The Electric Car
The Electric Car
Introduction
Why is the ecar coming back?
We are so used to the internal combustion engine (ICE) that we
are inclined to think that the electric car is a new idea. In fact,
the electric car made its first appearance in the 1880s and by
the 1890s there were fleets of electric taxis in London and New
York. It is interesting to learn that an electric vehicle held the
world road speed record between 1899 and 1902 (106 km/h).
However, petrol and diesel engines dominated the scene after
that. This was due to technical improvements in the internal
combustion engine and the availability of cheap fuel.
In this lesson we discuss the evolution of the electric car, the
science and technology behind it and the reasons why it is
becoming more important to modern life.
The battery is the key
What is an electric car?
An electric vehicle (EV) is a vehicle that uses an electric motor to
propel it. Vehicles equipped with only an electric motor are called ‘fully
electric’ or pure electric vehicles. Those equipped with both an ICE
(internal combustion engine) and an electric motor are called hybrid
electric vehicles. Those vehicles with an ICE and which can also be
charged from an electrical source are called plug in hybrid electric
vehicles (PHEV). In hybrids, the ICE and the electric motor can be
arranged in series or in parallel. In the series configuration the battery
powers the electric motor but, when the charge in the battery gets low,
the ICE drives a generator that recharges the battery. In the parallel
setup either the ICE or the electric motor (or both) can turn the car
wheels directly. There are many types of electric vehicle, including trams,
trains, trucks and cars. Cars that use electric motors are often referred
to as ecars.
There are also vehicles that use fuel cells to charge the batteries. These
cells convert the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity. Hydrogen
is commonly used as a fuel for this purpose. (The most environmentally
friendly way of producing the hydrogen is by electrolysis of water using
renewable energy sources.)
Solar cars also exist. They use photoelectric cells that use sunlight
to generate the electrical energy to charge the batteries.
The electric motor
An electric motor is a device that converts electrical energy into
motive force (mechanical energy), either linear or rotational.
Rotational force is called torque and the torque produced by an
electric motor is instantaneous
and constant. This is why electric
cars have better acceleration
than standard vehicles.
Fundamental to the motor’s
operation is the fact that when a
conductor located in a magnetic
field is carrying a current, a force
is exerted on the conductor.
(Lorentz Force Law)
There is no doubt that the ecar is on its way back and there are several
compelling reasons for this. Currently, there is serious concern about the
reliability and cost of fuel imports. There is also environmental concern
about the pollution and greenhouse gases (GHG) caused by exhaust
emissions. Aside from these issues, ESB research has shown that
drivers find that the ecar provides a very satisfying driving experience.
They particularly value the smoothness and comfort of the journey, the
silence of the motor and the superior acceleration from standstill.
However, the fact that batteries need to be recharged presents a
challenge. Drivers of standard cars know that they will be able to refuel
easily because of the widespread existence of filling stations. Electric car
drivers do not have this confidence on long journeys, a problem known
as range anxiety. This is why ESB engineers are installing a national
network of charge points. www.esb.ie/chargepointmap
S
N
–
+
To battery
The first battery used in an electric vehicle was the lead-acid battery
which was invented in 1859. Everyone is familiar with the fact that
batteries become ineffective when they lose their charge and that only
some can be recharged. Clearly an ecar battery should be rechargeable.
It also needs to deliver enough power to the motor and be light enough
for the car to carry effectively. The battery in wide use at present is the
lithium ion (Li-ion) battery. These lightweight batteries have the
advantage of high energy density i.e. they store more energy per unit
of volume than other batteries.
Know your batteries
An electric battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy.
A battery is a collection of cells and each cell contains two electrodes
(cathode and anode). These are located in an electrolyte that
allows ions to move between them. The electrodes are connected
to terminals. The chemical reactions at the electrodes produce an
electromotive force (emf) between the terminals. This is the terminal
voltage. Batteries that cannot be recharged after they have been
discharged are called primary (or disposable) batteries Examples
are the alkaline batteries used for many portable devices.
Secondary batteries can be charged after discharged and, hence,
are known as rechargeable batteries. The lead-acid battery used in
standard cars is a common example. Another is the lithium ion battery
used in electric cars. The small lithium ion batteries used in portable
devices such as mobile phones are very familiar. Batteries are also
classified as wet or dry. A wet cell battery has a liquid electrolyte while
a dry cell uses a paste as an electrolyte.
Charging the batteries
ESB has a nationwide charge point network. The charge points are
accessed using an RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) access card
which can be used both in the ROI and Northern Ireland. Some of the
public points are Fast Chargers and these provide an 80% charge in
approximately 25 minutes, while a full charge on a standard point can
take between 1 and 6 hours depending on the model of ecar. Fast
Chargers are available approximately every 60 km along motorways and
main inter-urban routes to service drivers taking longer journeys. In
general, ecars are supplied with a 7-pin plug that is used to charge the
battery from public charge points and home charge points; it allows for
the controlled and safe charging of the EV.
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The Electric Car
Ecar owners can also take
advantage of a technical
development called
regenerative braking. When
the brakes of an ICE car are
applied to slow a car down
energy is wasted, mainly as
heat. In other words some of
the ICE car’s kinetic energy
is transformed into useless
heat energy. Regenerative
braking uses this kinetic
energy to drive the electric motor as a generator to produce the electricity
to charge the batteries.
What does the future hold?
The total cost of ownership is a measure that is often used to compare
ecars with ICE vehicles. This measure includes purchase, maintenance
and running costs. An ecar has relatively low maintenance and running
costs. ESB estimates that the cost of electricity for charging the battery
is around 2 cents per km. This is cheaper than petrol or diesel.
In addition, the grant which is currently available for the purchase of
electric vehicles makes the cost competitive with standard cars. As
demand rises, manufacturers will achieve economies of scale, and
production costs will decrease.
At present on average 20% of all electricity produced in Ireland is from
renewable sources. This will increase significantly over the coming years
leading to further decarbonisation of electricity. This low carbon energy
can be used to electrify the transport sector to eliminate emissions and
also to improve air quality in our cities and towns.
Electric cars can also be used to store excess wind power produced at
night or during low demand periods. Unless there is additional demand or
a storage system in place at these low demand periods, this electricity is
lost forever. Ecars present an opportunity to utilise the excess capacity by
storing the energy in car batteries with smart charging.
About ESB
ESB is an energy utility, active in electricity generation,
transmission and distribution as well as the supply of
electricity, gas and energy services. The company has
a regulated asset base of €8.5billion and 42 per cent of
Ireland’s electricity generating capacity, including
800MW of renewable generation (wind, hydro and
pumped storage).
Established in 1927, ESB operates through a portfolio of
brands: ESB Networks, Electric Ireland, Northern Ireland
Electricity and ESB International.
About ESB ecars
ESB ecars is responsible for the roll-out of a nationwide
charging infrastructure as well as the supporting IT
and Communications platforms. There are 1,200 public
electric vehicle charge points across the island of
Ireland, providing reliable low carbon transport options
for drivers.
Find out more about ESB at www.esb.ie
The benefits go beyond transportation, as the electricity grid is also poised
to gain from better utilisation
of renewable energy and
more effective energy
management. Possible
future benefits of electric
cars may include using this
stored energy of the battery
to power your home
(Vehicle to Home) or to
even sell electricity back to
the grid (Vehicle to Grid).
Research on other energy
sources, such as solar and
fuel cells, is ongoing. It is
ESB’s 32 ecar ambassadors who are taking part in
also important to realise that The Great Electric Drive. Follow them on Facebook
people are now familiar with and the ESB ecars blog.
the standard ICE car for over
100 years. Even if there were no cost issues it would take time for this
mindset to change. Another important consideration is that the average
car journey in Ireland (and many other countries) is actually less than 20
km, hardly a distance to generate much range anxiety. When all factors
are considered, there is little doubt that we will see many more ecars on
our roads over the next few years.
Find this and other lessons on www.sta.ie
The
TheElectric
ElectricCar
Car
The Electric Car
Syllabus
Syllabusreferences
references
Student
StudentActivities
Activities
Exa
Ex
The
Themain
mainsyllabus
syllabusreferences
referencesforforthe
thelesson
lessonare:
are:
1.1. Investigating
Investigatingsimple
simplecells
cells
Leav
Lea
Read
Re
Leaving
Leaving
Certificate
Certificate
Physics
Physics
• • Mechanics:
Mechanics:
Force;
Force;
Work,
Work,
Energy,
Energy,
Power
Power
• • Electricity:
Electricity:
Charge,
Charge,
Potential
Potential
• • Current
Current
inin
aa
magnetic
magnetic
field;
field;
motors
motors
The
Theprinciple
principleofofthe
theelectrochemical
electrochemical
cell
cellisiseasy
easytotodemonstrate.
demonstrate.AllAllyou
you
need
needisisa aglass
glassofofwater
waterand
anda afew
few
rods
rodsororwires
wiresofofdifferent
differentmetals
metals
(copper,
(copper,steel,
steel,magnesium,
magnesium,zinc...).
zinc...).
Leaving
Leaving
Certificate
Certificate
Technology
Technology
• • Energy,
Energy,
Electricity
Electricity
• • Option:
Option:
Electronics
Electronics
and
and
Control
Control
Use
Usea avoltmeter
voltmetertotomeasure
measurethe
the
voltage
voltageproduced;
produced;this
thisisistypically
typically
less
lessthan
thanone
onevolt.
volt.
Leaving
Leaving
Certificate
Certificate
Chemistry
Chemistry
• • Option
Option
2:2:
The
The
Electrochemical
Electrochemical
Series:
Series:
Different
Different
combinations
combinations
ofof
metals
metals
produce
produce
different
different
voltages
voltages
inin
aa
simple
simple
cell.
cell.
Use
Usedifferent
differentpairs
pairsofofmetals
metalsand
and
record
recordthe
thevoltage
voltageand
andthe
thepolarity
polarityinineach
eachcase
caseproduced.
produced.
Junior
Junior
Certificate
Certificate
Science
Science
• • Force
Force
and
and
Energy;
Energy;
Chemical
Chemical
and
and
magnetic
magnetic
effects
effects
ofof
anan
electric
electric
current.
current.
Science
Science
and
and
Technology
Technology
inin
Action
Action
is is
also
also
widely
widely
used
used
byby
Transition
Transition
Year
Year
classes.
classes.
vv
2.2. Investigate
Investigatethe
theeffect
effectofofadding
addingsome
somesalt
saltorordilute
diluteacid
acidtotothe
the
water.
water.The
Thevoltage
voltagewill
willnot
notbebechanged
changeddramatically
dramaticallybut
butsince
since
the
theconductivity
conductivityisisincreased
increasedthe
thecell
cellshould
shouldbebeable
abletotodeliver
deliver
greater
greatercurrent
currentand
andsosohave
havemore
morepower.
power.ToTomeasure
measurethe
thepower
power
just
justadd
adda aresistor
resistor(try
(try1 1kΩ
kΩoror1010kΩ)
kΩ)across
acrossthe
theterminals
terminalsofof
2 2
the
thevoltmeter;
voltmeter;the
thepower,
power,P,P,isisthen
thenequal
equaltotoV V
/R/R(in(inwatts).
watts).
On
Oncompletion
completionofofthis
thislesson,
lesson,students
studentsshould
shouldbebeable
ableto:to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Define
Definethe
theterm
term‘electric
‘electricvehicle’.
vehicle’.
Distinguish
Distinguishpure
pureand
andhybrid
hybridelectric
electricvehicles.
vehicles.
Describe
Describethe
thefunction
functionofofthe
theelectric
electricmotor.
motor.
State
Statewhy
whyimprovements
improvementsininelectrochemical
electrochemicalstorage
storage
technologies
technologiesare
arecritically
criticallyimportant.
important.
• • Identify
Identifysome
someadvantages
advantagesofofthe
theecar
ecarover
overICE
ICEvehicles.
vehicles.
• • Describe
Describethe
therole
roleofofESB
ESBininthe
thepopularisation
popularisationofofelectric
electric
vehicles
vehiclesininIreland.
Ireland.
General
GeneralLearning
LearningPoints
Points
(i)(i)
(ii)(ii)
(iii)
(iii)
(iv)
(iv)
V V= =I.R
I.R=>=>I =I =V/R.
V/R.
2 2
P P= =V.IV.I= =V V(V/R)
(V/R)= =V V
/R/R
Learning
LearningOutcomes
Outcomes
“ The
“ Th
was
wa
sho
sh
arou
ar
that
th
Fara
Fa
field
fie
elec
ele
gen
ge
His
Hi
Ada
Ad
(v)(v)
3.3. Instead
Insteadofofusing
usinga aglass
glassofofwater,
water,simply
simplyplace
placea aselection
selectionofof
metals
metalsononsomeone’s
someone’shand
handand
andcheck
checkthe
thevoltages
voltagesasasbefore.
before.
If Ifthe
theperson
personisiswearing
wearinga aring
ringit itcan
canbebeincluded
includedininthe
the
comparison;
comparison;you
youshould
shouldbebeable
abletotodistinguish
distinguishbetween
betweenpure
pure
gold
goldand
andalloys.
alloys.
(vi)
(vi)
(vii)
(vii
(viii)
(vii
Leav
Lea
True/False
True/FalseQuestions
Questions
a)a) Light
Lighttravels
travelsfaster
fasterthan
thanradio
radiowaves.
waves.
Defin
De
TT FF
Desc
De
b)b) InIna aseries
seriese-vehicle
e-vehiclethe
theengine
enginedrives
drivesthe
thegenerator
generatortoto
charge
chargethe
themotor.
motor.
TT FF
InIntht
resis
res
1.50
1.5
Calc
Ca
c)c) Lithium
Lithiumion
ionbatteries
batteriesare
areused
usedonly
onlyininmobile
mobilephones.
phones.
TT FF
These
Theseare
areadditional
additionalrelevant
relevantpoints
pointswhich
whichare
areused
usedtotoextend
extend
knowledge
knowledgeand
andfacilitate
facilitatediscussion.
discussion.
d)d) Lead-acid
Lead-acidbatteries
batterieshave
havea ahigher
higherenergy
energydensity
densitythan
than
lithium
lithiumion
ionbatteries.
batteries.
TT FF
(i)(i)
• • Electric
Electriccars
carswere
werepopular
popularininthe
thelate
late19th
19thcentury
centuryand
andearly
early20th
20th
century,
century,They
Theywere
weremore
morecomfortable
comfortableand
andeasier
easiertotouse
usethan
thanthe
the
internal
internalcombustion
combustionengine
enginevehicles
vehiclesofofthe
thetime.
time.However,
However,further
further
development
developmentofofthe
theICE,
ICE,(including
(includingthe
theelectric
electricstarter),
starter),and
andfast
fast
refuelling
refuellingensured
ensuredthat
thatthe
theelectric
electriccar
carfell
fellinto
intodisuse.
disuse.
e)e) An
Anelectric
electricmotor
motorisislighter
lighterthan
thanananinternal
internalcombustion
combustion
engine
enginedelivering
deliveringthe
thesame
samepower.
power.
TT FF
(ii)(ii)
• • The
Thefirst
firstviable
viableelectric
electriccar
carwas
wasbuilt
builtininLondon
Londonbybyananengineer
engineer
named
namedThomas
ThomasParker
Parkerinin1884.
1884.He
Hewas
wasalso
alsoresponsible
responsibleforfor
electrifying
electrifyingtram
tramsystems
systemsand
andthe
theLondon
LondonUnderground,
Underground,
• • The
Thecharge
chargepoint
pointsystem
systembeing
beingdeveloped
developedbybyESB
ESBecars
ecarshas
has
many
manysmart
smartfeatures
featuresincluding:
including:measuring
measuringand
andcommunicating
communicating
usage
usagedata
dataand
andgiving
givingthe
theelectricity
electricitysystem
systemoperators
operatorsthe
theability
ability
totocontrol
controlEV
EVpower
powerdemand
demandand
andreduce
reduceororincrease
increaseload
load
depending
dependingononrequirements.
requirements.
f) f) The
Theelectric
electriccar
carwas
wasinvented
inventedininthe
the1980s.
1980s.
TT FF
g)g) A Amagnetic
magneticfield
fieldisisa acrucial
crucialcomponent
componentininananelectric
electric
motor.
motor.
TT FF
h)h) An
Anelectric
electricmotor
motordelivers
deliversconstant
constanttorque.
torque.
TT FF
i) i) The
TheESB
ESBCharge
ChargePoint
PointNetwork
Networkprovides
providesaround
around200
200
charge
chargepoints.
points.
TT FF
j) j) A Afuel
fuelcell
cellgenerates
generatesenergy
energybybyburning
burninghydrogen.
hydrogen.
TT FF
k)k) Primary
Primarybatteries
batteriescan
canbeberecharged
rechargedatatany
anytime.
time.
TT FF
Check
Checkyour
youranswers
answerstotothese
thesequestions
questionsononwww.sta.ie.
www.sta.ie.
(iii)
(iii)
The Electric Car
Examination
ExaminationQuestions
Questions
Did
DidYou
YouKnow?
Know?
Leaving
Leaving
Certificate
Certificate
Physics
Physics
(HL)
(HL)
2005,
2005,
Q.Q.
1111
• • Ireland
Ireland
has
has
many
many
advantages
advantages
asas
aa
location
location
forfor
the
the
successful
successful
adoption
adoption
ofof
electric
electric
vehicles.
vehicles.
These
These
include
include
short
short
inter-urban
inter-urban
routes,
routes,
high
high
levels
levels
ofof
wind
wind
power
power
and
and
mild
mild
climate,
climate,
aa
single
single
service
service
provider
provider
and
and
aa
unified
unified
distribution
distribution
network.
network.
Government
Government
support
support
is is
also
also
available;
available;
purchasers
purchasers
ofof
new
new
electric
electric
vehicles
vehicles
can
can
avail
avail
ofof
grants
grants
ofof
€5,000
€5,000
forfor
anan
ecar
ecar
and
and
€2,500
€2,500
forfor
aa
hybrid.
hybrid.
About
About
7070
percent
percent
ofof
the
the
world’s
world’s
lithium
lithium
comes
comes
from
from
brine
brine
(salt
(salt
lakes)
lakes)
and
and
the
the
rest
rest
from
from
hard
hard
rock.
rock.
• • ESB
ESB
and
and
not-for-profit
not-for-profit
organisation
organisation
FoodCloud
FoodCloud
have
have
teamed
teamed
upup
forfor
the
the
new
new
Food
Food
Rescue
Rescue
Project,
Project,
which
which
uses
uses
anan
ESB
ESB
electric
electric
car
car
toto
collect
collect
surplus
surplus
good
good
food
food
and
and
deliver
deliver
it to
it to
local
local
charities
charities
in in
the
the
Dublin
Dublin
city
city
area.
area.
72,000
72,000
meals
meals
are
are
expected
expected
toto
bebe
delivered
delivered
in in
aa
year.
year.
• • Who
Who
Killed
Killed
the
the
Electric
Electric
Car
Car
(2006)
(2006)
and
and
The
The
Revenge
Revenge
ofof
the
the
Electric
Electric
Car
Car
(2011)
(2011)
are
are
documentary
documentary
films
films
relating
relating
some
some
interesting
interesting
facts
facts
about
about
ecar
ecar
development
development
(www.youtube.com).
(www.youtube.com).
• • You
You
can
can
find
find
out
out
allall
about
about
the
the
ecar
ecar
atat
www.esb.ie/ecars.
www.esb.ie/ecars.
Read
Read
the
the
following
following
passage
passage
and
and
answer
answer
the
the
accompanying
accompanying
questions.
questions.
v
e
e
er
er
wer
“ The
“ The
scientist
scientist
whose
whose
research
research
would
would
unite
unite
electricity
electricity
and
and
magnetism
magnetism
was
was
Michael
Michael
Faraday.
Faraday.
HeHe
developed
developed
the
the
first
first
electric
electric
motor
motor
in in
1821,
1821,
showing
showing
that
that
aa
current
current
carrying
carrying
conductor
conductor
could
could
bebe
made
made
toto
revolve
revolve
around
around
aa
magnet.
magnet.
HeHe
went
went
onon
toto
expand
expand
onon
Oersted’s
Oersted’s
observation
observation
that
that
anan
electric
electric
current
current
produces
produces
aa
magnetic
magnetic
effect.
effect.
Perhaps,
Perhaps,
Faraday
Faraday
thought,
thought,
the
the
opposite
opposite
was
was
also
also
true:
true:
aa
moving
moving
magnetic
magnetic
field
field
could
could
generate
generate
anan
electric
electric
current.
current.
This
This
was
was
toto
bebe
called
called
electromagnetic
electromagnetic
induction.
induction.
Soon
Soon
hehe
had
had
created
created
the
the
first
first
electric
electric
generator,
generator,
and
and
everyday
everyday
lifelife
would
would
never
never
bebe
the
the
same
same
again.
again.
His
His
experiments
experiments
with
with
induced
induced
currents
currents
produced
produced
the
the
transformer.”
transformer.”
Adapted
Adapted
from
from
Milestones
Milestones
of of
Science;
Science;
Curt
Curt
Supple;
Supple;
2000
2000
(i)(i) List
List
three
three
factors
factors
that
that
affect
affect
the
the
force
force
onon
aa
current-carrying
current-carrying
conductor
conductor
placed
placed
near
near
aa
magnet.
magnet.
(ii)(ii) What
What
energy
energy
transformation
transformation
takes
takes
place
place
in in
anan
electric
electric
motor?
motor?
(iii)
(iii) What
What
is is
the
the
function
function
ofof
aa
commutator
commutator
in in
aa
dcdc
motor?
motor?
(iv)
(iv) Draw
Draw
aa
sketch
sketch
ofof
the
the
output
output
voltage
voltage
from
from
anan
acac
generator.
generator.
(v)(v) How
How
are
are
the
the
slip
slip
rings
rings
connected
connected
toto
anan
external
external
circuit
circuit
in in
anan
acac
generator?
generator?
e.
(vi)
(vi) A A
transformer
transformer
and
and
anan
induction
induction
coil
coil
can
can
both
both
bebe
used
used
toto
change
change
aa
small
small
voltage
voltage
into
into
aa
larger
larger
voltage.
voltage.
What
What
is is
the
the
basic
basic
difference
difference
in in
the
the
operation
operation
ofof
these
these
two
two
devices?
devices?
(vii)
(vii) Name
Name
the
the
Irish
Irish
physicist
physicist
who
who
invented
invented
the
the
induction
induction
coil.
coil.
(viii)
(viii)Give
Give
two
two
factors
factors
that
that
affect
affect
the
the
efficiency
efficiency
ofof
aa
transformer.
transformer.
Leaving
Leaving
Certificate
Certificate
Physics
Physics
(HL)
(HL)
2001,
2001,
Q.Q.
1010
Define
Define
(i)(i)
potential
potential
difference,
difference,
(ii)(ii)
e.m.f.
e.m.f.
(electromotive
(electromotive
force).
force).
FF
FF
FF
Describe
Describe
anan
experiment
experiment
toto
measure
measure
the
the
internal
internal
resistance
resistance
ofof
aa
cell.
cell.
InIn
the
the
diagram,
diagram,
aa
car
car
battery
battery
has
has
anan
e.m.f.
e.m.f.
ofof
13.75
13.75
VV
and
and
anan
internal
internal
resistance
resistance
ofof
0.08
0.08
Ω.Ω.
The
The
effective
effective
resistance
resistance
ofof
the
the
car
car
headlights
headlights
is is
1.50
1.50
ΩΩ
and
and
the
the
effective
effective
resistance
resistance
ofof
the
the
starter
starter
motor
motor
is is
0.20
0.20
Ω.Ω.
Calculate:
Calculate:
Biographical
BiographicalNotes
Notes
Gaston
GastonPlanté
Planté(1834–1889)
(1834–1889)
Gaston
Gaston
Planté
Planté
was
was
aa
French
French
Professor
Professor
ofof
Physics.
Physics.
InIn
1859,
1859,
hehe
invented
invented
the
the
lead-acid
lead-acid
cell
cell
which
which
formed
formed
the
the
first
first
battery
battery
that
that
could
could
bebe
recharged.
recharged.
His
His
first
first
one
one
was
was
made
made
ofof
aa
roll
roll
ofof
two
two
sheets
sheets
ofof
lead
lead
separated
separated
byby
aa
linen
linen
cloth
cloth
(some
(some
reports
reports
say
say
rubber
rubber
strips).
strips).
This
This
was
was
immersed
immersed
in in
aa
solution
solution
ofof
sulfuric
sulfuric
acid.
acid.
Although
Although
most
most
famous
famous
forfor
this
this
invention,
invention,
in in
1885
1885
hehe
had
had
discovered
discovered
the
the
first
first
fossils
fossils
ofof
aa
huge
huge
prehistoric
prehistoric
flightless
flightless
bird,
bird,
now
now
named
named
after
after
him
him
(Gastornis
(Gastornis
parisiensis).
parisiensis).
His
His
design
design
was
was
further
further
improved
improved
byby
French
French
chemical
chemical
engineer
engineer
Camille
Camille
Alphonse
Alphonse
Faure
Faure
(1840
(1840
–1898)
–1898)
who
who
increased
increased
the
the
capacity
capacity
ofof
the
the
lead-acid
lead-acid
battery
battery
leading
leading
toto
their
their
large
large
scale
scale
manufacture.
manufacture.
FF
(i)(i) the
the
potential
potential
difference
difference
across
across
the
the
headlights
headlights
when
when
they
they
are
are
the
the
only
only
load
load
onon
the
the
battery;
battery;
Revise
ReviseThe
TheTerms
Terms
FF
(ii)(ii) the
the
total
total
current
current
flowing
flowing
in in
the
the
circuit
circuit
while
while
the
the
starter
starter
motor
motor
is is
switched
switched
on;
on;
Can
Can
you
you
recall
recall
the
the
meaning
meaning
ofof
the
the
following
following
terms?
terms?
Revising
Revising
terminology
terminology
isis
aa
powerful
powerful
aid
aid
toto
recall
recall
and
and
retention.
retention.
FF
FF
FF
FF
FF
FF
(iii)(iii) the
the
potential
potential
difference
difference
across
across
the
the
headlights
headlights
while
while
the
the
starter
starter
motor
motor
is is
switched
switched
on.
on.
Acceleration,
Acceleration,
alkaline
alkaline
batteries,
batteries,
anode,
anode,
cathode,
cathode,
chemical
chemical
energy,
energy,
electric
electric
car,
car,
ecar,
ecar,
electric
electric
vehicle
vehicle
(EV),
(EV),
economies
economies
ofof
scale,
scale,
electric
electric
motors,
motors,
electrolysis,
electrolysis,
electrolyte,
electrolyte,
electromotive,
electromotive,
force,
force,
emf,
emf,
emissions,
emissions,
fuel
fuel
cell,
cell,
generator,
generator,
heat
heat
energy,
energy,
hybrid
hybrid
electric
electric
vehicle
vehicle
(PHEV),
(PHEV),
internal
internal
combustion
combustion
engine
engine
(ICE),
(ICE),
kinetic
kinetic
energy,
energy,
lead-acid,
lead-acid,
Li-ion,
Li-ion,
lithium
lithium
ion,
ion,
Lorentz
Lorentz
Force
Force
Law,
Law,
magnetic
magnetic
field,
field,
mass
mass
produce,
produce,
mechanical
mechanical
energy,
energy,
motive
motive
force,
force,
parallel,
parallel,
photo
photo
electric
electric
cells,
cells,
pollution,
pollution,
pure
pure
electric
electric
vehicle,
vehicle,
regenerative
regenerative
braking,
braking,
renewable
renewable
sources,
sources,
RFID
RFID
(Radio
(Radio
Frequency
Frequency
Identification),
Identification),
series,
series,
solar
solar
car,
car,
torque,
torque,
total
total
cost
cost
ofof
ownership.
ownership.
Check
Check
the
the
Glossary
Glossary
ofof
terms
terms
for
for
this
this
lesson
lesson
onon
www.sta.ie
www.sta.ie