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Note Taking Study Guide
DEMOCRACY, NATIONALISM, AND SECTIONALISM
Focus Question: What changes did Andrew Jackson bring to American
political life?
Democrats develop a
new party structure.
Andrew Jackson’s Presidency
As you read, note the effects of Jackson’s presidency.
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READING CHECK
What is the spoils system?
VOCABULARY STRATEGY
What does the word compelled
mean in the underlined
sentence? Look for context
clues in the surrounding words,
phrases, and sentences. Circle
the word below that is a
synonym for compelled.
• forced
• recognized
READING SKILL
Understand Effects How did the
Indian Removal Act affect the
Cherokees?
1
Date
Section Summary
DEMOCRACY, NATIONALISM, AND SECTIONALISM
In 1824, Andrew Jackson ran for President. Jackson supported
majority rule and ordinary Americans. The rise of Andrew
Jackson signaled a political shift. In most states, any white man
who paid a tax could vote. Historians now call this trend
Jacksonian democracy. Although Jackson won the popular
vote, the House of Representatives decided the election for
John Quincy Adams.
In the election of 1828, Jackson won over Adams. Once in
office, Jackson replaced hundreds of government workers with
Democratic activists. Jackson’s opponents criticized the spoils
system, the practice of giving political jobs to party loyalists.
As President, Jackson urged Congress to pass the Indian
Removal Act of 1830. This law worked for the peaceful
exchange of Indian lands in the South for new lands in Indian
Territory. In 1838, the federal government compelled 16,000
Cherokees to walk from the Southeast to Oklahoma. This journey came to be called the Trail of Tears.
Southerners were helped by Indian removal. However,
they were against the use of protective tariffs. Jackson’s Vice
President, John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, violently
opposed an especially high tariff in 1828. Calhoun defended
nullification, the concept that states could overturn any federal
law they believed was unconstitutional. The South Carolina
government voted to nullify the tariff law. At Jackson’s urging,
Congress reduced the tariff. The crisis passed.
In 1832, Congress voted to renew the charter for the second
Bank of the United States. Jackson saw the Bank as favoring a
small number of rich investors. He vetoed the renewal.
In 1836, voters elected Martin Van Buren to succeed
Jackson. Soon after Van Buren took office, the economy suffered
its worst economic depression to that time, the Panic of 1837.
Review Questions
1. What did Andrew Jackson support during his campaign for
the presidency in 1824?
2. How did Congress respond to South Carolina’s vote to
nullify the tariff law?
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CHAPTER
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2
Date
Note Taking Study Guide
RELIGION AND REFORM
Focus Question: How did the Second Great Awakening affect life in the
United States?
A. As you read, note the main ideas relating to religion in the early 1800s.
Religion in the Early 1800s
Second Great
Awakening
Discrimination
Other Religious
Movements
• Camp meetings
• Mormons forced West.
• Unitarian Church
•
•
•
•
•
•
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CHAPTER
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2
Date
Note Taking Study Guide
RELIGION AND REFORM
Focus Question: How did the Second Great Awakening affect life in the
United States?
B. As you read, note the problems faced by reformers and what they accomplished.
Causes
Efforts to Reform
Educating all Americans
Public school movement
pushes for free schools.
Results
Mental hospitals are
built.
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2
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Section Summary
RELIGION AND REFORM
In the early 1800s, a religious movement known as the Second
Great Awakening swept America. One of the most influential
revivalists was Charles Grandison Finney. The Second Great
Awakening greatly affected American life. Religious dedication drove many Americans to work for a wide variety of
social reforms.
Heightened religious awareness also led to the establishment of new religious groups. In New York, Joseph Smith
organized the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. His
followers, known as Mormons, faced frequent discrimination.
An angry mob murdered Joseph Smith. Smith’s successor,
Brigham Young, led the Mormons to present-day Utah.
Other religious groups also faced discrimination in the
early 1800s. In Philadelphia, anti-Catholic feelings led to a violent riot. In the 1840s, a large number of Jewish immigrants
came to America to escape political unrest in Europe. However, many state constitutions barred Jews from holding office.
Dorothea Dix turned her religious ideals into action. She
found that patients suffering from mental illnesses were
housed along with criminals. Dix campaigned for humane hospitals for people with mental illnesses. Her work led directly to
the creation of the first modern mental hospitals.
Religious motivation also played a key role in the
temperance movement. This campaign worked to limit alcohol
use. Temperance workers blamed crime and poverty on the
widespread use of alcohol.
Other reformers worked to improve education by establishing free, tax-supported public schools. The most influential
leader of the public school movement was Horace Mann. He
established training to create a body of well-educated teachers.
Review Questions
1. What was the goal of the temperance movement?
2. Describe the discrimination that Jewish immigrants faced in
some states.
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READING CHECK
Who organized the Church of
Jesus Christ of Latter-day
Saints?
VOCABULARY STRATEGY
Find the word successor in the
underlined sentence. What does
it mean? Circle any nearby
words or phrases that help you
figure out what successor
means.
READING SKILL
Understand Effects Describe
one effect of the Second Great
Awakening.
Name
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Note Taking Study Guide
THE ANTISLAVERY MOVEMENT
Focus Question: What methods did Americans use to oppose slavery?
A. As you read, summarize the ways people fought slavery.
Sabotage
Slave revolts
Fighting
Slavery
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Name
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CHAPTER
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3
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Note Taking Study Guide
THE ANTISLAVERY MOVEMENT
Focus Question: What methods did Americans use to oppose slavery?
B. Use the chart below to contrast the different opinions held by abolitionists and
people who opposed abolition.
Debate Over Slavery
Against
For
• Abolitionists believed that slavery
was immoral.
• Slaveholders argued that slavery
formed the basis of the South’s
economy.
•
• The North’s textile and shipping
industry depended on southern
cotton.
•
•
•
•
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Name
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CHAPTER
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READING CHECK
Who led one of the most famous
slave revolts?
VOCABULARY STRATEGY
What does the word inevitable
mean in the underlined
sentence? Look for context
clues in the surrounding words,
phrases, and sentences. Circle
the word below that is a
synonym for inevitable.
• certain
• avoidable
READING SKILL
Summarize What was civil
disobedience?
3
Date
Section Summary
THE ANTISLAVERY MOVEMENT
In the mid-1800s, some reformers tried to help enslaved
African Americans. The most basic necessities of life were
barely adequate for most enslaved African Americans. While
the conditions took an inevitable toll, most enslaved people
maintained their hope and dignity. Still, many enslaved people
fought back against their oppressors. Resistance often took the
form of sabotage, such as breaking tools or outwitting overseers. Sometimes, resistance became violent. The best-known
slave revolt took place under the leadership of Nat Turner.
Opponents of slavery risked their lives to help slaves
escape. They used a loosely organized network known as the
underground railroad. One courageous conductor was Harriet
Tubman, who guided hundreds of slaves to safety.
By the early 1800s, a growing number of abolitionists
began to speak out. Perhaps the most influential abolitionist
was William Lloyd Garrison. In 1831, Garrison began publishing an antislavery newspaper, The Liberator. Another influential
abolitionist, Frederick Douglass, was born into slavery in
Maryland. After he escaped to the North, he became a powerful speaker at abolitionist meetings.
Women played key roles in most antislavery societies.
Angelina and Sarah Grimké were daughters of a southern
slaveholder. They moved north to join the abolition movement.
In Massachusetts, writer and philosopher Henry David
Thoreau spent a night in jail when he refused to pay a tax he
felt supported slavery. His idea of civil disobedience suggested that people had the right to disobey laws they felt were
unjust. This idea would influence future leaders.
Despite the growing call of abolitionists, most Americans
continued to oppose abolishing slavery. Defenders of slavery
argued that slavery was necessary because it formed the foundation of the South’s economy. Increasingly, slavery divided
Americans like no other issue.
Review Questions
1. What was the underground railroad?
2. Why did many Americans oppose the abolition of slavery?
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Note Taking Study Guide
THE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT
4
Focus Question: What steps did American women take to advance their
rights in the mid-1800s?
•
•
•
•
•
• Call for educational
opportunities
• Birth of women’s rights
movement
• Limited rights
Causes
Events
Effects
As you read, record the causes and effects of the birth of the women’s rights
movement.
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Name
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CHAPTER
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ECTION
READING CHECK
Which two women helped
organize the Seneca Falls
Convention?
VOCABULARY STRATEGY
Find the word procure in the
underlined sentence. What does
it mean? Circle any nearby
words or phrases that help you
figure out what procure means.
READING SKILL
Identify Causes and Effects
What were the effects of the
Seneca Falls Convention?
4
Date
Section Summary
THE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT
In the early 1800s, American women did not have many rights.
However, the push to reform American society created by the
Second Great Awakening provided new opportunities for
women. Women played leading roles in the temperance and
abolition movements. One of the most effective abolitionist lecturers was Sojourner Truth, a former slave.
In the 1820s and 1830s, the Northeast was industrializing.
This provided the first opportunity for women to work outside
the home. Thousands of young women went to work in the
new mills and factories.
In the 1830s, many urban middle-class northern women
began to hire poor women to do their housework. These
middle-class women had more time to think about the society
in which they wanted to raise their children. Also, as more
women began to work in the abolitionist movement, they
started to see their own situation as similar to slavery. They
began to call for increased rights of their own.
Women’s rights reformers began to publish their ideas in
pamphlets and books. In 1848, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth
Cady Stanton helped organize the nation’s first Women’s
Rights Convention, held in Seneca Falls, New York. Often
called the Seneca Falls Convention, the meeting attracted hundreds of men and women. The delegates adopted a
Declaration of Sentiments. The declaration called for greater
opportunities for women.
The Seneca Falls Convention marked the beginning of the
women’s rights movement, the campaign for equal rights for
women, in the United States. It also inspired women such as
Susan B. Anthony. Anthony worked to procure women’s
suffrage, or the right to vote. By the mid-1800s, American
women had laid the foundation for future equality.
Review Questions
1. How did industrialization affect women’s rights?
2. Explain how the abolitionist movement impacted the
women’s rights movement.
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CHAPTER
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5
Date
Note Taking Study Guide
MANIFEST DESTINY
Focus Question: What were the causes and effects of territorial
expansion?
As you read, record the main ideas relating to westward expansion.
I. Looking Westward
A. Americans Seek New Land
1. Southwest belongs to Mexico.
2.
B. Americans Go West
II.
A.
B.
III. Texas Wins Independence
A. Americans Migrate to Texas
1. Receive cheap land grants
2.
B.
1.
2.
C.
IV.
A.
1.
2.
B.
V.
A.
1.
2.
B.
C.
1.
2.
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Name
Class
CHAPTER
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ECTION
READING CHECK
What discovery in 1848 led to a
mass migration to California?
VOCABULARY STRATEGY
What does the word
commencing mean in the
underlined sentence? Look for
context clues in the surrounding
words, phrases, and sentences.
Circle the word below that is a
synonym for commencing.
• remaining
• beginning
READING SKILL
Identify Main Ideas What was
Manifest Destiny?
5
Date
Section Summary
MANIFEST DESTINY
In the early 1800s, some Americans favored territorial growth.
These expansionists wanted to claim the Mexican provinces of
New Mexico, Texas, and California. In 1845, John L. O’Sullivan
expressed the idea that the United States was destined to own
most or all of North America. This idea became known as
Manifest Destiny.
American merchants and traders had already begun moving
westward. The Santa Fe Trail, the California Trail, and the
Oregon Trail all led to the West. Commencing in the spring, the
demanding journey covered almost 2,000 miles over five
months. Between 1840 and 1860, about 260,000 Americans
crossed the continent to settle on the West Coast.
Americans began to settle in Texas in the 1820s. Settlers had
to agree to become Mexican citizens, but Texans wanted more
control over their own affairs. In 1834, Antonio López de Santa
Anna seized power in Mexico. A year later, Texas declared its
independence.
In December 1845, Congress voted to annex Texas.
President James K. Polk endorsed the Texan claim to the land
south and west of the Nueces River. The Mexicans refused to
recognize the annexation. When a Mexican patrol clashed with
U.S. soldiers, Congress declared war on Mexico.
The United States won every major battle of the war. In 1848,
the Mexicans made peace in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
The treaty, together with the annexation of Texas, increased the
size of the United States by a third. In 1853, the United States
obtained more land from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase.
In 1848, workers found flecks of gold in California. The news
quickly spread to the East. By 1849, about 80,000
Americans were headed for California in a mass migration
known as the California Gold Rush. The new Californians
wanted to join the Union as a free state, which contributed to the
growing conflict between the North and the South.
Review Questions
1. How did the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo affect the
United States?
2. Why did Texans rebel when Santa Anna seized power
in Mexico?
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