CHAPTER 10 • SECTION 2
The Mississippi River and New Orleans As the number of westerners
grew, so did their political influence. A vital issue for many farmers and
merchants was the use of the Mississippi River. They used this highway of
commerce to transport their products through the New Orleans port, across
the Gulf of Mexico, and then to East Coast markets.
Although originally claimed by France, the port was turned over to Spain
after the French and Indian War. In a secret treaty in 1800, Spain returned
the port to France’s powerful leader, Napoleon. Now Napoleon planned to
colonize the American territory. This brought America close to war.
More About . . .
The Haitian Revolt
The island of Hispaniola (present-day Haiti
and the Dominican Republic) was split
between French and Spanish control. Its
economy relied on slave labor to work large
sugar plantations that produced molasses
for trade. The slaves rebelled against
the white French owners largely under
the leadership of Toussaint L’Ouverture.
Although French troops eventually captured
L’Ouverture, his followers later drove out
the French, and Haiti (covering the western
part of the island of Hispaniola) became an
independent nation in 1804.
Connect to the World
Connect to the World
Dissent and Rebellion
Haiti had been a highly
profitable French colony
that used slave labor.
Toussaint L’Ouverture, a
former slave, led a 1791
rebellion against French
rule. Thirteen bloody years
later, Haiti became the first
independent black republic
in the world.
Dissent and Rebellion
Colonial dissent from their mother country
is a common occurrence throughout history.
Look for more examples of colonial rebellion
as you read future chapters.
The United States Expands In 1802, before turning Louisiana over to
France, Spain closed New Orleans to American shipping. Angry westerners
called for war against both Spain and France. To avoid hostilities, Jefferson
offered to buy New Orleans from France. He received a surprising answer.
The French asked if the United States wanted to buy all of the Louisiana Territory—a tract of land even larger than the entire United States at that time.
A number of factors may have influenced Napoleon’s offer. He was probably alarmed by America’s determination to keep the port of New Orleans
open. Also, his enthusiasm for a colony in America may have been lessened
by events in Haiti, a French colony in the West Indies. There, a revolt led by
Toussaint L’Ouverture (too•SAN loo•vehr•TOOR) had resulted in disastrous
losses for the French. Another factor was France’s costly war against Britain.
America’s money may have been more valuable to Napoleon than land.
Jefferson was thrilled by Napoleon’s offer. However, the Constitution said
nothing about the president’s right to buy land. This troubled Jefferson, who
believed in the strict interpretation of the Constitution. But he also believed
in a republic of small farmers, and that required land. So, on April 30, 1803,
the Louisiana Purchase was approved for $15 million—about three cents per
acre. The size of the United States doubled. At the time, most Americans
knew little about this territory. But that would soon change.
SUMMARIZE Explain how the United States acquired the Louisiana Territory.
Jefferson bought
the land from France.
Exploring the Louisiana Territory
KEY QUESTION What were some effects of exploring the Louisiana Territory?
Since 1802, Thomas Jefferson had planned an expedition to the Louisiana
country. Now that the Louisiana Purchase had been made, learning about
the territory became more important than ever.
Teach
Exploring the Louisiana
Territory
The Lewis and Clark Expedition Jefferson chose a young officer, Captain
Meriwether Lewis, to lead an exploration of the Louisiana country. Lewis
asked Lieutenant William Clark, a mapmaker and outdoorsman, to help him
oversee a volunteer force, or corps. They called it the Corps of Discovery, but
it soon became known as the Lewis and Clark expedition.
Clark was accompanied by York, his African-American slave. York’s hunting
skills won him many admirers. The first black man that many Native Americans had seen, he became something of a celebrity among them.
Reader, Recorder, Reporter
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• How did Sacagawea aid the Lewis and Clark
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• Causes and Effects How did the Lewis and
Clark and Pike expeditions affect development
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Unit 4 Resource Book
• Interdisciplinary Projects, pp. 91–92
• American Literature, pp. 100–102
346 • Chapter 10
346 Chapter 10
DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION
English Learners
Pre-AP
Vocabulary: Cognates
Mapping Routes
English has many cognates, or related
words, in Spanish. Point out the word
UHS@K (“A vital issue for many farmers
and merchants. . .”), which is spelled
the same in Spanish and has the same
meaning. Explain that the root of this
word is the Latin UHS@, meaning “life,”
and that it can be found in other English
words that have Spanish cognates, such
as UHS@KHSXUHS@KHYD and UHS@LHM
Have students draw a map of the United
States in the early 1800s showing land
and water routes that traders in the
Midwest and West could use instead
of the Mississippi River. Discuss which
would be more efficient for trade: water
or land routes. V@SDQ Why would water
be more efficient? 2NRRHAKD#MRVDQR
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CHAPTER 10 • SECTION 2
GEOGRAPHY
Lewis and Clark 1804–1806
GEOGRAPHY
CLASSZONE.COM
Lewis and Clark Click here to see the interactive map
@ ClassZone.com
Connect Geography
History
READING A ROUTE MAP Note that much
of the route followed by the expedition
had not been explored by Europeans or
Americans before and was inhabited by
Native Americans.
• What signs on the map indicate that the
journey was going to be difficult? 2NRRHAKD
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• How much of the western lands do you
predict Native Americans will still control
100 years later? 2NRRHAKD#MRVDQMNMDNQ
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ANSWERS
1. Movement The arrows are pointing
toward the Pacific Ocean.
Connect Geography
History
2. Critical Thinking It was located at
the convergence of the Mississippi and
Missouri rivers.
READING A ROUTE MAP
Route maps show the course of travel from one
place to another. When reading a route map, use
Unit 4 Resource Book
• Connect Geography & History,
pp. 93–94
• the labels on the map to reveal information
about the map’s subject and purpose
• the key to identify the direction of the route
• the legend to find the meaning of symbols and
colors
Kiowa
Encampment
• the scale to estimate distance.
1. Movement How can you tell which route the
expedition took on its way to the Pacific?
More About . . .
2. Critical Thinking Why was St. Louis a logical
starting point for the expedition?
The Lewis and Clark Expedition
The Jefferson Era 347
INTERDISCIPLINARY ACTIVITIES
CONNECT
to Math
CONNECT
to Art
Figure Costs of the Louisiana
Purchase
Presentation About a Native
American Group
Assign individuals or groups to calculate the
following:
Have each student select a Native American
group shown on the textbook map and create
a visual presentation.
• If $1 in 1800 is about equal to $16.67 today,
how much would the Louisiana Purchase cost
today? @ANTSNQ
W
• If the amount of land purchased was
827,192 square miles, and one square mile
equals 640 acres—how many acres were
purchased? @ANTS@BQDR
• Have students research one aspect of their
group’s culture, such as clothing, language,
art, food, and religion.
• Then have students create a picture with a
one- to two-sentence caption describing that
part of their group’s culture.
• Combine students’ work in a bulletin board
display.
Thomas Jefferson personally chose his
private secretary, Captain Lewis, to lead the
discovery expedition. Lewis had received
special training in geography, mineralogy,
and astronomy. He selected Clark, an Army
friend with special talent as an artist and
mapmaker, to assist him.
Lewis and Clark chose more than 30 men
with varying skills to help them travel to
the western edge of North America and
to keep records and make maps. All were
experienced in wilderness survival. The
group included people with knowledge
and skills in botany, weather forecasting,
zoology, navigation by the moon and stars,
Native American sign language, carpentry,
gun repair, and piloting boats.
7HDFKHU·V(GLWLRQ• 347