Working Report 2011-80
Chemical and Physical Properties
of the Surface Sea Sediments at the
Olkiluoto Offshore, South-Western Finland
Anne-Maj Lahdenperä
Antero Keskinen
November 2011
POSIVA OY
Olkiluoto
FI-27160 EURAJOKI, FINLAND
Tel
+358-2-8372 31
Fax +358-2-8372 3809
Working Report 2011-80
Chemical and Physical Properties
of the Surface Sea Sediments at the
Olkiluoto Offshore, South-Western Finland
Anne-Maj Lahdenperä
Antero Keskinen
Pöyry Finland Oy
November 2011
Base maps: ©National Land Survey, permission 41/MML/11
Working Reports contain information on work in progress
or pending completion.
The conclusions and viewpoints presented in the report
are those of author(s) and do not necessarily
coincide with those of Posiva.
ABSTRACT
Due to land uplift, the present sea sediments near Olkiluoto will be future land areas,
and thus important for the transport of possible releases from nuclear waste repositories
at the site. Coastal areas are the transition zones between land and sea, and also
potential sites for deep groundwater discharge.
The geochemical properties of the surface sediments at the Olkiluoto sea area are
summarised in this report. Thirteen sediment samples were cored during the R/V
Geomari cruise in autumn 2008. In addition, surface sediment samples from six
transects, altogether 57 cores, were taken near the Olkiluoto shoreline by diving in the
summer of 2008.
The analysis procedure included pH, moisture, dry matter, ash and LOI contents, grain
size distribution, carbon and nitrogen analyses and the total concentrations of thirtythree elements. The lateral and vertical distribution of element concentrations,
especially heavy metals, is caused by variations in transport and sedimentation patterns
of particulate matter, in the occurrence of migration processes and bonding types. The
distribution pattern in most of the elements is strongly linked to that of organic matter,
carbon and fine-grained material contents. The sediments are strongly enriched by some
of the studied elements possibly due to anthropogenic load, while others are only
moderately or slightly present. However, the source of different natural and
anthropogenic loads is not easy to point out.
Keywords: Olkiluoto sea area, surface sediments, geochemistry, Bothnian Sea.
Pintasedimenttien kemialliset ja fysikaaliset ominaisuudet Olkiluodon
merialueella, Lounais-Suomessa
TIIVISTELMÄ
Maankohoamisen johdosta nykyisen Olkiluodon ympäristön merisedimentit tulevat
olemaan maa-alueita ja siten tärkeitä ydinjätteiden loppusijoituksesta mahdollisesti
aiheutuvien päästöjen kannalta. Lisäksi rannikkoalueet ovat vaihettumisalueita maa- ja
merialueiden välissä sekä syvien pohjavesien potentiaalisia purkautumisalueita.
Tässä raportissa esitetään yhteenveto Olkiluodon merialueen pintasedimenttien geokemiallisista ominaisuuksista. Syksyllä 2008 tutkimusalus R/V Geomarin näytteenottomatkalla kairattiin 13 pintasedimenttinäytettä. Sen lisäksi kuudelta sukelluslinjalta
otettiin 57 kairanäytettä Olkiluodon lähirannikon merialueelta kesällä 2008.
Näytteistä analysoitiin seuraavat parametrit: pH, kosteus, kuiva-aines, tuhkapitoisuus ja
hehkutushäviö, raesuuruus, hiili- ja typpianalyysit sekä lisäksi tehtiin 33 alkuaineen
kokonaispitoisuusanalyysit. Alkuainepitoisuuksien lateraalinen ja vertikaalinen jakauma, erityisesti raskasmetallien osalta, johtuu sedimenttiaineksen vaihtelevista eroosio-,
kulkeutumis- ja sedimentaatioympäristöistä sekä niissä vallitsevista prosesseista. Alkuaineiden pitoisuusjakaumiin vaikuttavat erityisesti orgaanisen aineksen, hiilen sekä
hienoaineksen pitoisuudet. Osa alkuaineista on voimakkaasti rikastunut pintasedimentteihin, mahdollisesti ihmistoiminnan tuloksena. Muissa sedimenteissä alkuainepitoisuudet ovat jonkin verran kohonneet tai normaalilla tasolla. Luonnollisista ja
ihmistoiminnasta aiheutuvien kuormituspäästöjen erottaminen toisistaan ei kuitenkaan
ole yksiselitteistä.
Avainsanat: Olkiluodon merialue, pintasedimentit, geokemia, Selkämeri.
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
TIIVISTELMÄ
1
2
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 3
1.1
Olkiluoto site............................................................................................ 3
1.2
Acoustic seismic studies at Olkiluoto ...................................................... 8
1.3
Sedimentation and erosion conditions at Olkiluoto ............................... 10
METHODS ........................................................................................................ 11
2.1
2.2
3
2.1.1
Surface sediment samples of the R/V Geomari cruise in 2008 . 11
2.1.2
Surface sediment samples of shoreline transects ..................... 15
Chemical and physical analyses ........................................................... 18
RESULTS ......................................................................................................... 21
3.1
3.2
3.3
4
Sediment sampling ................................................................................ 11
Sea sediment samples SEA79…SEA88 ............................................... 21
3.1.1
Basic properties ......................................................................... 21
3.1.2
Geochemical properties ............................................................ 25
Sea sediment samples of the shoreline transects ................................. 41
3.2.1
Basic properties ......................................................................... 41
3.2.2
Geochemical properties ............................................................ 50
Grain size distributions .......................................................................... 87
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.................................................................... 89
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 93
APPENDICES:............................................................................................................ 10
2
3
1
INTRODUCTION
Posiva Oy is responsible for implementing a final disposal repository programme for the
spent nuclear fuel from Finnish nuclear power plants operated by Teollisuuden Voima
Oyj and Fortum Power and Heat Oy. The spent nuclear fuel is planned to be disposed in
a KBS-3-type repository to be constructed at a depth of about 420 meters in crystalline
bedrock at Olkiluoto. The suitability of Olkiluoto for the repository has been
investigated over a period of twenty years by means of different ground and airborne
methods. Following the guidelines set forth by the Ministry of Trade and Industry (now
Ministry of Employment and Economy), Posiva Oy is preparing the next step of nuclear
licensing of the repository, which is to submit the construction license application for
spent fuel repository by the end of year 2012 (Posiva 2009).
Coastal areas are the transition zones between land and sea, and also present sites for
deep groundwater discharge from the planned repository volume. Sea sediments at
present near Olkiluoto are future land areas, and thus important. However, there has
been lack of site specific data on chemical and physical properties of the sea sediments
at the Olkiluoto area.
This report summarises the geochemical and physical properties of the surface sea
sediment samples taken during the R/V Geomari cruise (Kotilainen et al. 2008) and of
the samples from six sea transects near the shoreline of Olkiluoto in 2008 (Ilmarinen et
al. 2009).
1.1
Olkiluoto site
The geological history of the present brackish Baltic Sea has been variable, resulting in
profound changes in the hydrographic conditions and subsequently also in the physical,
chemical and biological features of the sea (Voipio 1981, Eronen 2005, Nuorteva 1994).
Sea sediments contain records of the historical events as the development of the Baltic
Sea from the Baltic Ice Lake to the present Post-Litorina Sea stage, and past and present
inputs to the aquatic systems.
The Bothnian Sea is the southern part of the Gulf of Bothnia, which stretches from the
northern part of Åland up to Merenkurkku (Sw. Kvarken) and forms the northern arm of
the Baltic Sea. The Bothnian Sea occupies about one-fifth of the total of the Baltic Sea
with is surface area of approximately 79,000 km².
The bedrock of the coast of the Bothnian Sea is shaped by continental glaciers and is
covered by layers of non-contemporaneous types of rock. The shapes of the basement
rock, the quality of the types of rock and movement of the continental glaciers have all
had their effect on the present bathymetry of the Bothnian Sea. The bottom of the
eastern part of the Bothnian Sea is even and deepens gently, whereas the western part
deepens steeply and is more fragmented.
Due to the post-glacial land uplift, at present 6.0-6.8 mm/year (Eronen et al. 1995), sea
bottom sediments are continuously emerging from the sea, starting a rapid succession
along the shores. The development of the shoreline will induce changes in local
biosphere conditions, such as ecosystem succession, sediment redistribution
4
(sedimentation and re-suspension/erosion) and groundwater flow. These will, in turn,
influence the positions of potential deep groundwater recharge and discharge.
The effects of land uplift process are accentuated by a rather flat topography and
anthropogenic eutrophication of the Baltic Sea, which increases primary production, and
consequently accumulation of organic matter especially in shallow bays (Figure 1). This
results in a faster apparent shoreline displacement at Olkiluoto offshore than mere land
uplift or changes in sea level would yield. Common reed (Phragmites australis) is a key
organism in this process, producing detritus, decreasing water flows and increasing
silting (Miettinen & Haapanen 2002, Haapanen & Lahdenperä 2011).
Figure 1. On the left: Shore level displacement at Olkiluoto (Mäkiaho 2005) and on the
right: anthropogenic eutrophication increases primary production, and consequently
accumulation of organic matter especially in shallow bays at Olkiluoto. Common reed
(Phragmites australis) is a key organism in this process, producing detritus, decreasing
water flows and increasing silting. Photos by Reija Haapanen/Haapanen Forest
Consulting and Anne-Maj Lahdenperä/Pöyry Finland Oy.
5
The Olkiluoto Island locates on the coast of the Bothnian Sea, in the municipality of
Eurajoki, separated from the mainland by a narrow strait (Figure 2). Olkiluoto is a
regionally large island, approximately 12 km², and relatively flat, with the average
elevation of Olkiluoto being about 5 m above sea level. The highest point of Olkiluoto
Island is Liiklankallio, 18 m above sea level (Lahdenperä et al. 2005). Olkiluoto began
to get its present shape a thousand years ago as many initially small islands
interconnected into a larger one due to continuing land uplift (Eronen et al. 1995,
Mäkiaho 2005).
Figure 2. The Olkiluoto Island locates on the coast of the Bothnian Sea and is
separated from the mainland by a narrow strait. Map layout by Jani Helin/Posiva Oy.
The location of the coastline at Olkiluoto will shift by about 20 km in 6,000 years unless
the sea level changes significantly (Mäkiaho 2005). During the next several thousand
years, the bays surrounding the coastal areas of the Bothnian Sea will narrow and
become isolated as lakes (Figure 3) and possible further develop toward mires
(Haapanen et al. 2009). The bays have a morphological succession series: they start with
an opening or openings to the sea, which are slowly cut off and the development into a
lake or a mire starts. The characteristic vegetation at the bottom of the bays changes as
the land uplift and sediment/organic matter accumulation make the bay shallower
(Münsterhjelm 1997, 2005).
6
Figure 3. Conceptual presentation of terrain development at Olkiluoto. In the
archipelago area south-southwest of Olkiluoto, relatively early emergence of smallerscale lake and river systems is expected. Map layout by Ari Ikonen/Posiva Oy.
The regionally large rivers, Eurajoki and Lapijoki, discharge to sea north and east of
Olkiluoto, increasing the concentrations of solids and nutrients, especially at the river
mouths. An important factor for the development of the ecosystem at Olkiluoto area is
the Eurajoki River, which is expected to flow north of the planned repository in the
future. This will significantly affect the mass balances within the region arising from
erosion and sedimentation processes.
The cooling water intake and discharge of the nuclear power plant, about 60 m3/s,
significantly affect the temperature and currents only in their close vicinity (Figure 4)
(Haapanen et al. 2009). Other factors affecting physico-chemical and biological
properties of the water and sediments in the Olkiluoto area are the general state of the
coastal waters of the Bothnian Sea and the local wastewater load (Sarvala & Sarvala
2005).
7
Figure 4. The area affected by the cooling water from the Olkiluoto nuclear power
plants OL1-OL3, with a wind direction of 210o and speed of 2.4 m/s; water column 1-2
m (conditions selected by modelers, not a long-time average for Olkiluoto). Data
source: Teollisuuden Voima Oyj. Map layout by Jani Helin/Posiva Oy (Haapanen et al.
2009).
The waters around Olkiluoto Island are shallow, except for a few areas where the sea
depths reach more than 15 m (Figure 5). There is more open and deeper sea beyond the
few rocky inlets about 4 km from the western end of the island and there area only a few
islands to the north. Due to the openness to the sea, the winds strongly affect water
currents in the sea (Posiva 2003).
8
Figure 5. Bathymetry of the sea area off Olkiluoto Island. Data is from topographic
database by the National Land Survey of Finland and Pohjola et al. (2009). Map layout
by Jani Helin/Posiva Oy.
1.2
Acoustic seismic studies at Olkiluoto
The geological characteristics of the seafloor offshore at Olkiluoto Island have been
mapped by acoustic-seismic soundings in 2000, 2001 and 2008 (Rantataro 2001, 2002,
Rantataro & Kaskela 2009). The area of acoustic mapping covered the quality and
thickness of the unconsolidated sediment layer and the topography of the rock surface
including differentiating the Precambrian rock basement from areas of Jotnian
sandstone. The surface of the Precambrian bedrock undulates, and the basins and
depressions have been filled with quaternary sediments. The sedimentary rock has
followed the topography of the basement surface, which has resulted in a more gently
undulating general topography. The sedimentary rock area continues from the Satakunta
sedimentary rock area where it is met on outcrops and some rock areas (Lehtinen et al.
1998).
Surveys indicated that the dominant trend in the sea floor is the gently dipping
northwest-southeast structure. The geological units distinguished from the acoustic
seismic profiles are: Precambrian rock and Jotnian sandstone; till; glacio-aquatic mixed
sediment; glacial clay; Ancylus clay; Litorina clay/mud; sand and gravel; washed sand
layers; recent mud; and gaseous “bubble pulse” effect sediments (Rantataro & Kaskela
2009) (Figure 6).
Acoustic-seismic method could not distinguish the boundary surface between the rock
basement and sedimentary rock. Glacio-aquatic mixed sediments were put in a class of
their own (Figure 8) (Rantataro & Kaskela 2009). The Ancylus Lake clays are
9
heterogeneous; in the bottom there are varved clays, which are deposited in the vicinity
of the edges of a retreating glacier. When ice retreated further, and the amount of melt
waters decreased, homogeneous clays were deposited. At the same time, the organic
matter content increased and clay became sulphide-rich, indicating anoxic conditions in
the sea bottom. At the end of the Ancylus Lake phase (8000-8500 years ago) (Salonen
et al. 2002), stratified clay became homogenous and sulphide-poor. The change to the
Litorina Sea phase is found in a sharp contact, in organic-rich, fine-stratified Litorina
clay (Taipale & Saarnisto 1991).
Due to the amount of sedimented and intacted organic material, Litorina clays are gyttja
clays in which there has often been gas formation. The sea area surroundings of
Olkiluoto have an extensive area of gaseous, acoustically “bubbling” sediments. The
sounding methods used did not penetrate the sea floor sediments below gaseous "bubble
pulse" sediments (Figure 6) and therefore they were put in a class of their own. The
recent mud is currently being deposited and is rich in intact organic and mineral matters.
Typical of the whole research area is a varying amount of erosional residual sand, which
occurs both as a usually thin layer on the surface of the sediments and within them
(Rantataro & Kaskela 2009).
Figure 6. Stratigraphy of sediment layers on the Precambrian bedrock or the Jotnian
sandstone based on acoustic-seismic sounding (data from Rantataro 2001, Rantataro &
Kaskela 2009). Thickness of the sandstone is unknown due to the survey method. Red
dots are the sampling points from the R/V Geomari cruise in 2008. Map layout by Ari
Ikonen/Posiva Oy.
10
1.3
Sedimentation and erosion conditions at Olkiluoto
The main factors affecting erosion, transport and accumulation of sediments are
topography, currents, water depth, grain sizes, and distance from the mainland, base
production, bottom fauna, ice cover and land uplift (Kotilainen & Kohonen (2005). In
the Baltic Sea, the sedimentary environment has changed from detritus-rich sediments
in the past to more organic-rich sediments in recent times, partly due to increased
eutrophication, which has also influenced the distribution of nutrients and toxic
substances in the sediments (Schernewski & Wielgat 2004). A number of processes,
such as sorption, tend to immobilize records of sediments, while others, such as
bioturbation disturb the record of input. Often the reactions are slow and reflect biotic
processes, as well as chemical transformations, and they are greatly influenced by the
redox conditions in the sediments.
Fate of sediments transported by the rivers Eurajoki and Lapinjoki to offshore Olkiluoto
is studied using a numerical 3D hydrodynamic model (Lauri 2008). The computation
results showed that the heaviest sedimentation is achieved during the spring discharge
peak in May. Mixing of the river water with seawater in Eurajoensalmi Bay decreases
the concentration at the mouth of the bay efficiently.
Due to heterogeneity of soft sediment deposits, variation in sediment accumulation rate
(SAR) inside sedimentation basins and between closely-situated positions is large. In
1977-1984 the sedimentation rates have been measured at the different depths and
varying dates (STL 1977, 1979, 1980a, 1980b, 1982a, 1982b, 1983, 1984). The
sedimentation rates were clearly lower during the spring–summer periods than in the
autumns. The median values were found to be 2.2–3.7 kg/m2/y, maximum values were
about 10 kg/m2/y and minimum around 0.8 kg/m2/y.
Reported sedimentation rate data from the latest decades are lacking, except the study of
Mattila et al. (2006). SAR values varied widely, being between 0.6 and 6 kg/m2/y. In the
Bothnian Sea, the median SAR values were two, three and seven times higher than at
the stations in the Bothnian Bay, Gulf of Finland and Baltic Proper, respectively. Near
Olkiluoto a value of 1.81 kg/m2/y was estimated.
11
2
METHODS
2.1
Sediment sampling
2.1.1
Surface sediment samples of the R/V Geomari cruise in 2008
During the research vessel Geomari cruise in September 2008 sea surface sediments
were sampled at the Olkiluoto offshore and the open sea area (Kotilainen et al. 2008).
The sampling locations, SEA76...SEA88 (Figure 7), at the water depths between 4.4–
52.8 m, were selected using acoustic echo-sounding profiles already existing and
surveyed during the cruise (Kotilainen et al. 2008, Rantataro 2001, Rantataro 2002,
Rantataro & Kaskela 2010).
Ten soft surface sediments were sampled with a twin-barred gravity corer, GEMAX,
with an inner diameter of 90 cm of the core liner. Three harder substrates (e.g.
sandy/gravel surface sediments) were sampled using a BOX-corer with inner measures
of 180 mm (length) x 180 mm (width) x 225 mm (height). In the Appendix 1 selected
photos of SEA76…SEA88 are shown. The soft surface sediments cores were sliced
mainly into 1 cm thick sub-samples onboard. From the BOX-corers only the upper
surface sediment (0–2 cm) was sub-sampled. The detailed description of the subsamples is presented according to Kotilainen et al. (2008) in Table 1.
The sample identification numbers, sampling depth, number of sub-samples, site
location and water depth (according to Kotilainen et al. 2008) are shown in Table 2.
Figure 7. Locations of the surface sea sediment samples SEA76…SEA88 in the vicinity
of the Olkiluoto Island and the related open sea area. The boundaries of the
sedimentary rock area are based on the results of the acoustic-seismic data (Rantataro
2001, 2002, Rantataro & Kaskela 2009). Map layout by Jani Helin/Posiva Oy and
Antero Keskinen/Pöyry Finland Oy.
12
Three of the cores, SEA76, SEA78 and SEA80, were sampled in front of the cooling
water discharge area of the power plant. SEA79 was sampled at the Olkiluodonvesi Bay
and SEA78 west of it. Four cores, SEA81…SEA83 and SEA85, were sampled from the
Eurajoensalmi Bay. The water depth of these samples varied between 4.4–11.0 m.
SEA84 was sampled about ten kilometers north of Olkiluoto. The water depth was 7.5
m. The BOX-corer sample SEA86 situated at the western open sea area at the
sedimentary rock area. The water depth was 20.7 m. Two cores, SEA87 and SEA88,
were sampled further west in the open sea area. The sampling water depth for SEA87
was 52.7 m and for the SEA88 48.9 m. Spheroid Fe-Mn concretions were found in the
surface layers of SEA88.
13
Table 1. Description of the surface sea sediment samples from the vicinity of the
Olkiluoto Island and from the related open sea (Kotilainen et al. 2008).
Sediment
sample
SEA76
SEA77
SEA78
SEA79
SEA80
SEA81
Sediment description
Sediment surface oxidised in surface and in the sediment column at 0-3 cm depth, holes
and burrows at 2-6 cm and 40-42 cm depths
0-1.5 cm
Fluffy, greenish brown clayey gyttja, pieces of plants
1.5-2 cm
Light olive grey, gyttja clay, lower boundary bioturbated
2-9.5 cm
Partly laminated gyttja clay, laminae partly disturbed
9.5-19.5 cm
Mainly olive grey gyttja clay
19.5-22 cm
Dark grey gyttja clay
22-46 cm
Mainly homogenous, olive grey, gyttja clay
Sediment surface oxidised in surface at 0-2 cm depth, remnants of plants and shells at
surface (0-3 cm) and holes and burrows at 2-6 cm and 40-42 cm depth
0-2 cm
Fluffy, brown, clayey gyttja
2-4 cm
Olive grey gyttja clay, lower boundary disturbed
4-23 cm
Faintly laminated gyttja clay, laminae structure partly disturbed
23-44 cm
Mainly homogenous olive grey, gyttja clay
Sediment surface oxidised in surface at 0-1.5 cm depth, holes and burrows in surface
0-1.5 cm
Fluffy, brown gyttja, lower contact gradual
Light olive grey, gyttja clay, lower boundary disturbed, burrows continue up
1.5-4 cm
to 6 cm depth
4-12 cm
Mainly homogenous, dark olive grey gyttja clay
Olive grey, mainly homogenous gyttja clay, light olive grey lense (ø 1 mm)
12-37 cm
at 17 cm depth
Sediment surface oxidised in surface at 0-0.5 cm depth, holes and burrows in sediment
column at 6.5-45 cm depth
0-0.5 cm
Fluffy, brown gyttja
Mainly light olive grey, gyttja clay, some darker spots, lower boundary
0.5-4 cm
disturbed
4-9 cm
Dark grey/black gyttja clay
Mainly homogenous, olive grey gyttja clay, some dark olive grey units
9-40 cm
occasionally
Sediment surface oxidised at 0-1.5 cm depth
Remnants of biota (shell) in surface and sediment column at 2-4.5 cm depth, observations
of living benthic animals (2 worms Marenzelleria viridis at 27-28 cm depth)
0-1.5 cm
Fluffy, brown gyttja
1.5-2 cm
Light olive grey, gyttja clay, lower contact disturbed
2-7 cm
Homogenous, dark grey gyttja clay, lower contact disturbed
7-12 cm
Homogenous, olive grey gyttja clay
12-27 cm
Homogenous, dark grey gyttja clay
27-31cm
Olive grey, gyttja clay
Sediment surface oxidised at 0-2 cm depth, holes and burrows from surface down to 8 cm
0-2 cm
Fluffy, greenish brown clayey gyttja, a few holes (ø 1 mm)
2-4 cm
Light olive grey, gyttja clay, lower contact disturbed
4-14 cm
Mottled, dark grey/light olive grey, gyttja clay, bioturbated
14-38 cm
Mainly homogenous, black/dark grey, gyttja clay
14
Table 1 (cont`d). Description of the surface sea sediment samples from the vicinity of
the Olkiluoto Island and from the related open sea (Kotilainen et al. 2008).
Sediment
sample
SEA82
SEA83
SEA84
SEA85
SEA86
Sediment description
Sediment surface oxidised at 0-1.5 cm depth, holes and burrows at 9-23 cm depth
0-1.5 cm
Fluffy, brown clayey gyttja, soft
1.5-5 cm
Light olive grey gyttja clay, a few dark spots, lower contact disturbed, soft
Mottled, dark grey gyttja clay with some light olive grey spots and burrows,
5-9 cm
soft
9-23 cm
Mainly dark grey gyttja clay
23-40 cm
Homogenous cm, black, gyttja clay
Sediment surface oxidised at 0-1 cm depth, remnants of biota in surface and holes and
burrows in sediment column at 5-45 cm depth
0-1 cm
Fluffy, brown, clayey gyttja
1-5 cm
Partly laminated, gyttja clay, laminae partly disturbed, black/light olive grey
Mainly homogenous, black gyttja clay, several holes, intervals 17-18 and
5-45 cm
20-21.5 cm are slightly lighter (dark grey)
Sediment surface oxidised at 0-2 cm depth, remnants of plants at the surface
0-2 cm
Greenish brown, muddy sand
Greenish grey, gravelly/stony sand, laminae partly disturbed, black/light
2-5 cm
olive grey
5-9 cm
Grey clay
Sediment surface oxidised at 0-1 cm depth, remnants of biota in surface and in sediment
column at 3-15 cm depth,
observations of living benthic animals (shell)
0-1 cm
Fluffy, brown, clayey gyttja, a crack at the surface
1-3 cm
Light olive grey, gyttja clay, lower contact disturbed
Mainly homogenous, dark grey, gyttja clay, a few light olive grey spots,
3-15 cm
remnants of plants
Sediment surface oxidised
Locates at the sedimentary rock area
0-2 cm
SEA87
SEA88
Reddish brown, stony/gravelly sand
Sediment surface oxidised at 0-2 cm depth,
observations of benthic animals (Polychaete Marenzelleria viridis).
Erosional surface at 2 cm depth
0-2 cm
Greenish brown, muddy (clayey) sand
2-10 cm
Grey clay
Sediment surface oxidised at 0-2 cm depth, remnants of biota in sediment column,
concretions in surface (0-2 cm) and erosional surface (2 cm)
Greenish brown, silty sandy gyttja, small (ø 1 mm), spherical Fe-Mn0-2 cm
concretions, remnants of shells, living benthic animals
2 cm
Stones/gravel/sand
2-9 cm
Laminated clay, black/dark grey/grey
15
Table 2. The basic information of the surface sediment samples carried out in the
Olkiluoto sea area in 2008 (Kotilainen et al. 2008).
Core ID,
Posiva Oy
Core ID,
Geological
Survey
Sampling
depth
(cm)
Number
of subsamples
Northing
(Finnish
KKJ)
Easting
(Finnish
KKJ)
Water
depth
(m)
SEA76
MGGN-17
0-48
28
6792256
1521833
10.2
SEA77
MGGN-18
0-50
41
6792038
1521384
11.0
SEA78
MGGN-19
0-49
28
6790460
1522781
9.2
SEA79
MGGN-20
0-43
27
6790882
1524867
4.4
SEA80
MGGN-21
0-42
27
6792311
1522302
8.1
SEA81
MGGN-22
0-42
27
6792708
1529202
5.5
SEA82
MGGN-23
0-45
27
6793271
1528522
6.2
SEA83
MGGN-24
0-49
28
6793607
1527683
7.7
SEA84
MGGN-25
0-7
3
6801375
1526895
7.5
SEA85
MGGN-26
0-15
12
6793609
1526227
8.6
SEA86
MGBC-35
0-2
1
6792930
1516318
20.7
SEA87
MGBC-36
0-2
1
6799563
1500484
52.7
SEA88
MGBC-37
0-2
1
6793098
1502011
48.9
2.1.2
Surface sediment samples of shoreline transects
Six transects (SBT15-18; denoted here as 1…5b, like also in (Ilmarinen et al. 2009))
surface sediment samples (Table 3 and Figure 8) near the Olkiluoto shoreline were
sampled in the summer 2008, providing new information on variation and continuity of
physical and geochemical properties of the coastal areas around the Olkiluoto Island.
The study also included bathymetric surveys in the shallow areas and the assessment of
benthic macrophytes and macrozoobenthos in the underwater extending from the sea
shore to the sea at Olkiluoto (Ilmarinen et al. 2009). The description of overburden and
vegetation of the corresponding land transects are reported in Haapanen & Lahdenperä
(2011).
The sediment cores, 57 altogether, were taken by diving with 8 cm diameter tube
sampler. The cores were taken at 50 meter intervals and sliced mainly for 05 cm, 520
cm and 2050 cm layers, and the slices conserved as separate samples. When the
bottom substrate was hard, only a sample from the topmost layer was taken (Table 4).
The selected photos of the Transect 1…5b samples are shown in the Appendix 2.
The Transects located in the different littoral environments: Transects 1 and 2 located in
the northern part of the Olkiluoto Island and the bottom sediments varied between the
soft and hard bottoms. In Transects 1 and 2 the water depth was the deepest of the
studied transects. Transect 3 located in the eastern part of the Olkiluoto, in the sheltered
Eurajoensalmi Bay, and the all the bottom sediments were soft. The water depth varied
from 0.7 to 2.1 m. Transect 4 located in the southern part of the Olkiluoto and sediments
16
varied from muddy clay to clay and fine sand. Transects 5a and 5b located in the
southwestern part of the Olkiluoto, in the sheltered Olkiluodonvesi Bay. The bottom
sediments in 5a were mainly gyttja with no layers. The water depth in Transect 5a was a
very shallow (0.4-0.5 m) as it located in a flad, which is still connected to the sea but
will be isolated due to land uplift and eutrophication. According to Ilmarinen et al.
(2009) there was abundant primary production. The sediments in Transect 5b were more
coarse-grained, sandy clay to till (Table 4).
Table 3. Number of the sub-samples from the six Transects.
Code in this
report
Transect code,
Posiva Oy
Sampling numbers
of the sub-samples
Water depth (m)
Transect 1
Transect 2
Transect 3
Transect 4
Transect 5a
Transect 5b
SBT13
SBT14
SBT15
SBT16
SBT18
SBT17
83-111
51-78
19-49
142-170
1-18
114-141
2-8.6
8.6-8.8
0.7-2.1
1.2-3.6
0.4-0.5
0.8-3.8
Figure 8. Sediment sampling sites of the six Transects 1…5b. The numbers in the end of
the transects indicate the id-numbers of the sub-samples. Map modified by Antero
Keskinen/Pöyry Finland Oy according to Ilmarinen et al. (2009).
17
Table 4. Basic information and the sediment types of the sub-samples in Transects
1…5b near the Olkiluoto shoreline (Ilmarinen et al. 2009).
Transect
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Sample
number
Sampling
depth cm
Core depth
cm
Northing
Easting
(Finnish KKJ)
(Finnish KKJ)
Sediment type according to
field work
80
85
86
87
90
103
104-105
111
53
55
57
60
66
67-68
70
71
72
73
74-75
76
77-78
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
35
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
0-25
0-5
5-20
20-50
20-25
0-5
20-50
20-50
0-10
0-5
20-50
20-50
0-5
0-20
0-5
5-20
20-35
0-5
5-35
0-5
5-45
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-30
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-40
0-5
5-20
20-40
0-5
5-20
20-35
0-5
5-20
20-45
0-5
5-20
20-35
0-5
5-20
20-50
200
700
700
700
700
820
820
860
250
670
670
720
670
770
880
880
880
860
860
860
860
90
90
90
210
210
210
160
160
160
120
120
120
110
110
110
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
70
70
70
110
110
110
6795809
6796048
6796048
6796048
6796094
6796346
6796346
6796469
6795714
6795747
6795747
6795774
6795864
6795881
6795914
6795914
6795914
6795935
6795935
6795969
6795969
6794334
6794334
6794334
6794309
6794309
6794309
6794284
6794284
6794284
6794254
6794254
6794254
6794222
6794222
6794222
6794179
6794179
6794179
6794191
6794191
6794191
6794237
6794237
6794237
6794264
6794264
6794264
6794283
6794283
6794283
6794057
6794057
6794057
2364270
2364336
2364336
2364336
2364345
2364368
2364368
2364366
2365915
2365966
2365966
2365999
2366134
2366176
2366213
2366213
2366213
2366253
2366253
2366295
2366295
2367597
2367597
2367597
2367554
2367554
2367554
2367536
2367536
2367536
2367483
2367483
2367483
2367453
2367453
2367453
2367406
2367406
2367406
2367344
2367344
2367344
2367308
2367308
2367308
2367278
2367278
2367278
2367230
2367230
2367230
2367531
2367531
2367531
Soft at the top, then gravel
Fine sand
Fine sand with clay
Clay
Gravel with some clay
Clay
Clay
Sand top 10 cm, rest clay
Coarse sediment
Fine muddy sand
Clay
Glacial clay
Till
Muddy clay
Light oxygenated muddy clay
Muddy clay
Muddy clay
Light oxygenated muddy clay
Muddy clay
Light oxygenated muddy clay
Dark muddy clay
Soft muddy clay
Soft muddy clay
Soft muddy clay
Whole sample evenly gray clay
Whole sample evenly gray clay
Whole sample evenly gray clay
Light top layer 3 cm
Clay
Clay
Soft clay
Soft clay
Soft clay
Dark gray clay
Thin brown layer at the top layer
Thin brown layer at the top layer
Brown clay
Soft clay
Soft clay
Soft muddy clay
Degrading plant material
Degrading plant material
Degrading plant material
Degrading plant material
Degrading plant material
Soft muddy clay
Clay
Clay with sand
Soft muddy clay
Soft muddy clay
Soft muddy clay with sand
Soft clay
Soft clay
Soft clay
18
Table 4 (cont'd). Basic information and the sediment types of the sub-samples in
Transects 1…5b near the Olkiluoto shoreline (Ilmarinen et al. 2009).
Sample
number
Sampling
depth cm
Core depth
cm
Northing
Easting
(Finnish KKJ)
(Finnish KKJ)
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
142
143
144
145-147
148
149
150
151-152
154-155
157
158
159
160-161
162
163
165
166
169
1-2
3
7-8
9
13
15
16
114
117
118-119
126
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-30
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-20
0-20
0-5
5-20
20-30
0-20
0-50
0-5
20-30
0-5
0-5
20-30
20-45
0-20
20-50
0-5
20-50
0-5
0-20
0-20
0-20
0-25
120
120
120
180
200
200
200
220
270
300
300
300
320
320
340
340
360
320
40
40
40
40
50
50
50
80
80
80
260
6793597
6793597
6793597
6793551
6793514
6793514
6793514
6793491
6793427
6793388
6793388
6793388
6793370
6793370
6793327
6793327
6793284
6793240
6794654
6794654
6794605
6794605
6794555
6794555
6794530
6794186
6794175
6794175
6794166
2364835
2364835
2364835
2364816
2364776
2364776
2364776
2364736
2364718
2364668
2364668
2364668
2364645
2364645
2364608
2364608
2364575
2364541
2363607
2363607
2363695
2363695
2363784
2363784
2363828
2364132
2364079
2364079
2363932
Transect 5b
129
0-30
280
6794154
2363886
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
130
131
132
133
134
135
136-138
139-140
0-5
5-20
20-40
0-5
5-20
20-40
0-35
0-35
290
290
290
330
330
330
350
380
6794145
6794145
6794145
6794136
6794136
6794136
6794125
6794127
2363839
2363839
2363839
2363788
2363788
2363788
2363742
2363677
Transect
2.2
Sediment type according to
field work
Muddy clay
Muddy clay
Muddy clay
Muddy clay
Muddy clay
Muddy clay
Muddy clay
Clay, fine sand
Clay, fine sand
Clay, fine sand
Clay, fine sand
Coarse fine sand, clay
Clay, fine sand
Coarse fine sand, clay
Clay, fine sand
Coarse fine sand, clay
Clay, fine sand
Clay, fine sand
All gray, no layers
Light gray till in the end
All gray, no layers
Light gray till in the end
All gray, no layers
Light gray coarse sand in the end
Organic substance, mud
Till
Till
Till
Till
At the top clay layer, at the
bottom till
Till
Till
Till
Clay-sand
Clay-sand
Clay-sand
Clay-sand
Clay-sand
Chemical and physical analyses
The surface sea sediment samples were dried using the cold-drying technique (ISO
16720). The samples were sieved to < 2 mm fraction. The analysed parameters,
methods, standards and number of analysed sub-samples are presented in Table 5.
In total, 48 sub-samples were analysed from cores SEA76…SEA88 and 170 from
Transects 1…5b. However, the number of analysed samples was lower than the full
number of the cored sub-samples; for instance, in some cases the samples were
combined, when the sediment types were similar. The description of the average values
19
in the different depths in sea sediment samples used in following Figures 9-71 is given
in the Appendix 3. From the topmost samples (0–1 cm or 0–2 cm) of SEA76…SEA88,
Se, I and Cl were not analysed, because these samples were analysed separately earlier
with a different analytical programme.
Table 5. Analysed parameters, methods and used standards for the surface sea
sediments.
Parameter
Unit
pH
-
Loss on ignition
(LOI)
mass-%dw
Dry matter content
mass-%dw
Moisture
%
Carbon and
nitrogen
*Multi-element
analysis with
hydrofluoric acid perchloric acid
extraction
Method
mass-%dw
0.01 M CaCl2
extraction
Gravimetrically at
550 oC
Gravimetrically at
105 oC
Gravimetrically at
105 oC
Carbon-nitrogen
analyser
mg/kgdw
ICP-MS/ICPOES-technique
Iodine
mg/kgdw
Chloride
mg/kgdw
Selenium
mg/kgdw
Grain size
distribution
%
HNO3-HF in
sealed Teflon
containers in
microwave oven,
ICP-SFMS
technique
HNO3-HF in
sealed Teflon
containers in
microwave oven,
ICP-SFMS
technique
HNO3-HF in
sealed Teflon
containers in
microwave oven,
AFS technique
Sieving and
Sedigraph
analysis
Standard
Laboratory
SFS ISO 10390
Labtium Ltd
CEN 15407
Labtium Ltd
ISO 11465
Labtium Ltd
ISO 11465
Labtium Ltd
ISO 13878, CEN
15104
Labtium Ltd
SFS-EN-ISO
17294-2 and SFSEN-ISO 11885
Labtium Ltd
SS0281 13-1
ALS
Laboratory
Luleå
SS0281 13-1
ALS
Laboratory
Luleå
SS0281 13-1
ALS
Laboratory
Luleå
ISO 3310/1
Labtium Ltd
* Analysed elements: Al, As, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, S,
Sb, Sn, Sr, Ti, Tl, V, Zn, Zr
20
21
3
RESULTS
3.1
Sea sediment samples SEA79…SEA88
3.1.1
Basic properties
pH
The pH values varied from 2.9 to 7.2 and the median value was 5.1. The pH values
decreased distinctly as a function of sediment depth (0–50 cm) (Figure 9). In some sites
the decrease of pH was about three pH units from the surface to 50 cm depth. However,
there was a large variation in pH-values between the sediments and sediment depths.
The lowest values were in SEA79, which located southwest of Olkiluoto, at the
sheltered Olkiluodonvesi Bay area, where the water depth is shallow (4.4 m). The
highest pH values were in SEA86 (pH 7.2 at 0–2 cm depth) locating in the sedimentary
rock area and in SEA84 (pH 7.1 at 0–1 cm depth) locating about 10 km to north from
the Olkiluoto Island. The pH values were somewhat higher in the samples, which
located at the Eurajoensalmi Bay than the Olkiluodonvesi sea area and those in front of
the power plant. In the mineral soils at Olkiluoto pH values ranged from 4.0–8.0
(Lintinen et al. 2003, Lintinen & Kahelin 2003, Lahdenperä 2009).
pH at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
pH
SEA 76
SEA 81
SEA 86
SEA 77
SEA 82
SEA 87
SEA 78
SEA 83
SEA 88
SEA 79
SEA 84
SEA 80
SEA 85
Figure 9. The pH distribution of the surface sea samples SEA76…SEA88 at the average
depths (the definition of “average depth” is described in the Appendix 3).
Loss on ignition
The loss on ignition (LOI) decreased as a function of depth, exception was in SEA79
(Figure 10). The variation was from 0.4 % to 14.6 %. The clearly lowest values were in
SEA84, SEA86 and SEA88 (at 0–2 cm depths) which were sandy type sediments.
22
Dry matter and moisture
The dry matter and moisture contents were analysed only from the topmost surface
sediment layers (< 10 cm). Dry matter varied from 14.5 % to 81.6 % and the moisture
content from 18.4 % to 85.5 %. The dry matter was lowest in SEA83 and the moisture
content was the highest; and the opposite in SEA86. The water content of the sediments
depends greatly e.g. on grain size distribution.
LOI at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
LOI (%)
SEA 76
SEA 77
SEA 78
SEA 79
SEA 81
SEA 82
SEA 83
SEA 85
SEA 80
Figure 10. The loss on ignition (LOI, % of dry weight) at the average depths of
SEA76…SEA88. SEA84 (3.3 %), SEA86 (0.4 %), SEA87 (4.5 %) and SEA88 (2.0 %) are
out of the scale; the samples were sandy type of sediments, poor in organic matter.
Carbon and nitrogen distribution
Carbon is a very active element and is often involved biochemical processes that affect
metal binding and fixation. In the Baltic Sea usually more than 99% of the total carbon
is of organic origin (Carman 1996). Organic carbons in marine sediment results form
several resources: benthic organisms that form organic tissues and faeces and deposited
pelagic organic carbon that reaches the sea floor before it is degraded. Bioturbation is an
important process to preserve sub-oxic sediment conditions and has a relative important
role for the sub-oxic organic carbon degradation processes such as metal oxide
reduction.
The chemistry of nitrogen in seawater is more complicated since nitrogen exists in the
sea as elementary dissolved nitrogen and at eight different oxidation levels. Nitrate is
the final oxidation product of nitrogen compounds in seawater. The redox potential of
sea water determines the form of nitrogen that has dominant stability. Nitrite occurs in
sea water as an intermediate product in microbial redox processes of nitrate
(denitrification) at low oxygen levels. Nitrite is formed in low oxygen levels. The
natural level of nitrite in seawater is very low, but in transition zones, between oxic and
23
anoxic layers, thin sediment layers of increased nitrite may occur. Ammonium
concentration in the sea shows considerable variations and can change rapidly. In anoxic
deep stagnant water high ammonium concentrations occur.
The carbon contents varied from 0.2 % to 6.1 % and contents decreased according to
sediment depths (Figure 11). The nitrogen concentrations varied from 0.05 % to 0.97 %
(Figure 12). The highest carbon and nitrogen contents were in SEA76 and SEA80
locating just in the western sea area of Olkiluoto (close to the power plant cooling water
outlet). The lowest values were in SEA84 (1.2 %), SEA86 (0.2 %), SEA87 (1.4 %) and
SEA88 (0.8 %). The sediment types were sandy and gravel (hard bottoms) and sites
located in the open and deep water sea area. The carbon and nitrogen concentrations
correlated with organic matter (LOI) content. In the study of Ilus et al. (1973) the carbon
contents of the sediments at the offshore of Olkiluoto varied from 0.26 % to 7.1 % and
nitrogen contents 0.03 % to 0.86 %. The lowest contents were in the sediments locating
in the erosion bottoms.
In the Appendix 4 the median, minimum and maximum values are presented. Appendix
5 lists the analysed results of pH, LOI, moisture, dry matter, ash, carbon and nitrogen
contents of the samples from SEA76…SEA88.
C at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
C (%)
SEA 76
SEA 77
SEA 78
SEA 79
SEA 81
SEA 82
SEA 83
SEA 85
SEA 80
Figure 11. The carbon content (% of dry weight) at the average depths in
SEA76…SEA88. SEA84 (1.2 %), SEA 86 (0.2 %), SEA 87 (1.4 %) and SEA 88 (0.8 %)
are out of scale; the samples were sandy type of sediments.
24
N at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
N (%)
SEA 76
SEA 77
SEA 78
SEA 79
SEA 81
SEA 82
SEA 83
SEA 85
SEA 80
Figure 12. The nitrogen content (% of dry weight) at the average depths. SEA84
(0.22 %), SEA86 (0.05 %), SEA87 (0.24 %) and SEA88 (0.140 %) are out of the scale;
the samples were sandy type of sediments.
25
3.1.2
Geochemical properties
The medium, minimum and maximum values and the detection limits of the analysed
elements of SEA76…SEA88 sediment samples are presented in Appendix 6. All the
analysed concentrations are reported on the dry weight (105 °C) basis.
Ca, Mg, K, Na and P distribution
The potassium (K) and sodium (Na) were the main dominant cations in
SEA76…SEA88 (Figures 13 and 14). Potassium concentrations varied from 18.0 g/kg
(SEA88) to 28.3 g/kg (SEA86). There was not a large variation in concentrations in
different depths and between the samples. The median concentration was 22.5 g/kg. The
potassium concentration in SEA86 was high which, is typical for the sedimentary rock
areas. The sodium concentration varied from 12.3 g/kg (SEA88) to 21.2 g/kg, being
highest in SEA82 and SEA83, which located in the Eurajoensalmi Bay. The median
concentration was 15.0 g/kg. The highest concentrations were in the topmost sediments.
Dissolved potassium is adsorbed from solutions onto colloids and is enriched in clays.
Dissolved sodium remains in solution in ion form and adds the sea water salinity.
In the mineral soils at Olkiluoto potassium (7.1–26.1 g/kg) and sodium (4.5–15.8 g/kg)
concentrations were lower than in the sea sediments (Lahdenperä 2009).
K at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
20
20.5
21
21.5
22
22.5
23
23.5
24
24.5
25
K (g/kg)
SEA 76
SEA 81
SEA 86
SEA 77
SEA 82
SEA 87
SEA 78
SEA 83
SEA 88
SEA 79
SEA 84
SEA 80
SEA 85
Figure 13. The potassium concentrations at the average depths of SEA76…SEA88.
26
Na at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Na (g/kg)
SEA 76
SEA 81
SEA 86
SEA 77
SEA 82
SEA 87
SEA 78
SEA 83
SEA 88
SEA 79
SEA 84
SEA 80
SEA 85
Figure 14. The sodium concentrations at the average depths of SEA76…SEA88.
Calcium minerals weather easily and dissolved calcium is crystallised into sediments or
precipitated from solutions by organisms. Magnesium minerals also weather easily,
with the dissolved magnesium being removed from solution mostly into clay minerals
and carbonates (Koljonen 1992). The calcium concentrations varied from 4.55 g/kg
(SEA86) to 11.6 g/kg (SEA80) (Figure 15) and magnesium concentrations varied from
1.95 g/kg (SEA86) to 13.7 g/kg (SEA78) (Figure 16) In general, the concentration
ranges of Ca and Mg were not large, exceptions was in SEA86 with clearly lower
concentrations locating in the sedimentary rock area. In the mineral soils at Olkiluoto
calcium (4.1–23.8 g/kg) concentrations were higher but magnesium (1.4–9.9 g/kg)
concentrations were lower than in the sea sediments (Lahdenperä 2009).
27
Ca at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
8
8.5
9
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
Ca (g/kg)
SEA 76
SEA 80
SEA 84
SEA 77
SEA 81
SEA 85
SEA 78
SEA 82
SEA 87
SEA 79
SEA 83
Figure 15. The calcium concentrations at the average depths of SEA76…SEA88. SEA86
(4.55 g/kg) and SEA88 (7.72 g/kg) are out of the scale; the samples were sandy type of
sediments.
M g at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
8.5
9
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
12.5
13
13.5
14
Mg (g/kg)
SEA 76
SEA 77
SEA 78
SEA 79
SEA 81
SEA 82
SEA 83
SEA 85
SEA 80
Figure 16. The magnesium concentrations at the average depths of SEA76…SEA88.
SEA84 (5.85 g/kg), SEA86 (1.95 g/kg, SEA87 (6.90 g/kg) and SEA88 (4.56 g/kg) are out
of the scale.
The occurrence of phosphorus ions in the near bottom water depends much on the
oxygen conditions. With high oxygen concentration, phosphorus is bound from water as
ferrous complexes into bottom sediment. During anoxic conditions phosphorus is
released from the sediment to the water and the phosphate concentrations in the water
phase are increased consequently. Dissolved phosphorus is removed from solution to
28
organic-rich sediments. Phosphorus enters into the Baltic Sea mainly as waterborne, but
a minor part can enter as atmospheric deposition.
The phosphorus concentrations decreased as a function of the sediment depth. The
concentrations varied from 539 mg/kg to 2620 mg/kg (Figure 17). The median value
was 1160 mg/kg. The lowest value was in SEA86 locating in the sedimentary rock area.
The highest values were in the western sea area of Olkiluoto and in the Olkiluodonvesi
Bay. The values coincide with the phosphorus contents of 0.2 % (uppermost 4 cm) and
0.12 % (10-30 cm depth), respectively, which were given by Niemistö et al. (1978) for
the eastern basin of the Gulf of Bothnia. In the mineral soils at Olkiluoto phosphorus
concentrations (380–965 mg/kg) were clearly lower than in the sea sediments
(Lahdenperä 2009).
The Ca, K, Mg, Na and P concentrations of SEA76…SEA88 are presented in
Appendix 7.
P at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
2250
2500
P (m g/kg)
SEA 76
SEA 81
SEA 86
SEA 77
SEA 82
SEA 87
SEA 78
SEA 83
SEA 88
SEA 79
SEA 84
SEA 80
SEA 85
Figure 17. The phosphorus concentrations at the average depths of SEA76…SEA88.
Al and Fe distribution
In general, the solubility of aluminum hydroxides is low, especially at the pH range
from 5 to 9 (Kabata-Pendias & Pendias 1992). The aluminum concentrations varied
from 37.8 g/kg (SEA88) to 65.2 g/kg (SEA80) (Figure 18) and the median value was
55.6 g/kg. The lowest values were in sandy sediments. However, there was no large
variation in Al distribution between the surface sediment samples and different
sediment depths. Aluminum concentrations in mineral soils at Olkiluoto were clearly
lower (18.1–38.1 g/kg) than in the sea sediments (Lahdenperä 2009).
29
Al at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
Al (g/kg)
SEA 76
SEA 77
SEA 78
SEA 79
SEA 81
SEA 82
SEA 83
SEA 85
SEA 80
Figure 18. The aluminum concentrations at the average depths of SEA76…SEA88.
SEA84 (44.6 g/kg), SEA86 (43.0 g/kg), SEA87 (43.3 g/kg) and SEA88 (37.8)
concentrations are out of the scale; the sites located in the open sea area.
With the exception of oxides, the iron-bearing minerals weather easily. The reactions of
iron weathering are dependent largely on the Eh-pH system of the environment and on
the stage of oxidisation of the Fe compounds involved. The iron concentrations varied
from 10.7 g/kg (SEA86) to 52.3 g/kg (SEA78) (Figure 19). The median value was 42.0
g/kg. The pattern of Fe-distribution followed that of aluminum. In the surface sediment
of SEA88 were found spheroidal Fe-Mn concretions. The characteristics of the
concretions are dependent on the sedimentological, hydrological and above all redox
conditions of the sea environment (Glasby et al. 1997). In the mineral soils at Olkiluoto
Fe concentrations were lower (6.0–31.8 g/kg) than in the sea sediments (Lahdenperä
2009).
30
Fe at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
Fe (g/kg)
SEA 76
SEA 77
SEA 78
SEA 79
SEA 80
SEA 81
SEA 82
SEA 83
SEA 85
SEA 87
Figure 19. The iron concentrations at the average depths of SEA76…SEA88. SEA84
(24.7 g/kg), SEA86 (10.7 g/kg) and SEA88 (24.8 g/kg) concentrations are out of the
scale; the sites located in the open sea area.
Cu, Mn, Mo, S and Zn distribution
Copper, manganese, molybdenum, sulphur and zinc are the main trace elements. Copper
is a mobile trace cation and in depositional material exhibits a great ability to
chemically interact with mineral and organic components (Kabata-Pendias & Pendias
1992). Copper is commonly known to be essential for life but toxic in higher
concentrations just as the most other metals (Emsley 1989). The copper concentrations
varied from 2.35 mg/kg (SEA86) to 76 mg/kg (SEA87) (Figure 20) and the median
value was 26.3 mg/kg. There was no large variation between the recent clay, soft
bottom sample concentrations.
In the study of Vallius (2009), the Cu concentration in surface sediments (0-1 cm) in the
Gulf of Finland varied from 27.6-76.3 mg/kg. Vallius & Leivuori (2003) gave the
background value for copper 25 mg/kg. Copper concentrations exceeded the given
background value in the all soft sediment samples. In the coarse-grained sediments, in
SEA86…SEA88, concentrations were much lower (4.6-21.8 mg/kg). Significantly high
concentrations (> 50 mg/kg) were found in SEA 76…SEA78 and SEA80. These
sampling sites located in the west of the Olkiluoto offshore. LOI and carbon
concentration were higher in these sites than in the other sites. In the mineral soils at
Olkiluoto copper concentrations were clearly lower (7.5–29.8 mg/kg) than in the sea
sediments (Lahdenperä 2009).
Manganese occurs as oxides and hydroxides, and it cycles through its various oxidation
states. Manganese-rich silicates weather easily and in reducing environments it
precipitates as iron manganese hydroxides. The manganese concentrations varied from
105 mg/kg (SEA86) to 0.7 g/kg (SEA87) (Figure 21). The medium value was 494
mg/kg. The concentrations were clearly higher in the topmost sediments. The
31
manganese concentrations in mineral soils at Olkiluoto were significantly lower (183604 mg/kg) than in the surface sea sediments (Lahdenperä 2009).
In dissolved form molybdenum is rapidly removed from solutions and is adsorbed into
clays, and especially into sediments rich in organic matter. Molybdenum is an element,
which is essential for most life forms and moderately toxic in higher concentrations
(Emsley 1989). The Mo concentrations varied from 0.69 mg/kg (SEA86) to 15.9 mg/kg
(SEA87). The median value was 2.29 mg/kg. The concentrations increased according to
the sediment depth. The high Mo concentration in the top sediment layer of SEA87 is
possibly from anthropogenic origins. Vallius (2009) gave Mo concentration of 0.5713.6 mg/kg in the surface sediments (0-1 cm) in the Gulf of Finland. In the mineral soils
at Olkiluoto Mo concentrations were under the detection limit (Lahdenperä 2009).
Cu at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
25
27.5
30
32.5
35
37.5
40
42.5
45
47.5
50
52.5
55
Cu (m g/kg)
SEA 76
SEA 77
SEA 78
SEA 79
SEA 81
SEA 82
SEA 83
SEA 85
SEA 80
Figure 20. The copper concentrations at the average depths of SEA76…SEA88. SEA84
(12.8 mg/kg), SEA86 (4.64 m/kg) and SEA88 (10.8 mg/kg) concentrations are out of the
scale; the sites located in the open sea area.
32
M n at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Mn (m g/kg)
SEA 76
SEA 80
SEA 84
SEA 77
SEA 81
SEA 85
SEA 78
SEA 82
SEA 86
SEA 79
SEA 83
Figure 21. The manganese concentrations at the average depths of SEA76…SEA88.
In marine sediments with a high organic carbon input sulphate reduction is the most
important anaerobic degradation pathway. Due to diffusion of sulphate from the
overlying water into the sediment and the high concentration of sulphate in sea water,
sulphate availability is high and this process can account for a large part of organic
matter degradation (Henrichs & Reeburgh 1987). Thus, in organic rich coastal
sediments sulphate reduction is often the major mineralisation pathway (20–90 % of
total mineralisation) (Jørgensen 1982, Canfield et al. 1993b, Thamdrup & Canfield
1996). Sulphide, which is one of the main products of sulphate reduction, can re-oxidize
with O2, NO3, Mn- and Fe-oxides (Jørgensen 1977, Sørensen & Jørgensen 1987,
Moeslund et al. 1994). The sulphur concentrations varied from 125 mg/kg (SEA86) to
16.7 g/kg (SEA79) (Figure 22) and the median value was 4.2 g/kg. The lowest values
were in sandy rich, hard bottom sediments. The S concentrations increased according to
the depth. In the mineral soils at Olkiluoto sulphur concentrations varied from 63.1
mg/kg to 1860 mg/kg (Lahdenperä 2009).
33
S at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
S (m g/kg)
SEA 76
SEA 81
SEA 86
SEA 77
SEA 82
SEA 87
SEA 78
SEA 83
SEA 88
SEA 79
SEA 84
SEA 80
SEA 85
Figure 22. The sulphur concentrations at average depths of SEA76…SEA88.
Organic matter is known to be capable of bonding zinc into stabile forms, therefore
accumulation of Zn in organic-rich sediments is observed. Zn is considered to be readily
soluble relative to the other heavy metals (Kabata-Pendias & Pendias 1992). Zinc is
very essential for life and harmful or toxic only in high concentrations (Emsley 1989).
The Zn concentrations varied from 25.8 mg/kg (SEA86) to 324 mg/kg (SEA82) (Figure
23). The median value was 191 mg/kg. There was no clear trend in Zn distribution
according to the depth. The lowest concentrations were found in sandy-rich sediment
samples.
The estimated background value for Zn given by Vallius & Leivuori (2003) is 100
mg/kg. The Zn concentrations exceeded the background values in all sediments except
in SEA84, SEA86 and SEA88 (25.8-88.0 mg/kg). The significantly high concentration
(> 250 mg/kg) were in SEA76, SEA78 and SEA80…SEA83 locating in the sheltered,
shallow water areas in the west of Olkiluoto and in the Eurajoensalmi Bay. Vallius
(2009) studied zinc concentrations in the Gulf of Finland and found concentrations of
92.9-260 mg/kg in the surface sediments (0-1 cm). According to Vallius (2009) the high
zinc concentrations are from anthropogenic origins. In the mineral soils at Olkiluoto
zinc concentrations (25.6–82.6 mg/kg) were significantly lower than in the sea
sediments (Lahdenperä 2009).
The Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, S and Zn concentrations in SEA76…SEA88 are presented in
Appendix 8.
34
Zn at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
Zn (m g/kg)
SEA 76
SEA 77
SEA 78
SEA 79
SEA 80
SEA 81
SEA 82
SEA 83
SEA 85
SEA 87
Figure 23. The zinc concentrations at the average depths of SEA76…SEA88. SEA84
(88.0 mg/kg), SEA86 (25.8 m/kg) and SEA88 (68.4 mg/kg) concentrations are out of the
scale; the sites located in the open sea area.
Heavy metal distribution
Although arsenic minerals and compounds are readily soluble, arsenic migration is
greatly limited due to strong sorption of clays, hydroxides and organic matter. Arsenic
is a metalloid, whose trioxide (As2O3) is strongly poisonous. The main sources of
anthropogenic arsenic in nature are wood preservatives, pesticides and fertilizers as well
as releases from smelters and metal industry (Loukola-Ruskeeniemi & Lahermo 2004).
Total arsenic concentrations in the sea sediments are widely studied (Jonsson &
Blomkvist 1992, Borg & Jonsson 1996, Leivuori & Niemistö 1993, 1995, Leivuori
1998, Vallius 1999a, Leivuori 2000, Vallius 2009). Leivuori & Vallius (2004) gave the
background values 14–16 mg/kg for arsenic in the Bothnian Sea sediments.
The arsenic concentrations varied from 6.8 mg/kg (SEA86) to 43.3 mg/kg (SEA87)
(Figure 24) and the median value was 14.1 mg/kg. The slightly elevated concentrations
were in most of the samples, except in SEA84 and SEA86, which were sandy and
gravelly type sediments. However, the significantly high arsenic concentration (43.3
mg/kg) was found in SEA87, which was clayey sand and located in the open sea area.
In general, the arsenic concentrations were clearly higher in the topmost sediment
layers, except in SEA76. Vallius (2009) gave the arsenic range of 4.4-68.4 mg/kg for
the surface sediments (0-1 cm) in the Gulf of Finland. In the mineral soils at Olkiluoto
arsenic concentrations were significantly lower (0.54–2 mg/kg) than in the sea
sediments (Lahdenperä 2009).
35
As at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
As (m g/kg)
SEA 76
SEA 80
SEA 84
SEA 77
SEA 81
SEA 85
SEA 78
SEA 82
SEA 86
SEA 79
SEA 83
SEA 88
Figure 24. The arsenic concentrations at the average depths of SEA76…SEA88.
The most important factors controlling cadmium mobility are pH and oxidation
potential. Also microbial activity plays a significant role in Cd behavior (KabataPendias & Pendias 1992). Cadmium is an element, which is of low value for most life
forms, although it acts as a micronutrient for some lower organisms. It is toxic and
carcinogenic for most organisms in higher concentrations (Emsley 1989). The natural
background concentrations of Cd are rather low, but the anthropogenic load has
increased the concentrations of cadmium in the environment considerably.
The Cd concentrations varied from 0.2 mg/kg (SEA82) to 1.3 mg/kg (SEA77) (Figure
25) and the median value was 0.68 mg/kg. Naturvårdsverket (1999) gave a sediment
background value 10 mg/kg for Cd. Leivuori (1998) and Leivuori & Vallius (2004)
gave a lower background values, 6-7 mg/kg for sea sediments. The concentrations did
not exceed these background values in any of the SEA samples. Vallius (2009) found
the Cd concentrations of 0.3-2.7 mg/kg for the surface sediments (0-1 cm) in the Gulf of
Finland. In the mineral soils at Olkiluoto Cd concentrations were almost at the same
level (0.1–1.6 mg/kg) than in the sea sediments (Lahdenperä 2009).
36
Cd at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
Cd (m g/kg)
SEA 76
SEA 81
SEA 86
SEA 77
SEA 82
SEA 87
SEA 78
SEA 83
SEA 88
SEA 79
SEA 84
SEA 80
SEA 85
Figure 25. The cadmium concentrations at the average depths of SEA76…SEA88.
Cobalt minerals weather easily, and Co tends to remain in solution and is transferred to
sediments as silicates and sulphides and adsorbed onto iron-manganese hydroxides
(Kabata-Pendias & Pendias 1992). Cobalt is a rather common metal in the nature. It is
known to be an essential element for life in minor amounts. At higher levels of
exposure, however it shows toxic effects similar to many other metals (Emsley 1989).
The Co concentrations varied from 2.35 mg/kg (SEA86) to 76.9 mg/kg (SEA87)
(Figure 26). The median value was 26.3 mg/kg. The highest concentrations were in
SEA81…SEA83, in recent clay sediment samples. In the mineral soils at Olkiluoto, Co
concentrations were clearly lower (2.3–15.7 mg/kg) than in the sea sediments
(Lahdenperä 2009).
In weathering, chromium follows the Fe/Al pattern and is enriched in residual
sediments, like clays. Under oxidizing conditions Cr is easily dissolved (Kabata-Pendias
& Pendias 1992). Chromium is a rather common metal, which is essential for humans,
but similarly to many other metals it can also be toxic in higher concentrations or in
certain compounds (Emsley 1989). The anomaly pattern of chromium is similar to
cobalt (Vallius 2009). The Cr concentrations varied from 14.9 mg/kg (SEA86) to 199
mg/kg (SEA82) (Figure 27) and the median value was 87.2 mg/kg. The lowest
concentrations were in sandy-rich surface sediments, SEA84 and SEA86...SEA88. In
the most of the samples Cr-concentrations were highest in the topmost layers. Pallonen
(2001) gave a background value 80 mg/kg for Cr in soils. Slightly higher concentrations
(>100-130 mg/kg) were found, but the clearly higher values (> 180-200 mg/kg) were
found in only SEA81 and SEA82. However, the soil background values may not be
directly comparable for the sediment background values and thus values must be
considered with caution. Vallius (2009) gave the range of 45-111 mg/kg to surface
sediment (0-1 cm) to chromium in the Gulf of Finland. In the mineral soils at Olkiluoto
chromium concentrations (16.1–94.7 mg/kg) were lower than in the sea sediments
(Lahdenperä 2009).
37
Co at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
15
17.5
20
22.5
25
27.5
30
32.5
35
37.5
40
Co (m g/kg)
SEA 76
SEA 77
SEA 78
SEA 79
SEA 80
SEA 81
SEA 82
SEA 83
SEA 85
SEA 88
Figure 26. The cobalt concentrations at the average depths of SEA76…SEA88. SEA84
(40.7 mg/kg) and SEA86 (2.35 mg/kg) are out of the scale.
Cr at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
70
90
110
130
150
170
190
Cr (m g/kg)
SEA 76
SEA 77
SEA 78
SEA 79
SEA 81
SEA 82
SEA 83
SEA 85
SEA 80
Figure 27. The chromium concentrations at the average depths of SEA76…SEA88.
SEA84 (40.7 mg/kg), SEA86 (14.9 m/kg), SEA87 (44.9 mg/kg) and SEA88 (31.8 mg/kg)
are out of the scale.
Nickel minerals weather easily. The dissolved Ni is removed by crystallising silicates
and adsorbed onto iron and manganese hydroxides (Kabata-Pendias & Pendias 1992).
The importance of nickel at least for higher forms is uncertain and it is harmful or toxic
to humans depending on concentration and compound (Emsley 1989). The nickel
concentrations varied from 13.4 mg/kg (SEA84) to 86.1 mg/kg (SEA87) (Figure 28).
The median value was 41.5 mg/kg. In SEA86 the Ni concentration was under the
detection limit. The highest Ni concentrations were in the recent clay samples of SEA81
and SEA82. Pallonen (2001) gave a background value 20 mg/kg for Ni in soils. The
38
concentrations exceeded these values slightly in all samples except in SEA84 and
SEA86. The clearly higher concentrations (>50 mg/kg) were in SEA78, SEA81 and
SEA82 and are possibly contaminated by anthropogenic load. Vallius (2009) gave the
nickel concentrations of 19.8-54.8 mg/kg for the surface sea sediments in the Gulf of
Finland. In the mineral soils at Olkiluoto nickel concentrations were significantly lower
(9.2–37.1 mg/kg) than in the surface sea sediments (Lahdenperä 2009).
Ni at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Ni (m g/kg)
SEA 76
SEA 77
SEA 78
SEA 79
SEA 80
SEA 81
SEA 82
SEA 83
SEA 85
SEA 86
Figure 28. The nickel concentrations at the average depths of SEA76…SEA88. SEA84
(13.4 mg/kg), SEA86 (< 4 m/kg) and SEA88 (22.3 mg/kg) are out of the scale.
Lead is poorly soluble in weathering processes, and when dissolved it is rapidly
removed from solutions of sulphide, hydroxide, carbonate or sulphate (Kabata-Pendias
& Pendias 1992). The lead is widely known to be toxic and not suitable for any
organisms (Emsley 1989). The Pb concentrations varied from 20.8 mg/kg (SEA84) to
61.3 mg/kg (SEA87) (Figure 29). The median value was 37.8 mg/kg. Generally, the
lead concentrations increased with the depth. Vallius & Leivuori (2003) gave the
estimated background value 21 mg/kg for lead. The lead concentrations exceeded this
background value in all sampling sites. Vallius (2009) gave the lead concentrations of
25.7-65.1 mg/kg for the surface sediments in the Gulf of Finland which corresponds the
range in the SEA samples. In the mineral soils at Olkiluoto lead concentrations (14.3–
69.2 mg/kg) were around at the same level than in the sea sediments (Lahdenperä
2009).
Vanadium-bearing mafic minerals weather easily and the dissolved element is removed
from solution mainly into sediments rich in organic matter (Kabata-Pendias & Pendias
1992). Vanadium is an essential trace element for many life forms but as most metals it
is toxic in some compounds and in high concentrations (Emsley 1989). The vanadium
concentrations varied from 14.5 mg/kg (SEA86) to 112mg/kg (SEA78). The median
value was 86.7 mg/kg. The V concentrations increased with the depth. Vallius (2009)
gave the range of 49.4-122 mg/kg for the surface sediments in the Gulf of Finland. In
the mineral soils at Olkiluoto vanadium concentrations (14.8–76.6 mg/kg) were slightly
lower than in the sea sediments (Lahdenperä 2009).
39
The As, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb and V concentrations in SEA76…SEA88 are presented in
Appendix 9.
Pb at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
26
30
34
38
42
46
50
54
58
Pb (m g/kg)
SEA 76
SEA 77
SEA 78
SEA 79
SEA 81
SEA 82
SEA 83
SEA 85
SEA 80
Figure 29. The lead concentrations at the average depths of SEA76…SEA88. SEA84
(20.8 mg/kg), SEA86 (21.3 m/kg) and SEA88 (25.8 mg/kg) concentrations are out of the
scale.
Iodine, chloride and selenium distribution
The biogeochemical cycle of iodine is very complex because iodine can exist on
multiple oxidation states, on which it can form inorganic and organic species with
hydrophilic, hydrophobic or biophilic properties (Hu et al. 2005, Um et al. 2004). Iodine
sorption depends on the amount of organic matter, the concentration of iron and
aluminum oxides and hydroxides, mineralogy, especially clay mineral contents,
microbiological activity, redox conditions, pH and particle size distribution (Ashworth
& Shaw 2006a, Bunzl & Schimmack 1988, Fukui et al. 1996, Sheppard & Hawkins
1995, Sheppard et al. 1995).
Redox potential affects to the soil pH through different oxidation-reduction reactions,
depending on the oxygen supply in the soil. In usually prevailing Eh-pH conditions,
iodine can exists as iodide I- (-1), iodinate IO3- (-5), elemental iodine I2 (0) and methyl
iodine CH3I (+1) (Muramatsu et al. 1990b, Muramatsu & Yoshida 1999). In anoxic,
waterlogged conditions iodine is assumed to exist as I- and in oxic conditions as IO3(Ashworth et al. 2003, Ashworth & Shaw 2006b). The high iodine content in sediments
is mostly due to uptake of iodine by plankton or is due to fixation of iodine by organic
matter (Kabata-Pendias & Pendias 1992).
In the SEA sediments the iodine concentrations varied from 25.4 mg/kg (SEA82) to
79.1 mg/kg (SEA77) (Appendix 10). The median concentration was 42.6 mg/kg. The
iodine was analysed at the same way as from the soil pits (OL-KK14…KK19) at
Olkiluoto, where the iodine concentration was highest in the organic layer (7.84 mg/kg)
and in the mineral soil layer just below it (0-30 cm; 3.7 mg/kg). In the deeper mineral
40
soil layers iodine concentrations were under the detection limit (Lahdenperä 2009).
Iodine concentrations in soil pits were significantly lower than in the sea sediments.
Most commonly, Cl- and complex Cl anions are easily soluble, leached from soil and
transported to water basin. Thus, Cl soil geochemistry is closely related to water
chemistry and to evaporate deposits. The most important factors influencing the
sorption and migration of chlorine are the organic matter content and pH.
Like the other halogens, the distribution of Cl in soils exhibits a clear trend of
decreasing concentrations with increasing distance from sea. Chloride is the most
abundant and stable of the halogens. It does not react with other soluble or solid
substances or compounds and does not participate in oxidation-reduction reactions. The
only common mineral which contains chloride is apatite (Kabata-Pendias & Pendias
1992). The chloride migrates from sea to inland via air currents and wet and dry
deposition. The chlorides in coastal streams/watersheds areas derive partly from relict
sea salts inherited from the Litorina Sea, a more saline marine phase of the Baltic Sea
than the present.
In the sediment samples studies, the chloride concentrations varied from 7.7 g/kg
(SEA85) to 22.8 g/kg (SEA80), with a median value of 16.9 g/kg (Appendix 10). The
chloride concentration have not been analysed from the soil samples from Olkiluoto so
far (Lahdenperä 2009).
Geochemical and biochemical behavior of selenium is complex and it can also present
in soils and sediments in multiple states, depending upon conditions such as pH and
redox potential. These include inorganic forms as selenide (-2), elemental Se (0),
selenite (+4) and selenate (+6) and as well as organic forms such as methylated
selenium compounds and selenoamino acids and selenenoproteins. The behavior of
different selenium species is largely dependent on soil type conditions (Naeal & Sposito
1989, BIOPROTA 2005):
x
x
x
x
Selenate – in alkaline and oxic conditions
Selenite – in neutral to acidic soils and less oxic conditions
Elemental selenium –in anoxic conditions
Selenide – in highly reducing conditions
The binding of Se to organic matter renders selenium less bioavailable than that retained
in solution. According to Limer & Thorne (2010) the following environmental
behaviors result in either greater or lesser selenium in soil and sediment solution:
x
x
x
Increasing pH results in a lower adsorption of selenite
Phosphate and arsenate ions compete with selenium for binding sites on, for
example clay particles thus increasing the amount of selenium in soil solution
Sorption capacity is increased in organic soils whereby the majority of selenium
is associated with organic matter (Keskinen et al. 2009).
Hydrology will vary throughout the soil and sediment profile which in turns is likely to
affect the species of selenium present due to changing redox condition (Smith et al.
2009).
41
In the sea sediments offshore Olkiluoto the selenium concentration varied from 0.28
mg/kg (SEA79) to 0.75 mg/kg (SEA76) (Appendix 10). The median concentration was
0.3 mg/kg. The selenium concentrations correlated with humus, carbon and nitrogen
concentrations and with cadmium, copper and lead. Selenium concentrations were at the
similar level or somewhat higher than in the soils at Olkiluoto, except the deeper
mineral soil layers where the concentrations were significantly lower: in the organic
layer Se varied from 0.16 mg/kg to 0.79 mg/kg and in mineral soil layers from 0.03
mg/kg to 0.2 mg/kg (Lahdenperä 2009). The main reason for higher Se concentrations
in the sea sediment samples could be higher clay and organic matter contents.
3.2
3.2.1
Sea sediment samples of the shoreline transects
Basic properties
Appendix 11 lists the median, minimum and maximum values of pH, moisture, dry
matter, LOI, ash content, carbon and nitrogen in the sub-samples of Transects 1…5b.
Appendix 12 presents the corresponding data for each sub-sample.
pH
The pH value in the sediment samples from Transects 1…5b varied from 6.4 to 7.5,
with a median of 6.9. The pH range was narrower than in the SEA sediment samples
(from 2.9 to 7.2). The highest pH was in the sub-samples of Transect 3 (from 7.1 to 7.5)
where the sediment types were organic-rich muddy clay. The lowest pH values were in
Transect 5a (from 6.7 to 6.8) and in Transect 5b (from 6.6. to 6.8). The sediment types
of these transects were mainly till and coarse-grained sediments. The reason for higher
pH values in the transect samples compared to the SEA samples is mainly due to the
higher organic matter and clay content and possibly due to the shallower water. In
Figures 30 and 31 the pH at average depths (see the Appendix 5) in Transects 1…5b are
presented.
Loss on ignition
The loss on ignition (LOI) varied from 0.6 % to 13.9 %. In Figures 32 and 33 the LOI
contents in Transects 1…5b is presented. There was a decreasing trend as a function of
the sediment profile depth. The lowest values were in Transect 5a, where the sediment
type was mainly till or coarse-grained sediments. The highest values were in Transect 3,
where the sediment type was organic-rich soft muddy clay. The LOI content of the
transect samples corresponded to those of the SEA samples.
Carbon and nitrogen distribution
The carbon content varied from 0.09 % to 6.4 % and contents decreased with the
sediment depth. The lowest concentrations were in Transect 5a and the highest in
Transects 1 and 3. The nitrogen content varied from 0.1 % to 0.96 % and the contents
decreased with the depth. In Figures 34, 36, 37 and 37, the C and N contents at the
sampling average depths are presented. The carbon and nitrogen contents correspond to
those of the SEA samples.
42
Transect 1: pH at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
6.50
6.55
6.60
6.65
6.70
6.75
6.80
6.85
6.90
6.95
7.00
7.05
7.10
pH
80
85, 86, 87
90
103
104-105
111
Transect 2: pH at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
6.7
6.8
6.8
6.9
6.9
7.0
7.0
7.1
7.1
7.2
7.2
pH
53
55, 57
60
66
67-68
70, 71, 72
73, 74-75
76, 77-78
Transect 3: pH at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
6.9
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
pH
19, 20, 21
22, 23, 24
25, 26, 27
28, 29, 30
31, 32, 33
37, 38, 39
40, 41, 42
43, 44, 45
46, 47, 48
49, 50, 51
34, 35, 36
Figure 30. pH at the average depths of the sub-samples in Transects 1, 2 and 3. In
Transect 2 (sub-sample 53 at 0-10 cm depth) the pH (6.2) is out of the scale.
43
Transect 4: pH at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
6.83
6.85
pH
142, 143, 144,
145-147
148, 149, 150
151-152
154-155
157, 158, 159
160-161, 162
163, 165
166
169
Transect 5a: pH at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
6.65
6.67
6.69
6.71
6.73
6.75
6.77
6.79
6.81
pH
1-2 3
7-8, 9
13, 15
16
Transect 5b: pH at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
6.60
6.65
6.70
6.75
6.80
6.85
6.90
pH
114
117, 118-119
126
129
130, 131, 132
133, 134, 135
136-138
139-140
Figure 31. pH at the average depths of the sub-samples in Transects 4, 5a and 5b.
44
Transect 1: LOI at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
LOI (%)
80
85, 86, 87
90
103
104-105
111
Transect 2: LOI at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
LOI (%)
53
55, 57
60
66
67-68
70, 71, 72
73, 74-75
76, 77-78
Transect 3: LOI at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
LOI (%)
19, 20, 21
22, 23, 24
25, 26, 27
28, 29, 30
31, 32, 33
37, 38, 39
40, 41, 42
43, 44, 45
46, 47, 48
49, 50, 51
34, 35, 36
Figure 32. The LOI content at the average depths of the sub-samples in Transects 1, 2
and 3.
45
Transect 4: LOI at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
LOI (%)
142, 143, 144,
145-147
148, 149, 150
151-152
154-155
157, 158, 159
160-161, 162
163, 165
166
169
Transect 5a: LOI at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
LOI (%)
1-2 3
7-8, 9
13, 15
16
Transect 5b: LOI at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
LOI (%)
114
117, 118-119
126
129
130, 131, 132
133, 134, 135
136-138
139-140
Figure 33. The LOI content at the average depths of the sub-samples in Transects 4, 5a
and 5b.
46
Transect 1: C at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
C (%)
80
85, 86, 87
90
103
104-105
111
Transect 2: C at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
C (%)
53
55, 57
60
66
67-68
70, 71, 72
73, 74-75
76, 77-78
Transect 3: C at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
C (%)
19, 20, 21
22, 23, 24
25, 26, 27
28, 29, 30
31, 32, 33
37, 38, 39
40, 41, 42
43, 44, 45
46, 47, 48
49, 50, 51
34, 35, 36
Figure 34. The carbon content at the average depths of the sub-samples in Transects 1,
2 and 3.
47
Transect 4: C at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
C (%)
142, 143, 144,
145-147
148, 149, 150
151-152
154-155
157, 158, 159
160-161, 162
163, 165
166
169
Transect 5a: C at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0.5
0.8
1.0
1.3
1.5
1.8
2.0
2.3
2.5
2.8
3.0
C (%)
1-2 3
7-8, 9
13, 15
16
Transect 5b: C at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
C (%)
114
117, 118-119
126
129
130, 131, 132
133, 134, 135
136-138
139-140
Figure 35. The carbon content at the average depths of the sub-samples in Transects 4,
5a and 5b.
48
Transect 1: N at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
N (%)
80
85, 86, 87
90
103
104-105
111
Transect 2: N at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.8
N (%)
53
55, 57
60
66
67-68
70, 71, 72
73, 74-75
76, 77-78
Transect 3: N at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
N (%)
19, 20, 21
22, 23, 24
25, 26, 27
28, 29, 30
31, 32, 33
37, 38, 39
40, 41, 42
43, 44, 45
46, 47, 48
49, 50, 51
34, 35, 36
Figure 36. The nitrogen content at the average depths of the sub-samples in Transects
1, 2 and 3.
49
Transect 4: N at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
N (%)
142, 143, 144,
145-147
148, 149, 150
151-152
154-155
157, 158, 159
160-161, 162
163, 165
166
169
Transect 5a: N at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.45
0.50
0.55
N (%)
1-2 3
7-8, 9
13, 15
16
Transect 5b: N at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
N (%)
114
117, 118-119
126
129
130, 131, 132
133, 134, 135
136-138
139-140
Figure 37. The nitrogen content at the average depths of the sub-samples in Transects
4, 5a and 5b.
50
3.2.2
Geochemical properties
The medium, minimum and maximum values and the detection limits of the analysed
elements of the sub-samples of Transects 1…5b are presented in Appendix 13, and the
respective full data in Appendix 14.
Ca, Mg, K, Na and P distributions
The potassium (K) and sodium (Na) were the main cations in Transects 1…5b.
Potassium concentrations varied from 16.6 g/kg to 61.1 g/kg, and the median value was
23.5 g/kg. In the muddy clay, organic-rich sediments of Transect 3, the values were
much higher than in the other transects. The lowest values were in Transect 5a (9.2-22.8
g/kg). In the SEA samples the variation of the potassium concentrations was narrower
(18.0–28.3 g/kg).
The sodium (Na) concentrations varied from 11.9 g/kg to 17.9 g/kg, and the median
value was 14.4 g/kg. There was no large variation in the Na concentrations between the
sea sediment transects. In the SEA samples, the sodium concentrations were at the same
level (12.3–21.2 g/kg).
The calcium (Ca) concentrations varied from 0.38 g/kg to 10.8 g/kg, with a median of
8.2 g/kg. The highest calcium concentrations were in Transects 2 (6.9-10.8 g/kg) and 4
(9.1-10.4 g/kg). The concentrations in Transect 3 were clearly lower (0.38-0.79 g/kg). In
the SEA samples, the calcium concentrations varied from 4.6 g/kg to 11.6 g/kg.
The magnesium (Mg) concentrations varied from 0.36 g/kg to 20.5 g/kg, and the
median value was 10.7 g/kg. The highest Mg concentrations were in Transect 3 (4.720.5 g/kg) and lowest in Transect 5b (3.6-10.2 g/kg). The distribution of Mg
concentration was wider than in the SEA samples.
The phosphorus (P) concentrations varied from 383 mg/kg to 1630 mg/kg, with a
median of 768 mg/kg. The concentrations decreased as a function of sediment depths.
The highest P concentrations were in Transect 3 (430 mg/kg-1250 mg/kg) and lowest in
Transect 5b (433-786 mg/kg). The phosphorus concentrations were lower than in the
SEA samples (539–2620 mg/kg).
In Figures 38-47 the K, Na, Ca, Mg and P concentrations are presented for the average
depths of Transects 1…5b. Appendix 14 lists the data by sub-sample.
51
Transect 1: K at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
K (m g/kg)
80
85, 86, 87
90
103
104-105
111
Transect 2: K at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
K (m g/kg)
53
55, 57
60
66
67-68
70, 71, 72
73, 74-75
76, 77-78
Transect 3: K at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
K (m g/kg)
19, 20, 21
22, 23, 24
25, 26, 27
28, 29, 30
31, 32, 33
37, 38, 39
40, 41, 42
43, 44, 45
46, 47, 48
49, 50, 51
34, 35, 36
Figure 38. The potassium concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2 and 3.
52
Transect 4: K at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
20.0
20.5
21.0
21.5
22.0
22.5
23.0
23.5
24.0
24.5
25.0
25.5
K (m g/kg)
142, 143, 144,
145-147
148, 149, 150
151-152
154-155
157, 158, 159
160-161, 162
163, 165
166
169
Transect 5a: K at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
19.5
19.7
19.9
20.1
20.3
20.5
20.7
20.9
21.1
K (m g/kg)
1-2 3
7-8, 9
13, 15
16
Transect 5b: K at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
19.0
19.5
20.0
20.5
21.0
21.5
22.0
22.5
23.0
K (m g/kg)
114
117, 118-119
126
129
130, 131, 132
133, 134, 135
136-138
139-140
Figure 39. The potassium concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a
and 5b.
53
Transect 1: Na at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
Na (m g/kg)
80
85, 86, 87
90
103
104-105
111
Transect 2: Na at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
Na (m g/kg)
53
55, 57
60
66
67-68
70, 71, 72
73, 74-75
76, 77-78
Transect 3: Na at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
Na (m g/kg)
19, 20, 21
22, 23, 24
25, 26, 27
28, 29, 30
31, 32, 33
37, 38, 39
40, 41, 42
43, 44, 45
46, 47, 48
49, 50, 51
34, 35, 36
Figure 40. The sodium concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2 and 3.
54
Transect 4: Na at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
14.0
14.2
14.4
14.6
14.8
15.0
15.2
Na (m g/kg)
142, 143, 144,
145-147
148, 149, 150
151-152
154-155
157, 158, 159
160-161, 162
163, 165
166
169
Transect 5a: Na at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
13.4
13.6
13.8
14.0
14.2
14.4
14.6
14.3
14.6
Na (m g/kg)
1-2 3
7-8, 9
13, 15
16
Transect 5b: Na at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
12.8
13.1
13.4
13.7
14.0
Na (m g/kg)
114
117, 118-119
126
129
130, 131, 132
133, 134, 135
136-138
139-140
Figure 41. The sodium concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a and 5b.
55
Transect 1: Ca at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
7.4
7.6
7.8
8.0
8.2
8.4
Ca (m g/kg)
80
85, 86, 87
90
103
104-105
111
Transect 2: Ca at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
0.75
0.80
Ca (m g/kg)
53
55, 57
60
66
67-68
70, 71, 72
73, 74-75
76, 77-78
Transect 3: Ca at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
Ca (m g/kg)
19, 20, 21
22, 23, 24
25, 26, 27
28, 29, 30
31, 32, 33
37, 38, 39
40, 41, 42
43, 44, 45
46, 47, 48
49, 50, 51
34, 35, 36
Figure 42. The calcium concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2 and 3. In
Transect 1 (sub-sample 111 at the depth 20-50 cm) the Ca concentration (5.5 g/kg) is
out of scale.
56
Transect 4: Ca at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
9.1
9.3
9.5
9.7
9.9
10.1
10.3
10.5
Ca (m g/kg)
142, 143, 144,
145-147
148, 149, 150
151-152
154-155
157, 158, 159
160-161, 162
163, 165
166
169
Transect 5a: Ca at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
Ca (m g/kg)
1-2 3
7-8, 9
13, 15
16
Transect 5b: Ca at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
7.2
7.6
8.0
8.4
8.8
9.2
9.6
10.0
Ca (m g/kg)
114
117, 118-119
126
129
130, 131, 132
133, 134, 135
136-138
139-140
Figure 43. The calcium concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a and 5b.
57
Transect 1: Mg at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Mg (m g/kg)
80
85, 86, 87
90
103
104-105
111
Transect 2: Mg at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
Mg (m g/kg)
53
55, 57
60
66
67-68
70, 71, 72
73, 74-75
76, 77-78
Transect 3: Mg at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
Mg (m g/kg)
19, 20, 21
22, 23, 24
25, 26, 27
28, 29, 30
31, 32, 33
37, 38, 39
40, 41, 42
43, 44, 45
46, 47, 48
49, 50, 51
34, 35, 36
Figure 44. The magnesium concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2
and 3.
58
Transect 4: Mg at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Mg (m g/kg)
142, 143, 144,
145-147
148, 149, 150
151-152
154-155
157, 158, 159
160-161, 162
163, 165
166
169
Transect 5a: Mg at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
Mg (m g/kg)
1-2 3
7-8, 9
13, 15
16
Transect 5b: Mg at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Mg (m g/kg)
114
117, 118-119
126
129
130, 131, 132
133, 134, 135
136-138
139-140
Figure 45. The magnesium concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a
and 5b.
59
Transect 1: P at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
P (m g/kg)
80
85, 86, 87
90
103
104-105
111
Transect 2: P at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
P (m g/kg)
53
55, 57
60
66
67-68
70, 71, 72
73, 74-75
76, 77-78
Transect 3: P at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
P (m g/kg)
19, 20, 21
22, 23, 24
25, 26, 27
28, 29, 30
31, 32, 33
37, 38, 39
40, 41, 42
43, 44, 45
46, 47, 48
49, 50, 51
34, 35, 36
Figure 46. The phosphorus concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2
and 3.
60
Transect 4: P at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
P (m g/kg)
142, 143, 144,
145-147
148, 149, 150
151-152
154-155
157, 158, 159
160-161, 162
163, 165
166
169
Transect 5a: P at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
P (m g/kg)
1-2 3
7-8, 9
13, 15
16
Transect 5b: P at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
P (m g/kg)
114
117, 118-119
126
129
130, 131, 132
133, 134, 135
136-138
139-140
Figure 47. The phosphorus concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a
and 5b.
61
Al and Fe distribution
The aluminum (Al) concentration varied from 40.5 g/kg to 84.2 g/kg, and the median
value was 55.1 g/kg. The highest concentrations were in the sediments of Transect 3
(43.8-84.2 g/kg) and in Transect 2 (42.4-83.9 g/kg). In the other transects the Al
concentrations were lower (Appendix 15). In the SEA samples, Al concentrations were
clearly lower (3.8-65.2 g/kg).
The iron (Fe) concentration varied from 6.8 g/kg to 57.3 g/kg, with a median of 19.7
g/kg. The lowest concentrations were in the sediments of Transect 3 (6.8-11.1 g/kg). In
the SEA samples Fe concentrations were at the same level (10.7- 52.3 g/kg).
Cu, Mn, Mo, S and Zn distribution
The copper concentrations varied from 6.6 mg/kg to 70.3 mg/kg, and the median value
was 28.4 mg/kg. The highest Cu concentrations (22.5-59.6 mg/kg) were in the subsamples of Transect 4. The concentrations (6.6-28.4 mg/kg) in Transect 5b were clearly
lower. Typically, the highest concentrations were in the topmost sub-samples. Cu
concentration exceeded the background value of 25 mg/kg (see discussion on the SEA
samples above) in the most cases. In the SEA samples, the Cu concentrations were
lower (4.6–52.2 mg/kg).
The manganese concentrations varied from 138 mg/kg to 762 mg/kg, with a median of
406 mg/kg. The highest Mn concentrations (346-762 mg/kg) were in the sub-samples of
Transect 4 (346-762 mg/kg) and the lowest in Transects 1 and 5b. In the SEA samples
the Mn concentrations were clearly higher (105–7310 mg/kg).
The molybdenum concentrations varied from 0.6 mg/kg to 5.6 mg/kg, and the median
concentration was 1.9 mg/kg. The highest concentrations were in Transects 1, 3 and 4.
In the SEA samples, the molybdenum distribution was wider, from 0.7 mg/kg to 15.9
mg/kg.
The sulphur concentrations varied from 513 mg/kg to 20.7 g/kg (median 8.1 g/kg). The
highest concentrations were in Transect 4 (2.5-18.6 g/kg) and the lowest in Transects 2
and 5a. In the SEA samples the respective concentrations were lower (125-16.7 g/kg).
The zinc concentrations varied from 7.7 mg/kg to 331 mg/kg, and had a median value of
115 mg/kg. The highest Zn concentrations were in Transect 3 (71-331 mg/kg), and the
concentrations exceeded the background value of 100 mg/kg (see the discussion on the
SEA samples, above) in the most cases. The lowest concentrations were in Transects 5a
and 5b (27.7-128 mg/kg). In the SEA samples Zn concentrations varied from 25.8
mg/kg to 324 mg/kg.
In the Figures 48-59, the Al, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, S and Zn concentrations are presented for
the average depths in Transects 1…5b. Appendix 15 lists the Al, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, S and
Zn concentrations for the sub-samples of Transects 1…5b.
62
Transect 1: Al at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Al (m g/kg)
80
85, 86, 87
90
103
104-105
111
Transect 2: Al at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
42
46
50
54
58
62
66
70
74
78
82
79
83
Al (m g/kg)
53
55, 57
60
66
67-68
70, 71, 72
73, 74-75
76, 77-78
Transect 3: Al at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
43
47
51
55
59
63
67
71
75
Al (m g/kg)
19, 20, 21
22, 23, 24
25, 26, 27
28, 29, 30
31, 32, 33
37, 38, 39
40, 41, 42
43, 44, 45
46, 47, 48
49, 50, 51
34, 35, 36
Figure 48. The aluminum concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2 and 3.
63
Transect 4: Al at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
Al (m g/kg)
142, 143, 144,
145-147
148, 149, 150
151-152
154-155
157, 158, 159
160-161, 162
163, 165
166
169
Transect 5a: Al at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
52
54
56
Al (m g/kg)
1-2 3
7-8, 9
13, 15
16
Transect 5b: Al at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
40
42
44
46
48
50
Al (m g/kg)
114
117, 118-119
126
129
130, 131, 132
133, 134, 135
136-138
139-140
Figure 49. The aluminum concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a
and 5b.
64
Transect 1: Fe at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
13
17
21
25
29
33
37
41
45
Fe (m g/kg)
80
85, 86, 87
90
103
104-105
111
Transect 2: Fe at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
19
23
27
31
35
39
43
47
51
55
Fe (m g/kg)
53
55, 57
60
66
67-68
70, 71, 72
73, 74-75
76, 77-78
Transect 3: Fe at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
Fe (m g/kg)
19, 20, 21
22, 23, 24
25, 26, 27
28, 29, 30
31, 32, 33
37, 38, 39
40, 41, 42
43, 44, 45
46, 47, 48
49, 50, 51
34, 35, 36
Figure 50. The iron concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2 and 3.
65
Transect 4: Fe at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
Fe (m g/kg)
142, 143, 144,
145-147
148, 149, 150
151-152
154-155
157, 158, 159
160-161, 162
163, 165
166
169
Transect 5a: Fe at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
Fe (m g/kg)
1-2 3
7-8, 9
13, 15
16
Transect 5b: Fe at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
14
17
20
23
26
29
32
35
38
Fe (m g/kg)
114
117, 118-119
126
129
130, 131, 132
133, 134, 135
136-138
139-140
Figure 51. The iron concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a and 5b.
66
Transect 1: Cu at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
5
15
25
35
45
55
65
75
Cu (m g/kg)
80
85, 86, 87
90
103
104-105
111
Transect 2: Cu at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
Cu (m g/kg)
53
55, 57
60
66
67-68
70, 71, 72
73, 74-75
76, 77-78
Transect 3: Cu at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Cu (m g/kg)
19, 20, 21
22, 23, 24
25, 26, 27
28, 29, 30
31, 32, 33
37, 38, 39
40, 41, 42
43, 44, 45
46, 47, 48
49, 50, 51
34, 35, 36
Figure 52. The copper concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2 and 3.
67
Transect 4: Cu at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Cu (m g/kg)
142, 143, 144,
145-147
148, 149, 150
151-152
154-155
157, 158, 159
160-161, 162
163, 165
166
169
Transect 5a: Cu at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
10.0
12.5
15.0
17.5
20.0
22.5
25.0
27.5
30.0
32.5
35.0
25.0
27.5
30.0
Cu (m g/kg)
1-2 3
7-8, 9
13, 15
16
Transect 5b: Cu at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5
15.0
17.5
20.0
22.5
Cu (m g/kg)
114
117, 118-119
126
129
130, 131, 132
133, 134, 135
136-138
139-140
Figure 53. The copper concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a and 5b.
68
Transect 1: Mn at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Mn (m g/kg)
80
85, 86, 87
90
103
104-105
111
Transect 2: Mn at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
Mn (m g/kg)
53
55, 57
60
66
67-68
70, 71, 72
73, 74-75
76, 77-78
Transect 3: Mn at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
Mn (m g/kg)
19, 20, 21
22, 23, 24
25, 26, 27
28, 29, 30
31, 32, 33
37, 38, 39
40, 41, 42
43, 44, 45
46, 47, 48
49, 50, 51
34, 35, 36
Figure 54. The manganese concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2
and 3.
69
Transect 4: Mn at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
Mn (m g/kg)
142, 143, 144,
145-147
148, 149, 150
151-152
154-155
157, 158, 159
160-161, 162
163, 165
166
169
Transect 5a: Mn at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
Mn (m g/kg)
1-2 3
7-8, 9
13, 15
16
Transect 5b: Mn at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
Mn (m g/kg)
114
117, 118-119
126
129
130, 131, 132
133, 134, 135
136-138
139-140
Figure 55. The manganese concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a
and 5b.
70
Transect 1: S at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
500
2500
4500
6500
8500
10500
12500
14500
16500
18500
S (m g/kg)
80
85, 86, 87
90
103
104-105
111
Transect 2: S at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
500
1500
2500
3500
4500
5500
S (m g/kg)
53
55, 57
60
66
67-68
70, 71, 72
73, 74-75
76, 77-78
Transect 3: S at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
500
2500
4500
6500
8500
10500
12500
14500
16500
18500
20500
S (m g/kg)
19, 20, 21
22, 23, 24
25, 26, 27
28, 29, 30
31, 32, 33
37, 38, 39
40, 41, 42
43, 44, 45
46, 47, 48
49, 50, 51
34, 35, 36
Figure 56. The sulphur concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2 and 3.
71
Transect 4: S at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
S (m g/kg)
142, 143, 144,
145-147
148, 149, 150
151-152
154-155
157, 158, 159
160-161, 162
163, 165
166
169
Transect 5a: S at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
3300
3500
3700
3900
4100
4300
4500
4700
S (m g/kg)
1-2 3
7-8, 9
13, 15
16
Transect 5b: S at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1000
3000
5000
7000
9000
11000
13000
S (m g/kg)
114
117, 118-119
126
129
130, 131, 132
133, 134, 135
136-138
139-140
Figure 57. The sulphur concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a and 5b.
72
Transect 1: Zn at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
30
50
70
90
110
130
150
170
Zn (m g/kg)
80
85, 86, 87
90
103
104-105
111
Transect 2: Zn at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
30
70
110
150
190
230
270
Zn (m g/kg)
53
55, 57
60
66
67-68
70, 71, 72
73, 74-75
76, 77-78
Transect 3: Zn at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
70
100
130
160
190
220
250
280
310
340
Zn (m g/kg)
19, 20, 21
22, 23, 24
25, 26, 27
28, 29, 30
31, 32, 33
37, 38, 39
40, 41, 42
43, 44, 45
46, 47, 48
49, 50, 51
34, 35, 36
Figure 58. The zinc concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2 and 3.
73
Transect 4: Zn at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
80
110
140
170
200
230
260
290
Zn (m g/kg)
142, 143, 144,
145-147
148, 149, 150
151-152
154-155
157, 158, 159
160-161, 162
163, 165
166
169
Transect 5a: Zn at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
Zn (m g/kg)
1-2 3
7-8, 9
13, 15
16
Transect 5b: Zn at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Zn (m g/kg)
114
117, 118-119
126
129
130, 131, 132
133, 134, 135
136-138
139-140
Figure 59. The zinc concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a and 5b.
74
Heavy metal distribution
The concentration of arsenic varied from 0.8 mg/kg to 22.2 mg/kg, with a median of 7.7
mg/kg. The highest arsenic concentrations were in Transects 3 (4.1-17.8 mg/kg) and 4
(5.4-22.2 mg/kg). The lowest concentrations were in Transects 5a and 5b (1.02- 7.7
mg/kg). The arsenic concentrations exceeded the background value of 14-16 mg/kg only
in some cases. In the SEA samples arsenic concentrations varied from 6.8 mg/kg to 43.3
mg/kg (median 14.1 mg/kg), being higher than in the transect samples.
The cadmium concentrations varied from 0.1 mg/kg to 1.5 mg/kg, and the median value
was 0.5 mg/kg. The highest concentrations were in Transect 1 (0.19-1.46 mg/kg) and in
Transect 3 (0.15-1.49 mg/kg). The cadmium concentrations did not exceed the
background value in any of the sediment samples. In the SEA samples, the Cd
concentrations varied from 0.2 mg/kg to 1.3 mg/kg, being at the same level as in the
transect samples.
The cobalt concentrations varied from 3.6 mg/kg to 43.8 mg/kg (median 15.5 mg/kg).
The highest concentrations were in Transect 3 (9.8-43.8 mg/kg) and lowest in Transect
5b (4.3-11.5 mg/kg). In the SEA samples, the Co concentrations varied from 2.4 mg/kg
to 76.9 mg/kg being higher than in the transect samples.
The chromium concentrations varied from 22.7 mg/kg to 178 mg/kg, and the median
value was 64.5 mg/kg. The highest concentrations were in Transect 3 (from 35 mg/kg to
178 mg/kg) exceeding the background value of 80 mg/kg in most of the sub-samples.
The lowest concentrations were in Transects 1, 5a and 5b (22.7-52.9 mg/kg). The
concentrations were close to the concentrations in the SEA sediments (14.9-199 mg/kg).
The nickel concentrations varied from 8.6 mg/kg to 62.6 mg/kg, and had the median in
31.5 mg/kg. The highest concentrations were in Transects 3 (from 17 mg/kg to 62.6
mg/kg) and 4 (21-64.0 mg/kg). The nickel concentrations exceeded the background
value of 20 mg/kg in the sub-samples of Transects 3 and 4, and in some samples of
Transects 1 and 2. The lowest concentrations were in the sediments of Transects 5a and
5b (8.6-27.3 mg/kg). The concentrations were lower than in the SEA samples (13.4-86.1
mg/kg).
The lead concentrations varied from 11.4 mg/kg to 40.4 mg/kg, and their median value
was 21.4 mg/kg. In the SEA samples the concentrations varied from 20.8 mg/kg to 61.3
mg/kg (median 37.8 mg/kg) being higher than at the transects.
The vanadium concentrations varied from 27.2 mg/kg to 147 mg/kg, with a median of
71.5 mg/kg. The concentrations were highest in Transects 3 (31.5-147 mg/kg) and in 4
(54.0-101 mg/kg). In the SEA samples, the vanadium concentrations varied from 14.5
mg/kg to 112 mg/kg.
In Figures 60-71 the As, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb concentrations are presented for the
average depths in Transects 1…5b. Appendix 18 lists the As, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb
concentrations of the analysed sub-samples of Transects 1…5b.
75
Transect 1: As at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0.7
1.2
1.7
2.2
2.7
3.2
3.7
4.2
4.7
5.2
5.7
As (m g/kg)
80
85, 86, 87
90
103
104-105
111
Transect 2: As at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
3.0
5.0
7.0
9.0
11.0
13.0
15.0
17.0
As (m g/kg)
53
55, 57
60
66
67-68
70, 71, 72
73, 74-75
76, 77-78
Transect 3: As at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
4.1
6.1
8.1
10.1
12.1
14.1
16.1
As (m g/kg)
19, 20, 21
22, 23, 24
25, 26, 27
28, 29, 30
31, 32, 33
37, 38, 39
40, 41, 42
43, 44, 45
46, 47, 48
49, 50, 51
34, 35, 36
Figure 60. The arsenic concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2 and 3.
76
Transect 4: As at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
5.3
7.3
9.3
11.3
13.3
15.3
17.3
19.3
21.3
As (m g/kg)
142, 143, 144,
145-147
148, 149, 150
151-152
154-155
157, 158, 159
160-161, 162
163, 165
166
169
Transect 5a: As at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
As (m g/kg)
1-2 3
7-8, 9
13, 15
16
Transect 5b: As at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
As (m g/kg)
114
117, 118-119
126
129
130, 131, 132
133, 134, 135
136-138
139-140
Figure 61. The arsenic concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a and 5b.
77
Transect 1: Cd at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
1.3
1.5
Cd (m g/kg)
80
85, 86, 87
90
103
104-105
111
Transect 2: Cd at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Cd (m g/kg)
53
55, 57
60
66
67-68
70, 71, 72
73, 74-75
76, 77-78
Transect 3: Cd at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.1
Cd (m g/kg)
19, 20, 21
22, 23, 24
25, 26, 27
28, 29, 30
31, 32, 33
37, 38, 39
40, 41, 42
43, 44, 45
46, 47, 48
49, 50, 51
34, 35, 36
Figure 62. The cadmium concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2 and 3.
In Transect 1 (samples 80 and 85) the concentrations were under the detection limit.
78
Transect 4: Cd at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Cd (m g/kg)
142, 143, 144,
145-147
148, 149, 150
151-152
154-155
157, 158, 159
160-161, 162
163, 165
166
169
Transect 5a: Cd at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0.12
0.22
0.32
0.42
0.52
0.62
0.72
Cd (m g/kg)
1-2 3
7-8, 9
13, 15
16
Transect 5b: Cd at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0.12
0.17
0.22
0.27
0.32
0.37
0.42
0.47
0.52
0.57
0.62
Cd (m g/kg)
114
117, 118-119
126
129
130, 131, 132
133, 134, 135
136-138
139-140
Figure 63. The cadmium concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a and
5b. In the sub-samples 114 and 117 of Transect 5a the concentrations were under the
detection limit.
79
Transect 1: Cr at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
Cr (m g/kg)
80
85, 86, 87
90
103
104-105
111
Transect 2: Cr at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Cr (m g/kg)
53
55, 57
60
66
67-68
70, 71, 72
73, 74-75
76, 77-78
Transect 3: Cr at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
30
50
70
90
110
130
150
170
Cr (m g/kg)
19, 20, 21
22, 23, 24
25, 26, 27
28, 29, 30
31, 32, 33
37, 38, 39
40, 41, 42
43, 44, 45
46, 47, 48
49, 50, 51
34, 35, 36
Figure 64. The chromium concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2 and 3.
80
Transect 4: Cr at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Cr (m g/kg)
142, 143, 144,
145-147
148, 149, 150
151-152
154-155
157, 158, 159
160-161, 162
163, 165
166
169
Transect 5a: Cr at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
25.0
27.5
30.0
32.5
35.0
37.5
40.0
42.5
45.0
47.5
50.0
Cr (m g/kg)
1-2 3
7-8, 9
13, 15
16
Transect 5b: Cr at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
22
26
30
34
38
42
46
50
54
Cr (m g/kg)
114
117, 118-119
126
129
130, 131, 132
133, 134, 135
136-138
139-140
Figure 65. The cadmium concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a
and 5b.
81
Transect 1: Co at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
3.5
5.5
7.5
9.5
11.5
13.5
15.5
17.5
Co (m g/kg)
80
85, 86, 87
90
103
104-105
111
Transect 2: Co at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
Co (m g/kg)
53
55, 57
60
66
67-68
70, 71, 72
73, 74-75
76, 77-78
Transect 3: Co at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
9
14
19
24
29
34
39
44
Co (m g/kg)
19, 20, 21
22, 23, 24
25, 26, 27
28, 29, 30
31, 32, 33
37, 38, 39
40, 41, 42
43, 44, 45
46, 47, 48
49, 50, 51
34, 35, 36
Figure 66. The cobalt concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2 and 3.
82
Transect 4: Co at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
11
16
21
26
31
36
Co (m g/kg)
142, 143, 144,
145-147
148, 149, 150
151-152
154-155
157, 158, 159
160-161, 162
163, 165
166
169
Transect 5a: Co at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
Co (m g/kg)
1-2 3
7-8, 9
13, 15
16
Transect 5b: Co at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Co (m g/kg)
114
117, 118-119
126
129
130, 131, 132
133, 134, 135
136-138
139-140
Figure 67. The cobalt concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a and 5b.
83
Transect 1: Ni at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Ni (m g/kg)
80
85, 86, 87
90
103
104-105
111
Transect 2: Ni at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Ni (m g/kg)
53
55, 57
60
66
67-68
70, 71, 72
73, 74-75
76, 77-78
Transect 3: Ni at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Ni (m g/kg)
19, 20, 21
22, 23, 24
25, 26, 27
28, 29, 30
31, 32, 33
37, 38, 39
40, 41, 42
43, 44, 45
46, 47, 48
49, 50, 51
34, 35, 36
Figure 68. The nickel concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2 and 3.
84
Transect 4: Ni at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
Ni (m g/kg)
142, 143, 144,
145-147
148, 149, 150
151-152
154-155
157, 158, 159
160-161, 162
163, 165
166
169
Transect 5a: Ni at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
Ni (m g/kg)
1-2 3
7-8, 9
13, 15
16
Transect 5b: Ni at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
Ni (m g/kg)
114
117, 118-119
126
129
130, 131, 132
133, 134, 135
136-138
139-140
Figure 69. The nickel concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a and 5b.
85
Transect 1: Pb at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
Pb (m g/kg)
80
85, 86, 87
90
103
104-105
111
Transect 2: Pb at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
14
18
22
26
30
34
38
Pb (m g/kg)
53
55, 57
60
66
67-68
70, 71, 72
73, 74-75
76, 77-78
Transect 3: Pb at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
Pb (m g/kg)
19, 20, 21
22, 23, 24
25, 26, 27
28, 29, 30
31, 32, 33
37, 38, 39
40, 41, 42
43, 44, 45
46, 47, 48
49, 50, 51
34, 35, 36
Figure 70. The lead concentrations at the average depths in Transects 1, 2 and 3.
86
Transect 4: Pb at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
Pb (m g/kg)
142, 143, 144,
145-147
148, 149, 150
151-152
154-155
157, 158, 159
160-161, 162
163, 165
166
169
Transect 5a: Pb at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Pb (m g/kg)
1-2 3
7-8, 9
13, 15
16
Transect 5b: Pb at average depths
0
5
10
Depth (cm)
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Pb (m g/kg)
114
117, 118-119
126
129
130, 131, 132
133, 134, 135
136-138
139-140
Figure 71. The lead concentrations at the average depths in Transects 4, 5a and 5b.
87
Iodine, chloride and selenium distribution
The iodine concentrations varied in the transect samples from 0.68 mg/kg to 45.2
mg/kg, with a median value of 20.6 mg/kg (Appendix 19). In Transect 4, the iodine
concentrations were the highest (22.2-45.2 mg/kg), and the lowest concentrations were
met in Transect 5a (1.3-17.7 mg/kg). In the SEA samples the iodine concentrations
varied from 25.4 to 79.1 mg/kg, being clearly higher than in the transect samples.
The chloride concentration varied from 0.6 g/kg to 5.1 g/kg (median 2.1 g/kg; Appendix
19). The highest concentrations were in Transect 4 (2.3–5.1 g/kg). In the SEA samples
the Cl concentrations were clearly higher (7.7-22.8 g/kg).
The selenium concentrations varied from 0.02 mg/kg to 0.71 mg/kg, and the median
value was 0.39 mg/kg (Appendix 19). In Transect 3 the concentrations were the highest
(0.22–0.71 mg/kg) and in Transect 5a (0.02-0.21 mg/kg) the lowest. In the SEA samples
the Se concentrations varied from 0.28 mg/kg to 0.75 mg/kg.
3.3
Grain size distributions
Studies of the element distribution in different grain size classes are presented e.g. by
Emelyanov (1995) and Radzeviius (2002). According to Boström et al. (1978),
different grain size environments (fine/coarse-grained deposits) reflect only partly the
different deposition sources. Coarse deposits reflect underlying bedrock on erosion
bottoms, but in sedimentation/accumulation basins the fine-grained, soft deposits can be
driven from long distances or they originate from the older, underlying sediments.
The grain size distribution and cumulative weight percent of SEA79…SEA88 sediment
samples are presented in Appendices 20 and 21. The humus content of the soft bottom
sediments of the SEA samples varied from 5.3-8.9 %.
The grain size distribution and cumulative weight percent of Transects 1…5b are
presented in Appendices 22 and 23. The humus content of the samples varied from 1.2
to 10.8 %.
The grain size distribution graphs are archived in Posiva's database, similarly to the
other results.
88
89
4
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
This report summarises the analysed geochemical properties of the surface sea
sediments (uppermost 50 cm) at the Olkiluoto sea area. During the research vessel
Geomari cruise in September 2008, ten soft surface sediments were cored at the
Olkiluoto offshore and three hard substrates from the open sea area (the "SEA
samples"). The sampling locations, at the water depths between 4.4–52.8 m, were
selected using acoustic echo-sounding profiles existing and surveyed during the cruise.
The soft surface sediments were sliced mainly into 0-1 cm thick sub-samples, and from
the hard bottom samples only the upper surface sediment (0–2 cm) was sub-sampled.
The main sediment types were recent muddy clay and gyttja, which were cored from the
Eurajoensalmi and Olkiluodonvesi Bays and in the western part of the Olkiluoto
offshore. Pieces of plants, some fauna, and signs of bioturbation in the topmost layers
were observed. The hard bottom sediment samples were in the open sea area in water
depths distinctly deeper than in the case of the soft sediments. The sediment core
SEA86 situated at the western open sea area with a sedimentary rock basement. In one
of the cores (SEA88), spheroid Fe-Mn concretions were found from the surface
sediment.
Six surface sediment transects near the Olkiluoto shoreline were sampled by diving in
the summer of 2008, providing new information on variation and continuity of physical
and geochemical properties of the coastal areas around the Olkiluoto Island a study
interfacing with the corresponding terrestrial lines of (Haapanen & Lahdenperä 2011).
Altogether 57 sediment cores of about 50 cm were taken at 50 meter intervals and sliced
usually for the 05 cm, 520 cm and 2050 cm layers. From the hard bottom substrate,
only the topmost layer (0-2 cm) could be sampled. The water depths were distinctly
shallower than in the SEA sediment samples; the depths varied from 0.4 m to 8.8 m,
being less than 4 m in general. One of the Transects was located in a flad with
extremely shallow water (0.4-0.5 m). The sediment types of the samples in Transects 1,
2 and 4 (SBT13, 14, 16) were mainly muddy clay and recent mud with some sand and
till layers. The sediment types in Transect 3 (SBT15) were recent mud with degrading
plant materials, in Transect 5a (SBT18) soft non-layered gyttja, and in Transect 5b
(SBT17) from coarse to fine sand and till.
The pH decreased as a function of sediment depth. The pH varied significantly in the
SEA sediments (2.9-7.2). Very acidic sediments (pH < 4) were found in the western
offshore and in the sheltered Olkiluodonvesi Bay. In the Eurajoensalmi Bay, the pH of
the sediments was slightly higher. In the open sea area, the pH of the hard bottom
sediments was neutral or alkaline. The highest pH was in SEA86 which is situated in
the sedimentary rock area; the sulphur, iron and manganese as well as heavy metal
concentrations were clearly lower there compared to the other SEA samples.
In the shoreline transects, the pH was slightly acidic or alkaline, and its variation was
distinctly narrow (pH 6.4-7.5). In Transect 3, pH of the sediment was neutral or
alkaline. The lowest pH values were in Transects 5a and 5b. The loss-on-ignition,
carbon and nitrogen contents were slightly higher in the SEA sediments than in the
90
transect samples, and distinctly higher in the soft, recent muddy clay sediments than in
the hard, sandy and till sediments.
Potassium and sodium were the main base cations in all sea sediment samples; on the
contrary, in the deep soil samples calcium and magnesium were the main base cations.
The phosphorus concentrations were higher in the topmost sediments and also in the
soft sediments compared to the hard sandy and till bottoms. The values coincide with
the phosphate contents given by Niemistö et al. (1978) for the eastern basin of the Gulf
of Bothnia.
The sediments were strongly enriched by some trace and heavy metals, possibly due to
anthropogenic load, while other metals are only moderately or slightly present. Besides
the anthropogenic load, the redox conditions also have a marked influence e.g. on the
distribution of Cd, Zn, Pb and Cu in the sediments. Thus, the roles of the natural and the
anthropogenic loads are not easy to point out.
The arsenic, cobalt, copper, chromium, nickel, zinc and vanadium concentrations
exceeded background values in most of the recent gyttja and gyttja clay sediments of
the SEA cores offshore Olkiluoto. The cadmium concentrations were under background
values. In sandy and till sediments the concentrations were significantly lower, except
in the SEA87, which located in the open sea area with the water depth of 52.7 m.
The trace and heavy metal concentrations showed scattered patterns in the transect
sediments. Cobalt and zinc concentrations were the highest in Transect 4 and the values
exceeded background values. In general, the trace and heavy metal concentrations were
high or elevated in Transect 3, and the lowest in Transects 5a and 5b. However, the
information on the elemental background values in the different parts of the Baltic Sea
is still sparse and the classification of value ranges should be more validated for the
different environmental areas.
Lateral and vertical variations of the element concentrations, especially of trace and
heavy metals, in the surface sediments are caused by variations in transport/erosion and
sedimentation patterns of particulate matter, in occurrence of migration processes and in
bonding types. There are also several chemical reactions that are depth-dependent due
to the fact that there are gradients in oxygen, redox potential, salinity and organic matter
content. In addition, partly due to the currents, bottom topography and primary
production rate vary a lot.
To summarise, the observed variability in the geochemical properties of the sea bottom
surface sediments are a result of variable environmental conditions among the studied
sites.
x
The distribution pattern of most of the elements, especially trace and heavy
metals, are linked to that of organic matter in the sediments, i.e. the
concentrations are much higher in the recent muddy sediments, which are under
the active mud accumulation, than in the sandy and till dominated hard, erosion
bottoms, which contain significantly less organic matter.
91
x
The water depth has a significant effect on the environmental conditions and
thus on the element concentrations.
x
In the sheltered Olkiluodonvesi Bay the water depth was shallow, sediments soft
recent mud and muddy clay, and the bottom is under the active accumulation.
Eutrophication enforces the effects of the land uplift.
x
In the Eurajoensalmi Bay, Rivers Eurajoki and Lapijoki transport sediments to
the offshore area, and the river water is mixing with the seawater efficiently,
decreasing the concentrations.
x
In the open sea area the water is much deeper, and the bottoms are hard,
erosional bottoms (sand and till) where the organic matter content is low.
x
One sample was cored from the Jotnian sandstone basement area and its
geochemistry significantly differed from the other samples.
x
Roles of anthropogenic and natural loading are difficult to point out; the power
plant cooling water outlet could have increased the primary production and thus
affected the geochemical conditions, too.
x
Compared to the element concentrations of the surface sea sediments, the
respective concentrations in the soils of the Olkiluoto Island are lower for most
of the elements.
92
93
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APPENDICES
Appendix 1. Selected photos of the SEA sediment samples from (Kotilainen et al. 2008).
Appendix 2. Selected photos of the shoreline transect samples from (Ilmarinen et al.
2009.)
Appendix 3. Description of the average value depths used in Figures 9-71.
Appendix 4. The median, minimum and maximum values of pH, LOI, moisture, dry
matter, ash, carbon and nitrogen contents of SEA76…SEA88.
Appendix 5. The results of pH, LOI, moisture, dry matter, ash, carbon and nitrogen
contents of SEA76…SEA88.
Appendix 6. The median, minimum, maximum values and the detection limits of the
analysed elements of SEA76…SEA88.
Appendix 7. The Ca, K, Mg, Na and P concentrations of SEA76…SEA88.
Appendix 8. The main trace element concentrations (Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, S and Zn) of
SEA76…SEA88.
Appendix 9. The heavy metal (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb and V) concentrations of
SEA76…SEA88.
Appendix 10. The selenium, iodine and chloride concentrations of SEA76…SEA88.
Appendix 11. The median, minimum and maximum values of pH, moisture, dry matter,
LOI, ash content, carbon and nitrogen in the sub-samples of Transects 1…5b.
Appendix 12. The results pH-values, LOI, ash content, moisture, dry matter, carbon
and nitrogen contents in the sub-samples of Transects 1…5b.
Appendix 13. The median, minimum, maximum values and the detection limits of the
analysed elements in the sub-samples of Transects 1…5b.
Appendix 14. The K, Na, Ca, Mg and P concentrations in the sub-samples of Transects
1…5b.
102
Appendix 15. The Al, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, S and Zn concentrations in the analysed subsamples of Transects 1…5b.
Appendix 16. The heavy metal (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb and V) concentrations in the
analysed sub-samples of Transects 1…5b.
Appendix 17. The concentrations of selenium, iodine and chloride in the sub-samples of
Transects 1…5b.
Appendix 18. The grain size distribution of SEA76…SEA88 sea sediment samples.
Appendix 19. The cumulative weight percent of different grain sizes of SEA76…SEA88
sea sediment samples.
Appendix 20. The grain-size distribution of Transects 1…5b.
Appendix 21. The cumulative weight percent of different grain sizes of the sub-samples
in Transects 1-5b.
103
APPENDIX 1. Selected photos of the SEA sediment samples from (Kotilainen et al.
2008).
Figure 72. Surface sea sediment sample of SEA76. Sediment surface is oxidised in the
surface and in the sediment column at 0-3 cm depth, holes and burrows at 2-6 cm and
40-42 cm depths.
Figure 73. Surface sea sediment sample of SEA77. Sediment surface is oxidised in the
surface at 0-2 cm depth, remnants of plants and shells at surface (0-3 cm) and holes and
burrows at 2-6 cm and 40-42 cm depths.
104
Figure 74. Surface sea sediment sample of SEA78. Sediment surface is oxidised in the
surface at 0-1.5 cm depth, holes and burrows in surface.
Figure 75. Surface sea sediment sample of SEA79. Sediment surface is oxidised in the
surface at 0-0.5 cm depth, holes and burrows in sediment column at 6.5-45 cm depth.
105
Figure 76. Surface sea sediment sample of SEA80. Sediment surface is oxidized at 0-1.5
cm depth. Remnants of shells in surface and sediment column at 2-4.5 cm depth,
observations of living benthic animals (2 worms, Marenzelleria viridis, at 27-28 cm
depth).
Figure 77. Surface sea sediment sample of SEA81. Sediment surface is oxidized at 0-2
cm depth, holes and burrows from surface down to 8 cm depth.
106
Figure 78. Surface sea sediment sample of SEA82. Sediment surface is oxidised at 0-1.5
cm, holes and burrows at 9-23 cm depth.
Figure 79. Surface sea sediment sample of SEA83. Sediment surface is oxidized at 0-1
cm depth, remnants of biota in surface and holes and burrows in sediment column at 545 cm depth.
107
Figure 80. Surface sea sediment sample of SEA84. Sediment surface is oxidized at 0-2
cm depth, remnants of plant at surface.
Figure 81. Surface sea sediment sample of SEA85. Sediment surface is oxidized at 0-1
cm depth, remnants of biota in surface and in sediment column at 3-15 cm, observations
of living shells.
108
Figure 82. Surface sea sediment sample of SEA86. Sediment surface is oxidized. Sample
locates at the sedimentary rock area. Sediment type is reddish brown stony/gravelly
sand.
Figure 83. Surface sea sediment sample of SEA87. Sediment surface is oxidized at 0-2
cm depth, observations of benthic animals (Polychaete Marenzelleria viridis). Erosional
surface at 2 cm depth.
109
Figure 84. Surface sea sediment sample of SEA88. Sediment surface is oxidized at 0-2
cm depth, remnants of biota in sediment column. Spherical Fe-Mn concretions in
surface (0-2 cm) and erosional surface (82 cm), remnants of shells.
110
APPENDIX 2. Selected photos of Transect 1…5b samples from (Ilmarinen et al. 2009).
Figure 85. Surface sea sediment sample of Transect 1. Sediment type is clay at the
depth of 20-50 cm. In the surface (0-20 cm), sediment type is fine sand with some clay.
Figure 86. Surface sea sediment sample of Transect 2. Sediment type is clay at the
depth of 20-50 cm. In the surface (0-20 cm), sediment type is fine sand with some
muddy.
111
Figure 87. Surface sea sediment sample of Transect 3. Sediment type is soft clay at the
0-50 cm depth.
Figure 88. Surface sea sediment sample of Transect 4. Sediment type is clayey fine sand
at the depth of 0-20 cm and coarse fine sand with some clay at the 20-30 cm depth.
112
Figure 89. Surface sea sediment sample of Transect 5a. Sediment type is light gray till.
Figure 90. Surface sea sediment sample of Transect 5b. Sediment type is clayey sand at
the depth of 0-35 cm.
113
APPENDIX 3. Description of the average depth values used in Figures 9-71.
Sediment sample datasets of SEA76…88 and Transects 1…5b have varying sampling
depth intervals. For instance, one sample has a sampling depth interval of 5-9 cm
whereas another has a 5-49 cm. Thus, samples have the different depth scales and they
cannot be shown in a same graph as a function of depth without further processing.
In order to show the sediment samples in a same graph by their sampling depth,
common average depth values were determined for each sampling depth interval to be
valid for the whole dataset. Both datasets (the SEA and the shoreline transect sea
sediment samples) were examined separately. Average depth value describes the
concentration at given sampling depth point representing the whole depth interval and
thus, it is possible to compare the values of different depth intervals with each other.
At first, sampling depth intervals of the all samples were examined together starting
from the lowest values (0 cm) and continuing towards the deeper values up to the
maximum depth (50 cm). It was noticed that adjacent depth intervals have a common
limit value (e.g. 1-9 and 9-22 have common point 9) and those values should be
excluded when selecting average values. However, few limit values were included to
the selected average depths, e.g. the lowest depth (0 cm) and the deepest value (50 cm)
of the samples.
As an example of the determination of average depth, when considering only depth
intervals 1-4, 4-9 and 9-22, the first average value should be either 2 or 3, the next
between 5 and 8 and the last between 10 and 21. Thus, each depth interval would have a
distinct average value to represent the concentration of respective sampling depth.
Average depth values were selected so that each interval has at least one average value.
Intervals with greater range several average depth values whereas only one value was
selected for the narrowest intervals.
In total, 12 average depth values were determined for the SEA sediment samples and 7
for the transect samples. Several graphs were created for both datasets. A graph shows
element concentrations (e.g. pH) of all SEA samples or one transect sample as a
function of depth at selected common average depths that represent all values their
sampling depth intervals.
114
APPENDIX 4. The median, minimum and maximum values of pH, moisture, dry matter,
LOI; ash, carbon and nitrogen contents of SEA76…SEA88.
Parameter
Median
Min
Max
pH
Moisture, %
Dry matter, % dw
LOI, %dw
Ash content, % dw
C, % dw
N, % dw
5.1
74.7
25.3
9.9
90.1
3.7
0.5
2.9
18.4
14.5
0.4
87.4
0.16
0.05
7.2
85.5
81.6
14.6
99.6
6.1
1.0
115
APPENDIX 5. The results of pH, LOI, ash, moisture, dry matter, carbon and nitrogen
contents of SEA76…SEA88.
Posiva ID
Sampling
interval , cm
Water
depth, m
pH
LOI
% dw
Ash
% dw
Moisture
%
Dry matter
% dw
C
% of dw
N
% of dw
SEA76
0-1
10.2
5.5
14.6
85.4
NA
17.5
6.1
0.97
SEA76
1-9
10.2
3.8
12.5
87.5
74.7
NA
5.1
0.83
SEA76
9-22
10.2
3.4
12.0
88.0
NA
NA
4.7
0.75
SEA76
23-48
10.2
3.6
9.4
90.6
NA
NA
3.7
0.58
SEA77
0-1
11.0
6.3
12.8
87.3
NA
25.3
5.4
0.84
SEA77
1-4
11.0
4.9
11.2
88.8
77.9
NA
4.6
0.76
SEA77
4-23
11.0
3.3
11.1
88.9
NA
NA
4.3
0.68
SEA77
23-50
11.0
3.3
8.6
91.4
NA
NA
3.2
0.53
SEA78
0-1
9.2
6.5
12.2
87.8
NA
22.1
4.9
0.73
SEA78
1-7
9.2
5.6
11.1
88.9
71.8
NA
4.4
0.68
SEA78
7-12
9.2
4.0
10.8
89.2
NA
NA
4.2
0.63
SEA78
12-49
9.2
3.2
8.3
91.7
NA
NA
3.0
0.47
SEA79
0-1
4.4
3.6
8.2
91.8
NA
28.2
3.4
0.54
SEA79
1-4
4.4
3.5
7.8
92.2
75.9
NA
3.0
0.52
SEA79
4-9
4.4
3.1
8.0
92.0
NA
NA
2.9
0.50
SEA79
9-43
4.4
2.9
8.7
91.3
NA
NA
3.0
0.49
SEA80
0-1
8.1
6.2
13.7
86.3
NA
24.1
6.0
0.92
SEA80
1-7
8.1
4.4
12.2
87.8
77.1
NA
4.9
0.77
SEA80
7-26
8.1
3.5
10.7
89.3
NA
NA
4.1
0.64
SEA80
26-42
8.1
3.4
8.3
91.6
NA
NA
3.1
0.49
SEA81
0-1
5.5
6.4
11.2
88.8
NA
22.9
4.4
0.54
SEA81
1-4
5.5
6.1
10.9
89.1
84.1
NA
4.2
0.55
SEA81
4-14
5.5
5.3
9.9
90.1
NA
NA
3.7
0.47
SEA81
14-42
5.5
4.0
7.2
92.8
NA
NA
2.8
0.41
SEA82
0-1
6.2
6.6
11.5
88.5
NA
15.9
4.3
0.56
SEA82
1-5
6.2
6.1
10.7
89.3
NA
NA
4.2
0.55
SEA82
5-9
6.2
5.2
10.3
89.7
NA
NA
3.9
0.50
SEA82
9-22
6.2
4.2
8.6
91.4
85.5
NA
3.1
0.45
SEA82
22-45
6.2
3.6
7.7
92.3
NA
NA
2.8
0.45
SEA83
0-1
7.7
6.4
12.8
87.2
54.2
14.5
4.8
0.68
SEA83
1-5
7.7
5.7
11.7
88.3
71.4
NA
4.7
0.68
SEA83
5-49
7.7
4.0
9.7
90.3
NA
NA
3.7
0.53
SEA84
0-1
7.5
7.1
3.3
96.7
NA
45.8
1.2
0.22
SEA85
0-1
8.6
6.6
8.3
91.7
18.4
28.6
3.6
0.52
SEA85
1-3
8.6
5.9
7.6
92.4
54.9
NA
3.4
0.51
SEA85
3-15
8.6
4.6
7.1
92.9
35.5
NA
2.4
0.39
SEA86
0-2
20.7
7.2
0.4
99.6
NA
81.6
0.2
0.05
SEA87
0-2
52.7
6.7
4.5
95.5
NA
45.1
1.4
0.24
SEA88
0-2
48.9
6.9
2.0
98.0
NA
64.5
0.8
0.14
NA= Not analysed
116
APPENDIX 6. The median, minimum, maximum values and the detection limits of the
analysed elements of SEA76…SEA88.
Element
Median
mg/kg
Min
mg/kg
Max
mg/kg
Detection limit
mg/kg
Al
55600
3780
65200
100
As
14.1
6.8
43.3
0.5
Ba
419
396
634
0.5
Be
2.5
1.0
6.0
0.5
Bi
0.39
0.17
0.62
0.1
Ca
9570
4550
11600
200
Cd
0.68
0.20
1.30
0.1
Cl
16950
7660
22800
100
Co
26.3
2.4
76.9
0.2
Cr
87.2
14.9
199
4
Cu
41.1
4.6
56.2
2
Fe
42000
10700
52300
100
I
42.6
25.4
79.1
1
K
22500
18000
28300
200
Li
41.8
11.9
81.1
5
Mg
11500
1950
13700
50
Mn
494
105
7310
5
Mo
2.3
0.7
15.9
0.5
Na
15000
12300
21200
200
Ni
41.5
13.4
86.1
4
P
1160
539
2620
100
Pb
37.8
20.8
61.3
1
Rb
118
81.9
132
0.2
S
4150
125
16700
50
Sb
0.70
0.2
1.7
0.1
Se
0.05
0.28
0.75
0.05
Sn
3.1
2.2
3.9
2
Sr
142
121
168
3
Ti
3180
540
3560
10
Tl
0.7
0.6
0.9
0.1
V
86.7
14.5
112
5
Zn
191
25.8
324
20
Zr
103
35.2
125
10
117
APPENDIX 7. The Ca, K, Mg, Na and P concentrations of SEA76…SEA88.
Posiva
ID
Sampling
interval,
cm
Water
depth, m
Ca
g/kg
K
g/kg
Mg
g/kg
Na
g/kg
P
mg/kg
SEA76
0-1
10.2
9.5
22.4
1.24
19.3
1740
SEA76
1-9
10.2
10.1
21.8
11.4
14.7
1210
SEA76
9-22
10.2
8.7
22.2
11.8
14.9
1110
SEA76
23-48
10.2
8.7
22.6
11.7
14.6
912
SEA77
0-1
11.0
10.6
22.8
11.7
16.8
1960
SEA77
1-4
11.0
9.6
21.8
11.0
15.6
1150
SEA77
4-23
11.0
8.6
21.7
11.5
14.7
981
SEA77
23-50
11.0
8.4
22.9
11.9
13.7
713
SEA78
0-1
9.2
10.8
24.3
13.7
17.5
2280
SEA78
1-7
9.2
10.1
23.4
12.5
15.4
1290
SEA78
7-12
9.2
8.9
23.5
12.7
15.2
1070
SEA78
12-49
9.2
8.7
24.3
12.8
14.3
787
SEA79
0-1
4.4
9.6
23.2
10.7
16.4
1320
SEA79
1-4
4.4
9.7
21.5
9.7
15.4
1010
SEA79
4-9
4.4
9.3
21.5
9.8
14.7
934
SEA79
9-43
4.4
9.0
23.1
11.6
13.6
794
SEA80
0-1
8.1
11.6
22.7
12.1
16.8
2620
SEA80
1-7
8.1
9.9
22.0
11.5
14.9
1170
SEA80
7-26
8.1
8.8
21.8
11.5
14.4
932
SEA80
26-42
8.1
8.5
22.8
11.6
13.7
707
SEA81
0-1
5.5
10.0
23.0
11.8
17.9
1460
SEA81
1-4
5.5
9.40
21.4
10.8
15.0
1440
SEA81
4-14
5.5
9.44
21.7
10.9
14.8
1340
SEA81
14-42
5.5
9.49
23.3
11.4
14.8
816
SEA82
0-1
6.2
10.0
23.0
12.1
20.5
1560
SEA82
1-5
6.2
9.5
21.8
10.8
14.7
1510
SEA82
5-9
6.2
9.9
22.5
11.4
15.0
1540
SEA82
9-22
6.2
9.7
23.5
12.0
15.5
1020
SEA82
22-45
6.2
9.7
24.1
12.7
15.3
832
SEA83
0-1
7.7
9.8
22.9
12.5
21.2
1610
SEA83
1-5
7.7
10.2
21.9
11.7
15.3
1550
SEA83
5-49
7.7
9.6
22.7
12.2
15.2
1160
SEA84
0-1
7.5
9.4
19.3
5.9
15.1
827
SEA85
0-1
8.6
10.0
20.9
9.3
16.1
1250
SEA85
1-3
8.6
9.6
20.3
8.9
14.5
1210
SEA85
3-15
8.6
9.9
21.0
9.2
14.5
1060
SEA86
0-2
20.7
4.6
28.3
2.0
14.3
539
SEA87
0-2
52.7
9.0
19.3
6.9
13.7
1260
SEA88
0-2
48.9
7.7
18.0
4.6
12.3
815
118
APPENDIX 8. The main trace element concentrations (Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, S and Zn)
of SEA76…SEA88.
Posiva
ID
Sampling
interval, cm
Water
depth, m
Al
g/kg
Cu
mg/kg
Fe
g/kg
Mn
mg/kg
Mo
mg/kg
S
mg/kg
Zn
mg/kg
SEA76
0-1
10.2
55.7
42.4
36.4
388
1.3
3570
188
SEA76
1-9
10.2
54.7
56.2
39.2
414
2.9
8670
212
SEA76
9-22
10.2
55.4
56.1
42.0
489
2.4
11700
248
SEA76
23-48
10.2
54.6
40.0
42.5
441
2.4
10500
182
SEA77
0-1
11.0
55.3
41.1
40.1
597
1.0
2980
173
SEA77
1-4
11.0
54.3
45.9
35.3
381
1.8
4210
189
SEA77
4-23
11.0
53.9
51.8
41.8
485
2.6
12100
245
SEA77
23-50
11.0
56.0
36.7
39.6
453
2.3
11300
156
SEA78
0-1
9.2
59.2
40.0
52.3
1310
1.6
2390
204
SEA78
1-7
9.2
59.4
52.1
42.3
443
1.6
3380
227
SEA78
7-12
9.2
59.5
50.7
44.4
429
2.4
6220
272
SEA78
12-49
9.2
58.9
33.6
44.8
494
3.8
11800
151
SEA79
0-1
4.4
56.0
30.8
46.2
408
2.3
6280
163
SEA79
1-4
4.4
52.2
34.2
40.0
372
2.2
6750
158
SEA79
4-9
4.4
52.1
32.4
41.4
379
3.4
11100
158
SEA79
9-43
4.4
55.2
26.1
47.8
502
6.1
16700
114
SEA80
0-1
8.1
55.4
42.1
47.3
558
1.0
2910
191
SEA80
1-7
8.1
55.6
48.9
39.8
380
2.3
4960
204
SEA80
7-26
8.1
55.2
53.0
41.5
397
3.2
10300
249
SEA80
26-42
8.1
55.5
33.0
40.5
428
2.8
9560
150
SEA81
0-1
5.5
65.2
41.4
45.9
879
1.5
2280
283
SEA81
1-4
5.5
61.7
46.6
42.6
500
1.6
2310
282
SEA81
4-14
5.5
63.2
42.7
41.8
539
2.6
3700
293
SEA81
14-42
5.5
58.8
29.9
42.9
571
3.2
6420
163
SEA82
0-1
6.2
63.7
41.9
45.4
915
1.4
2360
282
SEA82
1-5
6.2
61.5
43.8
42.9
494
1.3
2150
288
SEA82
5-9
6.2
64.8
47.7
43.2
539
2.6
4150
324
SEA82
9-22
6.2
61.6
33.2
44.3
542
3.4
5480
226
SEA82
22-45
6.2
60.0
27.4
50.5
829
2.2
9390
145
SEA83
0-1
7.7
61.1
43.0
49.6
945
1.5
2880
262
SEA83
1-5
7.7
62.3
47.7
42.0
473
3.1
2820
283
SEA83
5-49
7.7
61.1
41.1
46.0
602
2.5
8720
256
SEA84
0-1
7.5
44.6
12.8
24.7
910
1.2
751
88.0
SEA85
0-1
8.6
52.5
32.7
33.8
835
1.0
1540
171
SEA85
1-3
8.6
51.6
37.7
32.5
418
1.0
1660
185
SEA85
3-15
8.6
53.5
40.8
33.1
397
2.0
3600
208
SEA86
0-2
20.7
43.0
4.64
10.7
105
0.7
125
25.8
SEA87
0-2
52.7
43.3
21.8
39.8
7310
16
1040
144
SEA88
0-2
48.9
37.8
10.8
24.8
2240
4.7
455
68.4
119
APPENDIX 9. The heavy metal (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb and V) concentrations of
SEA76…SEA88.
Posiva ID
Sampling
interval, cm
Water
depth, m
As
mg/kg
Cd
mg/kg
Co
mg/kg
Cr
mg/kg
Ni
mg/kg
Pb
mg/kg
V
mg/kg
SEA76
0-1
10.2
10.5
0.90
17.6
83.6
37.8
32.4
83.3
SEA76
1-9
10.2
14.0
0.97
24.4
97.8
45.8
40.4
99.8
SEA76
9-22
10.2
16.0
1.17
26.3
99.0
44.2
44.7
97.9
SEA76
23-48
10.2
19.4
1.00
21.2
103
40.7
46.4
101
SEA77
0-1
11.0
15.2
0.70
19.9
83.1
35.3
31.9
79.1
SEA77
1-4
11.0
9.77
0.99
20.0
84.0
40.4
38.6
83.2
SEA77
4-23
11.0
23.9
1.30
27.2
121
45.5
53.7
100
SEA77
23-50
11.0
9.22
0.64
21.9
79.9
37.5
36.7
86.7
SEA78
0-1
9.2
22.4
0.30
26.0
93.1
38.9
36.9
93.0
SEA78
1-7
9.2
11.0
0.69
29.0
104
47.7
50.6
105
SEA78
7-12
9.2
15.3
0.77
34.0
112
52.4
58.2
112
SEA78
12-49
9.2
13.4
0.37
22.3
83.6
41.6
37.3
99.4
SEA79
0-1
4.4
17.7
0.36
19.5
76.3
29.9
31.0
81.0
SEA79
1-4
4.4
11.2
0.55
24.2
71.2
34.4
37.4
75.1
SEA79
4-9
4.4
14.1
0.39
21.6
72.3
35.7
36.5
76.3
SEA79
9-43
4.4
10.2
<0.1
21.1
76.7
34.7
28.7
88.5
SEA80
0-1
8.1
18.6
0.67
20.9
85.4
36.8
32.5
83.7
SEA80
1-7
8.1
9.7
0.68
20.5
87.2
41.4
41.2
84.8
SEA80
7-26
8.1
19.7
1.16
28.7
117
45.0
54.7
96.0
SEA80
26-42
8.1
11.1
0.39
19.4
79.6
36.6
40.2
87.8
SEA81
0-1
5.5
17.7
0.72
34.4
127
54.7
31.3
87.0
SEA81
1-4
5.5
15.1
0.65
38.2
128
60.3
37.8
88.0
SEA81
4-14
5.5
14.1
0.66
38.4
185
55.4
40.0
82.4
SEA81
14-42
5.5
8.8
0.32
28.5
86.7
42.2
35.3
89.7
SEA82
0-1
6.2
19.7
0.68
35.8
133
54.2
33.6
85.7
SEA82
1-5
6.2
14.1
0.80
34.7
124
55.2
40.6
83.8
SEA82
5-9
6.2
16.9
0.77
39.4
199
59.3
45.9
91.3
SEA82
9-22
6.2
11.1
0.68
39.7
113
45.6
39.5
83.7
SEA82
22-45
6.2
7.0
0.20
22.1
76.4
38.0
31.0
91.1
SEA83
0-1
7.7
23.1
0.80
34.0
114
49.2
33.8
86.8
SEA83
1-5
7.7
12.5
0.93
37.8
107
54.1
41.5
87.9
SEA83
5-49
7.7
15.7
0.63
37.4
131
47.0
43.6
90.3
SEA84
0-1
7.5
13.5
0.21
11.9
40.7
13.4
20.8
51.8
SEA85
0-1
8.6
12.6
0.48
22.3
74.1
32.8
33.2
65.8
SEA85
1-3
8.6
8.96
0.50
28.0
76.7
39.5
41.7
68.6
SEA85
3-15
8.6
10.6
0.48
27.2
94.3
40.0
50.4
70.4
SEA86
0-2
20.7
6.8
0.26
2.4
14.9
<4
21.3
14.5
SEA87
0-2
52.7
43.3
0.79
76.9
44.9
86.1
61.3
70.9
SEA88
0-2
48.9
22.0
0.27
31.4
31.8
22.3
25.8
41.3
120
APPENDIX 10. The selenium, iodine and chloride concentrations of SEA76…SEA88.
Posiva
ID
Sampling
interval, cm
Water
depth, m
Se
mg/kg
I
mg/kg
Cl
mg/kg
SEA76
0-1
10.2
NA
NA
NA
SEA76
1-9
10.2
0.62
71.5
18700
SEA76
9-22
10.2
0.75
57.2
16500
SEA76
23-48
10.2
NA
NA
NA
SEA77
0-1
11.0
NA
NA
NA
SEA77
1-4
11.0
0.56
79.1
22500
SEA77
4-23
11.0
NA
NA
NA
SEA77
23-50
11.0
NA
NA
NA
SEA78
0-1
9.2
NA
NA
NA
SEA78
1-7
9.2
0.56
50.8
16900
SEA78
7-12
9.2
NA
NA
NA
SEA78
12-49
9.2
NA
NA
NA
SEA79
0-1
4.4
NA
NA
NA
SEA79
1-4
4.4
0.28
31
16500
SEA79
4-9
4.4
NA
NA
NA
SEA79
9-43
4.4
NA
NA
NA
SEA80
0-1
8.1
NA
NA
NA
SEA80
1-7
8.1
0.62
67
22800
SEA80
7-26
8.1
NA
NA
NA
SEA80
26-42
8.1
NA
NA
NA
SEA81
0-1
5.5
NA
NA
NA
SEA81
1-4
5.5
0.38
30.8
20200
SEA81
4-14
5.5
0.51
25.4
17000
SEA81
14-42
5.5
NA
NA
NA
SEA82
0-1
6.2
NA
NA
NA
SEA82
1-5
6.2
0.47
34.3
15900
SEA82
5-9
6.2
NA
NA
NA
SEA82
9-22
6.2
0.41
26.6
14800
SEA82
22-45
6.2
NA
NA
NA
SEA83
0-1
7.7
NA
NA
NA
SEA83
1-5
7.7
0.49
53.3
19900
SEA83
5-49
7.7
NA
NA
NA
SEA84
0-1
7.5
NA
NA
NA
SEA85
0-1
8.6
NA
NA
NA
SEA85
1-3
8.6
0.37
31.6
7660
SEA85
3-15
8.6
NA
NA
NA
SEA86
0-2
20.7
NA
NA
NA
SEA87
0-2
52.7
NA
NA
NA
SEA88
0-2
48.9
NA
NA
NA
NA= Not analysed
121
APPENDIX 11. The median, minimum and maximum values of pH, moisture, dry
matter, LOI, ash content, carbon and nitrogen in the sub-samples of Transects 1…5b.
Parameter
Median
Min
Max
6.8
6.6
7.1
Transect 1
pH
Moisture, %
50.3
17.5
71.9
Dry matter, % dw
49.8
28.1
82.5
LOI, %dw
7.5
0.3
14.2
Ash content, % dw
92.5
85.8
99.7
C, % dw
3.2
0.09
6.4
N, % dw
0.49
0.11
0.91
6.9
6.2
7.1
Transect 2
pH
Moisture, %
31.5
21.2
66.1
Dry matter, % dw
68.5
33.9
78.8
LOI, %dw
2.8
1.1
11.3
Ash content, % dw
97.2
88.7
98.9
C, % dw
0.76
0.26
4.8
N, % dw
0.19
0.12
0.74
pH
7.2
6.9
7.7
Moisture, %
72.7
34.7
81.7
Transect 3
Dry matter, % dw
27.3
18.3
65.3
LOI, %dw
11.8
1.8
13.9
Ash content, % dw
88.2
86.1
97.9
C, % dw
4.9
0.61
6.0
N, % dw
0.57
0.12
0.72
pH
6.9
6.4
7.3
Moisture, %
58.0
49.5
63.2
Dry matter, % dw
42.1
36.8
50.5
Transect 4
LOI, %dw
8.7
5.6
11.1
Ash content, % dw
91.4
88.9
94.4
C, % dw
3.5
2.2
4.7
N, % dw
0.62
0.42
0.70
6.7
6.7
6.8
Transect 5a
pH
Moisture, %
49.9
30.1
54.5
Dry matter, % dw
50.1
45.5
69.9
LOI, %dw
4.9
1.4
6.5
Ash content, % dw
95.1
93.5
98.6
C, % dw
2.0
0.63
2.87
N, % dw
0.37
0.18
0.55
122
APPENDIX 11 (cont´d). The median, minimum and maximum values of pH, moisture,
dry matter, LOI, ash content, carbon and nitrogen in the sub-samples of Transects
1…5b.
Parameter
Median
Min
Max
pH
6.7
6.6
6.9
Moisture, %
24.4
18.9
51.9
Transect 5b
Dry matter, % dw
75.7
48.1
81.1
LOI, %dw
1.3
0.58
7.5
Ash content, % dw
98.7
92.5
99.4
C, % dw
0.43
0.16
3.1
N, % dw
0.17
0.10
0.50
123
APPENDIX 12. The pH, LOI, ash, moisture, dry matter, carbon and nitrogen contents
in sub-samples of Transects 1…5b.
Transect
Sample
number
Sampling
depth, cm
Core
depth, cm
pH
LOI
%dw
Ash
% dw
Moisture
%
Dry matter
% dw
C
% dw
N
% dw
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
80
85
86
87
90
103
104-105
111
53
55
57
60
66
67-68
70
71
72
73
74-75
76
77-78
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
0-25
0-5
5-20
20-50
20-25
0-5
20-50
20-50
0-10
0-5
20-50
20-50
0-5
0-20
0-5
5-20
20-35
0-5
5-35
0-5
5-45
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-30
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-40
0-5
5-20
20-40
0-5
5-20
20-35
0-5
5-20
20-45
0-5
5-20
20-35
0-5
5-20
20-50
200
700
700
700
700
820
820
860
250
670
670
720
670
770
880
880
880
860
860
860
860
90
90
90
210
210
210
160
160
160
120
120
120
110
110
110
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
70
70
70
110
110
110
6.7
6.9
6.7
6.8
7.1
7.0
6.8
6.6
6.2
6.9
6.8
7.0
7.1
7.1
6.8
7.1
7.1
6.8
7.0
6.8
6.8
7.0
7.0
7.5
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.4
7.1
7.1
6.9
7.1
7.2
7.0
7.2
7.1
7.0
7.0
7.3
7.2
7.2
7.5
7.4
7.2
7.5
7.1
7.3
7.6
7.3
7.3
7.7
7.2
7.4
7.2
12.7
12.0
1.0
14.2
13.4
3.1
1.3
0.3
5.7
2.9
1.8
2.0
3.0
2.8
2.2
1.1
1.7
11.3
2.3
3.2
9.1
13.6
11.8
8.7
2.2
3.4
3.4
13.0
12.8
9.5
13.3
13.5
10.8
13.9
13.6
11.4
13.6
12.4
11.7
13.5
12.1
8.8
13.6
12.6
10.1
13.8
9.5
8.1
11.1
9.5
6.1
13.8
13.1
1.8
87.3
88.0
99.0
85.8
86.6
97.0
98.7
99.7
94.3
97.1
98.2
98.0
97.1
97.2
97.8
98.9
98.3
88.7
97.7
96.8
91.0
86.5
88.2
91.3
97.9
96.6
96.6
87.0
87.2
90.5
86.7
86.5
89.2
86.1
86.5
88.6
86.4
87.6
88.3
86.5
87.9
91.3
86.4
87.4
90.0
86.2
90.5
91.9
88.9
90.5
93.9
86.2
86.9
90.3
69.8
66.4
26.8
71.9
69.7
34.1
30.7
17.5
47.1
37.0
30.4
32.6
39.8
NA
25.2
26.7
21.2
66.1
NA
25.4
NA
78.4
70.8
65.9
34.7
53.5
54.1
81.7
73.5
65.1
79.1
74.1
68.0
76.1
74.8
72.1
78.0
73.3
72.7
78.0
74.0
70.0
77.3
74.1
71.2
75.8
67.1
64.5
67.8
63.5
53.2
77.2
72.9
68.1
30.2
33.6
73.2
28.1
30.3
65.9
69.3
82.5
52.9
63.0
69.6
67.4
60.2
NA
74.8
73.3
78.8
33.9
NA
74.6
NA
21.6
29.2
34.1
65.3
46.5
45.9
18.3
26.5
34.9
20.9
25.9
32.0
23.9
25.2
27.9
22.0
26.7
27.3
22.0
26.0
30.0
22.7
25.9
28.8
24.2
32.9
35.5
32.2
36.5
46.8
22.8
27.1
31.9
5.9
5.5
0.42
6.4
6.0
0.91
0.52
0.09
2.6
1.3
0.75
0.44
0.59
0.58
0.91
0.26
0.76
4.8
0.57
1.2
3.7
5.5
4.6
3.6
0.96
0.61
0.65
4.9
5.1
3.8
5.2
5.2
4.4
5.7
5.3
4.7
6.0
5.3
5.0
5.6
4.9
3.9
5.6
5.3
4.2
5.7
4.2
3.2
4.7
3.9
1.9
5.9
5.7
3.9
0.83
0.76
0.14
0.91
0.84
0.22
0.16
0.11
0.38
0.25
0.19
0.12
0.15
0.18
0.19
0.13
0.22
0.74
0.19
0.24
0.56
0.66
0.54
0.49
0.17
0.12
0.13
0.64
0.61
0.50
0.67
0.62
0.50
0.69
0.61
0.56
0.72
0.61
0.55
0.70
0.57
0.54
0.70
0.61
0.54
0.72
0.54
0.49
0.61
0.54
0.30
0.68
0.59
0.47
124
APPENDIX 12. (cont´d). The pH, LOI, ash, moisture, dry matter, carbon and nitrogen
contents in sub-samples of Transects 1…5b.
Transect
Sample
number
Transect 4
142
Transect 4
143
Transect 4
144
Transect 4
145-147
Transect 4
148
Transect 4
149
Transect 4
150
Transect 4
151-152
Transect 4
154-155
Transect 4
157
Transect 4
158
Transect 4
159
Transect 4
160-161
Transect 4
162
Transect 4
163
Transect 4
165
Transect 4
166
Transect 4
169
Transect 5a
1-2
Transect 5a
3
Transect 5a
7-8
Transect 5a
9
Transect 5a
13
Transect 5a
15
Transect 5a
16
Transect 5b
114
Transect 5b
117
Transect 5b
118-119
Transect 5b
126
Transect 5b
129
Transect 5b
130
Transect 5b
131
Transect 5b
132
Transect 5b
133
Transect 5b
134
Transect 5b
135
Transect 5b
136-138
Transect 5b
139-140
NA= Not analysed
Sampling
depth, cm
Core
depth, cm
pH
LOI
% dw
Ash
% dw
Moisture
%
Dry matter
% dw
C
% dw
N
% dw
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-30
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-20
0-20
0-5
5-20
20-30
0-20
0-50
0-5
20-30
0-5
0-5
20-30
20-45
0-20
20-50
0-5
20-50
0-5
0-20
0-20
0-20
0-25
0-30
0-5
5-20
20-40
0-5
5-20
20-40
0-35
0-35
120
120
120
180
200
200
200
220
270
300
300
300
320
320
340
340
360
320
40
40
40
40
50
50
50
80
80
80
260
280
290
290
290
330
330
330
350
380
6.8
7.0
7.3
7.2
6.8
7.0
7.3
7.1
6.9
6.9
7.2
7.0
7.0
6.7
6.9
6.4
6.8
6.7
6.8
6.8
6.7
6.8
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.8
6.7
6.7
6.6
6.9
6.7
6.8
6.8
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
10.9
9.8
7.9
8.7
11.1
9.3
8.0
9.4
8.6
8.8
9.7
5.6
9.1
6.4
8.2
5.9
8.6
5.8
3.7
4.9
3.2
5.6
1.4
6.5
5.2
0.6
0.7
0.9
0.9
1.0
4.8
7.5
1.3
5.1
6.5
0.6
2.0
1.4
89.1
90.3
92.1
91.3
88.9
90.7
92.0
90.6
91.4
91.3
90.3
94.4
91.0
93.6
91.8
94.1
91.4
94.2
96.3
95.1
96.8
94.5
98.6
93.5
94.8
99.4
99.3
99.1
99.1
99.0
95.2
92.5
98.7
94.9
93.5
99.4
98.0
98.7
63.1
61.7
57.9
NA
63.2
58.0
60.1
NA
NA
56.1
58.1
49.5
NA
NA
57.1
51.4
58.2
53.0
NA
47.4
NA
49.9
30.1
54.5
54.1
18.9
20.0
NA
21.8
23.7
46.9
51.9
25.0
50.1
48.8
21.1
NA
NA
36.9
38.3
42.1
NA
36.8
42.0
39.9
NA
NA
43.9
41.9
50.5
NA
NA
42.9
48.6
41.8
47.0
NA
52.6
NA
50.1
69.9
45.5
45.9
81.1
80.0
NA
78.2
76.3
53.1
48.1
75.0
49.9
51.2
78.9
NA
NA
4.7
3.9
3.2
3.4
4.6
3.8
3.2
4.0
3.7
3.5
4.2
2.2
3.8
2.6
3.3
2.4
3.6
2.4
1.4
2.0
1.1
2.4
0.6
2.9
2.2
0.16
0.20
0.26
0.28
0.45
2.1
3.1
0.43
2.3
2.4
0.21
0.97
0.39
0.70
0.63
0.51
0.54
0.67
0.58
0.51
0.68
0.62
0.63
0.67
0.44
0.63
0.52
0.63
0.46
0.64
0.42
0.28
0.37
0.23
0.43
0.18
0.55
0.42
0.10
0.11
0.14
0.17
0.16
0.41
0.50
0.19
0.41
0.44
0.12
0.24
0.16
125
APPENDIX 13. The median, minimum, maximum values and the detection limits of the
analysed elements of Transects 1…5b.
Element
Median
mg/kg
Min
mg/kg
Max
mg/kg
Detection
limits, mg/kg
Al
As
Ba
Be
Bi
Ca
Cd
Cl
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
I
K
Li
Mg
Mn
Mo
Na
Ni
P
Pb
Rb
S
Sb
Se
Sn
Sr
Ti
Tl
V
Zn
Zr
55100
7.7
439
1.6
0.3
8190
0.5
2095
15.4
64.5
28.4
19700
22.2
23250
38.8
10700
406
1.9
14400
31.5
768
21.4
108
8090
0.35
0.39
3.2
138
2770
0.8
71.5
115
108
40500
0.8
338.0
0.7
0.1
384
0.1
614
3.6
22.7
6.6
6800
0.68
16600
13.5
3630
138
0.6
11900
8.6
383
11.4
81
513
0.11
0.02
<2
111
960
0.5
27.2
27.7
51.9
84200
22.2
35700.0
6.6
0.6
10800
1.5
5100
43.8
178
70.3
57300
45.2
61100
85.7
20500
762
5.6
17900
62.6
1630
40.4
207
20700
1.19
0.71
4.3
152
5100
1.5
147
331
153
100
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.1
200
0.1
100
0.2
4
2
100
1
200
5
50
5
0.5
200
4
100
1
0.2
50
0.1
0.05
2
3
10
0.1
5
20
10
126
APPENDIX 14. The K, Na, Ca, Mg and P concentrations in the sub-samples of
Transects 1…5b.
Transect
Sample
number
Sampling
depth, cm
Core
depth, cm
Ca
g/kg
K
g/kg
Mg
g/kg
Na
g/kg
P
mg/kg
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
80
85
86
87
90
103
104-105
111
53
55
57
60
66
67-68
70
71
72
73
74-75
76
77-78
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
0-25
0-5
5-20
20-50
20-25
0-5
20-50
20-50
0-10
0-5
20-50
20-50
0-5
0-20
0-5
5-20
20-35
0-5
5-35
0-5
5-45
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-30
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-40
0-5
5-20
20-40
0-5
5-20
20-35
0-5
5-20
20-45
0-5
5-20
20-35
0-5
5-20
20-50
200
700
700
700
700
820
820
860
250
670
670
720
670
770
880
880
880
860
860
860
860
90
90
90
210
210
210
160
160
160
120
120
120
110
110
110
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
70
70
70
110
110
110
8450
8320
8210
8070
7820
7450
8180
5550
7560
7220
6860
10500
10800
9500
8640
8440
8290
10400
10400
10200
9950
385
412
417
430
791
748
406
399
422
386
394
432
385
397
410
384
397
406
384
397
422
386
392
407
387
403
421
399
418
432
387
388
423
19900
20000
21800
18900
18900
22500
20000
25500
21100
25400
22400
29300
33800
33400
21100
21200
22100
22800
27800
23900
24100
40100
41500
43300
16600
57300
61100
40900
43300
41100
40000
43200
42900
41100
43300
44200
42200
42200
44100
44400
44500
44800
44900
46100
45100
45700
45200
43600
45500
46100
33400
39600
41000
42200
10700
10500
4860
10800
10500
4720
3830
3640
4930
7610
5070
13500
18900
17800
5220
5190
4980
12200
12800
8880
12700
4990
11600
12500
11800
4570
19300
20500
11600
11700
11500
11200
11700
13000
11000
11700
12700
11200
11400
12700
11600
12600
12500
11700
12000
11800
11600
12000
11600
11600
12300
9710
10900
11100
11900
12300
13400
14000
13000
13700
13800
13600
13000
12800
13700
15900
15600
14800
14300
14000
13900
15200
15500
14900
14300
14000
16500
15500
14800
13800
15600
15400
17900
15400
15000
17200
15800
15000
16100
15600
15500
15700
15700
14800
16700
15000
15100
16000
14900
14900
15500
14300
14500
14200
13900
13900
16500
15400
717
641
420
731
681
474
480
383
585
577
518
644
732
693
659
426
543
1630
662
835
1180
1210
1010
724
430
727
717
1180
1150
887
1230
1220
948
1230
1210
1100
1250
1190
1020
1200
1070
813
1200
1070
767
1150
814
704
853
722
670
1200
1110
929
127
APPENDIX 14 (cont´d). The K, Na, Ca, Mg and P concentrations in the sub-samples of
Transects 1…5b.
Transect
Sample
number
Sampling
depth, cm
Core
depth, cm
Ca
g/kg
K
g/kg
Mg
g/kg
Na
g/kg
P
mg/kg
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
142
143
144
145-147
148
149
150
151-152
154-155
157
158
159
160-161
162
163
165
166
169
1-2
3
7-8
9
13
15
16
114
117
118-119
126
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136-138
139-140
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-30
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-20
0-20
0-5
5-20
20-30
0-20
0-50
0-5
20-30
0-5
0-5
20-30
20-45
0-20
20-50
0-5
20-50
0-5
0-20
0-20
0-20
0-25
0-30
0-5
5-20
20-40
0-5
5-20
20-40
0-35
0-35
120
120
120
180
200
200
200
220
270
300
300
300
320
320
340
340
360
320
40
40
40
40
50
50
50
80
80
80
260
280
290
290
290
330
330
330
350
380
10100
10200
9560
9800
10100
10200
9750
9160
9830
9800
9590
10400
9820
10100
10000
9670
9880
9860
8100
10200
7710
10100
8190
9730
9380
7740
7370
8030
8240
8100
9680
10000
8150
9860
9300
8980
9630
8880
23100
23700
25000
24700
23200
23600
25000
21000
22400
23800
23300
20900
23800
21600
25100
21600
22000
20000
20100
20500
20700
21100
19500
20800
20400
20200
20100
21200
21600
20200
19900
22800
21400
21100
22800
19800
19200
20800
12000
12900
13300
13200
12100
12900
13500
9560
10100
12200
12400
7540
12800
8820
13200
8580
10700
7280
5330
6790
6800
4940
7860
4370
8010
7100
3630
3770
4040
4730
4210
6310
10200
4640
7170
8500
4140
4860
14200
15100
14400
15000
15000
14400
15200
14100
14500
14100
14700
14500
14200
14500
15000
14000
15000
14200
13600
14500
14600
13500
14400
13400
13800
14500
13200
12900
13500
13600
13200
13700
14400
13700
14500
14300
13700
13500
1620
1420
815
1060
1600
1360
795
718
740
769
790
821
798
862
826
784
721
768
490
789
484
840
485
860
768
459
433
437
461
446
724
757
456
785
663
491
542
517
128
APPENDIX 15. The Al, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, S and Zn concentrations in the sub-samples of
Transects 1…5b.
Transect
Sample
number
Sampling
depth, cm
Core
depth, cm
Al
g/kg
Cu
mg/kg
Fe
g/kg
Mn
mg7kg
Mo
mg/kg
S
mg/kg
Zn
mg/kg
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
80
85
86
87
90
103
104-105
111
53
55
57
60
66
67-68
70
71
72
73
74-75
76
77-78
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
0-25
0-5
5-20
20-50
20-25
0-5
20-50
20-50
0-10
0-5
20-50
20-50
0-5
0-20
0-5
5-20
20-35
0-5
5-35
0-5
5-45
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-30
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-40
0-5
5-20
20-40
0-5
5-20
20-35
0-5
5-20
20-45
0-5
5-20
20-35
0-5
5-20
20-50
200
700
700
700
700
820
820
860
250
670
670
720
670
770
880
880
880
860
860
860
860
90
90
90
210
210
210
160
160
160
120
120
120
110
110
110
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
70
70
70
110
110
110
49800
49400
43400
49300
48700
44700
40600
45200
42400
50300
46400
70100
83900
79800
46100
44700
45900
63400
66000
57400
64400
60300
64700
56400
43800
83100
84200
61600
65200
60700
60300
64800
67200
60300
63600
64800
61600
63200
66300
62400
65400
59000
63200
63700
57000
62500
57500
55400
58700
56900
51900
60800
61800
61700
50.6
45.8
8.6
70.3
58.1
15.2
11.9
10.4
24.9
22.9
14.4
36.8
50.3
45.7
15.1
15.4
10.9
53.0
32.8
25.0
41.1
46.4
42.4
27.4
11.4
51.6
56.4
44.1
46.8
33.5
43.3
29.8
25.0
24.8
27.6
34.9
27.5
24.9
28.7
29.1
27.4
8.6
31.0
43.0
28.6
45.0
28.4
10.0
16.6
13.9
11.1
24.5
24.6
16.7
45000
44100
17500
40600
39000
19500
16500
13300
23500
28500
19400
41100
57300
53500
21600
19500
20800
45300
40000
30900
44800
10200
9570
9440
6800
9620
9740
10100
9690
9440
10000
9840
9880
10900
9970
9780
11100
10100
9940
10200
9480
9780
9700
9020
9210
9410
9190
9420
9410
9200
9170
10400
9800
9640
410
388
216
381
357
200
229
138
268
273
217
479
640
583
329
278
251
577
503
417
540
432
482
518
187
579
644
429
401
450
394
411
459
406
429
483
485
410
470
442
591
463
455
557
477
477
486
471
480
472
344
383
420
486
3.4
4.8
1.2
4.0
5.6
1.5
1.3
<0.5
2.8
2.0
0.62
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.73
0.80
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.1
2.3
1.3
3.7
3.0
0.76
1.6
2.0
1.4
3.6
3.2
1.1
3.8
2.6
1.2
2.9
2.8
0.88
2.2
2.8
1.1
4.2
2.7
1.4
4.5
2.9
1.9
3.4
3.4
2.7
3.3
2.8
1.6
3.1
2.6
18300
17600
2110
19200
18500
4590
2710
921
5880
5420
813
670
513
879
799
3040
2660
2660
962
1340
5440
9460
13400
17900
1190
989
605
7150
13000
10400
8090
14400
11700
9360
14700
13500
9660
13300
13000
13300
17600
14000
15100
19600
19400
17600
20100
18600
20700
20700
11200
10900
15300
9870
152
141
35.8
173
159
42.7
33.9
31.9
51.5
101
75.3
112
140
134
84.3
40.1
53.3
279
102
118
243
290
264
166
71.1
157
162
273
275
193
288
300
213
288
293
241
297
280
239
316
291
165
331
316
184
325
185
112
236
150
95.1
270
218
194
129
APPENDIX 15 (cont´d). The Al, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, S and Zn concentrations in the subsamples of Transects 1…5b.
Transect
Sample
number
Sampling
depth, cm
Core
depth, cm
Al
g/kg
Cu
mg/kg
Fe
g/kg
Mn
mg7kg
Mo
mg/kg
S
mg/kg
Zn
mg/kg
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
142
143
144
145-147
148
149
150
151-152
154-155
157
158
159
160-161
162
163
165
166
169
1-2
3
7-8
9
13
15
16
114
117
118-119
126
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136-138
139-140
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-30
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-20
0-20
0-5
5-20
20-30
0-20
0-50
0-5
20-30
0-5
0-5
20-30
20-45
0-20
20-50
0-5
20-50
0-5
0-20
0-20
0-20
0-25
0-30
0-5
5-20
20-40
0-5
5-20
20-40
0-35
0-35
120
120
120
180
200
200
200
220
270
300
300
300
320
320
340
340
360
320
40
40
40
40
50
50
50
80
80
80
260
280
290
290
290
330
330
330
350
380
64300
65400
62800
63800
64500
66500
63200
49000
52800
57800
56400
48700
58600
51400
60200
50300
53600
46800
43700
47000
43500
49900
42200
49800
48100
41900
40500
42200
44400
41900
44700
55100
44100
48100
51500
42600
42900
44200
59.6
51.4
34.6
44.3
53.9
52.6
40.2
29.7
29.4
33.7
33.4
28.5
30.7
30.3
31.3
29.0
28.6
22.5
13.7
21.9
11.0
30.1
10.5
34.1
23.9
6.6
8.0
8.7
13.8
8.0
28.4
25.2
9.7
22.4
19.4
8.8
11.5
11.3
44800
45400
46600
45800
44500
46700
46200
35100
38800
47100
42500
37900
46700
38700
47600
35000
40700
30600
20900
29600
20100
31700
17700
32700
29000
14800
14300
15400
16600
15200
26700
39100
17200
29600
33300
15600
18600
19700
597
621
762
679
590
699
719
369
416
542
448
346
540
373
501
373
429
348
242
323
230
341
216
361
324
207
190
195
227
219
298
390
219
313
327
236
271
244
1.2
2.5
2.3
2.7
1.3
2.7
2.3
2.2
2.3
2.7
2.2
2.5
2.8
2.2
3.1
1.9
2.4
1.2
1.3
0.84
1.3
1.1
1.1
0.84
0.91
0.78
2.3
1.2
0.67
0.60
0.84
2.2
1.0
0.92
1.9
0.85
1.2
1.0
2460
7780
12600
10300
2660
8530
11600
11900
13200
18600
15600
14100
18500
10900
16700
8840
15900
5600
4590
4430
4490
4710
3380
4320
3520
1870
1510
1960
1790
1910
5490
13300
2680
5380
9930
1800
2990
3260
283
303
178
238
281
309
173
85.5
97.7
109
101
110
108
116
115
101
86.4
99.2
41.4
101
37.9
123
33.6
128
99.1
27.7
28.9
30.9
38.4
32.2
92.4
89.0
37.4
98.9
70.8
32.4
39.9
40.7
130
APPENDIX 16. The heavy metal (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb and V) concentrations in the
sub-samples of Transects 1…5b.
Transect
Sample
number
Sampling
depth, cm
Core
depth, cm
As
mg/kg
Cd
mg/kg
Co
mg/kg
Cr
mg/kg
Ni
mg/kg
Pb
mg/kg
V
mg/kg
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
80
85
86
87
90
103
104-105
111
53
55
57
60
66
67-68
70
71
72
73
74-75
76
77-78
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
0-25
0-5
5-20
20-50
20-25
0-5
20-50
20-50
0-10
0-5
20-50
20-50
0-5
0-20
0-5
5-20
20-35
0-5
5-35
0-5
5-45
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-30
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-40
0-5
5-20
20-40
0-5
5-20
20-35
0-5
5-20
20-45
0-5
5-20
20-35
0-5
5-20
20-50
200
700
700
700
700
820
820
860
250
670
670
720
670
770
880
880
880
860
860
860
860
90
90
90
210
210
210
160
160
160
120
120
120
110
110
110
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
70
70
70
110
110
110
4.60
4.47
1.29
5.53
5.66
2.22
1.51
0.80
3.96
6.85
3.94
6.99
7.88
9.33
5.30
3.09
4.58
16.5
7.11
7.67
16.1
10.6
15.0
8.42
4.14
11.3
13.1
11.3
17.8
12.5
10.6
15.9
13.5
9.88
13.2
14.8
9.53
10.3
12.8
10.2
15.5
9.13
10.7
14.6
10.2
11.5
10.3
9.82
8.61
8.92
7.85
9.47
11.5
11.5
1.06
1.04
<0.1
1.46
1.46
0.19
0.21
<0.1
0.31
0.48
0.33
0.29
0.25
0.19
0.27
0.25
0.26
0.77
0.34
0.34
0.66
1.23
0.90
0.40
0.17
0.24
0.21
1.05
1.00
0.75
0.99
1.14
0.69
1.16
1.10
0.78
1.16
0.99
0.79
1.20
1.16
0.52
1.27
1.41
0.89
1.49
0.68
0.17
0.89
0.53
0.15
1.25
0.83
0.62
18.2
16.0
5.89
17.1
16.8
5.57
5.35
3.58
10.4
14.1
9.29
20.5
23.7
20.5
10.6
6.46
7.94
31.6
19.4
15.7
31.7
36.2
41.0
19.3
9.79
26.1
25.0
31.9
33.6
27.5
32.4
36.8
29.1
33.1
34.8
32.0
32.5
29.5
30.7
34.9
41.8
21.5
38.2
43.8
24.4
39.7
24.8
14.5
29.8
21.1
12.2
30.3
25.1
27.4
69.1
65.6
34.9
64.5
66.3
29.9
27.2
23.1
37.2
63.4
37.0
81.5
111
100
41.3
30.1
30.8
96.2
76.1
59.8
109
118
178
76.1
35.0
124
126
112
165
126
95.0
136
169
95.6
111
158
92.2
97.1
161
99.1
168
79.7
115
147
78.8
109
90.5
73.0
90.2
84.7
61.8
92.5
104
110
43.0
39.7
13.5
43.6
42.9
13.6
11.4
9.41
17.8
25.9
15.8
39.7
53.2
48.2
16.7
13.3
14.3
50.1
38.1
27.7
46.8
59.5
57.0
33.7
17.0
59.0
57.8
52.8
52.8
43.3
52.9
55.9
50.0
53.4
55.2
48.5
55.4
51.2
52.7
59.5
58.7
36.0
60.9
62.6
36.8
61.9
42.6
31.3
51.7
38.6
24.7
51.3
45.0
42.9
25.0
24.0
12.4
27.4
27.2
14.8
13.7
13.6
17.5
20.9
21.0
24.3
30.2
28.2
19.6
15.0
17.0
38.5
24.2
21.4
34.8
28.4
32.8
25.8
17.7
32.3
32.7
28.0
32.5
27.5
27.3
32.2
30.7
26.8
30.7
31.5
25.9
27.5
29.3
28.1
32.1
27.5
27.9
30.3
28.9
27.3
25.2
20.9
24.5
26.1
19.7
25.5
25.1
27.2
71.9
71.9
69.5
36.3
68.3
69.2
36.0
28.9
27.2
38.5
56.7
39.6
99.5
137
128
42.5
42.4
35.5
93.2
92.1
69.1
98.2
74.6
82.1
81.9
31.5
138
147
78.2
81.7
82.8
73.1
83.1
89.9
73.7
80.5
87.0
75.0
78.8
76.9
84.1
86.5
77.4
79.6
83.2
78.5
81.2
82.5
79.7
85.6
70.4
73.6
79.1
81.8
131
APPENDIX 16 (cont´d). The heavy metal (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb and V) concentrations
in the sub-samples of Transects 1…5b.
Transect
Sample
number
Sampling
depth, cm
Core
depth, cm
As
mg/kg
Cd
mg/kg
Co
mg/kg
Cr
mg/kg
Ni
mg/kg
Pb
mg/kg
V
mg/kg
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
142
143
144
145-147
148
149
150
151-152
154-155
157
158
159
160-161
162
163
165
166
169
1-2
3
7-8
9
13
15
16
114
117
118-119
126
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136-138
139-140
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-30
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-20
0-20
0-5
5-20
20-30
0-20
0-50
0-5
20-30
0-5
0-5
20-30
20-45
0-20
20-50
0-5
20-50
0-5
0-20
0-20
0-20
0-25
0-30
0-5
5-20
20-40
0-5
5-20
20-40
0-35
0-35
120
120
120
180
200
200
200
220
270
300
300
300
320
320
340
340
360
320
40
40
40
40
50
50
50
80
80
80
260
280
290
290
290
330
330
330
350
380
14.7
18.8
10.4
15.3
15.3
22.2
10.4
6.14
6.37
8.26
6.87
11.6
8.58
8.16
9.63
6.93
7.53
5.43
2.79
5.64
2.84
7.71
2.42
6.95
6.91
1.02
1.39
1.54
1.27
1.46
4.76
7.44
1.80
5.33
6.12
1.30
2.36
2.58
0.85
0.80
0.73
0.76
0.82
0.94
0.56
0.52
0.29
0.31
0.29
0.56
0.32
0.49
0.24
0.38
0.33
0.56
0.14
0.48
0.13
0.64
0.17
0.71
0.52
<0.1
<0.1
0.16
0.24
0.24
0.64
0.31
0.13
0.54
0.21
0.22
0.28
0.25
30.1
35.6
23.5
30.7
30.0
39.1
24.3
11.7
12.9
14.6
12.9
13.1
15.2
15.4
19.3
13.4
11.9
11.5
6.67
11.1
5.49
13.9
5.21
13.6
13.0
4.33
6.26
6.40
4.83
4.75
9.98
11.5
5.44
11.1
10.5
4.51
5.55
6.48
99.8
151
77.2
124
102
175
83.5
55.8
55.4
62.3
63.8
44.7
67.2
53.2
70.2
55.4
59.0
43.0
31.2
40.1
28.7
48.3
26.9
47.7
43.5
22.7
23.0
24.0
29.7
25.3
42.6
52.9
30.4
44.1
46.1
27.2
30.0
31.0
50.2
50.9
39.0
45.2
49.6
54.3
42.4
28.1
28.4
30.7
30.9
23.6
33.2
27.4
35.7
31.5
29.2
21.0
14.2
20.3
13.4
25.5
12.0
25.3
23.0
8.63
10.1
10.4
11.4
9.85
18.4
27.2
12.3
20.4
21.6
9.50
12.0
12.6
35.6
38.6
32.6
35.7
35.1
40.4
38.5
20.2
17.0
21.0
20.6
19.2
21.1
20.5
21.1
20.1
18.2
19.7
13.3
17.5
13.0
21.9
13.6
21.7
19.4
11.4
11.8
12.6
13.3
12.1
18.8
19.1
12.7
18.2
16.2
12.2
14.2
14.4
91.4
98.2
97.2
97.3
96.2
101
99.7
65.5
69.4
83.6
82.3
55.5
87.0
64.7
92.1
60.7
71.5
54.1
39.9
51.5
33.6
58.0
31.5
59.7
53.9
28.3
30.9
32.3
35.7
33.0
47.3
70.2
34.6
53.8
58.4
31.8
37.0
37.1
132
APPENDIX 17. The concentrations of selenium, iodine and chloride in the sub-samples
of Transects 1…5b.
Transect
Sample
number
Sampling
depth, cm
Core
depth, cm
Se
mg/kg
I
mg/kg
Cl
mg/kg
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
80
85
86
87
90
103
104-105
111
53
55
57
60
66
67-68
70
71
72
73
74-75
76
77-78
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
0-25
0-5
5-20
20-50
20-25
0-5
20-50
20-50
0-10
0-5
20-50
20-50
0-5
0-20
0-5
5-20
20-35
0-5
5-35
0-5
5-45
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-30
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-40
0-5
5-20
20-40
0-5
5-20
20-35
0-5
5-20
20-45
0-5
5-20
20-35
0-5
5-20
20-50
200
700
700
700
700
820
820
860
250
670
670
720
670
770
880
880
880
860
860
860
860
90
90
90
210
210
210
160
160
160
120
120
120
110
110
110
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
70
70
70
110
110
110
0.51
0.50
NA
NA
NA
0.10
0.05
NA
NA
0.16
NA
NA
0.17
0.02
0.12
0.05
0.05
NA
NA
0.20
0.50
0.49
0.52
0.35
0.13
0.29
0.25
0.49
0.71
0.47
0.47
0.54
0.57
0.52
0.51
0.47
0.54
0.53
0.52
0.53
0.55
0.40
0.55
0.56
0.41
0.53
0.47
0.36
0.46
0.41
0.22
0.46
0.50
0.45
18.5
19.7
NA
NA
NA
5.1
2.4
NA
NA
8.2
NA
NA
0.79
2.4
8.2
13.9
13.9
NA
NA
13.9
37.9
27.9
22.9
25.2
5.1
0.79
0.68
34.9
31.8
33.8
34.0
30.4
27.8
32.2
28.3
26.7
34.7
24.7
23.8
26.8
22.0
27.5
25.2
21.9
22.0
23.7
22.3
28.5
22.9
23.6
14.1
24.5
26.6
26.5
2950
4100
NA
NA
NA
1480
2000
NA
NA
1510
NA
NA
2070
614
960
938
938
NA
NA
886
2830
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
133
APPENDIX 17 (cont´d). The concentrations of selenium, iodine and chloride in the subsamples of Transects 1…5b.
Transect
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
NA= Not analysed
Sample
number
Sampling
depth, cm
Core depth
cm
Se
mg/kg
I
mg/kg
Cl
mg/kg
142
143
144
145-147
148
149
150
151-152
154-155
157
158
159
160-161
162
163
165
166
169
1-2
3
7-8
9
13
15
16
114
117
118-119
126
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136-138
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-30
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-20
0-20
0-5
5-20
20-30
0-20
0-50
0-5
20-30
0-5
0-5
20-30
20-45
0-20
20-50
0-5
20-50
0-5
0-20
0-20
0-20
0-25
0-30
0-5
5-20
20-40
0-5
5-20
20-40
0-35
120
120
120
180
200
200
200
220
270
300
300
300
320
320
340
340
360
320
40
40
40
40
50
50
50
80
80
80
260
280
290
290
290
330
330
330
350
NA
0.63
0.42
NA
0.53
NA
NA
0.20
0.35
0.39
NA
NA
0.30
NA
NA
NA
0.29
NA
0.39
NA
0.06
NA
0.06
NA
0.2
0.02
NA
0.08
NA
0.03
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.20
NA
34.4
28.2
NA
45.2
NA
NA
14.1
28.9
22.2
NA
NA
23.6
NA
NA
NA
27.8
NA
36.2
NA
6.1
NA
7.3
NA
16.0
1.3
NA
4.7
NA
2.0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
17.7
NA
4130
2540
NA
3550
NA
NA
2720
3190
2310
NA
NA
2330
NA
NA
NA
5100
NA
3300
NA
1010
NA
963
NA
2720
733
NA
1100
NA
616
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1800
26-42
1-4
4-14
14-42
1-5
5-9
9-22
22-45
1-5
5-49
1-3
3-15
SEA81
SEA81
SEA81
SEA82
SEA82
SEA82
SEA82
SEA83
SEA83
SEA85
SEA 85
4-9
SEA79
7-26
1-4
SEA79
SEA80
12-49
SEA78
SEA80
7-12
SEA78
9-43
1-7
SEA78
1-7
23-50
SEA77
SEA80
4-23
SEA77
SEA79
23-48
1-4
SEA77
9-22
SEA76
1-9
SEA76
Depth, cm
SEA76
Posiva ID
8.6
8.6
7.7
7.7
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
5.5
5.5
5.5
8.1
8.1
8.1
4.4
4.4
4.4
9.2
9.2
9.2
11.0
11.0
11.0
10.2
10.2
10.2
Water
depth, m
20.0-6.3
mm %
6.3-2.0
mm %
2.0-0.63
mm %
0.7
0.6
0.63-0.2
mm %
23.1
23.2
0.2-0.063
mm %
1.0
1.0
0.40
0.20
0.50
0.60
0.10
0.10
0.50
0.50
0.063-0.06
mm %
APPENDIX 18. The grain size distribution of the SEA76…SEA88 sea sediment samples.
0.20
0.30
0.10
0.10
0.30
0.10
0.10
0.30
0.10
0.50
0.30
0.30
0.60
0
0.30
0.40
0.10
0.10
0.20
0.10
0.10
0.20
0.06-0.05
mm %
0.80
1.2
0.20
0.10
0
0
0.10
0.30
0.60
0.10
0.10
0.60
0.30
0.30
0.20
1.8
1.5
0.20
0.40
0.40
0.50
0.40
0.90
0.40
0.50
0.30
0.05-0.04
mm %
2.0
1.9
0.20
0.20
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.90
1.4
0.40
0.30
1.4
1.2
1.9
1.1
4.2
4.2
0.40
0.50
0.20
1.2
1.1
2.1
1.1
0.70
1.7
0.04-0.03
mm %
3.2
2.8
1.7
1.6
2.2
2.8
1.8
1.3
3.5
1.5
1.7
2.6
3.4
3.1
3.7
7.7
7.6
1.4
1.6
1.5
3.0
2.5
3.8
2.1
2.1
2.6
0.03-0.02
mm %
1.4
1.8
1.5
1.7
1.8
2.1
1.1
1.8
2.9
1.5
1.6
1.9
1.9
2.2
2.6
4.0
4.2
1.2
1.3
1.4
2.0
1.8
2.7
2.0
1.5
1.7
0.02-0.016
mm %
134
0-2
0-2
0-2
SEA87
SEA88
Depth, cm
SEA86
Posiva ID
48.9
52.7
20.7
Water
depth, m
0
0
0
20.0-6.3
mm %
0
0.3
0
6.3-2.0
mm %
0.2
0.3
0.1
2.0-0.63
mm %
3.6
7.5
6.5
0.63-0.2
mm %
68.5
44.5
45.6
0.2-0.063
mm %
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.063-0.06
mm %
APPENDIX 18 (cont´d). The grain size distribution of the SEA76…SEA88 sea sediment samples.
0.50
0.70
0.50
0.06-0.05
mm %
1.3
2.0
1.6
0.05-0.04
mm %
2.0
3.3
3.2
0.04-0.03
mm %
2.3
3.9
4.1
0.03-0.02
mm %
1.0
1.7
1.9
0.02-0.016
mm %
135
1-7
SEA80
SEA82
1-5
5-49
1-3
3-15
SEA83
SEA83
SEA85
SEA85
9-22
5-9
SEA82
22-45
1-5
SEA81
SEA82
14-42
SEA81
SEA82
1-4
4-14
SEA81
7-26
9-43
SEA79
26-42
4-9
SEA79
SEA80
1-4
SEA79
SEA80
7-12
12-49
SEA78
1-7
SEA78
SEA78
4-23
23-50
1-4
SEA77
SEA77
23-48
SEA76
SEA77
1-9
9-22
SEA76
Depth, cm
SEA76
Posiva ID
8.6
8.6
7.7
7.7
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
5.5
5.5
5.5
8.1
8.1
8.1
4.4
4.4
4.4
9.2
9.2
9.2
11.0
11.0
11.0
10.2
10.2
10.2
Water
depth, m
4.2
4.2
4.1
5.3
6.1
6.2
4.6
5.7
6.8
5.7
6.1
5.5
4.7
5.7
6.6
8.0
8.1
4.6
4.4
3.9
5.3
4.2
6.5
5.5
4.0
5.5
0.016-0.01
mm %
6.2
6.8
8.8
9.5
9.6
9.4
9.8
10.6
10.1
11.5
11.2
7.4
7.0
8.1
8.1
8.5
8.6
6.4
6.3
6.7
7.2
6.5
8.2
7.0
6.6
7.6
0.01-0.006
mm %
5.9
6.4
9.5
9.3
10.3
9.8
11.1
10.6
9.3
11.4
11.2
6.8
6.7
7.0
6.9
6.9
6.6
6.5
6.4
6.9
6.4
6.1
7.2
6.8
6.7
7.5
0.006-0.004
mm %
11.0
10.8
16.8
15.8
18.0
15.4
17.5
15.9
14.9
16.9
16.5
14.6
14.8
14.6
13.6
11.9
12.1
15.1
14.7
15.9
14.8
15.3
14.6
15.1
14.9
15.3
0.004-0.002
mm %
9.3
9.2
13.4
12.4
14.3
12.2
12.6
11.9
11.9
11.9
11.8
14.7
15.1
14.2
14.0
11.2
11.3
15.6
15.4
15.4
14.8
15.6
14.3
15.3
15.6
14.9
0.002-0.001
mm %
5.7
6.4
8.0
7.8
8.8
8.5
8.4
7.5
6.4
6.8
6.8
9.5
10.0
9.0
10.5
7.4
6.7
10.9
10.5
9.6
10.5
9.8
8.3
10.3
9.9
9.0
0.001-0.0006
mm %
APPENDIX 18 (cont´d). The grain size distribution of the SEA76…SEA88 sea sediment samples.
25.3
23.4
35.3
36.0
27.9
32.4
32.4
33.2
31.5
31.8
32.4
34.7
34.9
33.9
32.1
28.4
28.7
37.3
38.4
38.1
34.2
36.5
31.2
33.8
36.8
33.9
< 0.0006
mm %
136
0-2
0-2
0-2
SEA87
SEA88
Depth, cm
SEA86
Posiva ID
48.9
52.7
20.7
Water
depth, m
2.0
3.2
3.3
0.016-0.01
mm %
2.3
3.7
3.1
0.01-0.006
mm %
1.9
3.0
2.8
0.006-0.004
mm %
3.5
5.8
5.6
0.004-0.002
mm %
3.1
6.2
6.2
0.002-0.001
mm %
1.7
3.2
3.6
0.001-0.0006
mm %
APPENDIX 18 (cont´d). The grain size distribution of the SEA76…SEA88 sea sediment samples.
5.6
10.2
11.4
< 0.0006
mm %
137
7-26
26-42
1-4
4-14
SEA80
SEA80
SEA81
SEA81
1-5
5-49
1-3
3-15
SEA83
SEA83
SEA85
SEA85
22-45
1-7
SEA80
SEA82
9-43
SEA79
9-22
4-9
SEA79
5-9
1-4
SEA79
SEA82
12-49
SEA78
SEA82
7-12
SEA78
14-42
1-7
SEA78
1-5
23-50
SEA77
SEA82
4-23
SEA77
SEA81
23-48
1-4
SEA77
9-22
SEA76
1-9
SEA76
Depth, cm
SEA76
Posiva ID
8.6
8.6
7.7
7.7
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
5.5
5.5
5.5
8.1
8.1
8.1
4.4
4.4
4.4
9.2
9.2
9.2
11.0
11.0
11.0
10.2
10.2
10.2
Water
depth, m
100
100
< 20 mm
%
100
100
< 6.3 mm
%
100
100
< 2mm
%
100
100
< 0.63 mm
%
99.3
99.4
< 0.2 mm
%
76.2
76.2
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
75.2
75.2
99.6
100
100
99.5
100
100
99.4
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
99.9
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
99.9
99.5
99.5
100
< 0.06 mm
%
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
< 0.063 mm
%
75.0
74.9
99.5
99.7
100
99.4
99.9
99.7
99.3
99.5
99.7
99.7
100
100
99.4
100
99.6
99.6
99.9
100
99.9
99.8
99.8
99.4
99.3
100
<0.05 mm
%
APPENDIX 19. The cumulative weight percent of different grain sizes of the SEA76…SEA88 sea sediment samples.
74.2
73.7
99.3
99.6
99.7
99.4
99.8
99.4
98.7
99.4
99.6
99.1
99.7
99.7
99.2
98.2
98.1
99.4
99.5
99.6
99.4
99.4
98.9
99.0
98.8
99.7
<0.04 mm
%
72.2
71.8
99.1
99.4
99.0
98.8
99.3
98.5
97.3
99.0
99.3
97.7
98.5
97.8
98.1
94.0
93.9
99.0
99.0
99.4
98.2
98.3
96.8
97.9
98.1
98.0
<0.03 mm
%
69.0
69.0
97.4
97.8
96.8
96.0
97.5
97.2
93.8
97.5
97.6
95.1
95.1
94.7
94.4
86.3
86.3
97.6
97.4
97.9
95.2
95.8
93.0
95.8
96.0
95.4
< 0.02 mm
%
138
0-2
0-2
0-2
SEA87
SEA88
Depth, cm
SEA86
Posiva ID
48.9
52.7
20.7
Water
depth, m
100
100
100
< 20 mm
%
100
100
95.6
< 6.3 mm
%
100
100
74.8
< 2mm
%
99.8
99.9
7.4
< 0.63 mm
%
96.2
93.4
2.4
< 0.2 mm
%
27.7
47.8
0
< 0.063 mm
%
27.2
47.3
0
< 0.06 mm
%
26.7
46.8
0
<0.05 mm
%
25.4
45.2
0
<0.04 mm
%
APPENDIX 19 (cont´d). The cumulative weight percent of different grain sizes of the SEA76…SEA88 sea sediment samples.
23.4
42.0
0
<0.03 mm
%
21.1
37.9
0
< 0.02 mm
%
139
4-9
9-43
1-7
7-26
26-42
1-4
4-14
SEA79
SEA79
SEA80
SEA80
SEA80
SEA81
SEA81
1-5
5-49
1-3
3-15
SEA83
SEA83
SEA85
SEA85
22-45
1-4
SEA79
SEA82
12-49
SEA78
9-22
7-12
SEA78
5-9
1-7
SEA78
SEA82
23-50
SEA77
SEA82
4-23
SEA77
14-42
1-4
SEA77
1-5
23-48
SEA76
SEA82
9-22
SEA81
1-9
SEA76
Depth, cm
SEA76
Posiva ID
8.6
8.6
7.7
7.7
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
5.5
5.5
5.5
8.1
8.1
8.1
4.4
4.4
4.4
9.2
9.2
9.2
1.01
11.0
11.0
10.2
10.2
10.2
Water
depth, m
91.8
67.6
67.2
95.9
96.1
95.0
93.9
96.4
95.4
91
96.0
96.0
93.2
93.2
92.5
63.4
63.0
91.8
91
88.9
87.7
91.8
89.7
84.1
90
89.9
87.7
88.5
86.8
85.2
74.3
74.0
82.1
82.3
91.8
91.7
92.6
87.9
89.8
83.8
88.3
91
88.2
< 0.01 mm
%
96.4
96.1
96.5
93.2
94.0
90
93.8
94.5
93.7
< 0.016 mm
%
57.2
56.2
83.0
81.3
79.3
78.3
82.0
79.1
74.0
78.8
78.7
80
81.5
78.7
77.1
65.8
65.4
85.4
85.4
85.9
81
83.3
75.6
81.3
83.9
81
< 0.006 mm
%
51.3
49.8
73.5
72.0
69.0
68.5
71
68.5
64.7
67.4
67.5
73.5
74.8
71.7
70
58.9
58.8
78.9
79.0
79.0
74.3
77.2
68.4
74.5
77.2
73.1
< 0.004 mm
%
40
39.0
56.7
56.2
51.0
53.1
53.4
52.6
49.8
51
51.0
58.9
60
57.1
56.6
47.0
46.7
63.8
64.3
63.1
59.5
61.9
53.8
59.4
62.3
57.8
< 0.002 mm
%
31.0
29.8
43.3
43.8
36.7
41
41
41
37.9
38.6
39.2
44.2
44.9
42.9
42.6
35.8
35.4
48.2
48.9
47.7
44.7
46.3
39.5
44.1
46.7
42.9
< 0.001 mm
%
25.3
23.4
35.3
36.0
27.9
32.4
32.4
33.2
31.5
31.8
32.4
34.7
34.9
33.9
32.1
28.4
28.7
37.3
38.4
38.1
34.2
36.5
31.2
33.8
36.8
33.9
< 0.0006 mm
%
APPENDIX 19 (cont´d). The cumulative weight percent of different grain sizes of the SEA76…SEA88 sea sediment samples.
140
0-2
0-2
0-2
SEA87
SEA88
Depth,
cm
SEA86
Posiva ID
48.9
52.7
20.7
Water
depth, m
20
36.0
0
< 0.016 mm
%
18.1
32.7
0
< 0.01 mm
%
15.8
29.6
0
< 0.006 mm
%
13.9
26.8
0
< 0.004 mm
%
10
21.2
0
< 0.002 mm
%
7.3
15.0
0
< 0.001 mm
%
5.6
11.4
0
< 0.0006 mm
%
APPENDIX 19 (cont´d). The cumulative weight percent of different grain sizes of the SEA76…SEA88 sea sediment samples.
141
0-25
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5. 20-50
20-50
0-5
20-50
20-50
0-5
0-20
0-5
5-35
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-30
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-40
80
85
86
87
103, 105
111
55
57
60
66
67-68
70
71-72
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Depth, cm
Sample No.
Transect
0.3
9.2
3.5
29.7
10.2
Coarse
fraction %
15.8
20.0-6.3
mm %
5.7
7.6
3.0
4.3
0.30
72.1
7.0
1.2
0.80
1.0
5.5
54.9
24.5
5.7
11.9
10.7
5.6
3.9
2.6
4.8
4.7
31.1
9.3
44.9
55.4
4.5
3.8
1.7
22.4
29.6
14.2
24.2
14.0
35.8
10.4
2.0
49.8
0.2-0.063
mm %
3.9
8.8
3.5
0.30
11.5
0.63-0.2
mm %
6.9
2.0-0.63
mm %
2.9
6.3-2.0
mm %
APPENDIX 20. The grain-size distribution of the sub-samples in Transects 1…5b.
0.30
0.60
0.9
0.60
0.80
0.10
1.6
0.10
0
0.10
0.60
1.3
0
0.50
0.10
0.20
0.20
1.2
0
1.1
0
0.40
0.10
0.20
0.06-0.05
mm%
0
1.2
0.20
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.40
0
0
0.5
1.30
0
1.2
0.74
0.40
0.40
1.1
0.60
0.063-0.06
mm %
0.50
0.10
0.10
2.3
0.70
0.60
1.0
0.10
0.20
0.10
1.2
0.20
0.20
0.40
1.1
0.50
0.60
0.50
0.30
0.70
0.40
1.0
0.80
3.5
0.30
2.7
0
1.0
0.40
0.30
0.05-0.04
mm %
0.80
1.9
1.0
6.4
2.1
4.1
0
1.2
0.80
0.40
0.20
0.50
0.80
5.1
1.3
1.1
1.4
0.50
0.10
0.30
3.0
2.6
0.80
2.3
2.8
1.8
2.2
1.9
0.90
1.6
1.5
0.04-0.03
mm %
142
Sample No.
37
38
38
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
142-144
145-147
148-150
151-152
157-158
165
169
1-2
7-8
13
16
114
117
126
129
130-132
133-135
Transect
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
0-5
5-20
20-40
0-5
5-20
20-35
0-5
5-20
20-45
0-5
5-20
20-35
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-50
0-30
0-50
0-20
0-20
20-30
0-5
0-20
0-20
0-5
0-5
0-20
0-20
0-25
0-30
0-40
0-40
Depth, cm
0.7
2.1
0.4
0.8
0.5
-
Coarse
fraction %
20.0-6.3
mm %
0.40
0.80
4.2
2.8
4.6
3.1
2.5
1.1
6.3-2.0
mm %
5.9
16.3
17.3
18.5
21.2
22.6
24.2
44.0
48.2
37.6
33.1
32.5
38.2
0.40
0.30
25.5
32.2
42.0
6.9
26.8
19.8
8.6
9.4
13.7
7.1
0.10
1.0
0.50
0.30
2.8
2.2
7.3
9.4
4.1
2.2
5.0
0.2-0.063
mm %
0.60
0.63-0.2
mm %
0.10
2.0-0.63
mm %
APPENDIX 20 (cont´d). The grain-size distribution of the sub-samples in Transects 1…5b.
0.10
0.20
1.0
0.30
1.5
2.1
1.3
1.6
0.90
1.8
1.1
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.7
2.3
0.10
0.10
0.40
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.2
1.3
1.0
1.5
1.1
1.3
0.50
0.40
0.10
0.40
0.30
0.50
1.0
0.10
0.90
0
0.06-0.05
mm%
0.70
0.90
1.0
0.70
0.80
0.70
0.063-0.06
mm %
0.70
0.90
1.3
1.3
1.1
0.90
1.3
1.6
1.8
0.60
0.20
0.50
0.20
2.1
1.1
3.9
5.5
3.4
4.0
2.5
4.6
3.0
3.6
4.4
4.8
4.9
6.2
0.40
0
0.40
0.60
0.05-0.04
mm %
1.0
0.70
1.1
0.40
0.60
1.6
0.30
2.0
2.0
2.3
0.80
2.3
3.1
3.2
1.8
0.20
0.70
0.70
4.3
2.5
6.7
9.5
6.0
6.6
5.0
7.8
5.4
6.1
9.4
10.4
8.7
10.5
0.04-0.03
mm %
143
Sample No.
80
85
86
87
103, 105
111
55
57
60
66
67-68
70
71-72
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
Transect
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
0-25
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5. 20-50
20-50
0-5
20-50
20-50
0-5
0-20
0-5
5-35
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-30
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-40
0-5
5-20
Depth, cm
2.2
1.7
7.4
1.6
4.4
0
1.7
1.0
0.40
0.40
0.70
1.0
7.7
3.1
2.7
3.2
0.80
0.90
0.50
4.8
3.4
1.8
5.6
3.6
4.2
4.3
3.0
3.2
4.1
4.3
2.2
4.4
1.5
0.03-0.02
mm %
1.3
1.4
2.1
1.2
1.3
0
0.70
0.70
0.50
0.20
0.70
0.80
3.8
2.6
1.6
2.0
0.40
0.20
0.40
2.3
2.0
1.2
2.8
2.6
3.0
2.6
2.5
1.8
2.8
2.4
1.7
2.8
1.4
0.02-0.016
mm %
4.3
3.5
2.1
3.2
1.5
0
1.5
1.5
1.9
0.30
1.2
1.5
7.5
7.0
4.9
4.8
1.3
0.70
1.2
5.9
5.8
4.9
7.9
6.5
5.9
7.6
5.1
4.5
6.6
5.7
4.5
6.7
4.5
0.016-0.01
mm %
4.8
5.0
1.2
4.3
1.1
0
1.9
2.2
5.6
1.3
1.0
2.0
6.6
9.8
8.8
8.0
2.2
1.9
1.5
8.9
8.8
8.4
9.6
9.0
8.4
8.6
8.2
8.1
9.7
9.0
7.3
9.4
8.0
0.01-0.006
mm %
5.3
5.1
0.55
5.5
0.80
0
1.6
1.8
7.6
1.9
1.1
1.9
4.3
10.7
10.7
8.3
1.9
1.3
1.9
8.8
9.6
8.5
8.9
8.8
8.7
8.8
9.0
9.2
8.4
8.5
9.5
9.4
10.1
0.006-0.004
mm %
APPENDIX 20 (cont´d). The grain-size distribution of the sub-samples in Transects 1…5b.
14.2
14.5
0.78
14.5
2.0
0
3.1
2.8
18.0
8.8
3.4
3.3
6.4
14.5
17.6
13.2
2.9
4.8
6.4
13.1
15.6
14.6
13.4
15.0
14.8
13.4
15.1
16.0
13.5
14.5
16.0
13.9
16.9
0.004-0.002
mm %
16.0
16.2
0.49
16.3
1.8
0
3.2
2.0
17.3
18.3
9.3
3.4
5.1
12.0
12.9
12.6
2.5
10.6
12.8
10.7
11.6
11.8
11.1
11.3
11.9
11.1
11.4
12.5
10.7
11.9
13.1
10.6
12.6
0.002-0.001
mm %
12.1
11.0
0.76
11.6
2.1
0
2.2
1.1
10.9
14.7
10.4
1.0
3.0
7.3
6.9
8.8
2.2
12.1
14.7
7.3
8.0
7.7
7.7
7.8
8.1
5.3
7.2
8.8
9.0
7.9
9.6
8.4
8.8
0.001-0.0006
mm %
8.1
3.4
36.9
53.9
50.3
9.3
6.7
29.7
32.2
29.3
4.2
57.0
60.2
27.5
32.4
28.6
28.7
31.5
32.7
34.3
35.0
34.7
32.0
32.5
34.8
33.0
34.7
36.9
38.5
1.8
39.4
4.5
< 0.0006
mm %
144
Depth, cm
20-40
0-5
5-20
20-35
0-5
5-20
20-45
0-5
5-20
20-35
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-50
0-30
0-50
0-20
0-20
20-30
0-5
0-20
0-20
0-5
0-5
0-20
0-20
0-25
0-30
0-40
0-40
Sample No.
38
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
142-144
145-147
148-150
151-152
157-158
165
169
1-2
7-8
13
16
114
117
126
129
130-132
133-135
Transect
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
3.5
3.0
1.3
1.9
2.1
3.9
4.0
2.2
2.4
3.8
5.4
5.0
3.2
1.7
1.5
1.6
6.1
4.5
7.5
10.3
7.2
7.0
5.9
7.7
6.1
6.9
13.1
13.8
9.5
10.5
0.03-0.02
mm %
2.2
2.1
0.80
2.1
1.9
2.3
2.6
1.6
1.9
2.7
2.4
3.0
1.8
1.1
1.5
1.2
3.3
2.6
3.0
3.7
2.8
2.4
2.2
2.6
1.6
1.8
4.0
4.1
2.6
2.7
0.02-0.016
mm %
5.7
6.3
3.7
4.4
5.3
5.9
6.0
5.1
5.3
5.4
6.2
5.7
4.8
5.4
4.8
4.8
6.8
6.2
5.7
6.3
4.1
3.3
3.7
4.5
1.1
1.4
2.9
3.0
2.7
2.9
0.016-0.01
mm %
9.1
9.6
7.0
7.9
9.2
7.5
7.8
7.9
7.9
7.7
7.9
7.9
8.1
9.6
9.2
9.1
7.4
7.3
6.0
5.4
3.6
2.2
3.2
4.2
0.60
0.88
1.4
1.4
2.0
2.0
0.01-0.006
mm %
8.1
11.0
10.4
8.3
10.3
8.4
7.9
8.6
8.7
7.8
8.2
8.6
9.2
8.9
8.9
9.0
5.7
6.6
4.6
3.6
2.3
1.9
1.8
2.9
0.31
0.49
0.70
0.83
1.3
1.3
0.006-0.004
mm %
APPENDIX 20 (cont´d). The grain-size distribution of the sub-samples in Transects 1…5b.
13.8
14.4
18.6
13.7
17.2
12.5
14.5
15.3
15.9
14.1
14.6
15.6
15.2
15.4
15.7
16.0
12.0
13.3
8.5
6.7
5.0
3.2
2.3
5.6
0.17
0.56
0.70
0.82
2.5
2.2
0.004-0.002
mm %
11.9
12.3
15.4
13.1
15.2
13.0
14.0
13.5
14.5
12.8
12.9
12.5
12.7
12.4
12.7
12.8
12.5
14.8
8.8
6.9
5.7
3.6
1.6
6.4
0.22
0.29
0.53
0.35
3.0
3.0
0.002-0.001
mm %
8.2
7.4
6.2
10.0
9.3
5.8
8.2
7.5
11.5
8.5
8.5
8.7
6.8
8.1
7.4
8.5
5.9
10.4
4.8
3.7
2.9
2.2
0.59
3.5
0.09
0.03
0.21
0.35
1.8
1.5
0.001-0.0006
mm %
35.1
32.9
36.0
36.3
28.3
30.9
30.6
34.0
29.8
33.3
27.8
27.0
35.8
36.2
37.1
35.8
26.2
30.0
21.3
17.6
10.4
6.0
3.3
14.5
1.5
2.2
2.2
2.2
5.5
5.1
< 0.0006
mm %
145
Sample No.
80
85
86
87
103, 105
111
55
57
60
66
67-68
70
71-72
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
Transect
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
0-25
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5. 20-50
20-50
0-5
20-50
20-50
0-5
0-20
0-5
5-35
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-30
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-40
0-5
5-20
Depth, cm
100
100
84.2
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
< 6.3
mm %
100
< 20
mm %
100
100
100
100
100
95.5
96.2
98.3
96.1
75.4
96.5
99.7
97.1
<2
mm %
99.0
100
100
99.2
100
89.9
92.3
95.7
82.1
39.6
86.1
97.7
90.2
< 0.63
mm %
94.2
98.8
99.7
27.1
93.0
84.2
80.4
85.0
59.7
10.0
71.9
73.5
78.7
< 0.2
mm %
100
100
28.9
100
28.6
0.7
27.0
18.1
100
100
78.7
25.5
60.5
100
100
94.0
19.5
90.0
100
94.5
101.0
89.5
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
< 0.063
mm %
100
98.7
27.1
100
26.3
26.2
17.6
99.8
100
78.7
25.1
58.6
98.7
100
92.6
19.0
89.8
99.8
93.5
101.0
88.5
98.4
100
100
98.8
98.9
100
99.1
98.6
100
99.3
99.2
26.6
17.7
100
100
78.7
25.0
59.2
100
100
93.1
19.1
90.0
100
93.6
101.0
88.6
100
100
100
100
99.1
100
99.4
99.2
100
98.8
99.3
< 0.05
mm %
100
98.9
28.3
100
27.4
< 0.06
mm %
25.2
17.2
99.5
100
78.6
25.0
56.3
98.0
99.4
91.6
18.9
89.6
99.9
92.3
99.8
88.3
98.0
98.9
99.5
98.2
98.4
99.7
98.4
98.2
99.5
99.6
99.2
99.0
97.9
23.6
99.7
23.6
< 0.04
mm %
APPENDIX 21. The cumulative weight percent of different grain sizes of the sub-samples in Transect 1-5b sea sediment samples.
24.0
16.4
99.1
99.8
78.1
24.2
51.2
96.7
98.3
90.2
18.4
89.5
99.6
89.3
97.2
87.5
95.7
96.1
97.7
96.0
96.5
98.8
96.8
96.7
98.7
98.6
98.5
97.1
96.9
17.2
97.6
19.5
< 0.03
mm %
146
Sample No.
38
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
142-144
145-147
148-150
151-152
157-158
165
169
1-2
7-8
13
16
114
117
126
129
130-132
133-135
Transect
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
20-40
0-5
5-20
20-35
0-5
5-20
20-45
0-5
5-20
20-35
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-50
0-30
0-50
0-20
0-20
20-30
0-5
0-20
0-20
0-5
0-5
0-20
0-20
0-25
0-30
0-40
0-40
Depth, cm
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
< 6.3
mm %
100
< 20
mm %
100
100
100
100
99.6
99.2
95.8
97.2
95.4
96.9
97.5
98.9
100
100
<2
mm %
100
100
99.9
99.0
99.1
98.9
93.0
95.0
88.1
87.5
93.4
96.7
99.9
100
< 0.63
mm %
99.6
99.7
74.4
66.8
57.1
92.0
66.2
75.2
79.5
78.1
79.7
89.6
99.3
100
< 0.2
mm %
100
100
100
100
100
95.0
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
93.4
100
83.3
82.4
55.9
45.6
34.5
67.8
22.2
27.0
41.9
45.0
47.2
51.4
< 0.063
mm %
100
100
100
100
99.0
94.0
99.3
99.2
100
100
99.1
100
100
99.3
100
99.9
93.3
99.6
82.3
81.3
54.7
44.1
33.0
66.1
21.0
25.7
40.9
43.5
46.1
50.1
< 0.06
mm %
99.1
100
100
100
99.0
93.5
98.9
99.1
99.6
99.7
98.6
99.0
100
99.2
100
99.7
92.3
99.3
80.8
79.2
53.4
42.5
32.1
64.3
19.9
24.2
39.5
42.1
44.4
47.8
< 0.05
mm %
98.7
99.4
100
99.3
99.1
92.2
97.6
98.0
98.7
98.4
97.0
97.2
99.4
99.0
99.5
99.5
90.2
98.2
76.9
73.7
50.0
38.5
29.6
59.7
16.9
20.6
35.1
37.3
39.5
41.6
< 0.04
mm %
97.6
99.0
99.4
97.7
98.8
90.2
95.6
95.7
97.9
96.1
93.9
94.0
97.6
98.8
98.8
98.8
85.9
95.7
70.2
64.2
44.0
31.9
24.6
51.9
11.5
14.5
25.7
26.9
30.8
31.1
< 0.03
mm %
APPENDIX 21 (cont´d). The cumulative weight percent of different grain sizes of the sub-samples in Transect 1-5b sea sediment samples.
147
Sample No.
80
85
86
87
103, 105
111
55
57
60
66
67-68
70
71-72
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
Transect
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 1
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 2
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
0-25
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5. 20-50
20-50
0-5
20-50
20-50
0-5
0-20
0-5
5-35
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-30
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-5
5-20
20-40
0-5
5-20
Depth, cm
93.6
93.8
7.7
94.8
13.8
21.6
14.7
98.2
99.2
76.7
22.4
39.7
91.0
94.0
85.0
17.2
88.4
98.7
82.2
91.8
84.5
87.3
89.9
90.5
89.1
91.0
93.8
89.9
90.0
94.8
91.4
95.6
22.3
15.4
98.7
99.4
77.4
23.2
43.5
93.6
95.6
87.0
17.6
88.6
99.1
84.5
93.8
85.7
90.1
92.5
93.5
91.7
93.5
95.6
92.7
92.4
96.5
94.2
97.0
< 0.016
mm %
94.9
95.2
9.8
96.0
15.1
< 0.02
mm %
20.1
13.2
96.3
98.9
75.5
20.9
32.2
84.0
89.1
80.2
15.9
87.7
97.5
76.3
86.0
79.6
79.4
83.4
84.6
81.5
85.9
89.3
83.3
84.3
90.3
84.7
91.1
89.3
90.3
5.6
91.6
12.3
< 0.01
mm %
18.2
11.0
90.7
97.6
74.5
18.9
25.6
74.2
80.3
72.2
13.7
85.8
96.0
67.4
77.2
71.2
69.8
74.4
76.2
72.9
77.7
81.2
73.6
75.3
83.0
75.3
83.1
84.5
85.3
4.4
87.3
11.2
< 0.006
mm %
16.6
9.2
83.1
95.7
73.4
17.0
21.3
63.5
69.6
63.9
11.8
84.5
94.1
58.6
67.6
62.7
60.9
65.6
67.5
64.1
68.7
72.0
65.2
66.8
73.5
65.9
73.0
79.2
80.2
3.8
81.8
10.4
< 0.004
mm %
13.5
6.4
65.1
86.9
70.0
13.7
14.9
49.0
52.0
50.7
8.9
79.7
87.7
45.5
52.0
48.1
47.5
50.6
52.7
50.7
53.6
56.0
51.7
52.3
57.5
52.0
56.1
65.0
65.7
3.0
67.3
8.4
< 0.002
mm %
10.3
4.5
47.8
68.6
60.7
10.3
9.8
37.0
39.1
38.1
6.4
69.1
74.9
34.8
40.4
36.3
36.4
39.3
40.8
39.6
42.2
43.5
41.0
40.4
44.4
41.4
43.5
49.0
49.5
2.6
51.0
6.6
< 0.001
mm %
8.1
3.4
36.9
53.9
50.3
9.3
6.7
29.7
32.2
29.3
4.2
57.0
60.2
27.5
32.4
28.6
28.7
31.5
32.7
34.3
35.0
34.7
32.0
32.5
34.8
33.0
34.7
36.9
38.5
1.8
39.4
4.5
< 0.0006
mm %
APPENDIX 21 (cont´d). The cumulative weight percent of different grain sizes of the sub-samples in Transect 1-5b sea sediment samples.
148
Sample No.
38
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
142-144
145-147
148-150
151-152
157-158
165
169
1-2
7-8
13
16
114
117
126
129
130-132
133-135
Transect
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 3
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 4
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5a
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
Transect 5b
20-40
0-5
5-20
20-35
0-5
5-20
20-45
0-5
5-20
20-35
0-5
5-20
20-50
0-50
0-30
0-50
0-20
0-20
20-30
0-5
0-20
0-20
0-5
0-5
0-20
0-20
0-25
0-30
0-40
0-40
Depth, cm
94.1
96.0
98.1
95.8
96.7
86.3
91.6
93.5
95.5
92.3
88.5
89.0
94.4
97.1
97.3
97.2
79.8
91.2
62.7
53.9
36.8
24.9
18.7
44.2
5.4
7.6
12.6
13.1
21.3
20.6
< 0.02
mm %
91.9
93.9
97.3
93.7
94.8
84.0
89.0
91.9
93.6
89.6
86.1
86.0
92.6
96.0
95.8
96.0
76.5
88.6
59.7
50.2
34.0
22.5
16.5
41.6
3.9
5.7
8.6
9.0
18.7
17.9
< 0.016
mm %
86.2
87.6
93.6
89.3
89.5
78.1
83.0
86.8
88.3
84.2
79.9
80.3
87.8
90.6
91.0
91.2
69.7
82.4
54.0
43.9
29.9
19.2
12.8
37.1
2.7
4.4
5.7
5.9
16.0
15.0
< 0.01
mm %
77.1
78.0
86.6
81.4
80.3
70.6
75.2
78.9
80.4
76.5
72.0
72.4
79.7
81.0
81.8
82.1
62.3
75.1
48.0
38.5
26.3
17.0
9.6
32.9
2.1
3.5
4.3
4.6
14.0
13.0
< 0.006
mm %
69.0
67.0
76.2
73.1
70.0
62.2
67.3
70.3
71.7
68.7
63.8
63.8
70.5
72.1
72.9
73.1
56.6
68.5
43.4
34.9
24.0
15.1
7.8
30.0
1.8
3.0
3.6
3.7
12.7
11.7
< 0.004
mm %
55.2
52.6
57.6
59.4
52.8
49.7
52.8
55.0
55.8
54.6
49.2
48.2
55.3
56.7
57.2
57.1
44.6
55.2
34.9
28.2
19.0
11.9
5.5
24.4
1.7
2.4
2.9
2.9
10.2
9.5
< 0.002
mm %
43.3
40.3
42.2
46.3
37.6
36.7
38.8
41.5
41.3
41.8
36.3
35.7
42.6
44.3
44.5
44.3
32.1
40.4
26.1
21.3
13.3
8.3
3.9
18.0
1.4
2.1
2.4
2.6
7.2
6.5
< 0.001
mm %
35.1
32.9
36.0
36.3
28.3
30.9
30.6
34.0
29.8
33.3
27.8
27.0
35.8
36.2
37.1
35.8
26.2
30.0
21.3
17.6
10.4
6.0
3.3
14.5
1.5
2.2
2.2
2.2
5.5
5.1
< 0.0006
mm %
APPENDIX 21 (cont´d). The cumulative weight percent of different grain sizes of the sub-samples in Transect 1-5b sea sediment samples.
149
150