WE DELIVER
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
Product Information Manual
an Akzo Nobel company
CONTENTS
Introduction ..................................................................................3
Applications ..................................................................................4
Safety & Handling ........................................................................5
Transportation ..............................................................................8
Unloading......................................................................................9
Equipment ..................................................................................10
Technical Data and Physical Properties......................................15
Analytical Procedures ................................................................19
INTRODUCTION
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a powerful oxidizing agent which is relatively easy to handle in
the concentrations that are made and sold by Eka Chemicals. When handled correctly, the
risks are minimal. However, like most chemicals it can cause both personal injuries and
equipment damage when workers don't know, or don't practice, the proper procedures for its
safe handling and use.
This manual contains essential and fundamental information on hydrogen peroxide and its
handling, including the necessary safety information to protect the individuals in your
operation who come in contact with the chemical. It is part of a comprehensive safety
program which includes an information video, in-plant safety classes and demonstrations, and
a 24-hour hotline to answer any questions you might have.
The following information is based on both Eka Chemicals' years of worldwide experience and
International and North American regulations. We provide it in the spirit of partnership with
our customers to help prevent accidents or injuries on the job.
Manufacturing Process
At Eka Chemicals, hydrogen peroxide is manufactured from hydrogen gas and atmospheric
oxygen using the AO (anthraquinone oxidation) method. After purification and concentration,
it is stabilized by the addition of small quantities of substances that provide some tolerance
against inadvertent contamination. Hydrogen peroxide is supplied commercially in the form of
a stabilized aqueous solution of 35, 50 or 70 percent by weight.
Hydrogen Peroxide Is A Product of Eka Chemicals’ Total Quality Program.
We help customers produce the high-quality products that today's markets demand. In fact,
our ultimate goal as an industry leader is achieving total customer satisfaction with Eka
Chemicals products, technologies and services. That's why we work with you very closely,
striving to understand your needs while establishing a genuine long-term partnership.
Eka Chemicals’ Total Quality Program is the impetus behind our efforts to meet and exceed
your expectations. This program ensures the ongoing development of new products, advanced
technologies and value-added services, and that we never stop evaluating and refining our
products and procedures to make them more productive for you.
While we're devoted to staying in touch with your needs, we haven't forgotten about nature's.
Eka Chemicals has made it a policy to exceed all environmental and governmental regulations.
In addition, we're committed to extensive safety training for our customers. This handbook is
just one example of the informative materials that are available.
In short we’re doing everything it takes to be certain you always
get the best Eka Chemicals has to offer.
3
APPLICATIONS
Hydrogen peroxide is used in the pulp and paper industry as a bleaching agent. Mills employ
it to bleach different kinds of mechanical pulps. In particular, the chemi-thermomechanical
process (CTMP) gives a high-yield pulp with very good properties and higher brightness when
hydrogen peroxide is used.
Hydrogen peroxide, applied in extraction stages, has proved to be advantageous in the
bleaching process for chemical pulps. In addition, the chemical is playing an increasing role in
the deinking of waste paper. Not only is hydrogen peroxide highly effective in the process, it's
gentle to the cellulose fiber. This is also true for the various fiber materials within the textile
industry.
In the chemical industry hydrogen peroxide plays a major part in both inorganic and organic
applications. One example is the manufacture of peroxygens, such as peroxides, perborates
and percarbonates.
Hydrogen peroxide is a mainstay in surface treatment within the metals industry. It is used for
etching, polishing and cleaning, plus it eliminates nitrogen oxide gases (NOx) in connection
with nitric acid-based pickling operations.
The gentle effectiveness and harmless by-products of H2O2 have made it a natural for treating
industrial and municipal wastewater, removing such undesirable compounds as hydrogen
sulfide, cyanides, hypochlorite, phenols and various oxygen-demanding organic compounds.
Its bactericidal properties make it useful in various water and food disinfection applications,
as well.
Eka Chemicals' hydrogen peroxide is sold as aqueous solutions in the following grades and
concentrations:
Technical Grade
35 wt%, equivalent to about 400 g/l H2O2
50 wt%, equivalent to about 600 g/l H2O2
70 wt%, equivalent to about 900 g/l H2O2
Pulp Grade
35 wt%, equivalent to about 400 g/l H2O2
50 wt%, equivalent to about 600 g/l H2O2
70 wt%, equivalent to about 900 g/l H2O2
Chemical Grade
35 wt%, equivalent to about 400 g/l H2O2
50 wt%, equivalent to about 600 g/l H2O2
70 wt%, equivalent to about 900 g/l H2O2
Cosmetic/Dilution Grade
35 wt%, equivalent to about 400 g/l H2O2
50 wt%, equivalent to about 600 g/l H2O2
70 wt%, equivalent to about 900 g/l H2O2
National Sanitation Foundation
(NSF) Grade
35 wt%, equivalent to about 400 g/l H2O2
50 wt%, equivalent to about 600 g/l H2O2
Food Grade
35 wt%, equivalent to about 400 g/l H2O2
50 wt%, equivalent to about 600 g/l H2O2
4
SAFETY & HANDLING
Hydrogen peroxide is a relatively "user friendly" chemical, especially in low concentrations.
However, in concentrations of 35 percent or more, certain safety precautions must be
observed to prevent accidents and possible injuries. While hydrogen peroxide is non-combustible, the chemical can decompose when it comes in contact with anything organic, often
producing enough heat and oxygen to start a fire.
Mandatory Safety Attire. Because H2O2 should never come in contact with combustible
materials like cloth and leather, it's imperative that workers handling the chemical always wear
protective clothing. A proper safety ensemble includes all of the following:
1. A protective suit of vinyl, neoprene, PVC or polyethylene.
2. A pair of vinyl or neoprene boots.
3. Protective goggles that fit snugly over the eyes.
4. Rubber gloves of vinyl or neoprene.
5. A hard-hat with a full face shield.
A number of other safety regulations and procedures should be observed:
1. Safety showers, jump tanks and eye wash stations should be located close to
where H2O2 is unloaded and stored.
2. Always use large amounts of water to dilute and wash away any spills of the
chemical. Never use mops, rags, or other combustible materials. A water hose
should be provided within easy reach for dilution and flushing of any spilled H2O2.
3. Make sure workers don't wear leather shoes around hydrogen peroxide storage
areas. Stepping in even a small puddle of concentrated H2O2 can initiate
combustion of leather footwear.
4. Because hydrogen peroxide has a strong reaction to most metals, workers should
keep all keys, tools and other metal objects away from unloading and storage areas.
5. In laboratory work with hydrogen peroxide, mechanical pipetting equipment
must be used.
6. All personnel who work with hydrogen peroxide should be well versed on these
basic safety regulations.
7. Tanks and containers should be marked with the appropriate H 2O2 concentration
as well as an oxidizer and corrosive chemical warning. The tank should also be
labeled with the appropriate NFPA hazard ratings placard to assist emergency
personnel in the event of a fire or other situations.
Personal Injuries And First Aid. Even though hydrogen peroxide is not in itself toxic, it can
cause injuries, mainly through its ability to form free, active oxygen. Here are examples of
different types of exposures, their effects and the first-aid steps to take.
Skin and mucous membranes - At concentrations of about 10 percent (5 percent
on mucous membranes) hydrogen peroxide acts as an irritant. At higher
concentrations it is corrosive. Contact causes whitening of the skin with subsequent
itching, due to the formation of small oxygen blisters inside the skin which give rise
to subcutaneous emphysema. Remission occurs within an hour, normally without
any permanent injuries.
First Aid: In case of contact flush with plenty of water. Remove contaminated clothing
and wash as soon as possible. If redness occurs on prolonged contact with
concentrated hydrogen peroxide, seek immediate medical attention.
5
SAFETY & HANDLING
Eyes - Hydrogen peroxide can be dangerous to the eyes even in concentrations as
low as 5 percent. Concentrated H2O2 can cause permanent corneal injury and
possibly blindness. The injuries may not become noticeable for a week, so if there
is any suspicion that the chemical has splashed into the eyes, first aid steps should
be taken immediately.
First Aid: If hydrogen peroxide splatters in the eyes, flush with plenty of water for at
least 15 minutes. Then seek immediate medical attention, preferably an
eye specialist.
Inhalation - Inhalation of concentrated hydrogen peroxide vapor or mist mainly
affects the upper respiratory passages, which can cause irritation. Inhalation over
a prolonged period of time can result in injuries to other parts of the respiratory
system.
First Aid: In case of inhalation, get fresh air, flush nose, mouth and throat with water.
Rest. If the irritation does not stop or if the exposure has been severe, seek
immediate medical attention.
Ingestion - Ingestion of hydrogen peroxide can cause bleeding of mucous
membranes in the mouth, esophagus and stomach. Oxygen gas in the esophagus
and stomach cause dilation, leading to severe injuries.
First Aid: In case of ingestion, drink large quantities of water. Try to burp up gas from
the stomach, but don't induce vomiting. Never give anything orally to an
unconscious victim. Seek immediate medical attention.
Material Damages And Damage Control. Hydrogen peroxide in concentrations below
10 percent is relatively non-hazardous as far as material damages are concerned. However,
handling of the chemical in higher concentrations entails greater risks. The hazard of gas
liberation must always be taken into consideration. If hydrogen peroxide should spill on the
ground or any equipment, take action immediately.
Safety Action: Flush with plenty of water. When sufficiently diluted (1 percent or
lower), hydrogen peroxide is non-hazardous.
Swelling Plastic Packaging. If a plastic container holding H2O2 begins to swell, this is the sign
of elevated internal pressure. Swelling can also be caused by a defective venting valve, or by
ongoing and possibly accelerating decomposition in the container.
Safety Action: Personnel wearing full safety equipment should immediately wash
down the container from a remote location with cold water. If the
container should burst, quickly dilute the contents with large
quantities of water. Also, be sure to dilute with water any organic
material that may have come into contact with the spilled hydrogen
peroxide. Contact Eka Chemicals.
6
SAFETY & HANDLING
Decomposition In Storage Tanks. Rapid decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is rare but
can occur as a result of outside contamination. The rate of decomposition increases as
outside temperatures increase. Preventive measures include monitoring the temperature of
the tanks. In its simplest form this can be done by touching the outside of the tank. If it is hot
to the touch, take action.
Safety Action: Immediately clear the area and contact Eka Chemicals.
Fire. While neither flammable or combustible, hydrogen peroxide can sustain combustion.
Hydrogen peroxide in concentrations of 20 percent or more can cause ignition of wood,
sawdust, paper pulp, fabric and other organic materials. Prevent exposure to open flames.
Smoking must never be permitted in areas where hydrogen peroxide is stored or handled.
Safety Action: Extinguish only with large quantities of water. Do not use foam or
powder. Keep exposed containers well cooled with water. Keep
hydrogen peroxide, in even the smallest concentrations,
clear of combustible substances.
Procedures For Safe Handling. Even though hydrogen peroxide presents relatively small
risks, personnel who handle the chemical should know those risks and how to handle them
with care. Those procedures include the following:
1. Keep hydrogen peroxide in its original container for as long as possible.
Containers must be stored in an upright position to prevent liquid from blocking
the venting device installed atop the container.
2. Hydrogen peroxide should never be returned to its original container or tank
once it has been removed. Dispose of any unused quantities according to
local regulations.
3. Extreme cleanliness must be exercised in the handling of equipment and
apparatus for hydrogen peroxide.
7
TRANSPORTATION
Eka Chemicals' hydrogen peroxide is available for delivery in bulk tank trucks, bulk rail cars,
iso-tainers, drums and tote tanks. Alternative packaging may be desirable for some applications
and will be considered on an individual basis. Characteristics of containers can be summarized
as follows:
Type
Capacity
Quantity*
H2O2 (35%)
Quantity*
H2O2 (50%)
Quantity*
H2O2 (70%)
Tank Truck
(2 axles)
18,000 l
4780 USG
20,000 kg***
44,000 lb.**
21,000 kg***
46,200 lb.**
22,000 kg***
48,500 lb.**
Railcar
75,700 l
81,818 kg***
20,000 USG 180,400 lb.**
86,100 kg***
189,420 lb.**
90,000 kg***
200,000 lb.**
Iso-tainer
17,000 l
4500 USG
19,000 kg***
41,800 lb.**
20,000 kg***
44,000 lb.**
21,500 kg***
47,400 lb.**
Tank Truck1
(3 axles)
28,390 l
7500 USG
32,000 kg***
71,000 lb.**
34,000 kg***
75,000 lb.**
37,000 kg***
81,000 lb.**
1
Canada Only
* These quantities are approximate
** US Tank Truck deliveries are subject to a maximum gross wt. of 80,000 lb.(D.O.T.) so the maximum
quantity of delivered product could be lower than shown above.
*** Canadian Tank Truck deliveries are subject to a maximum gross wt. of 37,000kg so the maximum
quantity of delivered product could be lower than shown above.
Labeling And Placarding
Hydrogen peroxide in concentrations from 20 to 60 percent (UN 2014) is classified as a class
5.1 oxidizer and must be labeled and placarded accordingly.
Hydrogen peroxide in concentrations greater than 60 percent (UN 2015) is classified as a class
5.1 oxidizer and must be labeled and placarded accordingly.
Bulk containers must be stenciled "Hydrogen Peroxide".
Non bulk containers are required to have a class 8 corrosive label in addition to a class 5.1
oxidizer label.
Transportation Emergencies. In case of an emergency, an Eka Chemicals representative
and/or its agent must be contacted. When reporting an emergency be prepared to give the
following information:
1. The caller's name and organization.
2. The caller's phone number and location of the emergency.
3. Details of the incident.
For all emergencies, call Eka Chemicals 24 hours a day at:
1-800-227-5301 (Columbus, Mississippi) USA (Service in English only)
1-514-377-1131 (Valleyfield, Québec) Canada (Service in French only)
1-800-424-9300 (Chemtrec) or
1-613-996-6666 (Canutec)
8
UNLOADING
Emptying of Tank Truck or Railcar
Combustible material must never be present in the vicinity of the railcar or tank truck. Use
brakes and wheel chocks to make sure the vehicle or car cannot move. We recommend that
the unloading area be cordoned off to prevent collision. A warning sign or light should be
installed to indicate that unloading of the chemical is in progress.
Plan ahead to prevent overflows by making sure that the tank has more than adequate
capacity to hold the quantity of the container being unloaded.
Check the venting, overflow piping and overfilling warning indicators of the container.
(Note: Only suitable, thoroughly cleaned materials should be used in the construction of all
tanks and containers. For recommended materials and design guidelines see the section on
Equipment.)
To empty a trailer use the pump on the vehicle. Typically unloading from trailers is performed
by Eka Chemicals' trained/certified drivers.
A rail car is to be unloaded by way of a self-priming pump. Eka Chemicals’ railcars are not
equipped in a manner that allows for unloading of the product by using compressed gas.
Attempts to unload the railcar with compressed gas may result in damage to the continuous
vent and possible contamination of the product due to impurities in the gas and is therefore
not recommended. Before attempting to unload the product using compressed gas, please
contact Eka Chemicals. It is important that all equipment used for unloading hydrogen
peroxide be dedicated solely to that purpose.
Note: Any unloading facility must be approved by Eka Chemicals’ personnel prior to being
used for unloading hydrogen peroxide. Additionally, if your facility is going to store hydrogen
peroxide in concentrations greater than 52 percent and in quantities greater than 7,500
pounds, your facility must conform with OSHA’s Process Safety Management (U.S. customers
only). For more information on Process Safety Management, contact Eka Chemicals.
Figure 1
9
EQUIPMENT
All equipment designed to contain hydrogen peroxide should be engineered first and foremost
to address the tendency of the chemical to decompose and form oxygen gas in the event of
contamination. For that reason, tanks and other containers should be designed to prevent
contamination. Moreover, design should be of a quality that minimizes the possibility of
explosion or catastrophic release, even if extensive decomposition should occur.
Materials. Materials used in the construction of containers or other equipment should be
chosen with great care. The suitability of some common engineering materials is discussed
here. Instructions for welding and passivation are provided for aluminum and stainless steel.
Aluminum - The aluminum must be highly pure (at least 99.5% to 99.7% Al, Aluminum
Association Designations 1060, 1260, 5254, 5652). Aluminum can be used for manufacture
of both tanks and pipes. However, for fabrication related reasons, aluminum is usually used
only for tanks, while stainless steel is used for piping. TIG (tungsten metal-arc) or MIG (gas
metal-arc) welding with shielding gas (e.g. Argon) must always be used for aluminum welding.
Tungsten electrodes should be used for TIG welding. It is important that the filler metal has the
same composition as the base metal and be free from moisture and other impurities. A high
degree of cleanliness must be observed during fabrication to make sure no dirt or other organic
matter becomes absorbed into the aluminum. Tools and cleaning equipment should be plastic
or stainless steel.
Aluminum equipment must always be pickled and passivated before being filled with hydrogen
peroxide. This process should be repeated every 3 to 5 years due to the corrosive action of
hydrogen peroxide on aluminum.
Stainless Steel -This is the most suitable material for H2O2 equipment. It is recommended that
instruments, piping and the like should be made of stainless steel equivalent to grade AISI
316L (SIS 2353). Pumps should be AISI 316. This material can also be used for tanks and
mixing vessels. When possible, TIG welding with shielding gas should be used. The piping must
be well-filled with shielding gas to ensure a good weld on the inside. A properly executed
TIG-welded pipe joint does not need to be pickled on the inside. Cleaning with water and
passivation with hydrogen peroxide is sufficient. If it's determined that the piping does need to
be pickled, it must be done with nitric acid. Make sure steel plates are protected during the
fabrication.
Stainless steel tanks must be cleaned and pickled before final passivation with hydrogen
peroxide and/or nitric acid. Contact Eka Chemicals for additional information about passivation
of new equipment.
Plastics - Certain plastics like HDPE can be used for equipment. However, with plastic there is
a greater risk of damage in the case of a collision and because of aging of the material. Care
should be taken to position or install a plastic tank to protect it from collision and possible
rupture. Fluoropolymers, such as Teflon® (TFE) and Viton® are other appropriate materials to
use with hydrogen peroxide. Gaskets and seals should preferably be made of these materials
or of polyethylene, uncompounded PVC or silicone rubber.
Polyester - Unsuitable in prolonged contact with hydrogen peroxide.
Glass and Porcelain - These materials are reserved for use in the laboratory.
It is strongly recommended that hoses should be steel-reinforced chlorosulfonyl polyethylene
(HYPALON®), PVC or cross-link polyethylene lined.
10
EQUIPMENT
Cleaning And Passivation Are Important. All materials that come into contact with hydrogen
peroxide must be thoroughly cleaned and passivated. No materials other than those
mentioned here should be used without first consulting Eka Chemicals.
Always contact Eka Chemicals prior to initiation of projects involving new construction or
revisions to hydrogen peroxide related processing facilities.
OVERVIEW OF SUITABLE ENGINEERING MATERIALS
BEST
GOOD
SATISFACTORY
Tanks
Stainless Steel
AISI 316L(SIS2353)
Aluminum
99.5-99.7% Al
HDPE
Small Vessels
Stainless Steel
AISI 316L(SIS2353)
HDPE
Pipes
Stainless Steel
AISI 316L(SIS2353)
Aluminum
99.5-99.7% Al
Pumps, Valves
Stainless Steel
AISI 316(SIS2343)<TD
Gaskets, Seals
Teflon (TFE), Viton,
Polyethylene
Silicone Rubber
Uncompounded PVC
Hoses
Reinforced Hypalon
Polyethylene
Reinforced
Flexible PVC
Rigid PVC
Flexible PVC
Tanks. The following points are recommended for the design of hydrogen peroxide storage
tanks. Note that several of these points are not legal requirements, but are guidelines that will
pay dividends in a safer, more dependable operation.
Figure 2
Tank - should be constructed of one of the materials listed in the beginning of this section. The
material should meet carefully defined specifications for purity. The tank should be cleaned,
pickled and passivated according to Eka Chemicals' recommendations (a good benchmark for
cleanliness would be material sanitary enough to be used in food applications).
11
EQUIPMENT
U.S. and Canadian Fabrication Codes, API and ASME, contain general directions regarding the
design of storage tanks. As a rule, insulating the tank is not recommended (see freezing point
graph in Figure 8).
The tank should be freestanding outdoors and be located within a dike. It should be marked
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE and carry an NFPA warning label for a corrosive and oxidizer.
Filler pipe - Nominal size 3 inches (80mm) with a 2 inch (50.8mm) camlock fitting near the
ground. The pipe should be fitted with a valve and coupling that conforms to Eka Chemicals'
recommendations. Make sure the pipe enters the tank from above and fits into the tank by
l inch (2-3cm). It should be securely fastened to prevent severe vibration during filling. As with
the tank, the pipe should also be labeled HYDROGEN PEROXIDE.
To prevent mistakes during unloading of H2O2, install a lock on the filling valve. The key for the
lock should be entrusted exclusively to the person in charge of chemical receiving.
Manhole - Should seal tightly under its own weight and be mounted solely on a hinge,
not fastened with bolts. This allows pressure release in the event of decomposition. The
recommended minimum size is 24 inches (6OOmm), but the size should be increased to
accommodate larger volumes and higher hydrogen peroxide concentrations.
Local temperature measurement and alarm - This equipment is connected to the control
room or similar monitoring area. The high temperature alarm function should be set based on
local conditions, normally 15° to 20°F above ambient temperature. If a 4°F rise per hour is
experienced, this could be a sign of hydrogen peroxide decomposition and Eka Chemicals
should be contacted.
Fire water connection - Nominal size 3 inches (80mm), intended for instant dilution in the
event of decomposition.
Vent pipe - Nominal size 6 inches (l50mm) with a nominal cross-sectional area four times as
big as the filler pipe. It should be short, weather-protected and discharge visibly from the
unloading station. Connect the vent pipe to the tank via a flanged connection.
Overflow pipe - Nominal size 3 inches (80mm).
Bottom nozzle - This apparatus for draining the tank should be a nominal size of 4 inches
(l00mm). Note that the ball valve should be drilled for pressure release. SeeFigure 3. No
drainage via siphon action.
Tank placement - Should be on a firm base or surface. If the base is concrete and the tank is
aluminum, the tank bottom should be protected. A flexible PVC sheet 1/8 to 1/4 inch or
3 - 5mm thick is recommended.
Floor drain - If existing, this should be near the filler pipe and overflow pipe. Spills should be
disposed of according to local environmental regulations.
Water - Outlets should be nearby and plentiful in case of a spill. Also, well marked safety
showers, jump tanks and eye wash stations should be located throughout the area.
12
EQUIPMENT
Location. It's wise to locate hydrogen peroxide tanks so that large quantities of dust and other
impurities cannot enter with atmospheric air. A filter on the vent pipe may sometimes be
necessary. If so, the risk of moisture formation and freezing must be prevented.
There should be no flammable or combustible materials in the vicinity of storage tanks. Piping for
other chemicals, such as caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) or water glass (sodium silicate), should
be located away from H2O2 storage facilities to ensure that leakage will not damage tanks or
come into contact with hydrogen peroxide.
The tank must not be located in a place where there is a risk of exposure to excessive heat or an
open flame. If a tank should be placed outside an industrial area, the tank should be fenced in for
security purposes.
The unloading station should be situated where it can be easily reached by tank trucks.
There should be sufficient room to allow for a wide turning radius by tank trucks.
Pipes And Valves. Piping systems with pumps, heat exchangers, instruments, etc., must be
designed with great care to eliminate the risk of hydrogen peroxide being confined between two
closed valves or in other enclosed spaces. Such confinement, combined with decomposition,
could result in pressure elevation until the weakest part of the system bursts.
This problem can be avoided by engineering the systems to always include a release or escape
route for the pressurized gas to take. The following design recommendations are offered:
1. Use a minimum number of valves.
2. Where several valves in series cannot be avoided, a small safety valve for liquid or a
small rupture disc can be used to provide pressure relief in the system. Blind flanges
installed on the discharge side of a properly drilled ball valve can still result in
over-pressure conditions. Avoid this combination.
3. Run a small recirculation line with restriction orifice from the discharge side of the
pump back to the tank.
4. Avoid locating shutoff valves and bypass valves next to control valves.
5. Ball valves should be specially cleaned and drilled to prevent overpressure conditions.
Note the installation direction in Figure 3 shown here.
6. Make sure the design keeps hydrogen peroxide from coming into contact, directly or
indirectly (via return lines or the like), with unsuitable materials of construction or
process liquids.
7. Valves and pumps requiring lubricants should be avoided. Lubricated power ends on
pumps are acceptable when maintained properly.
8. Pipes should be plainly marked to identify their contents.
9. Follow the directions for welding in this manual.
13
EQUIPMENT
Figure 3
Drilled ball
valve. Hole
diameter of
1/8 inch (3mm)
installed so
that the hole
faces upstream
when the valve
is closed.
Figure 4
When hydrogen
peroxide is
pumped to a
mixing vessel,
the pipe should
discharge above
the highest level
in the vessel.
Mixing And Dilution. When hydrogen peroxide is mixed with other chemicals that hasten
its decomposition, any risk that the mixture will be confined or siphoned back into the
hydrogen peroxide storage tank should be eliminated. This can be done by allowing the
liquids to run freely into a smaller mixing vessel, from which the solution is dosed into the
system where it is to be used. Any dilution water should be tested by Eka Chemicals prior
to use.
Figure 5
In-line mixing of
hydrogen peroxide
should never be done.
Clogging in the mixer
can lead to pumping
chemicals into the
hydrogen peroxide
tank. Use the
method illustrated
in Figure 4.
When a dilution vessel for water is used, follow these procedures:
1.When starting, initiate the water flow first.
2.To stop, cut off the flow of hydrogen peroxide first.
Couplings. For hydrogen peroxide, Eka Chemicals uses a camlock fitting of stainless steel
in a size of 2 inches (50.8mm)
14
TECHNICAL DATA & PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Hydrogen peroxide is a clear, colorless liquid. It is used solely in the form of an aqueous
solution and can be mixed with water in any proportions. The chemical is odorless at low
concentrations. At high concentrations it has a slightly pungent smell.
Density. This chart illustrates the density of aqueous hydrogen peroxide solutions at different
temperatures.
Figure 6
Boiling Point. The boiling point of aqueous hydrogen peroxide solutions at atmospheric
pressure are:
Figure 7
Freezing Point. Hydrogen peroxide solutions of different concentrations freeze at different
temperatures, as this chart shows.
Figure 8
15
TECHNICAL DATA & PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Specific Heat. Specific heat for aqueous hydrogen peroxide solutions at ambient
temperatures are as follows.
Figure 9
H2O2 W1%
Vapor Pressure. The total vapor pressure above an aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution rises
with the temperature and falls with rising hydrogen peroxide concentration.
Figure 10
Total
vapor pressure
Partial
vapor pressure
Latent Heat of Vaporization. Less heat is required to transform a hydrogen peroxide solution
from the liquid to the vapor state at high hydrogen peroxide concentrations than at low ones.
Heat Liberation on Decomposition. Hydrogen peroxide liberates heat upon decomposition.
Figure 11
Latent heat of
vaporization
and liberation
of heat on
decomposition
for aqueous
hydrogen
peroxide
solutions
at 25 °C
H2O 2 W1%
16
TECHNICAL DATA & PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Physical Data for Eka Chemicals' Common Hydrogen Peroxide Solutions
Concentration
Weight %
0 (water)
35
50
70
Density
20° kg/m3
1000
1132
1196
1288
Boiling
Point °
100
108
114
126
Freezing
Point °
0
-33
-52
-37
Viscosity
20°
Ns/m2
CP
0.001002
1.002
0.00111
1.11
0.00117
1.17
0.00124
1.24
Chemical Properties Data
Chemical Formula:
Molecular Weight:
H2O2
34.016
Decomposition. In its pure form and at low pH, hydrogen peroxide is a relatively stable
compound. However, decomposition can be initiated and accelerated by light, heat, high pH
or the presence of various impurities, such as metals or by mixing with other oxidizers or
reducing agents.
Homogeneous Decomposition. When hydrogen peroxide is contaminated by certain soluble
metal salts, a very rapid decomposition can take place even at very low levels of contamination (a few ppm). This is called homogeneous decomposition and occurs in the presence of
salts of, for example, iron, copper, chromium, vanadium, tungsten, molybdenum and platinum.
Heterogeneous Decomposition. Heterogeneous decomposition is the name given to the
sometimes very rapid decomposition that occurs when hydrogen peroxide comes into contact
with insoluble materials. It occurs on contact with virtually all materials, but the rate of
decomposition varies widely. Read the design guidelines carefully on pages 9-13.
H2O2
H2O + 1/2 O2 + Heat
Hydrogen Peroxide decomposes
into oxygen and water.
The reaction is exothermic, which means it liberates heat, often in considerable quantities. The
available quantity of oxygen at different hydrogen peroxide concentrations is shown in Figure 12.
Figure 12
Concentration
of active
oxygen in
aqueous
hydrogen
peroxide
solutions.
H2O 2 Wt%
Redox Reactions. Hydrogen peroxide has a high oxidation potential and acts as a powerful
oxidant. An example of such a reaction is:
H2S + H 2O2
17
2H2O + S
Hydrogen sulfide dissolved in
water is oxidized.
TECHNICAL DATA & PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
This reaction makes it possible to eliminate strong smelling sulfide in sewage treatment or
chemical operations.
Hydrogen peroxide can also act as a reducing agent under certain conditions. An example is
the following reaction with potassium permanganate. The reaction can be used, for example,
to determine the concentration of hydrogen peroxide.
2KMnO4 + 5H2O2 + 3H2SO4
2MnSO4 + K 2SO4 + 8H 2O + 5O 2
Transfer of 0-0 group. Here the ability of hydrogen peroxide to form other per-compounds,
both organic and inorganic, is utilized according to the following stoichiometry:
H2O2 + 2RX
ROOR + 2HX
pH. Stabilized aqueous hydrogen peroxide solutions have a pH between l and 3. The solution
is most stable within this range.
Reactions With Alkaline Substances. If the pH of the hydrogen peroxide is raised
substantially above 3 pH, its decomposition rate increases sharply. This can occur if alkaline
substances (e.g. caustic soda, water glass, limestone, hypochlorite or ammonia) are mixed
with hydrogen peroxide by mistake.
Reactions With Organic Substances. An explosion can be triggered by, for example, a spark
or a blow. The figure below shows the explosive limits for the hydrogen peroxide-water-acetone
system. Mixtures with ethanol and glycerol behave in roughly the same manner, although they
are not quite as sensitive.
Figure 13
The shaded
area indicates
explosive
mixtures of
hydrogen
peroxide,
water, and
acetone.
When in Doubt About Mixtures with Hydrogen Peroxide, Contact Eka Chemicals!
If the concentration is sufficiently high (above about 20 percent), hydrogen peroxide can
cause ignition of wood, grass, sawdust, paper pulp and similar materials.
Reactions With Metals. Many metals (such as Fe, Cu, etc) and their compounds cause
catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. But very pure, passivated stainless steel and
pure aluminum do not have this effect. They can therefore be used as engineering materials.
(Read about passivation on pages 9 and 10.)
Reactions at High Concentrations. Eka Chemicals manufactures hydrogen peroxide
solutions in concentrations of up to 70 percent.
Hydrogen peroxide in the gas phase can become explosive if the concentration in the gas
phase exceeds 40 wt%. At normal pressure, a 75%, or even more concentrated,
hydrogen peroxide solution can give rise to such a gas mixture. At higher pressures the limit is
moved downward! The gas above hydrogen peroxide solutions with concentrations of over
90% can be made to explode by a blow or a spark. Our solutions cannot give rise to
explosive hydrogen peroxide gas.
18
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
An Iodometric method and a Permanganate method can be used to determine the
concentration of hydrogen peroxide. In many cases when the residual concentration of
hydrogen peroxide is to be determined, only the Iodometric method can be used.
The Permanganate method is usually used for analysis of pure hydrogen peroxide in
concentrations greater than 10 percent.
Iodometric Method
Solutions and Chemicals:
1. Sulfuric Acid, H 2SO4, 2N.
2. Potassium Iodide, KI. In solid form or solution (166 g/l).
3. Ammonium Molybdate, (NH4)5 MO7 O24 · 4H2O.
Prepare a 15 percent solution of Ammonium Molybdate.
The salt dissolves more readily when heated to 50°.
4. Sodium Thiosulfate Solution, Na 2S2O3. 0.1N.
5. Starch (Thyodene Solution).
Execution of Analysis:
A. Determination of concentration in grams/liter
1. Measure up the exact sample quantity with a pipette. Adjust the sample quantity
to the expected Hydrogen Peroxide concentration:
Sample quantity, ml: l
Expected conc. g/l:
5
1O
10
2
50
1
100
0.2
0.01-0.10
2. If the sample quantity is small, dilute with distilled water to about 50 ml.
3. Add 10 ml of 2 N Sulfuric Acid and 10 ml of Potassium Iodide Solution
(or l spoon of Potassium Iodide).
4. Add l drop of Ammonium Molybdate Solution.
5. Titrate with 0.1 N Sodium Thiosulfate Solution to yellow color.
6. Add a couple of drops of Thyodene solution as an indicator.
7. Continue titrating until color changes (decoloration).
8. Calculation:
(a)(N)(17)
H2O2 g/l =
(V)
a = consumption of Sodium Thiosulfate Solution, ml.
N = normality of Sodium Thiosulfate Solution
V = sample quantity, ml.
B. Determination of concentration in weight percent
1. Weigh on an analytical balance 0.5 g of Hydrogen Peroxide solution into
a 450 ml beaker.
2. Add 100 ml of distilled water and mix.
3. Pipette Vml into another beaker.
Sample quantity ml:
Expected conc. %:
20
30-50
50
10-30
100
1-10
4. If the sample quantity is small, dilute to about 50 ml with distilled water.
5. Add 10 ml of 2 N Sulfuric Acid and 10 ml of Potassium Iodide Solution
(or 1 spoon of Potassium Iodide).
19
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
6. Add 1 drop of Ammonium Molybdate Solution
7.Titrate with 0.1 N Sodium Thiosulfate Solution to yellow color.
8.Add a couple of drops of Thyodene Solution as an indicator.
9.Continue titrating with 0.1 N Sodium Thiosulfate until color changes (decoloration).
10.Calculation:
Wt% H 2O2 = (a)(N)(17)(100)(100)
(1000)(g)(V)
= (a)(N)(170)
(g)(V)
a = consumption of Sodium Thiosulfate Solution, ml.
N = normality of Sodium Thiosulfate Solution.
g = weighed-in sample quantity, grams.
V = sample volume, ml.
Permanganate Method
Solutions and Chemicals:
1. Potassium Permanganate Solution, 0.05 M
2. Sulfuric Acid, 5 N
3. Saturated Manganese Sulfate Solution
Execution of Analysis:
1. Place a micro-beaker onto an analytical balance and weigh out
0.2 g of Hydrogen Peroxide.
2. Place the sample, including the micro-beaker, into a 450 ml beaker.
3. Dilute the sample with 100 ml of deionized water.
4. Add 2-3 drops of Manganese Sulfate Solution.
5. Add 10 ml of Sulfuric Acid, 5 N.
6. Titrate with 0.05 M Potassium Permanganate until a pale pink endpoint is observed.
7. Calculation:
% H 2O2 =
(a)(N)(8.5025)
(w)
a = consumption of Potassium Permanganate, ml
N = concentration of Potassium Permanganate
w = weight of sample, grams
20
Important Legal Notice: The information presented in this manual was prepared by Eka Chemicals
Technical Personnel. While not guaranteed, it is true and accurate to the best of our knowledge. Eka
Chemicals makes no warrantee or guarantee, express or implied, regarding accuracy, completeness, performance, safety or otherwise. This information is not intended to be all-inclusive, as the manner and conditions of use, handling, storage and other factors may involve other or additional safety or performance
considerations. While our technical personnel will be available to respond your questions regarding safe
handling and use procedures for hydrogen peroxide, safe handling and use of the product remain the
responsibility of the customer. No suggestions for use are intended as, and nothing herein shall be construed as, a recommendation to infringe any existing patents or to violate any federal, state or local laws.
Eka Chemicals assumes no liability of any kind whatsoever resulting from the use of or reliance upon any
information, procedure, conclusion or opinion contained in this manual.
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Phone: 601.327.0400
Fax: 601.329.3854
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