List of Tables
Table number
Title
1
2
Preparation of Diluted Albumin (BSA) Standards
Mean cannibalistic cancer cells in different TNM stages of
OSCC.
Mean cannibalistic cancer cells in different N status of TNM
stages.
Mean cannibalistic cells in different T status of TNM stage.
2a
2b
3
Mean cannibalistic cells in different histopathological grades
of OSCC.
4
Mean cannibalistic cells in different stages of connective
tissue degenerations
5
6
7
CD68 and Lysozyme expression in OSCC cases
CD68 expression in different parameters of OSCC
Lysozyme expression in different parameters of OSCC
iv
List of Graphs
Graph number
Title
1
Distribution of cases according to site of involvement.
2
Distribution of oral squamous cell carcinoma cases in different
TNM stages.
3
Distribution of oral squamous cell carcinoma cases in different
histopathological grades.
4
Mean cannibalistic cancer cells in different TNM stages of OSCC.
4a
Mean cannibalistic cancer cells in different N stages of OSCC.
4b
Mean cannibalistic cancer cells in different T stages of OSCC.
5
Mean cannibalistic cancer cells in different histopathological grades
of OSCC.
6
Mean cannibalistic cancer cells in different grades of connective
tissue degeneration.
7
CD 68 expression by EPI cell lines starved in DMEM at different
time points
8
Lysozyme expression by EPI cell lines starved in DMEM at
different time points
9
CD 68 expression by EPI cell lines starved in ADMEM at different
time points
10
Lysozyme expression by EPI cell lines starved in ADMEM at
different time points
11
CD 68 expression by EPI cell lines starved in ADMEM (with 5%
FBS and 1X Glutamax) at different time points
12
Lysozyme expression by EPI cell lines starved in ADMEM (with
5% FBS and 1X Glutamax) at different time points
13
CD 68 expression by EPI cell lines starved in DPBS at different
time points
14
Lysozyme expression by EPI cell lines starved in DPBS at different
time points
15
CD 68 expression by SSC2095 cell lines starved in DMEM at
v
different time points
16
Lysozyme expression by SSC2095 cell lines starved in DMEM at
different time points
17
CD 68 expression by SSC2095 cell lines starved in ADMEM at
different time points
18
Lysozyme expression by SSC2095 cell lines starved in ADMEM at
different time points
19
CD 68 expression by SSC2095 cell lines starved in ADMEM (with
5% FBS and 1X Glutamax) at different time points
20
Lysozyme expression by SSC2095 cell lines starved in ADMEM
(with 5% FBS and 1X Glutamax) at different time points
21
CD 68 expression by SSC2095 cell lines starved in DPBS at
different time points
22
Lysozyme expression by SSC2095 cell lines starved in DPBS at
different time points
23
CD 68 expression by JSCC2 cell lines starved in DMEM at different
time points
24
Lysozyme expression by JSCC2 cell lines starved in DMEM at
different time points
25
CD 68 expression by JSCC2 cell lines starved in ADMEM at
different time points
26
Lysozyme expression by JSCC2 cell lines starved in ADMEM at
different time points
27
CD 68 expression by JSCC2 cell lines starved in ADMEM (with 5%
FBS and 1X Glutamax) at different time points
28
Lysozyme expression by JSCC2 cell lines starved in ADMEM (with
5% FBS and 1X Glutamax) at different time points
29
CD 68 expression by JSCC2 cell lines starved in DPBS at different
time points
30
Lysozyme expression by JSCC2 cell lines starved in DPBS at
different time points
31
CD 68 expression by JSCC3 cell lines starved in DMEM at different
vi
time points
32
Lysozyme expression by JSCC3 cell lines starved in DMEM at
different time points
33
CD 68 expression by JSCC3 cell lines starved in ADMEM at
different time points
34
Lysozyme expression by JSCC3 cell lines starved in ADMEM at
different time points
35
CD 68 expression by JSCC3 cell lines starved in ADMEM (with 5%
FBS and 1X Glutamax) at different time points
36
Lysozyme expression by JSCC3 cell lines starved in ADMEM (with
5% FBS and 1X Glutamax) at different time points
37
CD 68 expression by JSCC3 cell lines starved in DPBS at different
time points
38
Lysozyme expression by JSCC3 cell lines starved in DPBS at
different time points
vii
List of figures
Figure number
Title
1
Cell culture incubator
2
Marathon 21000R centrifuge machine
3
Sterilization hood for cell culture experiments.
4
T77 flask used for culture of cancer cells.
5
Proteins harvested by RIPA buffer lysis procedure are collected in
micro-centrifuge tubes, which later underwent BCA assay for protein
estimation.
6
Different culture media used in the study. (DMEM, ADMEM,
ADMEM+5% FBS+1X glutamax and PBS)
7
Themo Scientific RIPA buffer lysis kit. (RIPA buffer, 0.5M EDTA
and Protease Inhibitor)
8
Cell scraper for harvesting cells from culture flask.
9
The Thermo Scentific Pierce BCA protein assay kit.
10
96 well micro-plate for BCA protein assay.
11
PCR machine was used for boiling western protein samples for 5
minutes.
12
2-Mercaptoethanol (Electrophoresis purify reagent) and Laemmli
sample buffer
13
Gel electrophoresis using XCell SureLock Mini-Cell Eletrophoresis
System.
14
iBlot 7-Minute blotting system (Gel transfer device)
15
iBlot Cathode stack (Top) and iBlot NC anode stack (Bottom); Novex
by lifetechnologies.
16
After protein transfer, preparation of membrane for primary and
secondary antibody treatment.
17
The Odyssey Sa Infrared Imaging system for quantitative western
analysis.
viii
18
Photomicrograph
showing classical
morphological
features of
cannibalism phenomenon in various stages. (H&E stain, original
magnification X400).
19
Photomicrograph
showing
‘‘Complex
Cannibalism’’.
(A)
one
malignant cell is engulfing another cell and this complex is engulfed
by another cell. (B & C) cannibalism phenomenon showing difficult to
describe morphological features. (D) One malignant cell is engulfing 2
cells. (H and E stain; Total Magnification x400).
19.1
Photomicrograph showing acantholytic squamous cell carcinoma with
acantholytic tumor cells showing cannibalism (Arrow). (H and E stain;
Total Magnification x100).
20
Photomicrographs showing neutrophil-tumor cell cannibalism. Single
as well as multiple neutrophil cannibalism by tumor cells can be
appreciated (White arrow). (H and E stain; Total Magnification x400).
21a
Cannibalism of lymphocytes by tumor cells of oral squamous cell
carcinoma. (H and E stain; Total Magnification x400).
21b
RBC cannibalism by tumor cells. (H and E stain; Total Magnification
x400).
21c
Photomicrograph showing cancer cell cannibalism where engulfed cell
showing mitotic activity. (H and E stain; Total Magnification X400)
21d
Photomicrograph showing Cannibalistic cell undergoing mitosis. (H
and E stain; Total magnification X400)
22
Photomicrograph showing Association of connective tissue
degeneration and cannibalism. (H and E stain; Total Magnification
X400)
23
Photomicrograph of EPI cell lines in DMEM culture media at different
sera starvation time points. (Phase contrast microscope; Total
magnification X 100)
24
Photomicrograph of EPI cell lines in ADMEM culture media at
different sera starvation time points. (Phase contrast microscope; Total
magnification X 100)
25
Photomicrograph of EPI cell lines in DMEM (with 5% FBS and 1X
Glutamax) culture media at different sera starvation time points.
ix
(Phase contrast microscope; Total magnification X 100)
26
Photomicrograph of EPI cell lines in PBS culture media at different
sera starvation time points. (Phase contrast microscope; Total
magnification X 100)
27
Photomicrograph of SCC2095 cell lines in DMEM culture media at
different sera starvation time points. (Phase contrast microscope; Total
magnification X 100)
28
Photomicrograph of SCC2095 cell lines in ADMEM culture media at
different sera starvation time points. (Phase contrast microscope; Total
magnification X 100)
29
Photomicrograph of SSC2095 cell lines in DMEM (with 5% FBS and
1X Glutamax) culture media at different sera starvation time points.
(Phase contrast microscope; Total magnification X 100)
30
Photomicrograph of SSC2095 cell lines in PBS culture media at
different sera starvation time points. (Phase contrast microscope; Total
magnification X 100)
31
Photomicrograph of JSCC2 cell lines in DMEM culture media at
different sera starvation time points. (Phase contrast microscope; Total
magnification X 100)
32
Photomicrograph of JSCC2 cell lines in ADMEM culture media at
different sera starvation time points. (Phase contrast microscope; Total
magnification X 100)
33
Photomicrograph of JSCC2 cell lines in DMEM (with 5% FBS and 1X
Glutamax) culture media at different sera starvation time points.
(Phase contrast microscope; Total magnification X 100)
34
Photomicrograph of JSCC2 cell lines in PBS culture media at different
sera starvation time points. (Phase contrast microscope; Total
magnification X 100)
35
Photomicrograph of JSCC3 cell lines in DMEM culture media at
different sera starvation time points. (Phase contrast microscope; Total
magnification X 100)
36
Photomicrograph of JSCC3 cell lines in ADMEM culture media at
different sera starvation time points. (Phase contrast microscope; Total
x
magnification X 100)
37
Photomicrograph of JSCC2 cell lines in DMEM (with 5% FBS and 1X
Glutamax) culture media at different sera starvation time points.
(Phase contrast microscope; Total magnification X 100)
38
Photomicrograph of JSCC2 cell lines in PBS culture media at different
sera starvation time points. (Phase contrast microscope; Total
magnification X 100)
39
Weak CD68 expression in cancer cell of oral squamous cell
carcinoma. (Immunohistochemistry; Total Magnification X400)
40
Strong expression of CD68 in cancer tissue showing cancer cell
cannibalism. (Immunohistochemistry; Total Magnification X400)
41
Weak lysozyme expression in cancer cell of oral squamous cell
carcinoma. (Immunohistochemistry; Total Magnification X400)
42
Strong Lysozyme expression in cancer cell of oral squamous cell
carcinoma. (Immunohistochemistry; Total Magnification X400)
43
Photomicrographs of cannibalistic tumor cells with CD68 expression.
(Immunohistochemistry; Total Magnification X400)
44
Photomicrographs of cannibalistic cells with lysozyme expression.
(Immunohistochemistry; Total Magnification X400)
xi