NEW YORK CITY BOARD OF EDUCATION
H. Carl McCall
President
Irene H. Impellizzeri.
Vice President
Carol A. Gresser
Westina L. Matthews
Michael J. Petrides
Luis O. Reyes
Ninfa Segarra
Members
Joseph A. Fernandez
Chancellor
Carmen Varela-Russo
Executive Director
Division of High Schools
ESEA TITLE VII FU r~ 85
It is the policy of the New York City Board of Education not to discriminate on the basis of
race, color, creed. national origin. age, handicapping condition, sexual orientation, or sex in
its educational programs, activities, and employment poliCies, as required by law. Any person
who believes he or she has. been discriminated against should contact his or her local Equal
Opportunity Coordinator.
PROJECT EXCELL
SEWARD PARi< Hlrq P·r:HOOL
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A C K NOW LED GEM E N T S
Chinese Bilingual American History: Supplementary Text I
was originally produced as part of a materials development
project under Project CHOICE, a Title VII Chinese bilingual
program at Seward Park High School. It has recently been
revised by the staff of Project EXCELL. The text is intended to
serve as a resource for Chinese bilingual students who are
taking American History courses.
I would like to thank Mr. Victor Ng, a social Studies
teacher at Seward Park High School, for developing the English
text, and Mr. Chien-Ping Juan, Project CHOICE Resource
Specialist, for translating the text into Chinese.
Special thanks are extended to Mr. John X. Hu, project
EXCELL Trainer/Disseminator, for his assistance in proofreading
and editing the final version of the text.
I would also like to express my appreciation to
Dr. Geoffrey Cabat, Assistant Principal, Supervision, Social
Studies Department, for his encouragement and support of this
project.
Chinese Bilingual American History: Supplementary Text I
was developed under a grant provided by ESEA Title VII funds.
Katherine Sid
Project Director
Project EXCELL
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Contents
Why did the English move to North America
during the 17th and 18th century?
1
Chapter II:
What are the New England Colonies?
4
Chapter III:
What are the Middle and Southern Colonies?
6
Chapter IV:
Is American democracy and representative
government an English idea?
9
Chapter I:
Chapter V:
Chapter VI:
Chapter VII:
Chapter VIII:
Chapter IX:
Chapter X:
Chapter XI:
Chapter XII:
Was religious freedom, the right to a
public education and freedom of expression
important to early American colonists?
12
How was political freedom increased in
colonial America?
15
Did mercantilism help or hurt the American
colonies?
17
Did the French and Indian War help or hurt
Great Britain?
20
Were the thirteen colonies correct to
resist British colonial policies after
1763?
22
Could war between England and the thirteen
colonies have been prevented?
27
Did the American Revolution have one or
many causes?
30
Is the Declaration of Independence
important for Americans today?
33
Chapter XIII:
Chapter XIV:
Chapter XV:
Bibliography
Did the united states become a democratic
nation after the American Revolution?
36
Did the American people establish a nation
after the American Revolution?
39
Did the Articles of Confederation unite
the new nation?
42
46
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Chapter One
#1 Aim: Why did the English move to North America during the 17th and 18th
centuries?
On September 16, 1620, a small English ship sailed from Plymouth, England
to Cape Cod located in North America. The small ship was called the Mayflower.
The people on the ship were called the Pilgrims. After the Pilgrims arrived,
many Europeans followed them to North America(also called America).
If Europe was a happier place to live, the Europeans might not have come to
America. But Eur"ope was not a happy place for many people in the 1600s. Why did
the Pilgrims come to this new land? Why did so many Europeans leave their homes
to live in this new land called America?
Why did the Puritans and the Pilgrims want religious freedom?
One reason many Englishmen and Europeans moved to America was for religious
freedom. This means that they wanted to worship God as they pleased. There were
many religious wars in Europe between 1500 and 1600. Why were there religious
wars?
In 1517, some religious men asked serious questions about the teachings of
the Roman Catholic Church. They asked, "Why did the Roman Catholic Church teach
certain ideas that were not found in the Bible? They also said, "Why did the
Roman Catholic Church do certain things that the Bible did not require?"
These religious men did not stay in the Roman Catholic Church. They started
the Protestant Church. Two famous Protestant leaders were Martin Luther and Jean
Calvin. Martin Luther was from Germany. Jean Calvin was from Switzerland. Th-e--Protestants called this movement to change the Roman Catholic Church the
Protestant Reformation, or the Reformation. The European people were divided in
their opinion about the religious problem. Some European leaders became
Protestants. Other European leaders remained loyal to the Roman Catholic Church.
Both groups established armies. Thousands of Europeans died in the religious
wars that followed.
In 1534, England did not remain in the Roman Catholic Church. They did not
stay in the Roman Catholic Church. Instead, the King of England started his own
church. King Henry VIII started the Church of England. The Church of England is
also called the Anglican Church. The King of England became the leader of the
Anglican Church. According to English law, all Englishmen must belong to the
Anglican Church. All Englishmen must also support the Anglican Church by giving
money to the Anglican Church.
Many English citizens did not like this new law. They did not want to
belong to the Anglican Church. They wanted to stay in the Roman Catholic Church.
But other English citizens who supported the Reformation said that the Anglican
Church was too much like the Roman Catholic Church. They wanted to purify the
Anglican Church. That means they wanted to remove all Roman Catholic ideas and
practices. These people were known as Puritans or Dissenters.
But the Puritans did not agree among themselves. One group of Puritans
believed they should stay in the Anglican Church and make reforms in the
Anglican Church. Another group refused to stay in th Anglican Church. They
believed that the church could be "pure" only if they separated themselves from
the Roman Catholic Church and the Anglican Church. They called themselves
Separatists. The Pilgrims belonged to the Separatist group.
(See diagram on the last page).
Life in England was difficult for the Puritans. They were often persecuted.
That means their neighbors behaved very badly against the Puritans. The Puritans
were also fined by the English government. That means the government punished
the Puritans by making them pay money to the government. The Puritans were also
( 1 )
put into jail. When the persecution was at its worst, thousands of English
citizens moved away from England. They hoped to find religious freedom in
America.
Why did the English want political freedom?
A second reason for some English subjects to move to America was political
freedom. That means the English government did not give their subjects too much
freedom. For example, the English subject could not speak against the King.
Another example is all the laws were made by the King. Many English subjects
escaped to America to avoid political persecution. That means many English
citizens escaped to America to prevent the English government from punishing
them for disagreeing with the government.
Political problems became serious when James I became the King of England.
He ruled England fom 1603 to 1625. He believed in "the divine right of kings."
He believed that God made him king. No man could tell him what to do. No one
could criticize the king. That means no one could say that the king was wrong.
Most of the members of Parliament disagreed with the King. Parliament is the
name of the English government.
Political problems became very serious when Charles I became the King. He
ruled England without Parliament. In 1642, a civil war began. This was called
the English Civil War (1642-1649). When the war ended, Charles I was executed.
Oliver Cromwell became the leader of England. During this long period of
political problems many English subjects moved to America.
Why did the English want a better way of life?
A third reason for the English to move to America had to do with economics.
Economics is the study of how people earn a living. There were two economic
problems. The first economic problem was unemployment. That means there were not
enough jobs for people who wanted to work. Why was there unemployment? Many
farmers were kicked off their farms because their landlords wanted to make more
money by selling wool. A landlord is a person who owns land. These farmers who
were kicked off their land moved to the cities to look for work. But there were
not enough jobs for all of them.
Some of the unemployed farmers looked for a new life in America. But some
of these farmers could not pay money to sail to America. Some of these farmers
became indentured servants. That means some of the farmers worked for free for a
period of time for someone who paid the farmer's way to America.
The second economic problem was inflation. Inflation refers to the rising
price of goods. Goods are something that people buy and sell. When inflation
increases, the people buy fewer and fewer goods. That means people can buy less
food and clothing.
One reason for inflation in England was the large amount of gold and silver
that Spain received from their colonies in America. A colony is land that is
controlled by another country. Spain used the gold and silver to buy goods from
other nations including England. English merchants demanded higher prices for
their goods. A merchant is a person who sells goods. The increased prices made
it very difficult for the English citizens to buy goods. But inflation was good
for the English merchant. As they made more money, they looked for ways to make
more money. Some richer merchants thought of using their money to start colonies
in America.
( 2 )
Church of England
(Anglican Church)
Separatists
(Pilgrims)
Puritans(Dissenters) who
wanted to stay and reform
the Anglican Church
Englishmen who did not
want to reform the
Anglican Church
Assignment 1- Why did the English move to North America during the 17th and
18th centuries?
1. Explain ~ way each of the following encouraged Europeans to move to
North America during the 17th and 18th centuries:
a. desire for religious freedom
[1. Why did the Puritans and Pilgrims want religious freedom?]
b. desire for economic advancement(to have a better life)
[1. What are the two economic reasons the English moved to America?]
c. desire for political freedom
[1. Why did the English people want pol tical freedom?]
2. Identify: a) Protestant Reformation b) English Civil War
3. Define: a) indentured servant b) inflation
( 3 )
Chapter Two
#2 Aim: What are the New England Colonies?
If you moved to a new land or country, what would you need to survive? This
was one of the most serious problems the first English settlers had to solve
when they moved to North America. A settler is a person who lives in a new land.
What were the New England Colonies?
The first colony that was started was Massachusetts. In 1620, the first
English .settlers arrived at Plymouth, Massachusetts. They were called the
Pilgrims. They had a very difficult time during the first year. In 1630, another
group of English settlers sailed to Massachusetts. They were called the
Puritans. The Puritans lived in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
The Pilgrims and the Puritans moved to America for reasons of religious
freedom. But the Puritans did not give religious freedom to other people who did
not worship God the same way they worshipped God. Some people left Massachusetts
to have more religious freedom. Other people left ~assachusetts to look for
better farm land. These people established new colonies along the east coast of
America. A coast is land along the ocean.
In 1644, Roger Williams escaped Massachusetts and established a second New
England colony called Rhode Island. Roger Williams was a minister. The Puritan
leaders did not like what Roger Williams taught. He taught his people that the
leaders in the government should not rule in religious affairs. He also taught
that every person had the right to worship God as he wanted.
Roger Williams taught two democratic ideas that would be used by the
American government. A democratic idea is an idea that gives people more
freedom, or it gives the people greater participation in government. First, he
taught that the Church and the American government cannot influence each other.
That means the government cannot tell the Church what to do and the Church
cannot tell the government what to do. This democratic idea is called the
separation of church and state. Second, he taught that the American governmnt
should pass laws that are based on the will of the people. That means the
government should make laws that the people want or with which the
people agree.
In 1644, Roger Williams received permission from England to establish the
colony called Rhode Island. The government of Rhode Island was different than
the government of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The Massachusetts Bay Colony
believed that the purpose of government was to obey God's laws. This kind of
government is called a Bible Commonwealth. In this Bible Commonwealth, a small
group of men passed laws and ruled the colony. But the government of Rhode
Island believed in the democratic idea of rule by the consent of the governed.
That means the people should make their own laws. But during colonial times only
adult men could vote and participate in the government. The Rhode Island colony
also promised religious freedom.
A third New England colony was Connecticut. Many colonists moved to
Connecticut to look for better land. In 1662, the English government gave the
colonists living in Connecticut permission to establish their own government. In
1639. the colonists wrote the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. The Fundamental
Orders of Connecticut helped to organize the government of Connecticut. That
means the colonists decided .what kind of government they wanted and what kind of
laws that all colonists living in Connecticut should obey.
A fourth New England colony was called New Hampshire. Colonists moved to
New Hampshire to find a better way of life. In 1679, the English government
permitted New Hampshire to establish their own government.
When some of the colonists moved to New Hampshire, some also moved to
( 4 )
Maine. But Maine did not become a colony. Maine belonged to Massachusetts.
What was New England like in the 1750s?
In 1750, the New England colonies had their own governments. Each colony
was independent. But the colonies shared many things. First, most New England
colonists came from England and Scotland. Second, towns and cities were built
near good harbors. A harbor is a place near land where ships are protected from
bad weather. These towns and cities near good harbors were very busy. Many ships
sailed into these harbors. They brought goods from Europe to be sold in America.
They also brought lumber and fur to Europe. Some colonists earned money building
ships. Other colonists earned money catching fish. Third, new farms developed as
colonists travelled West. These farmers also developed villages. There were many
reasons why villages developed. Some people who worshipped God the same way
lived together. Other people lived together for protection from the Indians. The
men of the village organized a militia. A militia is a group of citizens who
train to become soldiers. When the village was in danger, the militia was called
to protect the village. The village was also important because the men could
meet together to talk and solve their problems. Geography also influenced how
villages developed. Geography is the study of the ~and, rivers, and mountains.
In the New England colonies, the soil was shallow and filled with rocks. The
land was also hilly and covered with forests. A forest is land covered with
trees. The farms and villages were small because of the geography. A farmer
could not grow large crops. A crop is something grown on the land like
vegetables and fruit.
Assignment 2- What are the New England Colonies?
1
. Comp.ete
I
t he f 0 11 ow i ng c h art:
New England
Colonies
1.
2.
3.
4.
Major
Industries
Geographic
·Features
1.
1.
////////////////////////////// ////////////////////////////
2.
2.
1/ / / 111111111111111111111111 / II 111/11111/11111/11/111/11////
2. Identify: a) Bible Commonwealth
b) Pilgrims
c) Puritans
3. Define: a) crop b) forest c) lumber d) harbor e) soil g) geography
( 5 )
Chapter Three
#3 Aim: What are the Middle and Southern Colonies?
What were the Middle Colonies?
The Europeans from the Netherlands(also called Holland) and Sweden settled
in the Middle Colonies. An Englishman named Henry Hudson worked for the Dutch
East India Company. He explored the river that is now called the Hudson River.
The people from Holland established a colony called New Amsterdam. New Amsterdam
is now called New York City. The people from the Netherlands are called the
Dutch. The Dutch people also controlled all the land along the Hudson River.
This land was called New Netherland.
But the Dutch colony was dangerous to the New England Colonies arid the
Southern Colonies. The New England Colonies and the Southern Colonies belonged
to England. New Netherland and New Amsterdam divided the English colonies into
two groups. Dutch warships from New Amsterdam could attack English warships
sailing to the New England Colonies and the Southern Colonies. The Dutch colony
could also control three important rivers -- the Hudson River, the Delaware
River, and the Connecticut River. The Dutch could control English trade on these
rivers. That means the Dutch could· control the way the English could buy and
sell their goods.
England almost declared war on the Netherlands because the English Were
afraid that the Dutch would try to control some of their colonies. The Dutch
moved north to Connecticut and south into Maryland and Virginia. These lands
were already settled by the English. In 1643, the colonies of Massachusetts and
Connecticut formed the New England Confederation. The New England Confederation
was a military organization. The militia from Massachusetts and Connecticut
joined together to protect their land from the Dutch.
In 1664, the powerful British Navy sailed into the Hudson River. The Dutch
Governor surrendered to the British Navy. New Amsterdam became a British colony.
King Charles II gave New Netherland, New Amsterdam and other lands to his
brother James. James was also called the Duke of York. James changed the names
of New Netherland to New York and New Amsterdam to New York City. New York
became a British colony.
James also gave away some of his land to his friends. New Jersey was a part
of the land that he gave to his friends. Europeans from the Netherlands and
Sweden lived in New Jersey. New Jersey became an English colony in 1702. New
Jersey was the second Middle Colony.
But James was not a wise ruler. At first, he permitted the Dutch colonists
to speak their own language and to have religious freedom. But later, he
increased taxes without the consent of the people. He did not permit the
colonists to participate in the government. He also brought many black slaves to
New York.
In 1685, James became the King of England. He called himself James II.
James II believed in the divine right of kings. James combined the colonies of
New York, New Jersey and the New England Colonies into one big colony. He
abolished(ended) the colonial governments of all those colonies. This made the
colonists angry.
But the people in England also did not like James II. In 1688, the people
in England revolted against the King. That means the English formed a qew
government. This revolution was called the Glorious Revolution. This revolution
also brought greater reforms in government. In 1689, England passed a law called
the English Bill of Rights. A bill of rights is a list of freedoms that is
promised to every citizen and protected by the government. The English Bill of
Rights promised that a representative government would be established. A
representative government is a form of government in which the citizens choose
( 6 )
their leaders to serve them in government. These government leaders passed laws
that were good for their citizens. The Glorious Revolution also permitted the
New England Colonies, New York, and New Jersey to become independent colonies
,again. These colonies were permitted to establish their own governments too.
The third Middle Colony was Pennsylvania. William Penn established the
colony for religious freedom. A religious group called the Quakers were not
liked in England. William Penn was also a Quaker.
Pennsylvania was called the Holy Experiment. William Penn invited Europeans
who were honest and hardworking to settle in Pennsylvania. He promised all
settlers religious freedom, a representative government, and cheap land.
Europeans of different religions moved to Pennsylvania. They included
Protestants, Roman Catholics and Jews.
Delaware was the fourth Middle Colony. This colony also belonged to William
Penn. William Penn needed Delaware because Pennsylvania had no harbors.
What were the Middle Colonies like in the 1750s?
By '1750, the Middle Colonies(New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and
Delaware)were very busy and successful. Most of the colonists earned money by
farming. These farms were larger than the farms in the New England Colonies. The
soil in the Middle Colonies was fertile. That means the land could grow much
food. The land was easy to cultivate. That means the land was easy to prepar'e to
grow food. The land was gently rolling. The farmer produced enough food, for his
family and enough crops to be sold. The Middle Colonies soon became known as the
Bread Colonies. That means the Middle Colonies grew enough food to feed all the
colonies in America.
Other colonists earned money by making tools with iron. These colonists
were called blacksmiths. Other colonists built ships. Other colonists earned
money by making glass, paper, and textile(cloth).
What were the Southern Colonies?
Virginia was the first Southern Colony. The first English settlers lived
in Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. The second Southern Colony was called Maryland.
The King of England gave Lord Baltimore permission to establish a colony in
1628. Lord Baltimore wanted to establish a colony for Roman Catholics. He wanted
to give them religious freedom. But he also welcomed Protestants to live there
too. Some colonists developed large plantations(large farms).
In 1649, Lord Baltimore influenced Parliament to pass the Toleration Act of
1649. This law guaranteed(promised) religious freedom only to Roman Catholics
and Protestants.
Another Southern Colony was Carolina. Eight English noblemen received
permission to establish the colony in 1663. Carolina was a very big colony. It
was divided into two parts in 1729. The northern part was called North Carolina.
This colony was settled by the people from Virgina. The people earned money by
growing tobacco. Many colonists also earned money by cutting lumber and by
providing products for the British Navy and merchant ships. A merchant ship is a
ship that sails goods to be sold from one nation to another nation.
The southern part was called South Carolina. European settlers moved to
South Carolina for religious freedom. Some colonists earned money by growing
rice on the lowlands. Other colonists earned money by selling fur(animal skins).
The fifth Southern Colony was Georgia. In 1732, the King of England gave
James Oglethorpe permission to establish the colony. The English wanted to
establish Georgia as a colony for two reasons. First, Georgia would prevent
attacks from Florida. Florida was a colony that belonged to Spain. Second,
Georgia provided English debtors a second chance to start a new life. A debtor
is a person who owes other people money. During this time, if a person could not
pay back the money he borrowed, then he would be put in jail.
( 7 )
What were the Southern Colonies like in the 1750s?
By 1750, the Southern Colonies(Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South
Carolina, and Georgia) developed a special way of life. The great plantations in
Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina grew tobacco. Farmers who lived in the
other Southern Colonies grew rice.
What made the Southern colonies different was the use of slaves. A slave is
a person who is forced to work for another person. A slave had no freedom. A
slave was property -- not a person. Slaves worked on large plantations where
tobacco and rice was grown.
Assignment 3- What are the Middle and Southern Colonies?
1. Complete the following chart:
Southern
Colonies
Middle
Colonies
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.
1.
1.
Major
Industries
2.
5.
1.
2.
Geographic
Features
1.
2.
1.
2.
2. Identify: a) Bible Commonwealth b) "Bread Colonies" c) "Holy Experiment"
d) New England Confederation
3. Define: a) plantation b) confederation c) blacksmith d) harbor
e) debt
( 8 )
Chapter Four
#4 Aim: Is American democracy and representative government an English idea?
Life in America was different from that in England and in Europe. The
European settlers who moved to North America had to make changes in their new
homeland. They could not use many of their old customs and had to learn new ways
of doing things. Soon they changed their way of living. They developed an
American way of life. But the English kept some of their ideas about government
and freedom. They used them in their colonial governments.
What English democratic ideas did the colonial governments keep?
In some of the English colonies, the colonists were promised that the
colonial governments would protect their rights ,as Englishmen. A right is a
freedom that the government gives to its citizens and is protected by the
government. For example, freedom of speech means the freedom to speak the truth,
or express an opinion. The colonists enjoyed the same rights or freedoms in the
colonies that they enjoyed when they lived in England. How did the English
develop these rights? What were some of the rights'they enjoyed?
One of the most important English democratic ideas was developed from the
Magna Carta. The Magna Carta means Great Charter. In 1215, King John made some
terrible mistakes that made the English nobility very angry.The nobility were
rich, powerful people who owned land in England. The nobles demanded reforms.
The English nObles forced King John to sign the document called the Magna Carta.
The Magna Carta contained some important ideas that encouraged American
democracy. First, the king must obey all the laws'. Second, the king can only
collect taxes with Parliament's consent(permission). Third, no one can be
punished by the government without due process of law. That means if the
goverment thinks a person disobeyed a law, the government must follow certain
rules and procedures to prove that the person disobeyed the law. These rules and
procedures protect the rights of the person accused(blamed) of disobeying the
law and make sure that the trial is fair. A trial is the process by which the
government must prove that a person who is accused of a crime is guilty. That
means the person disobeyed the law. In a trial, a jury decides if a person is
guilty or innocent(the person did not violate the law). A trial by jury is one
of the most important rights of every American. Fourth, if the government is a
bad government, the people can revolt against the government. That means the
people can change the government in a peaceful way or in a violent way.
A second important English democratic idea was the development of
Parliament. In the 13th century, the people who belonged to Parliament were the
nobility and the clergy(re1igious leaders). The two functions of Parliament was
to advise the king and to approve the taxes the king needed. That means the
Parliament could make suggestions to the king about the way he did things.
Parliament also had to give the king perIDlssion to collect taxes. Taxes are
money the people give to the government to keep the government working in a
peaceful and organized way.
In the 14th century, the middle class citizens were represented in
Parliament. That means the middle class people could participate in government
by choosing other people to serVe in Parliament. But they were not as powerful
as the nobility and the clergy. The middle class are people who have a skill.
For example, doctors, lawyers, and businessmen belonged to the middle class.
During the 14th century, Parliament was also divided into two
,houses(departments) •
The development of Parliament encouraged American democracy. First, the
colonists learned about representative government. That means colonists could
( 9
participate in their colonial governments by voting for other colonists to serve
them in government. Second, the colonists established a bicameral legislature.
The word bicameral means "two houses." A legislature is the part of the
government that makes the laws. Third, all taxes must be approved by the
legislature.
A third important English democratic idea was the English Bill of
Rights(1689). This list of freedoms limited the power of the king and increased
the rights of the English people. The English Bill of Rights said that the king
could not make laws, repeal laws, collect taxes, or keep an army without
Parliament's consent. To repeal a law means that the people do not have to obey
a law. Second, Parliament promised that the people had the right to criticize
the government. That means the English people could tell the government what it
was doing wrong, or make suggestions about how to improve the government. This
idea is called petitioning the government. Third, the king cannot prevent
Parliament from doing their work. Fourth, Parliament promised that every citizen
had the right to a fair.and speedy trial by jury. Parliament also protected the
English people from execssive fines and bail. Bail is money that a person who is
accused of crime must give the government to make sure that the accused person
comes back for trial. Ffnally, Parliament promised no cruel and unusual
punishment. That means the government cannot punish someone. by making him suffer
for a long time. All these democratic ideas in the English Bill of Rights are
used in American democracy.
A fourth important English democratic idea was the development of English
Common Law. Between the 12th and 14th centuries, the lawyers of the king studied
the legal decisions that were made in past trials that had to do with simi liar
crimes. The lawyers of the king decided that for a specific crime only one
punishment was to be used. These ideas were made into laws to protect the
citizens against tyranny(dictatorship). By the end of the 17th century, common
law protected certain rights of Englishmen. One of these rights is the right to
life, liberty, and property. That means the government cannot execute a person,
or put a person in jail, or punish a person by taking away something that
belongs to the person without due process of law. The government could not take
away these rights without a good reaSOn. A second right is the writ of habeas
corpus. A writ of habeas corpus means that if an English citizen was
arrested(put into jail), he must be told what law he has violated. Also, a
person must receive a trial by jury. A third right is the government cannot
search a man's home without a search warrant. A search warrant is a document
that is signed by a judge giving government offiCials permission to search a
person's home. This idea prevents the government from searching a person's home
for no good reason. This idea is best expressed as "a man's home is his castle."
These ideas are found in American democracy.
( 10)
Assignment 4- Is American democracy and representative government an E.nglish
idea?
1.
Explain~
way each of the following encouraged the development of American
democracy:
a. Magna Carta, 1215
[1. How did the Magna Carta encourage the growth of democracy in
America? ]
b. Rise of Parliament
[1. How did the growth of Parliament increase democracy in America?]
c. English Bill of Rights
[1. How did the English Bill of Rights increase democracy in America?]
d. English Common Law
[1. How did the use of English Common Law increase democracy in America?]
2. Define: a) bill of rights
b) demo·cracy
c) trial d): accuse e) innocent
f) guilty g) repeal h) criticize i) bail j) torture
(11 )
Chapter Five
#5 Aim: Was religious freedom, the right to a public education and freedom of
expression important to early American ~olonists?
Roger. Williams est'ablished the colony of Rhode Island for religious
freedom. Lord Baltimore debated for the approval of the Religious Toleration
Act. John Peter Zenger·was jailed for criticizing the colonial government.
These .men and other colonial leaders had to fight for their rights. They
fought for the fi:.eedom to worship God, for the right to an education, for the
right to speak freely, and for the right to participate in government. When
people have these rights, these people live in a "democratic society," or a
democracy. A democratic society refers to a group of people who make their own
laws and live in freedom. Freedom is most important to the "American way of
life."
How did religious freedom develop in colonial America?
There was very little religious freedom in Europe during the 17th and 18th
centuries. Each European nation belonged to either'the Protestant Church or the
Roman Gatholic Church. The government collected taxes to support(help) the
established church. The established church (also called the state church ) was
the church that was favored by a European government. Each European nation had
an established church.
In colonial America, the Anglican Church became the established church in
the Southern Colonies. The Congregational Church became the established church
in the New· England Colonies. The Middle Colonies had many established churches
because there were many religious groups. Each religious group wanted religious
freedom only for themselves.
But some colonists tried to work for religious freedom for all colonists.
Roger Williams established the colony of Rhode Island. Rhode Island is important
because it represented religious freedom for America and the world. In Rhode
Island there was no established church. All men could worship as they pleased.
All men could give their opinions freely. Anne Hutchinson Was a Puritan. She
taught that love for God was more important than obeying church laws. This was
very different from what the Puritan leaders taught. William Penn was a Quaker.
He established the colony of Pennsylvania. He permitted Protestants, Roman
Catholics, and Jews to live in his colony. Lord Baltimore established the colony
of Maryland. He helped to pass the Maryland Toleration Act in 1649. This law
permitted religious freedom for all Protestants and Roman Catholics.
The colonies of Rhode Island and Pennsylavania were examples of religious
freedom. Later, the other colonies will give more religious freedom to
colonists. One reason the colonial governments gave more religiOUS freedom was
they wanted more people to live in their colony. The more people that moved to
their colony, the more money the colony would get from trade(the buying and
selling of goods). Second, religious freedom increased when the people of
different religions lived next to each other.
Religious freedom weakened state churches. The colonial leaders had
difficulty collecting taxes to support the church because many colonists did not
belong to the state church. By 1760, religious freedom was part of the American
way of life.
How did the right to a public education develop in America?
During the 15th and 16th centuries, the European nations believed that only
wealthy people needed to go to school. Wealthy men made the laws and controlled
the European governments. The wealthy families paid for their children's
( 12)
education. Most Europeans did not believe that the common person (ordinary
people) should be educated.
The European settlers who moved to America brought their old ideas about
education with them. The wealthy colonists paid teachers to teach their sons.
They could buy books and newspapers. Some wealthy colonists sent their sons to
private schools and universities in England. A private school is a school which
receives no money from the government. If the wealthy colonists could not send
their children to England for an education, then they sent their sons to a
colonial college. These colleges taught the same subjects as the schools in
England.
Most colonists did not have money to buy books, to travel, to pay teachers,
or to go to private schools and colleges. The colonists worked very hard. But
many colonists learned to read, write, and do simple mathematics. Some children
were taught to read by their parents. Some boys who learned a skill from a
master craftsman also learned to read and write from the wife of the master
craftsman. A master craftsman is a skilled worker who has trained for many
years. Some colonies had elementary schools for their young children.
In the Middle and Southern Colonies, some children went to schools that
were owned by churches. The colonists living in the New England Colonies
believed that an education was very important. The• reason New England colonists
received an education was to help them read the Bible, worship God and obey the
laws of the colony.
In 1647, the Massachusetts government passed a law called the Massachusetts
Education Act(1647). This law required all towns(except very small towns) to
provide a public education. A public education is an education that is paid by
the government. In the New England Colonies, the town government paid for the
education of the children from poor families. This law was important because it
expressed the new idea that education was every citizen's responsibility. A
public education is important to a democratic society.
How was freedom of the press developed in colonial America?
Most of the colonial leaders were usually wealthy people. They did not like
to have their powers limited. That means the colonial leaders did not want to
lose their power. These leaders believed that it was dangerous to educate men
and women, and to permit the people to read anything they wanted to read. They
were afraid that the colonists would commit sedition. They were afraid that the
people might read ideas that would make the people rebel against the government.
Many colonists did not agree with the leaders of the colonial government.
They believed that the colonists should be free to think and express their
opinions. This is called freedom of speech. Many colonists also believed that
newspapers could criticize the government and tell the truth. This is called
freedom of the press.
John Peter Zenger owned a newspaper company. In 1734, he was arrested for
criticizing the gove~nor. A governor is the leader of a colony. According to
British law, John Peter Zenger was guilty of libel. Libel means to print
information about a person or an organization that is false. The jury declared
John Peter Zenger innocent. John Peter Zenger's victory was important because it
encouraged freedom of speech and freedom of the press. These two important
democratic ideas became part of the American society.
( 13)
Assignment 5- Was religious freedom, the right to a public education, and
freedom of expression important to the early American colonists?
1. Explain the importance of each of the following in the growth of democracy
in colonial America:
a. Maryland Toleration Act, 1649(also called the Religious Toleration Act of
1649)
[1. How did the Maryland Toleration Act, 1649 increase democracy in
colonial America?]
b. Massachusetts Education Act, 1647
[1. How did the Massachusetts Education Act, 1647 increase democracy in
colonial America?]
c. Trial of John Peter Zenger(1734)
[1. How did the trial of John Peter Zenger increase democracy?]
2. Identify: a) Roger Williams b) Anne Hutchinson c) William Penn
d) Lord Baltimore e) freedom of speech f) democratic society
3. Define: a) libel b) sedition c) public school d) trade e) worship
f) express
(14 )
Chapter Six
#6
Aim: How was political freedom increased in colonial America?
Before the Pilgrims arrived on the shore of North America, the Pilgrim
leaders met together to write the Mayflower Compact. A compact is an agreement
made between people. According to the Mayflower Compact, the Pilgrims promised
to obey all the laws they would pass. This official document is important. An
official document is a paper written by the government. The Mayflower Compact
represented the start of self-government. Self-government means the people make
their own laws and rule themselves. This was the first step toward establishing
a democratic government.
Why did colonies form representative governments?
When colonial governments were established, the colonists demanded more
freedom. Some of the colonies developed a representative government. A
representative government is a form of government in which the citizens elect
people to serve them in government. These people who are elected to the
government pass laws that the citizens want or with which the citizens agree. In
1619, the colony of Virginia established the first representative government. It
was called the Virginia House of Burgesses. Most colonies followed Virginia's
example in establishing representative governments. These representative
governments were not as democratic as they are today. Usually the king or the
owner of the colony would choose people to serve in the representative
government. That part of the government was called the upper house. The citizens
of the colony would also elect people to serve in government. That part of the
government was called the lower house. Usually, the king or the owner of the
colony had the most control in the representative government.
But other colonies had a more democratic form of representative government.
That means the citizens who were qualified to vote elected their leaders and
representatives in the upper house and in the the lower house. For example,
Rhode Island and Connecticut had more democratic forms of representative
government.
Why did Connecticut have a written constitution?
Connecticut was the first colony to adopt(approve) a written constitution.
A constitution is a plan to help organize a government. A constitution tells the
government what it can do and what it cannot do. It might also include a list of
freedoms that is protected by the government. This list of freedoms is called a
bill of rights.
A written constitution is important because the government must obey the
laws written in the constitution. That means the written law will guide the
government to solve the problems of a colony.
What is a New England Town Meeting?
The colonial governments gave the new colonists experience in governing a
large region. Experience means to learn something by doing it. But local
governments gave the colonists the greatest opportunity to practice
self-government. A local government is a government that governs a community. A
community is a group of people who live in the same region and who are governed
by the same government. A town or a village is an example of a community.
Each small community made its own laws. They also protected themselves
against Indian attacks. Each community also established a school, a standard for
maintaining a healthy community, and a place for citizens to meet and solve
disputes(arguments) among its citizens.
(15)
In the New England Colonies, the colonists used a form of local government
called the town meeting. A town meeting is a form of government in which the
citizens of a town meet together to discuss their problems, make their own laws,
and elect their town leaders. Sometimes, the people at the meeting became very
angry with each other because every person had the right to express his
opinions. At the meetings, only the men voted. But the men had to meet certain
requirements before they could vote. One requirement was religious
qualifications. Religious qualifications mean that a man who wanted to vote must
belong to an established church. Another requirement was property
qualifications. Property qualifications mean that a man had to own a certain
amount of land before he could vote. The town leaders were men. They enforced
the laws passed at the town meetings. Enforce means to make the people obey all
the laws. The town meeting was important because it gave more citizens the
opportunity to participate in government.
Local government is important because the colonists learned
self-government. They learned how to solve their own problems and to govern
themselves. The colonists wanted more control of the colonial government as they
learned how to govern themselves.
What were some undemocratic ideas found in the thirteen colonies?
Many colonists wanted more freedom for themselves. Some colonists wanted to
give more freedom to other people liVing in the colonies. What were some
undemocratic ideas that the colonies continued to practice? First, not all white
male colonists could vote. Second, black people had less freedom than the white
colonists. Third, only wealthy colonists could be elected to the representative
governments. The poor colonists did not like the wealthy colonists controlling
the government. Fourth, the colonists took away the land that belonged to the
Indians by force or by paying them very little money for their land.
Assignment 6- How was political freedom increased in colonial America?
1. Explain the importance of each of the following in the growth of democracy
in colonial America:
a. Mayflower Compact
[1. How did the Mayflower Compact increase democracy in colonial
America?]
b. Virginia House of Burgesses
[1. How did the Virginia House of Burgesses increase democracy in
colonial America?]
c. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
[1. How did the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut increase democracy in
colonial America?]
d. New England Town Meeting
[1. How did the New England Town Meeting increase democracy in colonial
America?]
2. Identify: a) representative government b) constitution
c) local government d) religious qualifications
e) property qualifications
3. Define: a) shore b) document c) experience d) community e) dispute
f) requirement
(16)
Chapter Seven
#7
Aim: Did mercantilism help or hurt the American colonies?
What is mercantilism?
Between the 16th and 18th centuries, the European nations used the economic
system called mercantilism. An economic system is the way a nation organizes and
controls the buying and selling of goods. The important idea in mercantilism was
the belief that the richest and most powerful nation was the nation that had the
most gold and silver. A nation tried to become the richest and most powerful
nation by building a large army and navy. To get more gold, the nation would
have to sell more goods than it bought from other nations. When a nation sells
more goods than it buys from another nation, that nation has a favorable balance
of trade.
There were advantages for a nation having a favorable balance of trade.
First, a nati'on became self-sufficient. That means a nation did not depend on
other nations for economic help. Second, a nation became wealthy. Third, a
nation built a powerful army and navy.
Colonies were important to building a powerful, wealthy nation. First,
colonies provided the raw materials for factories. A raw material is something
that is grown or that is naturally developed. A factory needed raw materials to
make goods. For example, cotton,wool, wood, and coal are all raw materials.
Second,colonies provided markets. A market is a place where a person can buy or
sell goods. Third, colonies encouraged the growth of the shipping industry. The
shipping industry consists of shipping companies that move goods by ship from
one country or colony to another country or colony. The shipping industry also
trained men to serve in the navy. The colonies also provided a place for the
navy to get food and water.
How did England restrict colonial trade under mercantilism?
The thirteen American colonies belonged to England. To make mercantilism
successful, England passed many laws restricting the colonies from manufacturing
goods. The British government passed laws that permitted only factories in
England to make most manufactured goods. The British government also passed a
law that did not permit skilled workers from leaving England. England was afraid
that the skilled workers would bring their skills to the British colonies and
they would start their own factories.
In 1651, England passed a series of laws called the Navigation Acts. The
purpose of these laws was to keep trade between England and her colonies. The
British colonies could not trade with other nations. For example, one of the
laws said that only British ships could sail goods in the British empire. That
means only British ships could send goods by ship between England and her
colonies.
The Navigation Acts did not hurt the American colonies because the
colonists were British subjects. The Americans could build and sail their own
ships. These laws benefitted the American companies that built ships. Many
American businessmen became wealthy.
A second Navigation Act(1660) restricted the American colonies from selling
certain goods and products' only to England. These goods were called enumerated
goods. The American colonies could not sell enumerated goods to other European
nations. England encouraged the American colonies to produce certain enumerated
goods by paying the American colonists bounties. A bounty is money that is paid
to colonists by the British government to grow or manufacture certain goods and
products. The British government paid bounties on tar, resin, and hemp. These
products were important to the British Navy.
(17)
A third Navigation Act(1663} required American colonists to buy most of
their manufactured goods from England. This law also required that all goods
manufactured in other European nations must first go to England. The British
government collected a duty before the European products were sold to the
American colonies. A duty is a tax on goods and products that comes from another
country. When the duty was paid, the goods were sent to America on British
ships. This law protected American and British merchants from European
competi tors.
What problems did mercantilism create?
Mercantilism was used by all European nations. But it created much trouble
among the European nations. First, mercantilism created serious economic and
political competition among the European nations. European nations fought wars
against each other to gain more colonies. Second, mercantilism made colonial
merchants jealous of one another. Colonial merchants who had friends in the
British government or family living in England received privileges. Third,
mercantile policy created bad feelings between England and her colonies. Some of
these laws hurt the New England Colonies and the Middle Colonies because these
colonies produced the same goods and products as England. For example, England
and the New England and Middle Colonies had lumber, fish, cloth, and iron.
England prohibited the colonies from selling these products in England. But the
New England and Middle Colonies found new markets for their goods.
Did the British government enforce the mercantile laws?
The American colonists were not forced to obey all these laws. The British
government followed a policy called "salutary neglect." Salutary neglect means
that the British government did not enforce all the mercantile laws.
But in 1763,the British leaders changed their decision. They decided not
to follow the policy of salutary neglect because England needed money to pay its
war debts. The British government also needed money to pay the military and the
people who worked in the government. Where would the government get the money?
One way was to change the mercantile laws. The earlier mercantile laws regulated
trade. That means the government controlled the buying and selling of goods in
England and her colonies. The purpose of the new mercantile laws was to raise
revenue. Revenue is money the government collects from the people in the form of
taxes, and spends it to protect the nation and to help its people.
_ . If you were an American colonist, would you like the new mercantile laws?
What new mercantile laws would you pass to help raise revenue?
(18)
Assignment 7- Did mercantilism help or hurt the American colonies?
1. Explain how each of the following made a European nation powerful using
the economic system known as mercantilism:
a. desire for self-sufficiency
[1. How did the desire for self-sufficiency make a European nation
powerful?]
b. need for a favorable balance of trade
[1. How did the need for a favorable balance of trade make a European
nation powerful?]
COl colonies
[1. How did getting colonies make a European nation powerful?]
d .. wars
[1. How did wars make a European nation powerful?]
2. Explain how the Navigation Acts regulated trade between England and the
thirteen colonies in the following areas of business:
a) manufacturing
[1. How did the Navigation Acts regulate manufacturing between England
and the thirteen colonies?]
b) shipping
[1. How did the Navigation Acts regulate shipping between England
and the thirteen colonies?]
c) selling
[1. How did the Navigation Acts regulate selling between England and
the thirteen colonies?]
d) buying
[1. How did the Navigation Acts regulate buying between England and
the thirteen colonies?]
3. Identify: a) Navigation Acts
4. Define: a) mercantilism b) bounty c) colony d) empire e) develop
f) restrict g) purchase h)benefit
(19)
Chapter Eight
#8 Aim: Did the French and Indian War help or hurt Great Britain?
What was the French and Indian War(1754-1763)?
Between 1689 and 1748, England and France were at war. These wars included
other European nations. In 1750, England and France fought with each other to
decide which was the most powerful European nation. In 1754, England and France
fought another war that would spread into North i\.merica. This war was called the
French and Indian War. The British called this war the French and Indian War
because the American Indian helped the French fight the British.
What were some of the problems the British had to solve at the end of the war?
In 1763, England won the war against France. Both nations signed the Treaty
of Paris, 1763. In this treaty England received much land from France. In North
America, EngLmd received Canada and all lands east of the Mississippi River.
England received Florida from Spain. In Asia, England received India from
France. England became the most powerful European nation. England also had the
largest European colonial empire.
While there was peace in Europe, the British government had many problems
to solve in ruling their empire. One problem England had to solve was the need
for more money. Bet",een 1689 and 1763,. the British fought four wars and had many
debts it had to repay. To make things worse, the government needed more money to
maintain the military and the navy to protect the British empire.
The British leaders believed that the American colonists would help to
repay the war debts.· The leaders thought that the American colonists were really
British subjects. The British leaders said the colonists shou~d help to pay for
the defense of the British empire because the American colonies ·were protected
by the British government.
A second problem the British government nad to solve was reorganizing the
governments of the new territories of Canada and Florida. The British government
had to solve some very difficult problems. First, how could the British make the
French. and Spanish citizens living in Canada and Florida become loyal to the
British government? Second, what kind of government would work best in these new
territories?
A third problem the British government had to solve was the problem of
governing such a large empire. For example, one problem had to do with the
American Indians. The Indians wanted the British to reduce the price of goods.
That means the Indians wanted to pay less for British goods. The Indians also
wanted the British to give them guns and ammunition. The British refused. The
Indians were also afraid that the American colonists would move on to Indian
land. These colonists cut down mariy trees and frightened away the animals living
in the forests. The British and the lndians found an answer to some of their
prOblems.
Another problem the British government had to solve was American farmers
moving west of the Appalachian Mountains. One group of Americans wanted the
British government to open the lands west of the Appalachian MOl\ntains for
farming. But American'fur traders did not want farmers settling on the land
because the farmers hurt the fur trade.
To solve the financial problems 6f the British government, the British
leaders ended the policy of salutary neglect. For example, the British
government passed a law called the Molasses Act of 1733. This law required that
American colonists buy all their sugar a~d molasses from the British West
Indies. But the British West Indies could not make enough sugar for the AmerIcan
colonies. So the America·n colonists bought their sugar arid molasses from French
(20)
colonies in the West Indies. If the British government enforced this law, many
American merchants would be forced to close their businesses, and many colonists
would not have work. The old mercantile laws were passed before 1763. The
purpose of the old mercantile laws was to regulate trade. That means the old
mercantile laws were passed by the government to control trade between England
and her colonies.
After 1763, the new mercantile laws were passed to raise revenue. The
French and Indian War made England the most powerful nation in the world. But at
the end of the war, England faced new problems that were discussed in the above
paragraphs. Did the French and Indian War help or hurt Great Britain?
Assignment 8- Did the French and Indian War help or hurt Great Britain?
1.· Explain one way each of the following helped or hurt Great Britain at the
end of the French and Indian War:
a. Britain gains territories
[1. Did gaining new territories help or hurt Great Britain at the end of
of the French and Indian War?]
b. the British have problems governing their empire
[1. What was one problem Great Britain had governing their empire?]
c. the British need to raise new taxes
[1. What was one reason the British needed to raise new taxes?]
d. the British end the policy of "salutary neglect"
[1. What is meant by "salutary neglect"?]
[2. Why did the British end the policy of "salutary neglect"?]
2. Identify: a) Treaty of Paris, 1763 Molasses Act, 1733
3. Define: a) enforce b) finance c) revenue d) ammunition e) treaty
f) purpose g) defend
(21)
Chapter Nine
#9.Aim: Were the thirteen colonies correct to resist British colonial policies
after 1763?
In 1763, the British government started to improve theiT financial
problems. The British leader was George Grenville. He wanted to change the way
England ruled the thirteen colonies. He encouraged Parliament to pass certain
laws called the Grenville Acts. The purpose of these laws was to raise revenue.
The American colonists did not like these new laws. The American ~olonists said
that they were not represented in Parliament when the laws were passed. This
problem will become very serious. England and the.American colonies will not
remain friendly with each other.
What were the Grenville Acts?
One of the new' laws Parliament passed was called the Proclamation Act of
1763. This· law said that American farmers co~ld not live on the land- west of the
Appalachian Mountains. This law also hurt American colonists who hunted for fur
in this land. The fur traders·needed permission from the British government to
trap f u r . .
.
The British·gQvernment passed this law for several reasons. First, the
British governmentwal'lted peace with the Indian·s who lived on the land west of
the Appalachian Mountains. Second, the British wanted to establish a policy
toward the Indians, the fur trade, and how the land would be sold-to new
colonists moving to America. A policy mean£ the way the government does things.
This law gave. the British government time to develop a policy for governing the
colonies without worrying about the Indians and the American farmers.
A second ·law· that Parliament passed was the Sugar Act of 1764. This law
placed a duty on.sugar, molasses and on other products imported from places
outside the British empire. To -import a product is to bring a product into the
colonies from another country.
The reason Parliament passed the Sugar Act of 1764 was to reduce the amount
of taxes the people living in England had to pay. The English people paid most
of the money to defend the British empire. The English thought this was not
fair. The English believed that all people who belonged to the British empire
should help to pay for defending the'empire.
But the American colonists were not happy with this law. This law hurt the
colonial merchant, shipowners and people who made rum. These colonists made
money by smuggling the .goods into the colonies. To smuggle goods means to bring
goods into the country without England's permission. Angry colonial merchants
began to o'rganize committees to discuss ways' to disobey this law.
A third law that Parliament passed was the Currency Act of 1764. Currency
means money. This law ?aid that the colonies could not print their own money.
Parliament also said that ail taxes must be paid in gold or silver.
This'law made the colonists angry because there was very little money in
the colonies. Second, the balance of trade hurt the colonists. That means the
colonists imported more goods than it sold to England. The colonial merchants
had to send large amounts of currency to England to pay for the imports. The
colonists asked a serious question -- where could the colonial businessmen get
money to continue their businesses and pay their taxes?
A fourth law Parliament passed was the Quartering Act of 1765. This law
required the colonial leaders to provide living quarters and food for British
soldiers living in America. Jhe British soldiers lived in America to protect the
Ameri,can farmers from the Indians. But most of the soldiers lived in cities near
the coast(like Boston and New York City). The colonists became angry.
A fiftr law Parliament passed was the Stamp Act of 1765. The purpose of
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this law was to raise revenue to defend the American colonies. This law taxed
most paper products like newspapers, land deeds, and college diplomas. A land
deed is a document that shows the name of the person who owns the land, the size
of the land, and the location of the land. These paper products had a stamp
showing that the tax was paid.
Why did the American colonists refuse to pay the Stamp Tax?
The members of Parliament were surprised that the American colonists were
angry with the Stamp Act. The colonists always paid their taxes. Why were th'e
American colonists 'angry with the stamp tax? First, the colonists said that the
earlier taxes were indirect taxes. An indirect tax is a tax that is included in
the price of a product. Only the colonists who bought these products paid the
taxes. Also, the earlier taxes were collected to help regulate trade.
The colonists said that the Stamp Act was a direct tax. A direct tax is a
tax that is paid directly to the British government.
Second, the colonial legislatures slowly increased their powers. They
controlled the "power of the purse." That means the colonial legislatures had to
approve all taxes and revenue the colonial governor could spend.
The colonists usually paid their taxes dlrectly to the colonial
• tax dld not go to the
legislature. But the money collected from the stamp
colonial legislature. The money went to the British government. The American
colonists did not like the idea of paying taxes directly to Parliament without
their consent. The colonial legislatures believed they would lose power if they
paid this tax to England.
Third, the American colonists did not believe that Parliament could tax the
colonists directly because the colonists did not have any representatives in
Parliament. That means the American colonists did not elect representatives to
Parliament. The colonists believed that Parliament could not pass any taxes
without the colonists expressing their opinions about the tax. The colonists
accused Parliament of "taxation without representation." That means Parliament
taxed the American colonies when the American colonists Were not represented in
Parliament. The Americans said no taxation without representation. That means
that Parliament could not tax the Americans unless they were represented in
Parliament. The American colonists asked a very important question -- did
Parliament have the right to make laws and to tax the American colonies when the
American colonists did not elect a representative to Parliament?
Why did Parliament believe it could pass the Stamp Act?
Parliament believed the Stamp Act was fair. They believed the American
colonists should pay the tax. Parliament believed th Stamp Act was fair for two
reasons. First, Prime Minister Grenville announced that he wanted Parliament to
pass the Stamp Act in 1764. But Parliament did not pass the act until 1765. That
means the American colonists had one year to suggest a better way to tax ,the
American colonies. But the American colonists did not suggest a better way.
Parliament believed they gave the American colonies enough time to express their
opinions.
Second, the members of Parliament agreed that the American colonists were
not represented in Parliament. But Parliament also said that many of the British
subjects in England were not represented in Parliament. The members of
Parliament said that all British subjects in England had virtual representation.
Virtual representation means that Parliament represented all the people in the
British empire even though they had no representatives in Parliament. The
American colonists did not listen to Parliament.
How did the American colonists oppose the Stamp Act?
The Americans were angry with the Stamp Act. They opposed the Stamp Act.
Some colonists wrote letters to Parliament complaining about the tax. Some
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colonial legislatures passed laws saying that American colonists should only pay
taxes· that were passed by their colonial legislatures.
In October 1765, delegates from nine colonies met in New York. This meeting
was called the Stamp Act Congress. At the meeting, the delegates promised to
oppose all taxes that Parliament passed without the consent of .the colonial
legislature.
Many colonial merchants agreed to boycott British goods. That means the
colonial merchants agreed not to buy or import goods from England. These
agreements were called nonimportation agreements. These agreements hurt the
British merchants.
Other Americans formed patriotic societies. A patriotic society is an
organized group of people who are loyal to their nation. For example; the Sons
of Liberty was a patriotic society. These colonists opposed the Stamp Act. They
destroyed the office of the person who collected the stamp tax. They burned the
houses of the king's officials. They did these things because they fought for
their "rights as Englishmen."
The British Were very surprised at the American colonists. British
merchants demanded the repeal of the Stamp Act. To repeal an act means that the
government will not force the people to obey a certain law. That means the
American colonists would not have to obey the Stam~ Act. Parliament repealed
this act because the American colonists had friends in Parliament who helped
them. For example, William Pitt was a friend of the Ameican colonists. Later he
would become the Prime Minister of England. In March 1766 Parliament repealed
the Stamp Act. The American colonists were very happy!
But Parliament passed another law called the Declaratory Act of 1766~ This
law said that Parliament could tax the colonies. Could Parliament pass laws and
tax the American colonists when the colonists did not elect a representative to
Parliament?
What were the Townshend Acts?
England's most serious problem was money. England needed money to maintain
an army and a navy, to build warships to protect merchant ships, and to pay its
war debts.
In 1767, Charles Townshend became the new Prime Minister. He asked
Parliament to pass an indirect tax on goods that were imported from England. He
thought the colonists would pay the indirect tax. The government taxed goods
that were used everyday(for example, tea, glass, paint).
To make sure the new tax was collected, Parliament passed the writs of
assistance. A writs of assistance gave the British officials permission to
search a man's ship, his store, eVen his home. The British official looked for
smuggled goods.
The American colonists became angrier. They hated this law. They thought
the law was not fair. The Americans also thought this law violated their "rights
as Englishmen."
How did the American colonists oppose the Townshend Acts and the writs of
aSSistance?
The American colonists showed their anger. Some colonists refused to
provide living quarters for British soldiers who were to enforce the new
mercantile laws. Other colonists wrote pamphlets and petitions. A pamphlet is an
essay or composition written in the form of a small book. A petition is a letter
written by the citizens of a colony. This letter told the British. government
what the colonists thought the British government was doing wrong or what the
British government should do to correct a problem. Some colonial legislatures
wrote resolutions to Parliament. A resolution is the official opinion of the
colonial legislature. But it is not a law.
Colonial merchants signed new nonimportation agreements too. Other
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colonists destroyed British property and attacked British officials. Some
colonists insulted British soldiers by calling them names like "lobster" and
"redcoat." Anger and hatred increased between the colonists and the soldiers.
Some colonial leaders and Briish military leaders tried to prevent serious
trouble. But serious troubles could not be avoided all the time.
What was the "Boston Massacre"?
On March 5, 1770 a large group of colonists in Boston shouted insults and
threw snowballs at the British soldiers. This happened many times in the past.
This time someone ordered the soldiers to shoot the colonists. Three Americans
died. This made the colonists furious.
The British soldiers were put on trial. Two American colonists defended
them in the trial. They were Josiah Quincy, Jr., and John Adams. John Adams
later will become the second President of the United States. These two colonists
defended the British soldiers because they wanted justice. That means they
wanted to make sure the trial was fair.
In 1770, Lord Frederick North became the new Prime Minister. Relations
between England and the American colonies were unfriendly. He asked Parliament
to repeal the Townshend Acts because the nonimportation agreements hurt British
trade in America. Also, the British government was'spending too much money to
make sure the laws were obeyed. The Townshend Acts were repealed. But Parliament
passed a very small tax on tea. This small tax represented England's power to
tax the colonies. The repeal of the Townshend Acts brought temporary peace.
But the real problem was not solved. The real problem was this -- could
Parliament pass laws and tax the American colonists when the colonists did not
elect a representative to Parliament?
To make things worse, the governor of Massachusetts said that the governor
and the judges of the courts would be paid by the British government -- not by
the colonial legislature. If this was true, then the colonial legislature's
"power of the purse" would be weakened.
What were the "Committees of Correspondence"?
The new British policies decreased democracy in the American colonies. The
American colonists were ready to oppose the British. In 1772, Samuel Adams, a
citizen of Boston, formed a Committee of Correspondence. The purpose of this
committee was to inform the other colonies of what was happening in
Massachusetts. Soon, other colonies also formed such committees. The committees
of correspondence informed other colonies of the events and opinions in other
colonies. That means each colony would know what was happening in the other
colonies and what colonists were thinking in the other colonies. When the
Committees of Correspondence were organized, Parliament passed a law that made
the Americans furious again.
Were the colonists correct in getting angry with England? What do you
think?
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Assignment 9a- Were the thirteen colonies correct to resist British colonial
policy after 1763?
1. Explain one way each of the following British policies angered the American
colonies-:a. Proclamation of 1763
[1. Why did the Proclamation of 1763 anger the American colonies?]
b. Currency Act, 1764
[1. Why did the Currency Act, 1764 anger the American colonies?]
c. Quartering Act, 1765
[1. Why did the Quartering Act, 1765 anger the American colonies?]
d. Stamp Act, 1765
[1. Why did the Stamp Act, 1765 anger the American colonies?]
e. Townshend Acts, 1767
[1. Why did the Townshend Acts, 1767 anger the American colonies?]
f. Writs of Assistance
[1. Why did the Writs of Assistance anger the American colonies?]
2. Identify: "no taxation without representation"
3. Define: a) delegate b) complain c) pamphlet d) petition e) property
f) inform
Assignment 9b- How did the American colonies resist British colonial policies
after 1763?
1. Explain how the American colonists resist;ed British colonial policies by
using each of the following:
a. Stamp Act Congress
[1) Where did the Stamp Act Congress meet?]
(2) Why did the delegates meet at the Stamp Act Congress?]
(3) How did the delegates decide to oppose any new tax that Parliament
would require the American colonies would pay?]
b. Nonimportation agreements(=boycotts)
[1) How did the American colonial merchants oppose the new mercantile
policies? ]
[2) What does the word "boycott" mean?
(3) Was this an effective way to resist the new mercantile policies?
Explain.]
c. Sons of Liberty
[1) How did American colonists use organizations like the Sons of Liberty
to oppose the new mercantile policies?]
d. Pamphlets and petitions
[1) What is a pamphlet?]
(2) What is a petition?]
(3) What did the American colonists write in the pamphlets and petitions
to oppose the new mercantile policies?]
e. Committees of correspondence
[1) What is the purpose of a committee of correspondence?]
2. Define: a) repeal b) violate f) trial
g) justice h) resist i) diploma
3. Explain: "no taxation without representation"
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CHAPTER TEN
1110
Aim: Could war between England and the thirteen colonies have been
prevented?
In 1773, the American colonies rebelled (to fight against the government)
against England. It began when Parliament passed the Tea Act(1773). The Tea Act
was passed by Parliament to save the British East India Company from going out
of business. The company had so much tea that it could not sell all of it. Some
of the members of Parliament had stock in the company. That means some of the
members of Parliament owned part of the East India Company. If the company
failed, then these members of Parliament would lose their money too. Why did the
British East India have so much tea? After the repeal of the Townshend Acts, the
colonists refused to buy the tea because there was a small tax on tea. This tax
represented Parliament's power to tax the colonies. The new law permitted the
British East India Company to sell the tea directly to the colonists at a lower
price. The members of Parliament thought that the Americans would buy the tea at
the lower price and pay the tax. Also, the British East India Company would not
go out of business.
Why did the American colonists refuse to pay the tea tax?
The colonists refused to buy the tea for several reasons. First, marty
colonists refused to pay all the taxes that Parliament required. Second, the
cheap tea would force many colonial merchants to close their businesses because
the British East India Company would have a monopoly on the sale of tea in
America. A monopoly is when one company controls all the other companies
manufacturing and selling the same product. Many colonial merchants joined the
tea merchants in their resistance to the tea tax. The colonial merchants
believed that if Parliament could control the tea business, then Parliament
could also control other businesses.
The colonists rioted in the streets of the colonies. The British East India
Company could not sell their tea. Some colonists· let their tea rot in damp
cellars. Other colonists burned their tea. Some colonies refused. to permit
British ships carrying tea to enter their harbors. Late one night in 1773, a
group of colonists dressed like Indians entered a ship and threw the tea into
Boston harbor in the colony of Massachusetts. The tea.was worth thousands of
dollars. The colonists called this the Boston Tea Party. Many colonists approved
of the violence, but other colonists disapproved of the violence.
What were the Intolerable Acts?(1774)
British officials and merchants were furious (very angry). First, the
American colonists refused to pay the taxes. Now they destroyed property. Many
members of Parliament agreed to pass laws to punish the colonists living in
Massachusetts and to increase British control over the American colonies. The
colonists called these laws the Intolerable Acts because they found the laws
very harsh. That means the laws were very difficult to obey. One law closed the
city of Boston until the city paid for the tea that was destroyed. Such a law
would force the colonists in Boston to go without food and heat in the winter. A
second law took away Massachusetts' right to have their own government. This
means that Massachusetts would be ruled by the military. A third law was called
the Quartering Act. This law forced colonists to provide food and shelter for
the soldiers who governed them. A fourth law permitted British officials who
hurt a colonist while enforcing the law to return to Englnd for a trial. A trial
is the process of deciding if a person disobeyed the law.
What is the Quebec Act?
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Parliament also passed a fifth law to establish a government in Canada, and .
to give religious freedom to the French Roman Catholics. The law also increased
Canada's border south to the Ohio River.
This law was not passed to punish the colonists. But the Americans
understood the law differently. The colony of Virginia thought that the British
government wanted to punish them by taking .away some of their land and giving it
to Canada. Also, the people living in the New England Colonies did not like
giving religious freedom to the French people.
Many colonists in Massachusetts refused to obey the Intolerable Acts.
Massachusetts succeeded in getting the other colonies to support them. Some
colonists even talked about solving this problem by using violence.
What was the First Continental Congress?
The Intolerable Acts were the most serious threat (danger) to colonial
self-government. If Parliament destroyed the government of Massachusetts, then
Parliament could also destroy the other colonial governments. The leaders of
Virginia suggested an intercolonial meeting at Philadelphia to protest (to
disapprove) the Intolerable Acts. An intercolonial meeting is a meeting among
the representatives from the thirteen colonies.
On September 5, 1774, representatives from all the colonies except Georgia
met in the city of Philadelphia. The meeting was called the First Continental
Congress. The representatives from the different colonies did not always agree
with each other. But they agreed on the following things. First, the British
government should repeal the Intolerable Acts. Second, the American colonies
should prohibit the import of British goods. Third, each colony should establish
a "committee of safety and inspection" to make sure that all the colonies would
obey the boycotts (to refuse to buy or sell British goods). The representatives
agreed to meet again in the spring of 1775 if the Intolerable Acts were not
repealed.
Did the British win at the Battles of Lexington and Concord(1775)?
During the winter, many colonists in New England prepared for war.
"Minutemen" drilled in the villages. A minuteman was a man who was ready to
fight in one minute. Colonists living in towns hid guns and ammunitions.
In April 1775, the British Army searched the villages near Boston for guns.
But the colonists were prepared to meet the redcoats (British soldiers). How did
the colonists know where the British army was going to search for guns? Some
colonists hid themselves in a church tower. They could see which way the British
army would travel. A patriot by the name of Paul Revere waited for a signal from
the colonists hiding in the church tower. When the colonists signaled Paul
Revere, he would get on his horse and ride very quickly in the same direction
the British army was travelling. He warned the people living in the villages
that the British were coming.
At a small village called Lexington, the British ordered American colonists
to drop their guns and walk away. The colonists walked away, but they kept their
guns. Suddenly, someone started shooting. When the shooting ended, eight
colonists died, and ten were wounded.
Then the British Army marched to Concord. The British destroyed some
property, and captured some guns. When they finished, the soldiers marched back
to Boston. But their return march to Boston was not easy. As they marched, angry
colonists shot at the redcoats. The .American colonists hid behind trees and
stone walls. When the British Army arrived in Boston, 73 soldiers were killed,
174 soldiers wounded, and 26 soldiers were missing. By night time, 16,000
minutemen were ready to fight.
What was the significance of the Second Continental Congress(May, 1775)?
On May 1775, a Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia. Some men
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like Samuel Adams from Massachusetts and Patrick Henry from Virginia were
radical in their ideas. They wanted independence from England. They also wanted
to ask France and Spain for help. But most of the representatives were
conservative in their thinking. They did not want independence from England. But
they wanted greater freedom. The conservatives controlled the meeting. They made
it clear to England that the colonies would .resist with violent force. To show
England they were serious, the representatives appointed George Washington of
Virginia as the commander-in-chief (the military leader) of the Continental
Army.
From this time, the British and the American colonists would fight more
often. For example, at the Battle of Breed's Hill (also known as the Battle of
Bunker Hill) 450 colonists died. But over 1,000 British soldiers were killed or
wounded. Could war between England and the thirteeen colonies have been avoided?
Assignment 10- Could war between England and the thirteen colonies have been
prevented?
1. Explain how each of the following brought England and the thirteen colonies
closer to war:
a. Tea Act of 1773
[1) Why Parliament pass the Tea Act?]
[2) Why did the American colonists refuse to pay the tea tax?]
b. Intolerable Acts, 1774
[1) What were the four laws included in the Intolerable Acts?]
[2) Why did the British government pass these laws?]
[3) Why did the American colonists call these laws "intolerable"?]
c. Quebec Act, 1774
[1) Why did the British government pass the Quebec Act?]
[2) Why did the American colonists hate this law?]
d. First Continental Congress, 1774
[1) Why did the colonial delegates meet in Philadelphia?]
[2) What 3 ideas did the colonial delegates agree?]
e. Lexington and Concord, 1775
[1) Why did the British army march to the villages of Lexington and
Concord?]
[2) How did the Americans oppose the British army?]
f. Second Continental Congress, 1775
[1) Why did the colonial delegates meet again in Philadelphia?]
[2) What idea did the colonial delegates agree in Philadelphia?]
2. Identify: a) patriot b) Paul Revere c) Patrick Henry d) Sam Adams
e) George Washington
3. Define: a) radical b) conservative c) minuteman d) commander-in-chief
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Chapter Eleven
#11
Aim: Did the American Revolution have one or many causes?
Before 1776, most American colonists refused to think that they were
fighting a war. They thought they were resisting laws that were unfair.
Why were some colonists not willing to fight against England?
Some patriots urged the colonists to declare independence from England. A
patriot is a person who loves and defends his country. But most colonists did
not want independence from England. One reason is the British
government maintained law and order. That means England made sure that the
American colonies obeyed British laws and made sure there was no trouble in the
colonies. Most colonists were afraid that without British control, most
colonists would be a victim of mob rule and anarchy. Mob rule means that large
unruly groups of people make their own laws. These l:ms would be unfair. Anarchy
means that some people would not want any kind of government. The colonists
remembered what the mobs did to some British officials. They did not want to
exchange the dictatorship of a king. for the dictat6rship of a mob.
A second reason some colonists did not want to declare war with England was
they would be executed (to be killed) for treason if they failed to win the
revolution. Treason means not to be loyal to your country. A third reason some
colonists wanted to remain loyal to England was they believed their friends in
Parliament would help them to repeal the harsh laws. But the colonists also
understood that their friends in Parliament would not support a revolution for
independence. At this time m.ost of the colonists were loyal to the British
Empire.
Why did some colonists want independence from England?
Some of the colonists wanted independence. They gave several reasons.
First, there were political reasons. These colonists believed that their
political rights as English subjects were violated. For example, the colonists
did not believe the British government could tax the colonists because they were
not represented in Parliament. The colonists believed that Parliament was wrong
to approve such taxes because no one in Parliament represented the colonies.
These colonists declared "no taxation without representation!"
There was also a more serious political problem. The problem was this
what would happen to the colonies' right to govern themselves? Each colony
established their own representative government. By establishing their own
government the colony had the power to pay the governor's salary. A salary is
money a person receives for doing work. If the colony paid for the governor's
salary, then the colonists could force the governor to listen to the colonists.
This power is called the power of the purse. That means the colonial legisl!'ture
controlled the money the colonial governor could spend. The colonial legislature
gave money to the colonial governor to operate the colonial government or they
could refuse to give the governor the money he needed. All of this would change
if the colonists obeyed the new mercantile laws. If the colonists obeyed the new
mercantile laws, then it meant that Parliament could tax the colonies at any
time. The colonial governments would be powerless. Further, many colonists died
protecting these rights at places like Lexington and Concord, Breed's Hill, and
at MoorB's Creek Bridge.
Many colonists could not decide if they supported the Patriots or the
Loyalists (also called Tories). The Patriots wanted independence from England.
The Loyalists wanted to remain loyal to England. An Englishman named Thomas
Paine moved to America and wrote a pamphlet called Common Sense. Thomas Paine
wrote that the colonies should declare independence. He said it was wrong for
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the colonists to obey a king that would kill his own people. Thomas Paine's
pamphlet persuaded many colonists to choose independence.
According to Thomas Paine, the deci8ion to fight for independence had
advantages. First, all American patriots who were captured by the British would
be treated as prisoners of war and not as rebels. A prisoner of war is a soldier
who is captured by the army of the warring nation. They would not be treated in
a harsh way. A rebel is a person who fails to overthrow the government. Second,
the Patriotic government could seize the property of all Americans who were
loyal to England. Third, the patriots could have a better chance to get foreign
aid from France and Spain. Foreign aid is help from other countries. Foreign aid
could be money, guns, ammunition, and other equipment. France and Spain wanted
to see the British empire grow weak.
A second reason for independence was economic. The colonists did not like
the British mercantile laws. They said the laws did not encourage colonial trade
and industry. The laws increased the cost of goods the colonists purchased.
These feelings were shared by the merchants, shipowners, and the manufacturers.
These people were also the political leaders of the colonies. Also, some
colonists did not like certain laws like the Proclamation of 1763 and the Quebec
Act(1774). These laws prevented colonists from moving into the lands west of the
Appalachian Mountains.
A third reason the Americans wanted independence had to do with the
different way of thinking between the American people and the British people.
Three thousand miles of ocean separated England and the American colonies. The
Americans living in the colonies in 1774 were different than the first colonists
who arrived in America in 1620. The Americans who were born in the colonies did
not understand the British ideas. Other Americans whose parents came from other
European nations might have been hostile (not friendly) to England. Also, there
were radicals like Samuel Adams and Thomas Paine who did not like the British
monarchy. Finally, the Amercians developed their own lifestyle, and were not
very dependent on England. Lifestyle means a way of doing things.
The thirteen colonies declare independence
On June 7, 1776 Richard Henry Lee of Virginia introduced the idea that
"these United Colonies ••• ought to be, free and independent states." This idea
was introduced at the meeting called the Second Continental Congress.
On June 11, the members of the Congress asked five men to write a formal
Declaration of Independence. The five men were Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin
Franklin, John Adams, Robert R. Livingston, and Roger Sherman. Thomas Jefferson
did the actual writing.
Thomas Jefferson included some ideas about government from the writings of
John Locke. John Locke was a British subject who wrote about the British
government. Thomas Jefferson borrowed the following ideas from John Locke.
First, all men are given certain rights that cannot be taken away. These rights
are called "inalienable rights." Second, some of these rights are life, liberty,
and property. Third, the purpose of government is to protect these rights. This
idea is called the contract theory of government. That means the government has
certain responsibilities to its citizens and the citizens agree to obey the laws
of the government. Fourth, if the government destroys or fails to protect these
"inalienable rlghts," then the people will have the right to revolt against the
government.
On July 2, the Congress debated Richard Henry Lee's idea about
independence. A debate is a discussion about a problem. The Congress approved
the idea that the American colonies should declare independence from England.
The Congress declared the new United States of America to be independent from
England.
On July 3 and 4, 1776, the Congress discussed Jefferson's document.
Finally, on July 4, Congress approved the Declaration of Independence. John
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Hancock, the president of the Congress signed the document. He wrote his name in
such large letters, that the King of England could read his name without wearing
his eyeglasses! Copies of the Declaration of Independence were sent to all the
colonies. On July 8, the Declaration of Independence was read to the people of
Philadelphia.
Could war between England and the American colonies have been avoided?
Which is the most important reason that started the War between England and the
American colonies?
Assignment 11- Did the American Revolution have one or many causes?
1. Explain one way each of the following led Great Britain to war with the
thirteen-cDlonies:
a. geography
[1) How did the long distance between England and the American colonies
make war between England and the American colonies?]
b. mercantilism
[1. How did the mercantile laws make war bet~een England and the American
colonies?]
c. "rights as Englishmen"
[1. Why did the American colonists believe that England did not protect
the rights of American colonists?]
d. French and Indian War
[1. How did the Proclamation of 1763 say that made war between England
and the American colonies?]
e. radical leaders
[1. How did radical leaders like Patrick Henry and Sam Adams make war
between England and the American colonies?]
2. Identify: a) Common Sense
b) Declaration of Independence
c) Thomas Jefferson d) John Locke e) John Hancock
f) "contract theory of government"
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Chapter Twelve
#12
Aim: Is the Declaration of Independence important for Americans today?
The Preamble(Introduction)
On July 4, 1776, the thirteen states all agreed to what is said here. There
are times when one group of people needs to be free from the government of
another group. It is only right at such a time that they should tell the world
the reason for becoming independent.
A New Theory of Government
We believe that some things are always true. Everyone was made to be equal
with each other. God has given all people some rights that cannot be taken away.
Some of these rights are the right to life, liberty, and the chance to look for
happiness.
People make governments to get these rights. It is the people who give
governments their power.
A bad government is one that destroys those rights. People have the right
to change or end a bad government. They have the r~ght to establish a neW
government. The new government should be made in a way that will make the people
safe and make them happy. Governments should not be changed for reasons that are
not important. People usually continue bad governments. But after a ~ong period
of time, a bad government may take away more and more of their rights. When a
bad government takes away the rights of the people after a period of time', the
people have the right and duty to overthrow the government. Then they need to
set up a new government to be sure their rights are protected.
Reasons for Independence
The thirteen colonies have been hurt by a bad king. Our kind of government
must change. The way King George III has ruled us shows that. he wants complete
control over these colonies. Here is a list of what he has done.
He did not pass laws we needed.
He told his governors in America not to pass laws that We needed unless he
gave his permission. He was slow to approve the laws we needed.
He told colonists who settled in new lands he would not approve the laws
they needed unless they surrendered their right to be represented in the
colonial legislatures. The people want to be represented in the legislatures. It
is their right. Only a bad king would want people to surrender such a ri,ght.
He made his legislatures meet in unusual places. Some places were hard to
reach. He knew this made the representatives tired so they would agree to his
rules"
He prevented some legislatures that resisted him from meeting together. He
sent the members of the legislatures home.
He refused to permit the people to elect new members of the colonial
legislatures after he closed the legislature. But he cannot destroy the people's
lawmaking powers. Meanwhile, the people of these colonies are afraid that
someone's army will attack their colonies. Or that bad people will do things in
the colonies because there are no government in these colonies.
He tried to keep the colonies from growing. He prevented people who are not
from England from living in the colonies. He refused to approve laws that would
make it easy for foreigners to become members of the colonies. He made it harder
for people to get new land by raising the price for it and by not encouraging
them to live on the new land.
He prevented justice by not approving laws that would establish courts of
laws to help the people.
He prevented his judges from being fair. He did this by paying judges or
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keeping judges that enforced the laws the way he wanted them to.
He made the colonial government bigger by sending new British officials to
trouble us. These government workers are making our taxes larger.
He keeps an army here when there is no war. The British government did not
ask our colonial legislatures for permission.
He tried to make his army free from the colonial legislatures' control. He
tried to make his army more powerful than the legislatures.
The King worked with Parliament to force us to obey the laws of Parliament.
The colonial legislatures have not approved of Parliament's laws.
The King and Parliament forced us to keep soldiers in our homes.
They protected these soldiers when they killed our people. The soldiers are
given fake trials and then set free.
They prevented us from trading with other parts of the world.
They forced us to pay taxeR that we did not approve.
They took away our right to a trial by jury many times.
They took our people to England for trials on false charges.
They gave a bad government to the colony to the north of us(Quebec). They
made that colony much bigger. They might force us to establish the same kind of
government.
They took away our Charters of government. These help us to make laws.
Without the charters, the colonial governments changed.
They prevented our legislatures from meeting. They said they have the power
to make laws for us.
The king gave up the power to rule us. He said he could not keep us safe,
and he made war on us.
He attacked our ships and ports. He burned our towns and killed our people.
He kidnapped our people off our ships. These people were forced to fight
against us. They were forced to kill their friends and brothers, or else be
killed themselves.
He urged our people to rebel against the colonial governments. He tried to
get the American Indians to attack settlers on our borders.
While the king was doing all the bad things we have listed, we urged him to
listen to us. Each time we asked him to listen, he only hurt us more. Such a
king should not rule a free people. We asked the English people to help us. lie
told them about the unfair things the Parliament has done to rule us. We
reminded them that many of us came here from England to look for a better life.
We know the people of England are kind and fair. We asked them to help us as
family members who need help. They acted the same way the king did. They did not
listen to us. Therefore, we must do what is needed. We must declare independence
from the English people. We will think of the people of England as enemies in
war but friends during times of peace.
A Formal Declaration of War
We do these things as representatives for the people of the United States.
I,e hope that God will approve of what we do. We decided that these colonies are
what they should be -- fre.e and independent states. We are no longer loyal to
the king and the government of Great Britain. We can do what any nation does
because we are independent. We can make war or peace, make friends with other
countries, and do business with them. We may do whatever free countries have the
right to do.
To support this Declaration, we trust in God. To support what we have done,
we each offer our lives, our money, and our good names.
(34 )
Assignment 12- Is the Declaration of Independence important for Americans
today?
1. What is the purpose of government?
2. Where does government get its powers?
3. What is a "bad" government?
4. How can people change a "bad" government?
5. Define: a) revolution b) theory
c) responsibility d) process e) kidnap
f) urge g) rebel(verb)
h) declare
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Chapter 13
#13
Aim: Did the United States become a democratic nation after the American
Revolution?
The American Revolution lasted five years(1776-1781). The American army
defeated the British army at the Battle of Yorktown in 1781. The British could
have won the war if they did two things. First, they could have sent over a
large British army. Second, they could have established a naval blockade to
prevent foreign ships from sending supplies to America. A naval blockade is when
the British navy prevents ships from entering or leaving American harbors. The
war could have continued for a long time. But the American Revolution increased
England's war debts. Also, the English people were not willing to pay anymore
taxes to continue the war.
What did the United States gain in the Treaty of Paris, 1783?
England and the United States agreed to make peace in Paris, France. On
September 3, 1783, a treaty was completed. The treaty was called the Treaty of
Paris, 1783. [ BE CAREFUL! Do not confuse the Treaty of Paris, 1783 with the
Treaty of Paris, 1763. The Treaty of Paris, 1763 ended the French and Indian
War.]
-The new nation was called the United States of America. Four men
represented the new nation at Paris. They were Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, John
Adams, and Henry Laurens. According to the Treaty of Paris, 1783, England gave
the United States the following: first, the United States became independent;
second, the United States received all lands between the Appalachian Mountains
and the Mississippi River from the Great Lakes south to Florida [England
returned Florida to Spain when Spain agreed not to continue fighting with the
British.]; third, the United States could fish in the Gulf of the St. Lawrence
and off the coast of Newfoundland.
Two other problems had to be solved before the treaty would be signed by
England and the United States. First, the British demanded that all lands in
America that belonged to the Tories would be returned to them. A Tory was an
American who was loyal to England during the American Revolution. Also, all
Americans who owed money to British subjects should be paid. Franklin said this
would be impossible because the states seized the lands and sold them. The new
American government called the Continental Congress did not have the money to
buy back the lands and to return them to the Tories.
The four American representatives "recommended" that the new states permit
the Tories to reclaim their lands in the American courts of law. They also
recommmended that all debts should be solved in the courts too. But these
"recommendations" could not be enforced. The American government could not force
the states to open their courts to listen to the Tories.
The second problem had to do with France. France was angry with the new
nation because France was not represented at the negotiations between England
and the United States. Benjamin Franklin used all his skills as a diplomat to
make sure that France remained friends with the new nation.
The United States was very fortunate to be represented by four skilled
diplomats. The decision to negotiate with Great Britain alone was a wise
decision. If France and Spain participated in the negotiations, the United
States would have only gained their independence and nothing more. By using
Great Britain's desire to end the war quickly, the United States gained much
land and generous conditions.
How did the colonies create new state governments?
In 1775, the colonial governments became weak. After the Battles of
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Lexington and Concord, and at Breed's Hill, several governors who were appointed
by the British government returned to England. The American governors who were
more conservative, also resigned from their jobs. By 1776, nearly all colonial
governments disappeared. Only the local governments continued to meet and carry
on business. These governments were controlled by the Patriots. The
representatives who met at the Second Continental Congress were afraid that
lawlessness and disorder would destroy the colonies. Lawlessness means that the
colonists would disobey the laws. Disorder means that the colonists would do as
they wanted. On May 10, 1775, the Second Continental Congress urged the colonies
to organize new governments to replace the old colonial governments.
All the colonies wrote new state constitutions except for Connecticut,
Rhode Island and Massachusetts. Connecticut and Rhode Island already wrote their
own constitutions when their colonies were started. New Hampshire and South
Carolina wrote their new constitutions soon after the fighting started between
the British and the American colonists. A constitution is a plan to organize a
government. Most of the new state constitutions Were written by the state
legislatures. The people in the colonies did not suggest new ideas to be written
into the new constitutions. Massachusetts and New Hampshire held constitutional
conventions. A constitutional convention is a meeting to write a constitution.
Some of the ideas that were written into the state constitutions were
found in the Declaration of Independence. These ideas increased demcracy in
America. The colonists who wrote the new state constitutions included a bill of
rights which guaranteed the freedoms of its citizens. These bills of rights
contained guarantees of freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the
press, freedom of assembly, trial by jury, and all citizens are equal before the
law.
It was important that the rights of the citizens were written into the
state constitutions. This way the rights of the citizens became part of the law.
If there was a question about the rights of the Citizens, then the citizens can
look at the written law itself to answer their questions. The law provided the
answer .. The new states c.reated a "government of laws, and not of men. 1t That
means the law is more powerful than any person or group of people.
The new constitutions provided for a separation of powers. This means that
the powers of the government were divided among three departments(also called
branches.) The executive branch of government makes sure that all the laws of
the government are obeyed. The legislative branch of government makes the laws.
The judicial branch of government explains the laws.
A second way the colonies strengthened the new state governments was to
include the principle of the separation of church and state. This means that the
government cannot influence the church, and the church cannot influence the
government. After 1787, the principle of the separation of church and state will
become an important idea in American democracy.
.
While the state governments moved toward greater democracy by writing
constitutions and including bills of rights, a serious problem was not solved.
Some leaders asked, "'If all men are created equal,' then why do Americans have
slaves?" For example, Thomas Jefferson, the person who wrote the Declaration of
Independence, owned slaves. Why did some Americans own slaves?
One reason was some white Americans were afraid that black and white people
could not live together in peace. Second, some white Americans, including
Jefferson, thought that black people could not rule themselves. He suggested
that the black people might be freed and given some land of their own in the
west.
But some states tried to obey the words of the Declaration of Independence.
Some state governments prohibited the importation of slaves. During the American
Revolution, some states permitted slaves to join the army and· granted them
freedom. Other states passed laws slOWly freeing the slaves and later abolishing
slavery.
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Also, these feelings against slavery encouraged Americans to form abolition
societies. These people who worked together to end slavery. The first abolition
society was established by the Quakers in the city of Philadelphia. By 1792,
abolition societies were established in all the states from Massachusetts to
Virginia. These societies said slavery was wrong because the Bible, the ideas of
being a person, and the principles in the Declaration of Independence all showed
that slavery was wrong.
Did all the colonists receive their rights after the American Revolution?
During the American Revolution, Americans strengthened their ideas about
democracy. These ideas were first developed during the colonial period. But not
all Americans received their ~ights in the new nat;ion.r;j,:£~t, slavery still
existed. Second, only men who owned.land and who belonged to an established
church could vote_._T.h;b-r~, some .. states still supported churches with taxes.
Fourth, some states required that a person who wanted to be elected to
government must belong to a certain church. Fifth, women were not permitted to
vote. Sixth, married women had· very little ri15hts. She had little control Over
her children. Also, she had little control over her own property.
Most American3 had limited rights after the war for independence. But their
rights will increase in the future. Benjamin Franklin said, "The American war
for independence was over, but the American Revolution continues." What did he
mean by this statement? Is he correct?
Assignment 13- Did the United States become a democratic nation-after the
American ReMolution?
1. Explain ~ way each of the following increased democracy in the United
States:
a. wri.ting new state constitutions
[1) What i.s a constitution?]
[2) How did writing new state constitutions increase democracy in the
United States?]
b. adopting a "bill of rights"
[1) What is a bill of rights?]
[2) How does a bill of rights increase democracy in the United States?]
c. separating the powers of government
[1) What is the meaning of "separation of powers"?]
[2) How does the "separation of powers" increase democracy in the U. S.?]
2. Identify: a) executive branch b) legislative branch c) judicial branch
d) separation of church and state
3. Define: a) treaty b) seize c) negotiations d) convention e) principles
f) suggest g) representative
(38 )
Chapter Fourteen
#14
Aim: Did the American people establish a nation after the American
Revolution?
Why was forming a national goverment difficult for the United States?
When the thirteen colonies declared independence, they became thirteen
independent states. Each state had their own government. But each state was not
required to cooperate with each other. The Second Continental Congress did not
have the power to rule the thirteen states. The representatives from the
thirteen states agreed that the states must unite. That means the thirteen
states must join together and form one nation. But difficult questions needed to
be answered before a government could be established. For example, what kind of
a national government should the nation create? A national government is a
government that rules a nation.
The thirteen colonies sent representatives to the Second Continental
Congress to form a new national government. But the representatives from the
colonies had different ideas about forming the new government. Some of the
delegates like Benjamin Franklin wanted a strong central government. They wanted
the national government to be stronger than any state government. Most delegates
protested having a strong central government. They were afraid the new American
government would become a dictatorship.
After a long debate, the delegates at the Second Continental Congress chose
a committee to write a plan to establish a government. On July 12, 1776 the
committee reported to all the other members of the Second Continental Congress.
The title of the report was the "Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union."
On November 15, 1777 the delegates adopted the Articles of Confederation after
debating it for"more than a year.
What kind of government did the Articles of Confederation create?
The Articles of Confederation created a confederation of states. This means
that the thirteen states joined together to form an association of independent
states. The central government was calied Congress. Each state was to send two
to seven delegates to the Congress. Each state had one vote. The Articles of
Confederation created a weak central government. That means each state did not
have to obey the central government. Before the Articles of Confederation could
set up a central government, each state had to ratify the Articles of
Confederation.
In 1781, the Articles of Confederation was ratified. Maryland was the last
state to ratify the Articles of Confederation. Maryland insisted that the lands
between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River should be given to
the central government. Maryland gave two reasons for this change. First, the
British still lived on the western land. All thirteen states would have to fight
the British again to get the western land. The delegates from Maryland said if
all the states helped to get the land from the British, then all thirteen states
should share the land. Second, Maryland was afraid that the states which owned
the western land would gain more power than the states which did not own sume of
the western land. Maryland said they would not join the confederation until the
states that owned the western lands give up their land to the Congress.
In 1781, Maryland ratified the Articles of Confederation, and the
Confederation of States was established. The Articles of Confederation was the
first written constitution for the new nation. It was successful in some ways.
But it was unsuccessful in many other ways.
How did the Continental Congress solve the land problem?
The first problem the new government had to solve was the problem with the
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western land. Americans were moving into the land between the Appalachian
Mountains and the Mississippi River. The American government had to answer
several questions. What should the government do with the Indians living on the
land? Who would make the laws for the towns, cities and states that would be
established in the future? These were the same problems England had to solve
when the first British colonists moved to North America.
When the British first moved to North America, there was no organized way
to give land to the colonists. Some colonies, like Virginia, permitted the
colonists to settle wherever they wanted. These colonists chose the best land.
But this method of settlement created problems. First, the Indians resisted the
new white settlements. Second, the colonists argued among themselves about the
boundaries of their land.
Other colonies, like the New England Colonies, had a more organized way of
giving land to the colonists. The men and women who wanted to move west needed
permission from the local governments. Next, the local government would survey
(measure) the land to decide the boundaries of the land. Then the local
government gave permission for the colonists to settle on their new land. This
method of providing land was much better, but it was not perfect.
Congress decided to write a more organized method of dividing the land
among the settlers moving west of . the Appalachian Mountains. This new plan would
solve the problem of boundary disputes. The new plan would also make defending
the new settlements from the Indians easier.
In 1785, the Congress passed a law called the Land Ordinance of 1785. The
law surveyed the lands into townships. Each township was about 6 miles long and
6 miles wide. Then each township was surveyed into a smaller square mile(l mile
long and 1 mile wide). Each square mile was called a section. A township was
made up of 36 sections. The Land Ordinance of 1785 provided an organized way for
Americans to settle in the western lands.
This plan had several advantages. First, the settlements would be easier to
defend, if the Indians wanted to fight. Second, boundary disputes and ownership
of land would be easier to solve. Third, the sale of land would provide the
Congress with revenue they needed to keep the government working and to pay for
the war debts from the American Revolution.
The Congress had to solve a second land problem. How should the western
land be governed? Should the new government use the economic system of
mercantilism and make the western land a colony of the new nation? The Americans
remembered they had just won a war for independence. They would not do to other
Americans what the British did to them. In 1780, the American delegates at the
Congress promised to treat the new states that were created from the western
lands as equal in power and in privilege.
In 1787, the Congress passed a law called the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.
This law established a democratic procedure for smaller areas of land to
organize their governments. First, Congress chose a governor and three judges to
govern the Northwest Territory. Second, the settlers could elect their own
legislature if they had 5,000 free males who were old enough to vote. A free
male was a person who was not a slave. They could also appoint a delegate-t:.)
speak for them at the Congress. But this delegate could not vote in the
Congress. Third, the people could write their own constitutions if there were
more than 60,000 free people living in an area. If the constitution was approved
by the Congress, then that part of the Northwest Territory became a state. That
new state would be equal in power and privilege with the original 13 states. How
many states could be made from the Northwest Territory? The Northwest Ordinance
said three to five states could be made from this territory. By 1848, five new
states Were createdG
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 also increased democracy. First, slavery
was prohibited in the Northwest Territory. Second, public education was
encouraged in the Northwest Territory. In the Land Ordinance of 1785 the taxes
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collected in one of the sections(section #16) would be used to pay for the
education of the children. The leaders of the Congress believed that public
education was necessary if the representative government was to work
successfully. This idea of public education encouraged the support of schools
and colleges in the Northwest Territory. But this law was not fair to Indians
because they were not represented in the national government.
The significance of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was that it provided an
orderly way for new lands to become a state. First, towns and villages were
established. Next, small territories would be formed. Finally, states would be
established. Did the new government bring unity to the new nation?
Assignment 14-Did the American people establish a nation after the American
Revolution?
1. Explain ho" the Articles of Confederation created a new American
government.
[a) What is the Articles of Confederation?]
[b) How many delegates could each state send to the Congress?]
[c) Did the Articles of Confederation create a strong or weak government?
Explain.]
2. Explain how the Land Ordinance of 1785 organized the western lands for sale.
[a) How did this law organize the wes'tetn lands so that i t could be sold to
American settlers moving to the west?]
,
[b) What 2 problems did this law solve for the people living on the western
lands?]
3. Explain how the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 increased democracy in the
western lands.
[a) What are the 3 steps for the land to become,a state?]
[b) What 2 democratic ideas were used in the Northwest Territory?]
4. Define: a) confederation b) ratify c) delegate(noun) d) boundary
e) survey(verb) f) territory
(41)
Chapter Fifteen
#15 Aim: Did the Articles of Confederation unite the new nation?
The Articles of Confederation created a new government to solve some of the
important problems of the nation. But there were some problems the new
government could not solve. What were some of these problems?
The American government was· weak under the Articles of Confederation
One problem the government had to solve was itself. Many Americans said the
central government was not strong enough to solve the nation's problems. The
Articles of Confederation created a "league of friends." That means the central
governmant was an association of independent states. The states did not have to
obey the central government. But a "league" or a confederation was not strong
enough to solve the critical problems of the new nation.
The central government looked powerful when a person read the Articles of
Confederation. First, the central government could regulate weights' and
measures. That means the government could establish an organized way of weighing
and measuring things. Second, the central governme~tcould borrow money and coin
money. To coin money means that the government can make money from valuable
metals like gold and silver. Third, the central government could also direct
foreign affairs. That means the government can instruct the United States
diplomats to conduct activities with foreign nations like make treaties.
Fourth, the central government could declare war and make peace with other
nations. Fifth, the central government could build and equip a navy. Sixth, the
government could ask the other states to recruit men for the army. Seventh, the
states could also lend the government money to equip the army. But the central
government was really very weak.
What were some of the weaknesses of the central government? First, each
state did not want to surrender their powers to the central government. Also,
the states did not want to share their powers with other states or with the
central government. The delegates who represented the thirteen states had no
real authority in the Congress. The state legislatures paid the delegates and
told them how to vote in the Congress. Each state had one vote. That means a
large state like Virginia or New York had as much power as a small state like
Rhode Island or New Jersey in making important decisions for the nation.
Second, nine states must ratify any decisions made by the cent~al
government. Third, any changes in the Articles of Confederation required a
unanimous vote. That means all thirteen states must approve any change in the
Articles of Confederation. Fourth, the central government had no executive
branch to make sure that all laws would be obeyed. Last, the Congress did not
have a national court of law to protect the rights of the American citizen.
The
government could not solve its 'financial problems
The weakness of the central government created a second problem. The
government had money problems. Each state printed their own money. During the
American Revolution, the Second Continental Congress also printed money.
Further, some people would scrape off some of the gold or silver from the coins.
This would make the coins less valuable. Worst of all, the money was almost
worthless. People who owned stores would exchange $1,000 dollars of paper money
for $1 dollar worth of Silver!
Only a stronger central government could regulate the financial problems of
America~
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the nation. But each state did not give the central government the authority to
regulate finances. That means the central government could not manage the money
sources from which they received money. The Congress could also coin its own
money. But the states would not give the central government gold and silver to
coin money. Also, the Congress could not force the states to give money to
support the central government. The central government could not pay its war
debts. The European nations did not think the new nation would survive.
The Articles of Confederation could not solve the problem of interstate trade
The third problem the Congress had to solve was trade. Each state wanted to
regulate their own trade in order to help their own citizens. Tariff wars
developed among the states. A tariff is a tax on imported goods. The state
legislatures would tax goods that came from other states. Slowly, merchants
suggested'that the Congress should be given the power to regulate interstate
trade. Interstate trade means the buying and selling of goods among the people
of the different states.[Be careful! INTERstate trade does not have the same
meaning as INTRAstate trade. Intrastate trade has to do with the buying and
selling of goods among the people in the ~ state.]
The Articles of Confederation could not solve the pFoblem of foreign trade
The fourth problem the national government had to solve was foreign trade.
Foreign trade means to trade with other nations. The central government did not
have the power to control foreign trade. During the American Revolution, England
placed a naval blockade along the coast of the American colonies. This prevented
other nations from sending manufactured goods "to the thirteen colonies. The
naval blockade forced the colonies to develop their OWn industries.
When the American Revolution ended, England no longer gave the new nation
bounties and other special privileges. British merchants sent large amounts of
manufactured goods to the United States and sold them at low prices. This means
the American industries had a difficult time selling their own products.
American businessmen wanted to give the central government power to collect
tariffs on imported goods. The extra taxes would increase the cost of goods so
that imported goods would cost about the same as goods made in the United
States.
The American government could not solve the problem of enforcing treaties
The fifth problem the central government had to solve was the need to
enforce treaties. That means the central government could not force the thirteen
states to obey the agreements made between the United States and other nations.
This problem created bad feelings between the United States and the other
nations. For example, the Tories could not get back their money for their
confiscated property. The British grew angry because the new cen"tral government
could not get the Americans to pay the Tories. The British government told the
Americans that they would not remove the British soldiers from the Northwest
Territory.
The American government had a weak military
When the British refused to leave American land, this led to the sixth
problem. The American government could not raise an army. Their military
weakness prevented the Congress from solving the problems between the settlers
and the Indians living in the west. The Indians received guns and ammunition
from the British and the Spanish governments.
Also, the American government did not get the Spanish government's
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permission to permit the American settlers living in the western lands to use
the city of New Orleans. New Orleans was important to the western farmers. The
western farmers brought their crops to the city. Then the farmers would put
their pruJu~~s on the ships that sailed to the eastern cities in the United
States. The crops would be sold in the eastern cities. The American government
could not force the Spanish government to permit the Americans to use the city
of New Orleans.
The American government almost could not prevent civil war
The seventh problem the new government had to solve was the danger of civil
war. A civil war is a war among the people of the same nation. After the
American Revolution, the United States entered into an economic depression. An
economic depression is when there is little or no growth in the economy. The
farmers in Massachusetts suffered the most because their trade with England
ended after the American Revolution. To make things worse, the Massachusetts
legislature was controlled by rich merchants. They passed a law making the
farmers pay most of the taxes. The farmers could not get enough money to pay for
their farms and their taxes. The Massachusetts legislature foreclosed many
farms. A foreclosure means the government takes away the farmer's land because
he could not pay his taxes.
In 1786,.a veteran named Daniel Shays became the leader of a rebellion. A
veteran is a soldier who has fought in a war. The rebellion was called Shays'
Rebellion. The purpose of the rebellion was to persuade the Massachusetts
legislature to stop foreclosing farms and to give the farmers greater
representation in the state legislature. The rebellion failed • .But the· rebellion
made many Americans afraid •. The Americans were afraid of mob rule. Even worse,
they were afraid the new nation would be destroyed.
Good times returned after 1786, and the economy improved. But many
Americans recognized that the central government was very weak to solve the many
new problems. It was. not strong enough to establish a strong financialsys·tem,
to regulate trade, to enforce treaties, or to use military force. These
government weaknesses made the Americans upset. Merchants .and manufacturers,
workers in the cities, and western farmers needed a strong central government to
protect them from the Indians, the British and the Spanish governments.
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Assignment 15-
Did the Ariticles of Confederation unite the new nation?
1. Explain one way each of the following was dangerous to the United States:
a. weakni!:SS of the national government under the Articles of Confederation
[1) Give one example of how the central government was weak.]
b. financial weakness
[1) What is meant by financial weakness?]
[2) Give one example of financial weakness.]
c. the national government could not control interstate trade and
foreign trade
[1) What is meant by interstate trade?]
[2) Give one example of a problem having to do with interstate trade?]
[3) What is meant by foreign trade?]
[4) Give one example of a problem having to do with foreign trade.]
d. weak military power
[1) What is meant by weak military power?]
[2) Give one example of a problem the American government could not solve
because it was militarily weak.]
2. Define: a) economic depression b) diplomat c) regulate d) unanimous
(45)
Bibliography
Blum, John M.; Morgan E. S.; Rose, W. L.; Schlesinger, A. M.; Stampp, K. M.;
Woodward, C. V. The National Experience. 2 Vols. 3rd ed. New York:
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(46)
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