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Venus
An atmosphere 100 times denser than
the Earth’s (90 bar)
An atmosphere composed mostly of
CO2 (96%)
High surface temperature (740 K)
No ocean
H2SO4 clouds
Volcanic features
ikwm}†‰NH
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Mars
An atmosphere much thinner than
Earth’s (6 hPa)
An atmosphere composed mostly of CO2
(95%)
No ocean
Low surface temperature (210 K)
Greenhouse effect
Absorbed solar energy = Outgoing infrared energy Infrared
radiation
Solar
Planet
radiation
Repeated absorption and emission
Penetrate the
atmosphere
Surface
Absorption and emission of infrared radiation by
greenhouse gases (CO2, H2O, ..) raise the near-surface
temperature.
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ˆwjuŸ!60e Energy budget and temperatures of the
terrestrial planets
Solar Reflecti Absorbed
flux
vity
energy
2
(W/m )
(W/m2)
Greenhouse effect
No
Yes
Venus
2617 0.78
576
-50e 470 e
Earth 1370ff0.30
959
-18e
Mars 589 0.16
495
-57e -53e
15 e
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Ÿ^ZW, 2009 •! Venus may have had an ocean in early stage of its
evolution.
•! The ocean may have evaporated and water vapor was lost
to space through ‘atmospheric escape’. Once the ocean
disappeared, CO2 and S-containing species will have
been released to the atmosphere.
Movie provided by ESA
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•! Mars may have had a thick CO2 atmosphere in early
stage of the revolution and have sustained a warm,
humid environment via its greenhouse effect.
•! The loss of CO2 to space may have caused cooling of
the climate.
Movie provided by ESA
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