of war. Apparently the ancient peoples understood
the thin line that divides love and hate. The goddess also goes by the name of Ashtoreth and
Ishtar. In Poe’s “Eulalie—A Song,” Astarte is a reference to the planet Venus, who was the
Roman goddess of love.

The Sibyl: In Vergil’s Aeneid, Aeneas receives help from the sibyl in order to journey to
the underworld. On the way back to the upper world, Aeneas tells the sibyl that he will build
a temple for her because of her help. The sibyl then tells her story. Even though she, as a
young woman, refused the advances and desires of Apollo, the sibyl was granted a wish
from the god. She took a handful of sand and wished to live for as many years as the
number of grains in her hand. Her wish was granted. However, she forgot to request for
continuing beauty and youth. She grew old with the years and her body shriveled up to
nothing. Nevertheless, her voice remained. Once, while she was very old, the sibyl was
asked what did she wish for now. She stated, “I wish that I might die.”
Selected Works of Edgar Allan Poe / 19
Selected Poetry of Edgar Allan Poe
Lesson Ten
10.1 Vocabulary
tintinnabulation n.
palpitate v.
monody n.
paean n.
10.2 Vocabulary Exercise: Select the word that does not belong in each of the following
lines.
1. tintinnabulation
jingling
alarm
ringing
2. palpitate
irate
beat
thump
3. monody
ode
monophony
epic
4. paean
hymn
dirge
exultation
10.3 Reading Assignment The Raven and Other Favorite Poems, pp. 33–45
10.4 Recall Questions
1. In the poem, “To —— ——,” what are the two words that Poe is unable to express?
2. In “To Helen,” where does the poet see Helen?
3. When the poet states, “at length, dear Dian sank from sight,” to what is he referring?
4. What paradox is associated with Helen’s eyes?
5. In the poem, “Eldorado,” what is the meaning of the shadow’s reply?
6. According to the poet in “To My Mother,” what is the greatest “term of love”?
7. In “Annabel Lee,” why does the poet state that the angels were envious of him and Annabel
Lee?
10.5 Critical Thinking

In the poem, “To Annie,” the speaker states several times that he is not dead. However,
what arguments can you make that suggests that the speaker is indeed speaking from the
grave?

In “The Bells,” explain how Poe uses euphony and cacophony to achieve the sounds of the
four different bells.
20 / Selected Works of Edgar Allan Poe

In the poem, “Alone,” Poe writes about the condition of a man without God. Explain how
the child of God is never alone.
10.6 Bonus Thoughts

El Dorado, or Eldorado: Originally, El Dorado referred to a fabled city that existed
somewhere in northern South America. Tales came back to the Old World of a city of great
wealth of gold and jewels. During the 16th and 17th centuries, explorers from many nations
sought the mystical city. Sir Walter Raleigh even attempted an expedition to find El
Dorado. Today, the word “El Dorado” represents anything that offers a extraordinary
opportunity.
Selected Works of Edgar Allan Poe / 21
Glossary for Selected Works of Edgar Allan Poe
abstruse (²b-str›s“) adj. Difficult to understand; recondite
acumen (…-ky›“m…n) n. Quickness, accuracy, and keenness of judgment or insight
audacity (ô-d²s“¹-t¶) n. Fearless daring; intrepidity; bold or insolent heedlessness of restraints
avaunt (…-vônt“) adv. Hence; away
caprice (k…-pr¶s“) n. An impulsive change of mind; an inclination to change one’s mind
suddenly
cataleptic (k²t”l-μp“t¹k) adj. Marked b a condition characterized by lack of response to external
stimuli and by muscular rigidity
cerements (sμr“…-m…nts) n. A burial garment.
conundrum (k…-n¾n“dr…m) n. A riddle in which a fanciful question is answered by a pun; a
paradoxical, insoluble, or difficult problem; a dilemma
coppice (k¼p“¹s) n. A thicket or grove of small trees or shrubs, especially one maintained by
periodic cutting or pruning
definitiveness (d¹-f¹n“¹-t¹v-nis) adj. Precisely defined or explicit; supplying or being a final
settlement or decision; conclusive; authoritative and complete
demeanor (d¹-m¶“n…r) n. The way in which a person behaves
eminence (μm“…-n…ns) n. A rise of ground; a hill; a position of great distinction or superiority
enigma (¹-n¹g“m…) n. Something that is puzzling, ambiguous, or inexplicable; a perplexing
speech or text; a riddle
entablature (μn-t²b“l…-ch‹r”) n. The upper section of a classical building, resting on the
columns
entomological (μn”t…-m¼l“…-j¹-k…l) adj. Relating to the scientific study of insects
epoch (μp“…k or ¶“p¼k”) n. A particular period of history, especially one considered remarkable
or noteworthy
fervid (fûr“v¹d) adj. Marked by great passion or zeal; extremely hot; burning
giddy (g¹d“¶) adj. Having a reeling, lightheaded sensation; dizzy; frivolous and lighthearted;
flighty
gossamer (g¼s“…-m…r) adj. Sheer, light, delicate, or tenuous
hieroglyphic (hº”…r-…-gl¹f“¹k) adj. Relating to a system of writing in which pictorial symbols are
used to represent meaning or sounds or a combination of meaning and sound; difficult to
read or decipher
insuperable (¹n-s›“p…r-…-b…l) adj. Impossible to overcome; insurmountable
locution (l½-ky›“sh…n) n. Style of speaking; phraseology
lucid (l›“s¹d) adj. Easily understood; intelligible; mentally sound; rational
mime (mºm) n. A form of ancient Greek and Roman acting in which familiar characters and
situations were ridiculed on stage often with ludicrous actions; a performer in a mime; the
art of portraying characters and acting out situations or a narrative by gestures and body
movement without the use of words; pantomime
monody (m¼n“…-d¶) n. An ode for one voice or actor, as in Greek drama; a poem in which the
poet or speaker mourns another's death
mortification (môr”t…-f¹-k³“sh…n) n. A feeling of shame, humiliation, or wounded pride;
discipline of the body and the appetites by self-denial or self-inflicted privation
nebulous (nμb“y…-l…s) adj. Cloudy, misty, or hazy; lacking definite form or limits; vague
paean (p¶“…n) n. A song of joyful praise or exultation; a fervent expression of joy or praise
22 / Selected Works of Edgar Allan Poe
palpitate (p²l“p¹-t³t”) v. To move with a slight tremulous motion; tremble, shake, or quiver; to
beat with excessive rapidity; throb
pall (pôl) n. A cover for a coffin, bier, or tomb; a coffin, especially one being carried to a grave
or tomb; a covering that darkens or obscures
pendulous (pμn“j…-l…s) adj. Hanging loosely; suspended so as to swing or sway; wavering;
undecided
placid (pl²s“¹d) adj. Undisturbed by tumult or disorder; calm or quiet; satisfied; complacent
sagacity (s…-g²s“¹-t¶) n. The quality of being discerning, sound in judgment, and farsighted;
wisdom
sibyllic (s¹-b¹l“¹k) adj. Prophetic; oracular
suavity (swä“v¹-t¶) n. The quality of being smoothly agreeable and courteous
tarn (tärn) n. A small mountain lake, especially one formed by glaciers
tintinnabulation (t¹n”t¹-n²b”y…-l³“sh…n) n. The ringing or sounding of bells. This word comes
from tintinnabulum (t¹n”t¹-n²b“y…-l…m), a small, tinkling bell
trepidation (trμp”¹-d³“sh…n) n. A state of alarm or dread; apprehension; fear
videlicet (v¹-dμl“¹-sμt”) adv. Abbr. viz. That is; namely. Used to introduce examples and lists
vivacious (v¹-v³“sh…s) adj. Full of animation and spirit; lively
Edgar Allan Poe (Lessons 1–5)
Vocabulary Quiz #1
Instructions: Match the word with its definition.
A. acumen
D. cataleptic
G. definitiveness
J. epoch
M. insuperable
P. placid
S. trepidation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
B. audacity
E. cerements
H. demeanor
K. gossamer
N. locution
Q. sagacity
T. vivacious
C. caprice
F. conundrum
I. enigma
L. hieroglyphic
O. lucid
R. suavity
_____ A burial garment
_____ A particular period of history
_____ Sheer, light, delicate, or tenuous
_____ Marked by a lacking of response and rigidity
_____ Fearless daring
_____ A riddle in which a fanciful question is answered by a pun
_____ Full of animation and spirit; lively
8. _____ A state of alarm or dread; apprehension; fear
9. _____ Something that is puzzling, ambiguous, or inexplicable
10. _____ Quickness and keenness of judgement or insight
11. _____ Precisely defined or explicit; conclusive
12. _____ The quality of being discerning; wisdom
13. _____ Impossible to overcome
14. _____ Style of speaking; phraseology
15. _____ Easily understood; mentally sound; rational
16. _____ Calm or quiet; complacent
17. _____ An impulsive change of mind; whim
18. _____ The quality of being smoothly agreeable and courteous
19. _____ Difficult to read or decipher; pictorial symbols used as words
20. _____ The way one behaves; mien
Edgar Allan Poe (Lessons 6–10)
Vocabulary Quiz #2
Instructions: Match the word with its definition.
A. abstruse
D. eminence
G. fervid
J. monody
M. paean
P. pendulous
S. tintinnabulation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
B. avaunt
E. entablature
H. giddy
K. mortification
N. pall
Q. sibyllic
T. videlicet
C. coppice
F. entomological
I. mime
L. nebulous
O. palpitate
R. tarn
_____ Difficult to understand; recondite
_____ A small mountain lake
_____ A feeling of shame or humiliation
_____ The ringing or sounding of bells
_____ viz.; namely; that is
_____ Acting out situations or narrative by gestures without speech
_____ The upper section of a classical building, resting on the columns
8. _____ Having a reeling, lightheaded sensation; dizzy; flighty
9. _____ Prophetic; oracular
10. _____ An ode; a poem in which the poet mourns another’s death
11. _____ Relating to the scientific study of insects
12. _____ Cloudy, misty, or hazy; vague; unclear
13. _____ A rise of ground; a hill
14. _____ A cover for a coffin; a coffin that is carried to the grave or tomb
15. _____ To move with a slight tremulous motion; tremble, shake
16. _____ Hanging loosely; wavering; undecided
17. _____ A thicket or grove of small trees or shrubs
18. _____ A song of praise or exultation; a fervent expression of joy or praise
19. _____ Hence; away
20. _____ Marked by great passion or zeal; extremely hot
Answer Keys to Selected Works of Edgar Allan Poe
Vocabulary Exercise, Lesson 1
1. agitate
2. bravery
3. laughter
4. glue
Lesson 1
1. He meets Ligeia in a decaying city near the Rhine.
2. He describes romance “as a wan and misty winged ashtophet.”
3. In order to have beauty, one must have strangeness in the proportion.
4. The worm that feeds off dead bodies is the hero.
5. His wife’s name is Lady Rowena.
6. He imagined that he saw three or four red-colored drops fall into the goblet.
7. Ligeia believed that one dies only because he wills to die.
Vocabulary Exercise, Lesson 2
1. circulation
2. lucid
3. ferocious
4. disastrous
Lesson 2
1. They were boyhood companions.
2. He was suffering from nervous agitation and morbid acuteness of the senses.
3. He believed that fear would kill him.
Vocabulary Exercise, Lesson 3
1. mistake
2. consortium
3. zenith
Lesson 3
1. Card games require more mental skills because while chess requires mere attention, card
games requires superior acumen.
2. The relationship is one of friendship; they are roommates.
3. Dupin was able to deduce what the narrator was thinking by observing the narrator’s
actions.
4. The body was found in the aperture of the chimney.
5. The man’s name was Adolphe Le Bon, who was the clerk who helped Madame L’Espanaye
to bring 4000 francs to her house.
6. The accused did Dupin a favor once, and Dupin believes that the case offers some form of
“amusement.”
7. The witnesses agreed that the language was not of their own native tongue.
1
8. The window was the one by the bed.
9. Even though the task would have been difficult, the escape was through the window,
swinging on a shutter, and climbing down a lightening rod that went along the house to the
ground.
10. The evidence was the hair of an animal.
11. Dupin found a ribbon which he believed was used to tie a pigtail and which had a Maltese
knot in it that only sailors knew how to tie.
12. The sailor intended to sell the animal.
13. The sailor used a whip.
Vocabulary Exercise, Lesson 4
1. vicinity
2. irrational
3. climax
4. avoidable
Lesson 4
1. He retired with friends to a castle.
2. He had the doors welded shut after his guests arrived.
3. The best word is bizarre.
4. He died of the Red Death.
5. The color is black.
6. He thought that he was in a tomb, buried alive—the most hideous of fates.
7. His fall saved him from falling into a deep pit.
8. They drugged him and tied him up to await death by the razor-sharp pendulum.
9. He put grease of the bands, and dozens of rats eat through the bands.
10. The wall were red hot and were beginning to move towards him in order to force him into
the pit.
11. Invading armies rescue the narrator before he was killed.
Vocabulary Exercises, Lesson 5
1. laundry
2. blindness
3. timorousness
4. conjugation
Lesson 5
1. The man’s eye terrified him.
2. Madness is an over-acuteness of the senses.
3. He dismembered it, then hid the pieces under the floorboards of the man’s bedroom.
4. He mistakenly thought the police already knew the truth.
5. The narrator states that you should not let retribution overtake you as the revenger. Make
yourself felt as the agent of revenge to the one who has done you wrong.
6. He prided himself as a connoisseur of wine.
7. He pulled a trowel out of his robe.
8. The phrase means “Rest in Peace.”
2
Vocabulary Exercise, Lesson 6
1. autopsy
2. pond
3. astronomical
4. obtuse
Lesson 6
1. He was living on Sullivan’s Island because of a reversal of his family’s fortunes.
2. The most beautiful thing was the gold bug.
3. Legrand kept talking about gold in his sleep.
4. He encrypted his treasure map.
Vocabulary Exercise, Lesson 7
1. furtive
2. precipice
3. vale
4. et cetera
Lesson 7
1. The main object is the blush of the bride.
2. The blush causes the grooms heart to burn with passion for his bride.
3. The young man’s heart is a chaos of deep passion and the heart is compared to the “lovely
earth.”
4. Only once did the night wind come over the speaker.
5. Like dew drops that cling to the grass, so thoughts and visions will cling to our spirit.
6. The symbol is “the mist upon the hill.” Perhaps not, because the symbol is a mystery of
mysteries.
7. The Evening Star emits a “distant fire” while the moon is cold.
8. The moon is passionless because it can emit not heat; this explains the “death” of the moon
(“as a shroud”); love is better than even the preeminence of the moon’s light.
9. The speaker suggests that hope is like sand falling through one’s fingers.
10. The tone is one of despair and hopelessness.
11. Either his mind is affected by the moon or by a “quickening spell.”
12. The poet experienced the fullness of pride and power.
13. The poet learned that pride and power destroy souls.
14. The narrator felt the terror of “tremulous delight.”
15. The mine was unable to teach the narrator the feeling that he felt at the lake, that is, the
feeling had nothing to do with riches.
16. Science looks at the world without myths and without emotion; into other words, science
destroys the very stuff that makes up poetry.
17. A parakeet and a condor are the two birds that are contrasted.
18. The poet speaks about her lips, her eyes, and her heart.
19. The glow of beauty is the unhidden heart.
20. Since her image lies deeply in the river, so her image lies deeply in her lover’s heart.
21. Years of love is forgotten.
3
22. He is moved whenever someone sorrows for him while he journeys through life.
23. The moon was used as a tent.
24. The poet states that butterflies bring the specimen on their wings.
Vocabulary Exercise, Lesson 8
1. celerity
2. tenacious
3. behold
4. entablature
Lesson 8
1. Her beauty is like Nicean ships.
2. Helen’s “hyacinth hair,” “classic face,” and “Naiad airs” brought the traveler home.
3. Israfel despised unimpassioned songs.
4. Our greatest happiness on earth is inferior to even the least joy in heaven.
5. The poet states that there is “light from out the lurid sea.” While only a guess, the word
lurid may suggest that the light comes from an underwater volcano.
6. In Greek mythology, Lethe was the river of forgetfulness; when one sleeps, the cares of the
world are forgotten; sleep is a picture of death when there is total forgetfulness.
7. Some words which suggest death are “Above the closed and fringed lid” (a coffin lid),
“vault,” “crested palls,” “funerals,” and “sepulchre.”
8. In order of their appearances, the tones in each of the stanzas are sadness, anger,
resignation, and joy.
9. Ironically, the valley is the place of an unnamed grave, a place of rest.
10. The echoes come from the stones.
11. The dream did not last because the poet’s lover apparently died.
12. His Eden is while dreaming about his beloved.
13. The theme of this poem is death.
14. The windows are the eyes.
Vocabulary Exercise, Lesson 9
1. canine
2. iceberg
3. limpid
4. minute
Lesson 9
1. The incorporate thing is a shadow.
2. In that the silence is called “No More,” the silence no longer exists. Things that do not exist
has no power over us.
3. While answers may vary, the Phantom could be pleasure, hope, happiness, or wealth.
4. The worm is a symbol for death.
5. The traveler meets Memories of the Past.
6. The region is the realm of the dead. The dead are no longer concerned with the cares of the
world.
7. He dreamed that his lover would come back from the dead.
4
8. In that he knows that the bird has no intelligent thought when it repeats “nevermore,” the
student reveals that he does not think that there is a balm in Gilead that will to heal his
sorrow.
9. The stars are less bright than her eyes.
10. Doubt and pain will never come again.
11. There is a resurrection from the dead.
Vocabulary Exercise, Lesson 10
1. alarm
2. irate
3. epic
4. dirge
Lesson 10
1. The name of his nurse, “Marie Louise.”
2. He sees Helen in a garden.
3. He is referring to the moon (the goddess Diana was the goddess of the moon).
4. Her eyes were the poet’s ministers while at the same time, he was a slave to her eyes.
5. The knight should have seized the present opportunities instead of trying to find the place of
opportunity.
6. The term is “mother.”
7. They were envious because the couple “loved with a love that was more than love.
Quiz #1
1. E
2. J
3. K
4. D
5. B
6. F
7. T
8. S
9. I
10. A
Quiz #2
1. A
2. R
3. K
4. S
5. T
6. I
7. E
8. H
9. Q
10. J
11. G
12. Q
13. M
14. N
15. O
16. P
17. C
18. R
19. L
20. H
5
11. F
12. L
13. D
14. N
15. O
16. P
17. C
18. M
19. B
20. G
6