Paola Catenaccio
Lingua Inglese 1 LIN 2013-2014
Lesson 3
Basic uses of punctuation
First, it is important to understand that
there is a difference between sodium
borate and boric acid : they are both
comprised of boron and have similar
properties (learn more about that here).
Much of the debate on blogs out there
seems to confuse the two as
interchangeable, they are not.
Punctuation with logical connectors
Numerous experiments were conducted
LOGICAL CONNECTOR
The results were inconclusive
Supply connectors to enhance the flow of the
following passage. Look carefully at the
punctuation to help you make an appropriate
choice.
Volunteering for your boss?
It has long been documented that individuals in an organization may
voluntarily carry out tasks that are not part of their regular job
duties . __________________, a recent survey showed that 90%
workers of a famous American multinational volunteered to stay
late at least twice in the previous six months. This behaviour is
intended to help others in the organization or the organization
itself __________ is often referred to as organizational citizenship
behaviour (OCB). ______________________ it is recognized that
OCB is important for an organization to effectively function, there
is debate among researchers as to how OCB can be encouraged and
rewarded. The debate is further complicated when considering the
role of OCB in multinational corporations pursuing global diversity.
Most OCB research has focused on Western cultures; it is
_____________________ not clear whether these research
findings can be extended to other cultures,
____________________ suggesting a need to investigate OCB as it
exists in other cultures, particularly those described as
“collectivist.” Research on Eastern work ethic is not completely
lacking, _______________.
It has long been documented that individuals in an organization may
voluntarily carry out tasks that are not part of their regular job duties. For
example, individuals may go above and beyond the call of duty to help
coworkers, prevent problems or volunteer to stay late when not expected
to do so. This behavior is intended to help others in the organization or the
organization itself and is often referred to as organizational citizenship
behavior (OCB). Although it is recognized that OCB is important for an
organization to effectively function, there is debate among researchers as
to how OCB can be encouraged and rewarded. This debate is further
complicated when considering the role of OCB in multinational corporations
pursuing global diversity. Most OCB research has focused on Western
cultures; therefore, it is not clear whether these research findings can be
extended to other cultures, thus suggesting a need to investigate OCB as it
exists in other cultures, particularly those described as
"collectivist." Research on Eastern work ethic is not completely lacking,
however.
Problems with logical connectors
Meaning: not all logical connectors with similar meaning
are interchangeable (however/nevertheless/on the
other hand/in contrast…)
Syntax: logical connectors have different syntactic
statuses (while/however/but….)
Punctuation: syntactic status and position
(beginning/middle/end) determines punctuation
Punctuation and
Logical connectors
Punctuation  Syntactic status
Coordinating conjunctions
BUT
Subordinating conjunctions/
Adverbial subordinators
ALTHOUGH
Sentence connectors/
Conjunctive adverbials
HOWEVER
Larsen-Freeman’s definitions
Coordinating conjunctions […] (a) conjoin syntactically
equivalent constituents and (b) lead the listener/
reader to certain interpretations of the way that clauses
relate to each other meaningfully.
Adverbial subordinators […] and conjunctive adverbials are
often called logical connectors.
ctd
Like some uses of coordinating conjunctions, logical
connectors are typically said to be types of cohesive
devices, lexical expressions that may add little or no
propositional content by themselves but that serve to
specify the relationships among sentences in oral or
written discourse, thereby leading the listener/reader to
the feeling that the sentences “hang together” or make
sense (p. 519).
Coordinating conjunctions
and-but-or-nor-yet-so
Testing will be conducted and (it) will/but (it)
will not be compared to the previous results.
Countries where English is primarily a second language have
traditionally looked to British and American English for language
norms. But/Yet there are indications that in countries such as
India and Nigeria local models of English are being sought.
Together these two enterprises have utterly transformed the
face of bookselling Britain, and it is worth noting the main
changes that have occurred.
Adverbial subordinators
Although numerous experiments were
conducted, the results were inconclusive.
Testing will be conducted although it will not be
compared to the previous results.
Conjunctive adverbials
Numerous experiments were conducted. However, the
results were inconclusive.
Numerous experiments were conducted; however, the
results were inconclusive.
Numerous experiments were conducted. The results,
however, were inconclusive.  most common position
Numerous experiments were conducted. The results were
inconclusive, however.
as as a result conversely
furthermore
contrast
inasmuch as indeed instead
contrary
since
thus
whereas
hence
moreover
_______________ he’s not rich, he’s happy
He’s happy. __________, he’s not rich.
Adverbial
subordinators
although
Conjunctive
adverbials
however
in
on the
Inasmuch as/In that/Insofar as/to the extent that
The two companies resemble each other
inasmuch as each is a family concern and has
expanded abroad in the last two years.
Hence/Thus
It is not clear whether these research findings can be
extended to other cultures; thus/hence (,) there
exists a need to investigate OCB as it exists in other
cultures, particularly those described as
“collectivist.”
It is not clear whether these research findings can be
extended to other cultures, thus/hence suggesting a
need to investigate OCB as it exists in other cultures,
particularly those described as “collectivist.”
Thus/hence + ing-form
The researcher supposedly manipulated the data. As a
result, an apparent effect was created when none
existed.
The plants extract the nickel and zinc; hence, the soil
is left uncontaminated.
Countries sign treaties on the use of “free resources”,
such as air and ocean fish. Serious ownership
questions arise; therefore, it is difficult to enforce
any agreement
Conjunctive adverbials: meaning
However
nevertheless
On the other hand
contrast
moreover
on the contrary
instead
furthermore
by
in addition
YOU CAN TRY THIS AT HOME!
• GO to http://corpus2.byu.edu/coca/
a.In the Display menu on the left, click on
KWIC
b.In the Search window, type
on the contrary
a.Click on the search button
b.Note down some examples in your notebook.
c.Repeat the search with
instead and
by contrast
f. Compare the uses of these three
connectors
1. Nomadic herdsmen do not, by and and large, destroy their
pastures. On the contrary, they use it best.
2.These reports are not being produced "grudgingly" as
suggested by New Scientist. On the contrary, we have
provided, as soon as available, the fullest possible
information on the nature of the problem found in this area.
3. Andrew Neil, editor of the Sunday Times, lives alone, but not
because he disdains the company of women. 'On the
contrary. I like women enormously, and see them as great
civilisers of men," he says.
4. Roy Porter does not romanticise London's past. On the
contrary, he does full justice to the poverty and roughness of
Hogarth's London, and to the appalling sanitary problems and
cholera epidemics of the mid-19th century.
5. It emerged that not only was there no reliable evidence of
guilt, but, on the contrary, there was considerable proof of
innocence.
6. Most secondary schools now have at least one CD-ROM drive. Portable computers,
on the other hand, remain an impractical option for schools.
7. If our data are expressed in vague terms such as 'x is almost A' or 'y is just a little
bit B', then we cannot draw any conclusions using traditional logic. Fuzzy logic, on
the other hand, provides us with a method for drawing conclusions from such
imprecise data.
8. We don’t want to cause undue alarm because the disease is so rare, but on the
other hand we need to give people the facts..
9. According to one theory, the outer gases begin to fall inwards, but when they hit
the solid surface of the newly-formed neutron star a reverse shock wave rips
outward through the star. On the other hand, the outer gases might be flung out by
the flood of neutrinos grom the star.
10. Close proximity of inserted genes to those of the host concerned with DNA
replication or energy production might prove fatal to the host, and thus to the
parasite. On the other hand, the parasite may actually benefit from insertions
which interfere with the host's "morphogenetic" genes, those involved in
development or by insertions near genes that are responsible for making poisons.
6.Most secondary schools now have at least one CD-ROM drive.
Portable computers, on the other hand, remain an impractical
option for schools.
7. If our data are expressed in vague terms such as 'x is almost A' or
'y is just a little bit B', then we cannot draw any conclusions using
traditional logic. Fuzzy logic, on the other hand, provides us with
a method for drawing conclusions from such imprecise data.
Citations 6& 7 have the basic structure: 'A is x: B is y', where there
is a double contrast between the topics (A & B) and
the comments(x and y).
3. We don’t want to cause undue alarm because the disease is so rare, but
on the other hand we need to give people the facts.
4. According to one theory, the outer gases begin to fall inwards, but when
they hit the solid surface of the newly-formed neutron star a reverse
shock wave rips outward through the star. On the other hand, the outer
gases might be flung out by the flood of neutrinos from the star.
5. Close proximity of inserted genes to those of the host concerned with
DNA replication or energy production might prove fatal to the host, and
thus to the parasite. On the other hand, the parasite may actually benefit
from insertions which interfere with the host's "morphogenetic" genes,
those involved in development or by insertions near genes that are
responsible for making poisons.
For sentences with this structure, both on the other hand and by
contrast are possible
…so….
The meaning of some contexts appears to allow the
connective on the other hand but not by contrast.
Are there contexts in which by contrast is possible, but
not on the other hand?
11. Control animals, whose tumours had been injected either with saline or
with uninfected mouse cells, were unaffected by the drug. By contrast,
the tumours of 11 out of 14 animals that had received the retrovirus
disappeared.
12. Most previous models of deep earthquakes postulate a priori the
existence of a planar structure (physical or thermal) that is inclined to
the principal axes of stress and which evolves into the fault. By contrast,
the microstructures of our specimens suggest a new, self-organizing
mechanism that is intimately connected to the transformation process
and which exhibits striking analogy to the Griffith theory of brittle
fracture.
13. Radioactivity that remained associated with the cells indicated that only
a small percentage (1.5- 3.5%) of surface HLA-DR was spontaneously
internalized by these cells (fig. 5b). By contrast, a similar experiment
with iodinated anti-transferrin-receptor monoclonal antibody3O showed
that high levels of transferrin receptor were internalized (peaking at
51%) and that receptors were recycled later on.
14. Addition of purified centrosomes to the interphase extracts
resulted in the assembly of very long microtubules as early as 3
min after the beginning of the incubation at room temperature
when there was still little spontaneous polymerization. By
contrast, addition of purified centrosomes to the metaphase
extracts nucleated the assembly of microtubules that remained
short over 30 min of incubation at room temperature.
15.Destruction of dopamine-producing neurons causes Parkinson's
disease, and it has long been known that many of the symptoms
of Alzheimer's disease reflect the gradual loss of a class of
neuron that releases a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine. By
contrast, there is no common disease process which selectively
attacks 5-HT neurons.
by contrast cannot be distinguished from on the other
hand on the basis of meaning alone
but there is a difference in formality and connotation
by contrast emphasises that the contrast is important
and worth taking seriously!
Strengthening vs. Contrasting
*Onassis had everything but wanted more.
Raskolnikov, on the contrary, had
nothing.
*Mobile phones are very useful if something
unexpected happens. Instead, they are
such a nuisance on the streets and
everywhere!
On the contrary/Instead
The first version of the Ipad is not obsolete,
as Apple’s marketing machine would have
us believe; on the contrary/instead, it is
still relatively advanced’
 No contrast!
 Strengthening of previous statement often made
in the negative through correction of main idea
Homework
READING PACK: STUDY Celce-Murcia, M. / LarsenFreeman, D. 1999. The Grammar Book. An ESL/EFL
Teacher’s Course. Second edition. Boston: Thomson
Heinle: pp. 519-537;
DO Wellman, G. e Side, R. 2002. Grammar and
Vocabulary for Cambridge Advanced and Proficiency.
New Edition. With Key. Longman:
Unit 7, section 4 p. 122-123.