Unit 4 History of Biologic Diversity – Unit 15 Evolution: (15.2) Evidence of Evolution-class key
Name: ________Class key________
Period: ________________________
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Unit 4 History of Biologic Diversity – Unit 15 Evolution: (15.2) Evidence of Evolution-class key
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Topic 15.2 assignments
Pages/Sections
Date Assigned
Date Due
Unit 4 History of Biologic Diversity – Unit 15 Evolution: (15.2) Evidence of Evolution-class key
Topic:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Evidence for Evolution
Objective: What scientific evidence supports evolution theory?
 Evidence supporting evolution
1. ___fossil___ record
 shows change over time
2. __anatomical__ record
 comparing body structures
i. _homologous_ & __vestigial__ structures
ii. _embryology_ & _development_
3. _molecular_ record
 comparing ___protein___ & ____DNA_____
sequences
4. __artificial__ selection
 human caused evolution
Unit 4 History of Biologic Diversity – Unit 15 Evolution: (15.2) Evidence of Evolution-class key
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
The Fossil Record
Topic:
Objective: Describe the fossil record support for evolution.
 Layers of ___rocks___ contain ___fossils___
o new ___layers___ cover older ones
 creates a ___record___ over ___time___
o fossils show a ___series___ of organisms have lived on
Earth
 ___over____ a long period of ____time____
 Fossils: direct or indirect ___remains___ of organisms
__preserved__ in media such as sedimentary rock, amber,
ice, or tar.
Unit 4 History of Biologic Diversity – Unit 15 Evolution: (15.2) Evidence of Evolution-class key
Topic:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
The Fossil Record
Objective: Describe the fossil record support for evolution.
 What has the ___fossil___ record shown us?
o The creatures alive today haven’t always been around.
Unit 4 History of Biologic Diversity – Unit 15 Evolution: (15.2) Evidence of Evolution-class key
Topic:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
The Fossil Record
Objective: Describe the fossil record support for evolution.
 __Evolution__ from ____sea____ to ___land___
o 2006 fossil discovery of early tetrapod
 4 limbs
 Missing link from sea to land animals
Unit 4 History of Biologic Diversity – Unit 15 Evolution: (15.2) Evidence of Evolution-class key
Topic:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
The Anatomical Record
Objective: Describe how anatomy can support evolution.
 __Compare__ the ___bones___
o The same bones under the skin
o ___limbs___ that perform different functions are built
from the ___same___ bones
Unit 4 History of Biologic Diversity – Unit 15 Evolution: (15.2) Evidence of Evolution-class key
Topic:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Homologous Structures
Objective: Describe how anatomy can support evolution.
 Structures that come from the same origin
o homo- = ___same___; -logous = __information__
o __forelimbs__ of human, cats, whales, & bats
o same __structure__ on the inside
o same __development__ in embryo
o different functions on the outside
o evidence of ___common___ ancestor
Unit 4 History of Biologic Diversity – Unit 15 Evolution: (15.2) Evidence of Evolution-class key
Topic:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Analogous Structures
Objective: Describe how anatomy can NOT support evolution.
 But don’t be fooled by these…
o __analogous__ structures
o look ___similar___ on the outside
 same ___function___
o different __structure__ & __development__
 on the inside
 __different__ origin
o no evolutionary relationship
o __dolphin___ : aquatic mammal
 ___fish___ : aquatic vertebrate
 both adapted to life in the sea
 __not__ closely __related__
Unit 4 History of Biologic Diversity – Unit 15 Evolution: (15.2) Evidence of Evolution-class key
Topic:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Vestigial Organs
Objective: Describe how anatomy can support evolution.
 __vestigial__ organs
o Structure—a body structure in a present-day organism
that _____no_____ longer ___serves___ its original
___purpose___, but was probably useful to an ancestor.
o Hind leg bones on whale fossils
Unit 4 History of Biologic Diversity – Unit 15 Evolution: (15.2) Evidence of Evolution-class key
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Topic: Comparative Embryology
Objective: Describe how embryology can support evolution.
 __development__ of __embryo__ tells an evolutionary story
o __similar__ structures during __development__
Unit 4 History of Biologic Diversity – Unit 15 Evolution: (15.2) Evidence of Evolution-class key
Topic:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Molecular Record
Objective: Describe how chemical evidence supports evolution.
 Molecular (__chemical__) record
o Comparing ____DNA____ & __protein__ structure
o Everyone uses the same genetic code!
o Same DNA
Huma
n
Macaque
8
Do
g
Bird
Frog
32 45
67
0 10 20 3
0
40 50 60 7
0
Lamprey
125
80 9 100 110 120
0
Unit 4 History of Biologic Diversity – Unit 15 Evolution: (15.2) Evidence of Evolution-class key
Topic:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Branching Ancestry
Objective: Describe phylogenic trees and evolutionary theory.
 Building “family” ____tree____
o Closely related __species__ are ___branches___ on the
tree — coming from a ___common___ ancestor
Unit 4 History of Biologic Diversity – Unit 15 Evolution: (15.2) Evidence of Evolution-class key
Topic:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Artificial Selection
Objective: Have humans’ impacted the evolution of organisms?
 How do we know natural selection can change a population?
o we can recreate a similar process
o “__evolution__ by ___human___ selection”
 Selective __breeding__
 Unexpected consequences of artificial selection
o Insecticide __resistance__
 Spray the field, but insecticide didn’t kill all
individuals
 variation
 __resistant__ survivors __reproduce__
 resistance is __inherited__
 insecticide becomes less & less effective
Unit 4 History of Biologic Diversity – Unit 15 Evolution: (15.2) Evidence of Evolution-class key
Name: ________________
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Period: ____________________
Carefully remove this sheet from your packet to hand in.
Work silently and alone to complete this graded exercise.
Check for Understanding
1. Describe how the fossil record can support evolution theory.
2. Describe a difference between homologous and analogous
structures.
3. In the primate family “tree” (p.13), when did apes evolve?
4. How does evolution and selective breeding compare?
Unit 4 History of Biologic Diversity – Unit 15 Evolution: (15.2) Evidence of Evolution-class key
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The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Unit 4 History of Biologic Diversity – Unit 15 Evolution: (15.2) Evidence of Evolution-class key
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Topic: Environmental Adaptation
Objective: Describe how surviving organisms have adapted.
 Adaptations: Evidence for Evolution
o An __adaptation__ is any variation that ____aids____
an organism’s chances of __survival__ in its
environment.
o According to Darwin’s theory, __adaptations__ in
species develop ___over___ many __generations__
o Learning about adaptations in mole-rats can help you
understand how natural selection has affected them.
Unit 4 History of Biologic Diversity – Unit 15 Evolution: (15.2) Evidence of Evolution-class key
Topic:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Structural Adaptations
Objective: Describe the adaptations of structures over time.
 __structural__ adaptations arise over time
o __camouflage__, an adaptation that enables species to
___blend___ with their __surroundings__.
 Because well-__camouflaged__ organisms are not
easily found by predators, they ___survive___ to
__reproduce__.
o __mimicry__ is a structural adaptation that enables one
species to __resemble__ another species.
 Predators may learn quickly to avoid any organism
with their general appearance
Unit 4 History of Biologic Diversity – Unit 15 Evolution: (15.2) Evidence of Evolution-class key
Topic:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Structural Adaptations
Objective: Describe the adaptations of structures over time.
 Adaptations can develop rapidly
 In general, ___most___ structural __adaptations__ develop
over ___millions___ of ____years____.
 However, there are some adaptations that evolve much
more rapidly.
 The evolution of insecticide __resistance__ is an example of
____fast____ natural __selection__ in action.
Unit 4 History of Biologic Diversity – Unit 15 Evolution: (15.2) Evidence of Evolution-class key
Topic:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Convergent Evolution
Objective: Describe concept of convergent evolution.
 __Convergent__ evolution
o 3 groups with wings
o Does this mean they have a recent common ancestor?
 Flight evolved 3 separate times — evolving
__similar__ solutions to similar “__problems__ ”
Unit 4 History of Biologic Diversity – Unit 15 Evolution: (15.2) Evidence of Evolution-class key
Topic:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Natural Selection
Objective: Describe how natural selection acts on variations.
 Natural __selection__ acts on __variations__
 There are three different types of natural selection that act
on variation: __directional__, __disruptive__, and
__stabilizing__.
Unit 4 History of Biologic Diversity – Unit 15 Evolution: (15.2) Evidence of Evolution-class key
Topic:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Natural Selection
Objective: Describe stabilization and directional selection.
 __Stabilizing__ selection is a natural __selection__ that
favors __average__ individuals in a population.
 __Directional__ selection occurs when natural __selection__
favors one of the ___extreme___ variations of a trait.
Unit 4 History of Biologic Diversity – Unit 15 Evolution: (15.2) Evidence of Evolution-class key
Topic:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Natural Selection
Objective: Describe disruptive selection.
 In __disruptive__ selection, individuals with ___either___
extreme of a trait’s __variation__ are selected for.
Unit 4 History of Biologic Diversity – Unit 15 Evolution: (15.2) Evidence of Evolution-class key
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Topic: The Evolution of Species
Objective: Describe disruptive selection.
 Significant ___changes___ in the ____gene____ pool could
lead to the __evolution__ of a new species over time.
 The evolution of new species, a process called
__speciation__, occurs when ___members___ of similar
populations __no longer__ interbreed to __produce__ fertile
__offspring__ within their natural environment.
Unit 4 History of Biologic Diversity – Unit 15 Evolution: (15.2) Evidence of Evolution-class key
Topic:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Evolution Isolation
Objective: Describe isolation processes in evolution.
 __Geographic__ isolation occurs whenever a physical
___barrier___ divides a population.
o A new species can evolve when a population has been
geographically isolated.
 __Reproductive__ isolation can result in speciation
o Reproductive __isolation__ occurs when formerly
interbreeding __populations__ can __no longer__ mate
and __produce__ fertile ___offspring___.
o A change in chromosome numbers (__polyploidy__) can
lead to __speciation__.
Unit 4 History of Biologic Diversity – Unit 15 Evolution: (15.2) Evidence of Evolution-class key
Topic:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Speciation Rates
Objective: Describe isolation processes in evolution.
 __Gradualism__ is the idea that species originate through a
__gradual__ change of __adaptations__.
o Evidence from the fossil record supports gradualism.
 In 1972, Niles Eldredge and Stephen J. Gould proposed a
different hypothesis known as _punctuated_ _equilibrium_.
o This hypothesis argues that __speciation__ occurs
relatively quickly, in rapid ___bursts___, with long
periods of genetic _equilibrium_ in __between__.
Unit 4 History of Biologic Diversity – Unit 15 Evolution: (15.2) Evidence of Evolution-class key
Name: ________________
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Period: ____________________
Carefully remove this sheet from your packet to hand in.
Work silently and alone to complete this graded exercise.
Check for Understanding
1. Summarize the concept of an evolutionary adaptation.
2. Why is insecticide resistance an easily observable natural
selection process?
3. Describe a type of evolutionary isolation that could occur if a
new multi-lane highway was built through an environment.
4. Briefly compare gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.
Unit 4 History of Biologic Diversity – Unit 15 Evolution: (15.2) Evidence of Evolution-class key
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The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch
Unit 4 History of Biologic Diversity – Unit 15 Evolution: (15.2) Evidence of Evolution-class key
Notes page:
The Living Environment ’14-‘15
Mr. Murdoch