Period 2
Introduction
Spain sought to establish tight control over the process of colonization in the Western
Hemisphere and to convert and/or exploit the native population.
French and Dutch colonial efforts involved relatively few Europeans and used trade alliances
and intermarriage with American Indians to acquire furs and other products for export to
Europe.
Unlike their European competitors, the English eventually sought to establish colonies based
on agriculture, sending relatively large numbers of men and women to acquire land and
populate their settlements, while having relatively hostile relationships with American
Indians
Focus Questions:
1. What factors led to the success of permanent English
settlement?
2. What factors affected colonial development and beliefs of
democracy?
1. Chesapeake Colony
Main Idea A. The English gain control of the
Atlantic – Motivations for Colonization
1. Defeat of Spanish Armanda in 1588
2. Nobleman through private ventures try to
find gold but fail
– Sir Walter Raleigh with Roanoke and
Humphrey Gilbert with Newfoundland
3.
Merchants through joint stock companies
try and find gold with mixed results
– Virginia Company of London
– Virginia Charter
– Overseas settlers were given same rights of
Englishmen in England.
– Became a foundation for American liberties;
similar rights would be extended to other
North American colonies.
– 144 employees sailed across the Atlantic on
board the Godspeed, Discovery, and Susan
Constant. 110 survived the crossing.
What is the significance of
colonization starting with private
ventures?
1. Chesapeake Colony
4. No gold but agriculture will make
Jamestown profitable
• Jamestown was wracked by
tragedy during its early years:
– famine, disease, and war with
Amerindians
– By 1625, only 1200 of the nearly
8,000 colonists survived
– Only 60 out of 400 settlers
survived the starving time
of1610-1611
– Captain John Smith reorganized
the colony beginning in 1608:
– "He who will not work shall not
eat." a. His leadership helped
Jamestown survive the starving
time.
1. Chesapeake Colony
Main Idea B. Tobacco – Virginia’s Gold and Silver
1. In June 1610, Lord De la Warr arrived with new settlers and
drove them to work with military strictness.
• Lord De la Warr put the colony to the cultivation of the
“stinking weed”. Tobacco became the “gold” needed for
viability
2. De la Warr also instituted a policy that would be the
bedrock of American economic success, capitalism.
– He divided all the Company’s land claim among the
surviving colonists.
– Capitalism is based on the free use of one’s private
property, and Virginians had never had any.
– If they worked hard and tended a good crop, they would
succeed. If they did nothing, they would starve
– Virginia is where American incentive was born. Having
assured success for Jamestown and its growing environs,
other colonies followed suit once they were founded. –
Pull Factors
Virginia’s
gold and
silver
-John Rolfe,
1612
1. Chesapeake Colony
3. John Rolfe and tobacco crop economy: "Colony built on
smoke"
– Rolfe introduced a new tough strain of tobacco and it became
perhaps the most important reason for Virginia’s survival
– Tobacco industry became cornerstone of Virginia's economy
– Plantation system emerged.
4. Pocahontas eventually was a central figure in preserving
peace in early Jamestown.
– Provided foodstuffs to settlers
– Became hostage of colonists in 1613 during military conflicts
– Later married John Rolfe and taught him Amerindian way of
curing tobacco
– She died of small pox at age 22 in England.
1. Chesapeake Colony
Main Idea C. Reasons for English immigration
1. Tobacco is a high labor product that quickly exhausts the
soil. - Need for labor met with English immigration
2. Price Revolution in England
–
Spanish gold flooded Euro market causing inflation
–
Feudalism still in place and Aristos income did not keep
pace with rising prices
–
Gentry, merchants and yeoman incomes increased
leading to the rise in the House of Commons
–
Conversion of economy to Capitalism
–
Gentry, merchants and yeoman flush with new wealth
sponsor colonial expeditions (joint stock companies) to
further their wealth
3. Enclosure laws passed to encourage sheep grazing (to fuel
the textile industry) displacing majority agri worker who
will seek opportunity as indentured servant in New World
– Push factor
4. Primogeniture Laws – Push Factor
1. Chesapeake Colony
Main Idea D. Expansion
1. With population growth, the
various villages of Virginia, known
as burghs, wanted a mechanism
to maintain order, individual
rights, and property rights.
2. Therefore they elected
representatives from each burgh
to attend an assembly to make
and enforce laws. Thus was born
the Virginia House of Burgesses,
America’s first representative
assembly which, oddly enough,
was established to maintain
“Americans’” rights as
Englishmen.
1. Chesapeake Colony
Read
Document #1
in the PSP
3. Headright System:
§ Each Virginian got 50 acres for each
person whose passage they paid.
4. Indenture Contract:
§ 5-7 years.
§ Promised “freedom dues” [land, £]
§ Forbidden to marry.
§ 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their
indentured contracts!
2. Chesapeake Colony Expansion
Main Idea. A. With
population growth,
leads to conflicts with
Indians
1. Powhatan Confederacy
§ Continued tobacco
cultivation
§ Powhatan dominated a few
dozen small tribes in the
James River area when the
English arrived.
§ Powhatan probably saw the
English as allies in his
struggles to control other
Indian tribes in the region.
2. Chesapeake Colony Expansion
• Both Pocahontas and Powhatan were dead.
• By 1622, displaced Indians had had enough.
2. Powhatan Uprising - They retaliated in coordinated
attacks along the Virginia frontier where settlers had
pushed searching for soil that had not been depleted yet.
– 347 Virginians were slaughtered (including John Rolfe)
igniting a war that became so engrossing no one
tended the crops.
– Hundreds more colonists therefore died that winter
from starvation.
3. Virginia Co goes bankrupt in 1624 and the Virginia
Charter was revoked by James I
– The king believed the assembly too seditious but he
also loathed tobacco.
– Virginia became a royal colony directly under his
control.
2. Chesapeake Colony Expansion
4. By its establishment as a
royal colony, black slaves
existed in what was known
legally as chattel slavery.
– This development meant
that the slaves were
property just as a horse or
mule is property.
– Furthermore, the slaves’
children’s children would
be property. Chattel
slavery was a heritable
condition.
2. Chesapeake Colony Expansion
Main Idea B. By 1642 James I send William
Berkeley as governor and he shares power with
the House of Burgesses leads to Bacon’s Rebellion
1. Tidewater (elite) and the Backcountry (former
Indentureds) – continued tobacco cultivation
2. Settlers on the frontier wanted to push
farther westward, into Indian lands – conflict
with Indians
– Berkeley wanted good relations with the Native
Americans to protect his fur trade with them.
3.
Wealthy frontier tobacco planter, Nathaniel
Bacon, formed an army after one of his
workers was killed in an Indian attack.
4. Bacon’s army attacked Jamestown, which was
burned in the fight. The governor fled.
• Bacon’s Rebellion collapsed after Bacon
suddenly became ill and died.
2. Chesapeake Colony Expansion
Main Idea C. Consequence of Bacon’s Rebellion
1.
As a result, the House of Burgesses opened more
frontier land.
2.
Plantation owners gradually replaced indentured
servants with African slaves because it was seen
as a better investment in the long term than
indentured servitude. Why?
3.
It exposed resentments between inland
frontiersmen and landless former servants
against gentry on coastal plantations.
4.
Socio-economic class differences/clashes
between rural and urban communities would
continue throughout American history.
2. Chesapeake Colony Expansion
Main Idea D. Origin of Racism and Class Struggle
1. Nature or Nurture
2. Howard Zinn argues that the powers that be in VA
intentionally cultivated an atmosphere of racism in the
colony.
• “The white rulers of the Carolinas seemed to be conscious
of the need for a policy, as one of them put it ‘to make
Indians and Negroes a cheque upon each other lest by their
vastly superior numbers we would be crushed by one or
the other.’ And so laws were passed prohibiting free blacks
from traveling to Indian country. Treaties with Indian tribes
contained clauses requiring the return of fugitive slaves.
Governor Lyttletown of South Carolina wrote in 1738: ‘it
has always been the policy of this government to create an
aversion in them [Indians] to Negroes.’”
2. Chesapeake Colony Expansion
3. Edmund Morgan wrote in his study of slavery in Virginia, “If
freemen with disappointed hopes should make common cause
with slaves of desperate hope, the results might be worse than
anything Bacon had done. The answer to the problem, obvious
if unspoken and only gradually recognized, was racism, to
separate dangerous free whites from dangerous black slaves
by a screen of racial contempt.”
4. What about the middle class? How to control them? Clue in a
quote from Richard Hofstadter, “It was … a middle-class
society governed for the most part by its upper classes… Those
upper classes, to rule, needed to make concessions to the
middle class, without damage to their own wealth or power, at
the expense of slaves, Indians and poor whites. This bought
loyalty. And to bind that loyalty with something more
powerful even than material advantage, the ruling group
found, in the 1760s and 1770s, a wonderfully useful device.
That device was the language of liberty and equality, which
could unite just enough whites to fight revolution against
England, without ending slavery or inequality.”
2. Chesapeake Colony Expansion
Main Idea E. A royal charter was granted to George
Calvert, Lord Baltimore, in 1632 - Maryland
1.
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A proprietary colony created in 1634.
A healthier location than Jamestown.
Tobacco would be the main crop.
The founding of the Church of England as the
nation’s official church made life difficult for
Roman Catholics living there.
George Calvert converted to Catholicism and it
ended his career.
He wanted land in America, as a haven for
Catholics and for personal wealth
His plan was to govern as an absentee proprietor
in a feudal relationship.
Huge tracts of land granted to his Catholic
relatives.
2. Chesapeake Colony Expansion
2.
•
•
3.
•
•
•
•
Religious diversity – seed of
separation of church and state
Baltimore permitted high degree of
freedom of worship in order to
prevent repeat of persecution of
Catholics by Protestants.
High number of Protestants
threatened because of overwhelming
rights given to Catholics.
Toleration Act of 1649
Supported by the Catholics in MD.
Guaranteed toleration to all
CHRISTIANS.
Decreed death to those who denied
the divinity of Jesus [like Jews, atheists,
etc.].
In one way, it was less tolerant than
before the law was passed
The Toleration Act of 1649
...whatsoever person or persons shall from henceforth upon any occasion of offence otherwise in
a reproachfull manner or way declare call or denominate any person or persons whatsoever
inhabiting, residing, traficking, trading or comercing within this province or within any ports,
harbours, creeks or havens to the same belonging, an Heretick, Schismatick, Idolator, Puritan,
Independent Presbyterian, Antenomian, Barrowist, Roundhead, Separatist, Popish Priest, Jesuit,
Jesuited Papist, Lutheran, Calvenist, Anabaptist, Brownist or any other name or term in a
reproachful manner relating to matters of Religion shall for every such offence foreit and lose the
sum of ten shillings Sterling or the value thereof to be levied on the goods and chattels of every
such offender and offenders...
and if they could not pay, they were to be "publickly whipt and imprisoned without bail" until "he,
she, or they shall satisfy the party so offended or grieved by such reproachful language...."
2. Chesapeake Colony Expansion
4. Conflict between barons and
farmers led to Baltimore
losing proprietary rights at the
end of the 17th c – royal
colony
– Colonists who did come
received modest farms
dispersed around the
Chesapeake area.
– Catholic land barons
surrounded by mostly
Protestant small farmers
– In the late 1600s, black slaves
began to be imported.
3. Slavery in Colonies
Chapter 3 PSD # 5-9
3. Slavery in the Colonies
Main Idea A. African Slave Trade – Triangular Trade
1. By the 1600s Portugal, Spain, France, Holland, and England were
involved in the trans-Atlantic slave trade particularly as indigenous
populations died off
 Most captured Africans were taken to colonies in the Caribbean
and Central and South America, then to North America. Only a
small percentage came directly to the North American colonies.
2. The Middle Passage (the voyage across the Atlantic) was a horrifying
experience where men, women, and children were packed in the
ships’ below-deck quarters.
 Olaudah Equiano -A former slave, wrote a book about his life in
slavery
 His description of the Middle Passage horrors encouraged
readers to call for the end of slavery.
►
►
PSD #7 – Sin of Slavery – Why is slavery bad?
PSD #8 vs. 9
3. Slavery in the Colonies
3. In 1619, the first recorded
introduction of African slaves into
what would become the United States
was in the settlement of Jamestown Only 20 slaves were purchased
Slaves captured in Africa
– Sugar economies of Caribbean and Brazil
demanded slaves, not until 1670s did
traders import blacks directly to America
(before most went to the West Indies)
• PSD #5 – John Rolf
Slaves aboard ship—Middle Passage
3. Slavery in the Colonies
4. New England merchants gain access
to slave trade in the early 1700s
• Rum brought to Africa, exchange for
slaves
• Ships cross the Middle Passage,
slaves traded in the West Indies.
• Disease, torture, malnourishment,
death for slaves
• Sugar brought to New England
• Other items trades across the
Atlantic, with substantial profits from
slavery making merchants rich
3. Slavery in the Colonies
Main Idea B. Increased Use of Slave Labor
after 1700
1. Mid 1690s Royal African Company’s
monopoly broken, prices fell, number of
Africans increased.
2. Small number of slaves in NE, more in
middle colonies, majority in South
because flow of white laborers
(Indentured) had all but stopped
3. Slave codes limited rights of blacks in law,
almost absolute authority of masters
4. British ended their trade in 1807 and
outlaws slavery in 1834 but other
Europeans countries continued until 1865
– Slaves’ children supplied the next
generation of workers.
Cotton Gin invented in
1793 which led to
increased use of slave
labor
3. Slavery in the Colonies
Main Idea C. Slave population increase leads to conflict and rebellion
1. Many slaves used physical resistance, sabotage, or ran away.
2. Stono County Rebellion: September 9, 1739, twenty black Carolinians
met near the Stono River, approximately twenty miles southwest of
Charleston.
– They took guns and powder from a store and killed the two storekeepers
they found there.
– "With cries of 'Liberty' and beating of drums," "the rebels raised a standard
and headed south toward Spanish St. Augustine.
– Burned houses, and killed white opponents.
– Largest slave uprising in the 13 colonies prior to the American Revolution.
– Slaveowners caught up with the band of 60 to 100 slaves. 20 white
Carolinians and 40 black Carolinians were killed before the rebellion was
suppressed.
3. Slavery in the Colonies
• PSD #6 – Progression of Slave Laws in VA
3. Slave Revolts would lead plantation owners to develop a
series of slave laws/codes which restricted the movement of
the slaves -1662
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Slaves were not taught to read or write
Restricted to the plantation
Slaves could not congregate after dark
Slaves could not possess any type of firearm
• A larger slave population than white in some states
4. Assumptions of white superior race, applied like it had to
natives.
– Slave owners wanted to keep their slaves ignorant of the outside
world because learning about life beyond the plantation could lead
to more slave revolts and wanting to escape.
3. Slavery in the Colonies
Main Idea D. Slave Culture
– In larger plantations society and culture developed between
slaves
1. By mid18thC ¾ slaves lived on plantations with 10+ slaves,
half lived with 50+
2. attempts at nuclear families made but members could be sold
at any time, led to extended kinship networks and surrogate
relatives
3.
Developed own languages (South Carolina – Gullah – hybrid English
and African)
4. religion w/ Christianity and African lore (santeria and voodoo)
– Some slaves learned skills, set up own shops, some bought
freedom
3. Slavery in the Colonies
3. Slavery in the Colonies
CTJ - Multiple Choice Entry
PSD 2-4
New England
4. New England Colony
Main Idea A. Plymouth Colony
1. Some English Separatists moved to the Netherlands in 1608.
Problem: Their children were becoming more Dutch than English.
2. War with Spain seemed near. They were ready to move to the
New World.
• Led by William Bradford, 35 Separatists joined 66 others on the
Mayflower in 1620. Wrote the Mayflower Compact – (Read PSD
#3)
3. Their sponsor, the Virginia Company, intended they land near the
Hudson River. They landed instead at Cape Cod.
– Founded Plymouth Colony south of present-day Boston
4. Colony never grew very large
Main Idea B. Massachusetts Bay Colony
1. Puritan merchants formed the Massachusetts Bay
Company.
2. In 1630 John Winthrop set out with 11 ships and 700
people for New England.
– This colony grew faster than Plymouth. Other towns were established
nearby.
3. Massachusetts General Court was formed.
4. Success of Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies
inspired the Great Migration.
– Over 20,000 English men and women came to settle in New England.
4. New England Colony
Main Idea C. The Economy
1. By 1760s almost half of England’s world trade was with
America
2. Economy of America was agriculturally based (Subsistence
agriculture and small family farms) due to rich American soil
and British mercantilism.
3. Start of some small industry, merchants and small businesses
4. Examples Include:
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logging, shipbuilding, fishing, trading and rum distilling.
Ironworks developed when there were local supplies of iron ore.
Bricks, leather goods, and glass were made by small companies.
Cloth was woven (wool and linen) for personal use and for sale to
merchants.
4. New England Colony
Main Idea D. New England Society
• Politics – PSD #2
1. Covenant Theology - Winthrop believed Puritans had a covenant with God to
lead a new religious experiment in the New World.
– Social Contract, City on a Hill
4. New England Colony
2.
Society heavily patriarchal and the Massachusetts General Court passed
education laws.
– Girls learned reading, writing, and some arithmetic.
– Boys had more education opportunities. By the 1700s Harvard and Yale
colleges were available to them.
3. Political Structures: Massachusetts General Court. In town meetings church
members and land owners voted on town matters
– Established Churches - Congregational church was "established": Nonchurch members as well as believers required to pay taxes to the gov'tsupported church.
4. Colonists became less dependent on the Indians for survival. The Native
Americans now had guns.
– Some Puritans felt it was their duty to drive the Native Americans out or
kill them.
– Land conflicts were behind the Pequot War and King Philip’s War.
– Both wars nearly wiped out the Native Americans involved
5. New England Expands
Main Idea A. Dissenters left the Massachusetts Bay Colony
and settled new towns to create self-governing colonies
1. Thomas Hooker, a Puritan minister, and his
congregation settled in the Connecticut River Valley.
They adopted America’s first written constitution: the
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. It extended voting
rights to all free men, not just church members. – PSD
#4
2. Roger Williams, a Separatist minister who believed in
religious tolerance and the separation of church and
government. Bought land from the Narragansetts to
establish Providence, now Rhode Island
3. Anne Hutchinson believed that people did not need a
minister’s teachings to be spiritual. Was imprisoned,
tried, and banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony
4. Hutchinson’s brother-in-law (John Wheelwright) left
Massachusetts to start a settlement in present-day New
Hampshire. In 1679 it became a royal colony, under
direct control of the king.
5. New England Expands
Main Idea B. Conflict with Indians
1. Pequots - very powerful tribe in CT river valley.
2. As wild animals were reduced due to overhunting,
colonists relied more heavily on domesticated
animals that pushed them further interior into the
Connecticut River Valley
3. Hostilities broke out between English and Pequot
due to trade with the Dutch
4. 1637 - Pequot War
– Whites, with Mohegan and Narragansett Indian
allies, attacked Pequot village on Mystic River.
– Whites set fire to the palisaded Pequot village &
shot fleeing survivors!
– Pequot tribe virtually annihilated
– an uneasy peace lasted for 40 years.
5. New England Expands
Main Idea C. King Philip’s War - 1675
1. Metacom [King Philip to white settlers]
chief of Wampanoags who had a history of
peace and alliances with English but by
1670s they were convinced that only
armed resistance could stop white
encroachment onto their land
2. Additionally colonial governments were
imposing English law on natives
(Plymouth tried and hanged several
Wampanoags for murdering a member of
their own tribe) and forced conversion to
Christianity some did (praying indians)
3. Massasoit’s son united Indians and staged
coordinated attacks on white settlements
throughout New England.
4. Frontier settlements forced to retreat to
Boston.
5. New England Expands
Main Idea D. King Philip’s War
1. The war ended in failure for the Indians as colonists were
aided by the Mohawks and the “Praying Indians” of the
region
2. Metacom beheaded and drawn and quartered by the
Mohawks who sent his head to the colonial government.
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3.
His son and wife sold into slavery.
The fragile alliance that Metacom forged with other tribes
collapsed
Wampanoags never posed a serious threat in New England
again but did continue to deal with threats by other tribes
and other colonial powers like the Dutch and French who
were allied with the Algonquins
Natives were also armed with new weapons introduced to
New England by Myles Standish – flintlock rifle which were
used in King Philip’s War
4.
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By late 1700s most colonies were royal colonies.
Multiple Choice Entry
“My purpose is not to persuade children from their parents; men from their wives; nor servants from their masters:
only, such as with free consent may be spared: But that each [English] parish, or village, in city or country, that will but
apparel their fatherless children, of thirteen or fourteen years of age, or young married people, that have small wealth
to live on; here by their labor may live exceeding well: provided always that first there be sufficient power to command
them, . . . and sufficient masters (as carpenters, masons, fishers, fowlers, gardeners, husbandmen, sawyers, smiths,
spinsters, tailors, weavers, and such like) to take ten, twelve, or twenty, or as is their occasion, for apprentices. The
masters by this may quickly grow rich; these [apprentices] may learn their trades themselves, to do the like; to a
general and an incredible benefit for king, and country, master, and servant.” John Smith, English adventurer, A
Description of New England, 1616
The excerpt would be most useful to historians as a source of information about which of the following?
The interaction of English colonial settlers with native populations in the early seventeenth century
The harsh realities of life in the early seventeenth-century American colonies, including illness, high mortality rates, and
starvation
The role that appeals and advertising played in encouraging men and women to participate in colonization efforts
The nature of master and apprentice relationships in England in the early seventeenth century
C
Which of the following was a major contrast between the New England colonies and the colonies of France?
(A) New England populations tended to be larger and more gender balanced.
(B) The French settled more often in cities and towns.
(C) The French had more conflicts with American Indians.
(D) New England developed a less rigid racial hierarchy.
Restoration refers to the
restoration to power of an English
monarch, Charles II, in 1660
following a brief period of Puritan
rule under Oliver Cromwell
• Carolina
• Georgia
• New York
• New Jersey,
• Pennsylvania
• Delaware
Restoration
Colonies
6. Restoration Colonies
Main Idea A. The Carolinas and Georgia
Carolinas - 8 Landowner Proprietors
1. Had a port in Charles Town and long
growing season due to climate
2. Plantation economies exporting staple
crops migrated from West Indies with
their enslaved Africans who often
outnumbered whites in South Carolina
– culturally closer to Barbados
3. By the middle of the 18th century,
large rice-growing plantations
4. Anglo-Spanish Wars leads to Georgia
• The Spanish conducted border raids on
Carolina - Either inciting local Native
Americans to attack or attacking
themselves.
• By 1700 - Carolina was too strong to be
wiped out by the Spanish
• Defensive buffer
• Rid England’s overcrowded jails of
debtors
6. Restoration Colonies
Main Idea B. Middle Colonies - New York
1. The king granted the Duke of York land that
included the area already claimed by the Dutch as
New Netherland. Their town, New Amsterdam,
was thriving.
2. In 1664 an English fleet sailed into the harbor and
demanded New Netherland’s surrender. Gov.
Stuyvesant surrendered.
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3.
Had a diversified population: English, Dutch,
Scandinavians, Germans, French, Native
Americans, and enslaved Africans
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4.
The duke renamed it New York.
Grew and prospered under English rule due to
natural harbor
A treaty with the Iroquois protected the fur trade.
The Duke of York gave the land south of the Hudson
River to two of his political allies. They named it New
Jersey.
By early 1700s, New York and New Jersey became
royal colonies.
6. Restoration Colonies
Main Idea C. Middle Colonies - Pennsylvania
1. Of all the Nonconformist groups, the Quakers upset people the most.
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2.
They believed in direct, personal communication with God; they had no
ministers or hierarchy of priests and bishops.
They had simple meetings where their members rose to speak.
They believed in the equality of all men and women.
They were pacifists who refused to fight in wars, paid Indians for land and
had no slaves
They were only welcomed in Rhode Island.
A tolerant colony
William Penn named his colony Pennsylvania and named the city
Philadelphia, Greek for “City of Brotherly Love.”
In the 1600s, wars in Europe ruined farms and trade, and religious
clashes caused social upheaval.
Penn offered refuge for Quakers and others suffering religious
persecution. He offered opportunities and land at reasonable prices.
3.
4.
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German Protestant sects such as the Amish and Mennonites moved to
Pennsylvania. French Protestants, called Huguenots, settled there, too
6. Restoration Colonies
Main Idea D. Middle colonies
– NY, NJ, DE, PA
1. rich soil attracted diverse
group of Europeans.
2. 200 acres farm was
common in which
economy based on cereal
crops
3. Indentured, hired
laborers and family
worked the farm.
4. Some small
manufacturing efforts –
iron making and trading
7. Struggle for North America
Main Idea A. Struggle for North America. Conflict between Spain, French, English and Natives
will lead to cultural, demographic and economic changes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Middle Ground – western boundary of English settlement and the idea of having a
workable trade relationship with natives characterized by conflict and accommodation
– To the west the balance of power between English and natives was more precarious,
neither side establishing dominance
– In New England and Chesapeake English fairly quickly established their dominance
Cultural differences led to conflict – concepts of the nation differed.
– English believed that military power of nations governed relationships between
societies
– While the native had no concept of nations and thought more in terms of ceremony and
kinship
Due to small numbers the French and some very early English settlers used the techniques
of the often complex ritual of gift-giving and mediation to establish a workable
relationship with natives which lasted for over a century
But as English numbers increased in North America and French influence declined, these
techniques gave way to brute force by the early 19th century.
7. Struggle for North America
Main Idea B. The Spanish Borderlands – conflicts with other Euro Nations
each allying and arming various Native Americans
1. Southwestern Borderland - North of Mexico attracted religious minorities,
Catholic missionaries and independent ranchers
– Spanish troops weakly defended these sparsely populated northern territories
with scattered outposts
2. New Mexico, Santa Fe was the most prosperous of these outposts and once
they suppressed the Pueblo Indians there after the Pueblo Revolt in 1680 they
worked effectively with the natives there to create a successful agricultural
economy
• California Spanish settlement increased due to threats from migrating
English French and Russian settlers to the area. Spanish crown ordered
outposts to (presidios) which included San Diego and Monterey in 1769;
San Fran 1776 and LA in 1781
3. Spanish Treatment of Natives – generally conversion – Spanish not
committed to displacement like the English but rather to enlist them as agri
workers and trading partners.
–
Spanish did not consider natives their equal and did not treat them very well
but also did not see them as mere obstacles like the English.
7. Struggle for North America
4. Southeastern Borderland - English here were the
threat to the Spanish
– English pirates attacked Spanish settlements in St.
Augustine and both sides tried to recruit Native
Americans in this region
• English encouraged natives to rise up against Spanish
missions
• Spanish offered freedom to African slaves in the Carolinas if
they converted. Some did and the Spanish organized them
into regiments
• Due to Spanish small numbers in this region, they relied on
natives and Africans and often intermarried with these
groups in their conflict against the English
• Eventually the Spanish will lose this region to the English
7. Struggle for North America
Main Idea C. Attitudes toward Native – PSD 10 and 11
• At first noble curiosities but that gives way for several
reasons
1. Increasing number of Europeans who no longer have to work
with natives
2. Disease wiping out native numbers help to strengthen racial
superiority
3. King Philip’s war – the violence and resentment encouraged
moral superiority of Europeans and uncivilized nature of natives;
the subsequent victory as confirmation of that superiority
4. Alcoholism introduced by French Jesuits but subsequently
traded to natives by all Europeans was another source of
weakness
CTJ - Short Answer Entry – English
Colonization
• 1. A) Choose ONE of the early American
settlements and describe how cooperation,
competition or conflict contributed to its
identity. Use ONE piece of historical evidence
to support your explanation.
• B) Compare your answer in part A to ONE
other early American settlement.
7. Struggle for North America
Main Idea D. Mercantilism: a nation’s power was
directly related to its wealth
• Balance of Trade was the goal of mercantilism; the
colonists could supply raw materials to England and
could buy English goods
– England prevented its colonies from trading with other
nations to maintain balance of trade.
• England only wanted certain American products,
such as fur and timber.
– Colonists produced other products like wheat and fish that
the English did not want.
– Colonists often could get higher prices for their goods from
the French, Spanish, or Dutch.
•
7. Struggle for North America
Attempts at colonial control by the Brits:
1. Navigation Acts 1650 – 1673 - English laws passed to
control colonial trade
– Only English ships with English crews could take goods to
England.
– Limited the products that could be shipped to England or
English colony
– All shipments to colonies had to go through England.
– Merchants had to pay a tax on certain goods; tax collectors were
sent to the colonies.
• Effects
– Increased English profits, but also increased law enforcement in
America
– Lumber and shipbuilding business was up in the colonies;
England needed more ships for trade.
– Many colonists ignored the laws and smuggled.
• What is the purpose of the Navigation Acts?
7. Struggle for North America
2. Dominion of New England
• By 1684, New England colonists did not
want to be governed in such a way that it
hurt their own economies.
• Their industries began to compete with
those in England.
• When Massachusetts refused to enforce
Navigation Acts, the king (James II) made
it a royal colony along with the rest of
New England colonies plus NY and NJ by
creating the Dominion
• Goals
– Restrict Colonial trade
– Defend Colonies
– Stop Colonial smuggling
•
Sir Edmund Andros
– Gain control over Colonies
– Eliminated town meetings, the press and
schools
– Taxed without the consent of the
governed
7. Struggle for North America
• James II was Charles II' son, a Catholic and
took the thrown in 1685
• He had a Protestant daughter, Mary, and a
Catholic son.
• Parliament didn't want his son taking over, so
they gave the crown to Mary and her
husband, William III of Orange.
• William and Mary accepted the English Bill of
Rights that limited the monarchs’ powers.
3. Glorious Revolution – Protestants on the
thrown
• Colonists’ Reactions
– Boston - Andros and his government were
arrested and sent to England.
– New York - Rebellion broke out – Leisler’s
Rebellion
• Royal rule returned to New York, but it was granted
an elected assembly.
4.
Salutary Neglect followed for next 100
yearsish
James II
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The trade routes depicted in the map resulted from
the European governments’ commitment to mercantilism
industrialization in Europe
the soil, environment, and natural resources in North and South America
all of the above
D
The exchange of goods depicted in the map was an economic continuation of what
earlier biological exchange?
the transportation of American Indians to Europe and of African slaves to America
the Columbian Exchange, featuring the transportation of maize and potatoes to
Europe and the transportation of European diseases to America
British colonization of the east coast of North America
The development of the Spanish encomienda system
B
Society and Culture in the
Colonial Period
PSD 12-14
8. Society and Culture in Colonial America
Main Idea A. The Press – transatlantic
Print Culture
•
•
Newspapers–1725 (5); By 1776 more than 40.
Printers printed and distributed newspapers,
books, advertisements, and political
announcements.
1. Month old news from Europe, ads for goods and
services, return of indentureds and slaves, pious
essays, few if any illustrations
• First American printer was in Cambridge,
Massachusetts.
• Influential newspapers published in Boston, New
York, and Philadelphia.
2. John Peter Zenger, New York printer, published
articles that criticized the royal governor.
– Zinger was arrested, and his newspapers were
burned.
– He was tried in court and won the first important
victory for freedom of the press in the America
8. Society and Culture in Colonial America
3. Zenger’s lawyer (Alexander
Hamilton) argues that what he
wrote was true, so it can’t be libel
– English law says it doesn’t matter if
it’s true or not, speaking bad about
someone is libel
4. Jury acquits Zenger anyway
• Not total freedom of the press, but
newspapers now took greater risks
in criticism of political figures.
8. Society and Culture in Colonial America
Main Idea B. Religion - Protestant
dominance/Anglicization
1. 1600s colonial governments taxed
people to support one of the
protestant denominations – these
were called established churches.
2. Church of England – Virginia
3. Congregational Church (Puritan) –
Massachusetts Bay and
Connecticut
• Predestination
• Visible saints
• Rigid, structured fundamentalist
culture
4. With immigration came religious
diversity and policies of tax
supported churches changed
8. Society and Culture in Colonial America
Main Idea C. Education
– Directed to males
1. New England – Puritans emphasis on reading
Bible led to first tax-supported schools for
boys.
2. Middle Colonies – either church sponsored or
private
3. Southern Colonies – parents did their best or
on plantations tutors educated owner’s
children.
4. Higher Education
•
•
•
•
Harvard first colonial college 1636
William and Mary College – 1694 (Anglicans)
Yale – 1701 (Congregationalists)
Non-secular college – College of Philadelphia (Un.
Of Penn.) founded among others was Ben Franklin
– Reinforced English superiority, social
hierarchy, racial hierarchy
8. Society and Culture in Colonial America
Main Idea D. Immigration
1. England - Continued to come but numbers small compared to other European
countries
2. Germany – farmland west of Philly (Pennsylvania Dutch). Maintained their
native language, customs and religion. Showed interest in politics (6%)
3. Scotch-Irish – Northern Ireland and Scotland. Little respect for British
government. (7%)
4. Huguenots (French protestants), Dutch and Swedes (5%)
9. Enlightenment and 1st Great Awakening
Main Idea A. Enlightenment: European movement that
emphasized a search for knowledge. Also called the Age of Reason
The Scientific Revolution
• Scientists began using observation and experiments to look for natural laws that
governed the universe.
• Some scientists studied physical laws, while others looked for order and method in
nature.
The Enlightenment in Europe
 Thinkers in Europe admired the new approach to science. They thought that logic and
reason could also be used to improve society, law, and government.
1. English philosopher John Locke (Two Treatises of Government -1690) said it was the
duty of government to protect the citizens’ natural rights: life, liberty, and property.
Also wrote that a social contract exists between a people and its government.
2. French Baron de Montesquieu (The Spirit of Laws 1748) - suggested that the
powers of a republican government be divided to prevent tyranny
3. French writer Voltaire criticized intolerance and prejudice.
4. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (The Social Contract – 1762) argued that true democracy
would require many people to share political power
 Other thinkers wanted to use new ideas to reform education, which in turn would
improve society, criminal justice, and conditions for the poor.
9. Enlightenment and 1st Great Awakening
Main Idea B. The Enlightenment in America 1720 - 1780
How is this revolutionary to colonial America?
1. Stressed a belief in rationality and people’s ability to
understand the universe through mathematical or natural law.
Who got into the Enlightenment?
2. A new colonial elite which was developing in the colonies,
particularly in the northeast
Why did the new elite embrace the enlightenment?
3. The one things that separated this new colonial elite from the
pack of average colonists was education, their use of leisure
time and their knowledge of what was happening back in
Europe.
How does this further encourage social stratification?
4. Gave elite a common vocabulary and subjects to discuss.
– Encouraged colleges in the Americas to broaden their curriculum to
include science, law and medicine which allowed more people to join
the educated circle.
9. Enlightenment and 1st Great Awakening
Main Idea C. Early 18th cent some troubled w/ decline religious
piety in society
– Was a response to the Enlightenment
1. People moving west and scattered isolated settlements
dampened the influence of organized religion
2.
Commercial success created more secular outlook in urban areas.
–
3.
Deism, God existed/created the world, but afterwards left it to run by natural
laws. Denied God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life…get to
heaven if you are good.
Concerns of weakening piety led to ministers to preach jeremiads=
sermon of despair, fussing at sinners for their lack of faith
– This was a response to the staunch conservatism of old colonial
puritanism which led to a decline in piety
– 1st generation’s Puritan zeal diluted over time
4. Problem of declining church membership
– 1662: Half-Way Covenant – partial membership to those not yet
converted (usually children/ grandchildren of members)
– Eventually all welcomed to church, erased distinction of “elect”
9. Enlightenment and 1st Great Awakening
Main Idea D. The Great Awakening was a spiritual renewal that swept the American
Colonies, particularly New England, during the first half of the 18th Century.
– Unlike the somber, largely Puritan spirituality of the early 1700s, the revivalism
ushered in by the Awakening brought people back to "spiritual life" as they felt a
greater intimacy with God. Stressed an individual relationship with god
1.
2.
When – mid 1730s with its height in the 1740s and was in reaction to the
enlightenment, decline of piety, young colonists sense of insecurity
Who - Third and forth generation Americans and women who did not like the
old ways.
• “New Lights” – revivalists” - Heaven by salvation by grace through Jesus Christ. Formed: Baptist,
Methodists
• “Old Lights” – traditionalists - orthodox and liberal clergymen deeply - skeptical of emotionalism
and the theatrics of the revivalists - Believed emotionalism threatened their usefulness and
spiritual authority
3.
4.
Why – this generation felt that they had uncertain futures as they would inherit
little land and rhetoric preached by the revival emphasized potential to break
away from past and start anew in your relationship with God.
Led to increase religious toleration and Eroded Authority - Reason for the
resistance of the message of the great awakening was that it undermined the
dependence on the clergy and was radically egalitarian.
10. Enlightenment and 1st Great Awakening
Main Idea A. Great Awakening
influences creation of 5 new
colleges in mid-1700s
1.
College of New Jersey
(Princeton), 1746
(Presbyterian)
2.
King’s College (Columbia),
1754 (Anglican)
3.
Rhode Island College
(Brown), 1764 (Baptist)
4.
Queens College (Rutgers),
1766 (Dutch Reformed)
5.
Dartmouth College, 1769,
(Congregational)
10. Enlightenment and 1st Great
Awakening
Main Idea B. Influential Figures
1. Jonathan Edwards, Puritan minister, was one of the
movement leaders, preached about the agonies that
sinners would suffer if they did not repent.
–
–
–
Jonathan Edwards
He was influenced by John Locke and Sir Isaac
Newton.
– Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God (1741)
2. George Whitefield, British Methodist minister,
preached throughout the colonies (South (coastal towns), the
–
–
3.
4.
George Whitefield
Credited with starting the Great Awakening in 1734
Attacked the new doctrines of easy salvation.
Middle and New England colonies)
His strong voice moved people to cry and confess their
sins.
Open-air preacher – emphasized the bible
John and Charles Wesley founders of Methodism
visited Georgia and others colonies
Arminianism: Directly challenged Calvinism’s
predestination doctrine and was supported
increasingly by liberal ministers; stated man is not
helpless in achieving salvation; his will can be an
effective force in being saved
10. Enlightenment and 1st Great Awakening
Main Idea C and D – Results of the Great Awakening
1. Led to increase in church membership in the 1700s - New Protestant
religions grew in America: Congregational Church, Methodist, Baptist, and
Presbyterian
•
2.
3.
Was one of first links uniting the colonies
Led to creation of several colleges
•
4.
6.
Unlike Europeans, American colonials had much more choice over religion (a highly
American trait).
Advances in medicine Cotton Mather and small pox inoculation –
Enlightenment influence on Puritanism
Undermined the powerful older clergy.
•
7.
Founding of "new light" colleges: Dartmouth, Brown, Rutgers, and Princeton
The Great Awakening had a strong democratic component.
•
5.
Split denominations thus increasing the competitiveness of American churches - By the
19th century, the Baptist and Methodist churches were the two largest in the U.S.
It represented another important example of resistance to established authority (the
older established clergy).
Encouraged a new wave of missionary work among Amerindians and
slaves
10. Enlightenment and 1st Great Awakening
What makes Whitefield a “new light”?
What evidence in the document?
10. Enlightenment and 1st Great Awakening
8. The Awakening's biggest significance was the way it
prepared America for its War of Independence.
• In the decades before the war, revivalism taught people
that they could be bold when confronting religious
authority, and that when churches weren't living up to the
believers' expectations, the people could break off and
form new ones.
• Through the Awakening, the Colonists realized that
religious power resided in their own hands, rather than in
the hands of the Church of England, or any other religious
authority.
• After a generation or two passed with this kind of
mindset, the Colonists came to realize that political power
did not reside in the hands of the English monarch, but in
their own will for self-governance
“I never was without some religious Principles; I never doubted, for instance, the Existence of the Deity, that he made
the World, & govern’d it by his Providence; that the most acceptable Service of God was the doing Good to Man; that
our Souls are immortal; and that all Crime will be punished & Virtue rewarded either here or hereafter; these I
esteem’d the Essentials of every Religion.” - Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
“And if a person is what the world calls an honest moral man, if he does justly, and, what the world calls, love a little
mercy, is not and then good-natured, reacheth out his hand to the poor, receives the sacrament once or twice a year,
and is outwardly sober and honest; the world looks upon such an one as a Christian …but if you examine them, though
they have a Christ in their heads, they have no Christ in their hearts.” - George Whitefield, “Marks of a True Conversion”
George Whitefield’s sermon was written in response to
the rise of Deism
the Great Awakening
the American Revolution
the principle of religious freedom
A
The ideas expressed by Benjamin Franklin are most closely related to
the Great Awakening
the influence of the Enlightenment on religion
Locke’s ideas on democratic government
Quakerism
B