Question?
• What does it mean to be neglected?
Objectives
• Define salutary neglect & explain how it
affected the colonies
• Define mercantilism & explain how triangular
trade & the Navigation Acts relate to it
England & Colonial America
Salutary Neglect:
English policy of
leaving the colonies to
develop on their own.
The main goal of
England: To make
money
Mercantilism
• Economic policy that states
colonies exist for the benefit of
the mother country
Mercantilism
Economic idea
Mother Country
Raw Materials
& Gold/Silver
Colony
Finished
Products
Navigation Acts
• laws to limit
Colonial trade
• All trade must be
done on British
boats
• Colonies could
only trade with
Britain
• Leads to
smuggling
Mercantilism
Triangular Trade
England
Colonies
Middle Passage
Africa
French & Indian War
(1754 – 1763)
• The first major step in the road to
Revolution
The French and Indian War
Why?
A War Between France and England and
their allies in Colonial North America
The French and Indian War
• Conflict between French and English over
dominance in Europe in late 1600s and
1700s spilled over into America
• In 1740 a common interest in Ohio River
Valley led to tensions between French and
British
• Both sides built forts to claim territory
Battle over the Ohio
River Valley
The French had set up trading posts and forts in Canada and
the Ohio River Valley.
American Colonists saw them as a threat to westward expansion
The French and Indian War
• In 1754 George Washington was asked to
intervene for the British and expel the
French
• Washington’s troops defeated a small group
of French but had to surrender when the
French counterattacked (Fort Necessity)
• The British suggested that the American
colonies form an alliance with the Iroquois.
The French and Indian War
• In 1755 British commander in chief, General
Edward Braddock, appointed George
Washington to serve as his aide.
• Braddock and his troops were ambushed by
the French and Indians and Braddock was
killed.
• Washington’s leadership saved the British
from complete disaster.
French and Indian War (1754-1763)
• In 1756 fighting between Britain and France
spread to Europe and became known as the
Seven Years’ War.
• Britain’s allies fought the French in Europe
which allowed most of Britain’s forces to be
sent to North America and India.
• The turning point of the war in North
America occurred with a British victory at
Quebec.
Albany Conference
• During a meeting called the Albany
Conference between the colonists and
Iroquois, the Iroquois agreed to remain
neutral
• The conference issued the Albany Plan of
Union – the first suggestion that the colonies
unite to form a federal government.
Albany Plan of Union
(1754)
• United colonial effort to solve
Indian problem
• Strengthen colonial defenses
• Leads to stronger colonial unity
Causes of French & Indian War
• Desire to control the Ohio River
Valley
• Lingering hostilities between the
French and British & the Indians and
Colonists
• George Washington’s attack @ Fort
Duquesne
French and Indian War (1754-1763)
• The Treaty of Paris 1763 finally ended the war.
• For the most part, French power in North
America was eliminated.
• The British now controlled Canada, the Great
Lakes country, the Ohio River valley and Florida.
• The Mississippi River became the boundary
between the British and the Spanish claims in
North America.
The End of the
War
• France
Cedes (gives
up) all its
colonies in
North
America
The French and Indian War
Why?
1- Great Britain
accumulates a
massive debt
2- Begins to enforce
laws and tax
colonists
Vocabulary- Salutary Neglect
British policy of avoiding strict
enforcement of laws, meant to
keep the colonies obedient
The Colonies Grow Discontented
• The British victory caused an enormous British
debt
• Britain looked to its colonies to help pay for
the war
• In the spring of 1763, Pontiac, chief of the
Ottawa people, united several Native
American groups, including the Ottawa,
Delaware, Shawnee, and Seneca peoples, to
go to war against the British.
The Colonies Grow Discontented
• They attacked forts and towns along the
frontier
• The British government did not want to pay for
another war, so it issued the Royal
Proclamation of 1763 that limited western
settlement.
• Colonists were not allowed to settle in certain
areas without the government’s permission.
• The proclamation angered many farmers and
land speculators
Proclamation of 1763
• Prohibits the colonists from moving
west of the Appalachians
– Colonists upset: limiting the freedom rights
of the colonists.
– Proclamation ignored
Proclamation
of 1763
• Imaginary line
created at
Appalachian
Mts. To keep
settlers from
moving west
• Great Britain did
not want to pay
for soldiers to
protect them
The Colonies Grow Discontented
• In an effort to reduce Britain’s debt and pay for the
British troops in North America, George Grenville,
the British Prime Minister, implemented new tax
policies in the colonies
• Merchants smuggled goods in and out of America to
avoid customs duties, or taxes paid on imports and
exports.
• Smugglers were sent before a naval court.
The Colonies Grow Discontented
• Grenville also introduced the Sugar Act in the
colonies
• This act changed tax rates for raw sugar and
molasses imported from foreign colonies
• The act placed new taxes on silk, wine, coffee,
pimento, and indigo
• Merchants felt the Sugar Act hurt trade and
argued that it violated traditional English
rights
Sugar Act
New tax: Lower
than original tax
Goal: Stop smuggling
Colonist Reaction:
Protested it and
then…
Ignored it and
Continued to smuggle
The Colonies Grow Discontented
• The Colonists argued that they were being
taxed without representation in Parliament
• To slow inflation – a rise in prices of goods
and services because money has lost its value
– Parliament passed the Currency Act of 1764.
• This banned the use of paper money in the
colonies.
The Stamp Act Crisis
• To raise more money to pay for the war,
Parliament passed the Stamp Act in 1765
• Stamps were required on most printed materials
• When the Stamp Act took effect, the colonists
ignored it
Stamp Act
• First Direct Tax Britain ever
placed on the colonists.
• use of stamped paper for
legal documents, newspapers
and playing cards.
• stamp was to be proof that
the tax had been paid.
• Extremely unpopular,
massive protests
Stamp Act Congress
–Petition:
- Please repeal the taxes
Boycotts:
- Refuse to buy all
British goods, until
Stamp Act repealed
The Stamp Act Crisis
• By the summer of 1765, mass meetings and
demonstrations against the stamp tax took
place
• When the Stamp Act took effect, the colonists
ignored it
• Colonial merchants signed a nonimportation
agreement, agreeing not to buy any British
goods (boycott) until the Stamp Act was
repealed
The Stamp Act Crisis
• The protests led to the Stamp Act being
repealed in 1766
• Parliament passed the Declaratory Act, which
gave them the power to make laws for the
colonies. (an effort to assert its control)
Results
Stamp Act repealed
Declaratory Act:
Parliament has the
power to pass laws
on the colonies
Colonial Concerns
Quartering Act:
British troops in
colonial homes
Admiralty courts: No juries,
defendants were “guilty
until proven innocent”
“No taxation without representation”
Quartering Act 1765
• Colonists
could be
forced to
allow British
soldiers in
their home
Colonial Resistance
What did the colonists need in order to
boycott English goods?
Homespun: Women make
clothing in their homes
Townshend Acts
• 1767: Punishment for Stamp Act
uprising
• “Indirect Tax” to pay for royal
judges
• British troops to enforce the tax
The Townshend Acts
• Charles Townshend introduced a set of
regulations and taxes called the Townshend
Acts.
• It legalized the use of general search warrants
called writs of assistance.
• It gave British officials the right to seize
property without following due process
The Townshend Acts
• Virginia’s House of Burgesses passed the
Virginia Resolves, stating that only the House
had the right to tax Virginians.
• Britain ordered that the House of Burgesses
be dissolved.
• Leaders of the House of Burgesses called a
convention and passed a nonimportation law
blocking the sale of British goods in Virginia
“No Taxation without Representation”
• Believed that only
colonial governments
could tax them
• Colonies had no
members
(Representatives) in
Parliament
• No voice or say in
Parliaments decisions =
no right to tax
Colonial Reaction
Some colonists were against independence, but for “no
taxation w/o representation”. They promoted the use of
petition to remove taxes, it that didn’t work….Boycott
Sons of Liberty
• In Boston, Samuel Adams, the cousin of John
Adams, started a group of patriots known as
the Sons of Liberty.
• The organization grew quickly throughout the
colonies.
• The Sons of Liberty organized outdoor
meetings and demonstrations. They also
intimidated stamp distributors.
Sam Adams
• Leader of the
Sons of Liberty
• Propaganda
• Committees of
correspondence
Sons of Liberty
• Radicals mainly
from Boston
• Enforcers of
boycotts
Colonial Resistance (enforcement)
Boston Massacre
(March 5,1770)
• British soldiers fire
on an unruly mob
What is a
massacre?
Boston Massacre
• On March 5, 1770, British troops fired into a
crowd of colonists in Boston.
• A man of African and Native American descent
was the first colonist to die in what became
known as the Boston Massacre.
• This man’s name was Crispus Attucks
• The British were viewed as tyrants who were
killing people standing up for their rights.
The Boston Massacre
The Boston Massacre
John Adams
• Lawyer
• Member of Sons of
Liberty
• Defender of British
soldiers accused of
murder
Townshend Acts: Results
• Decline in exports
– 1770: Townshend
Acts repealed
• Tax remains on tea to uphold its right to
tax the colonies.
Homework
• Answer questions 1-10 in study guide, review
notes, and highlight key vocabulary words
Massachusetts Defies Britain
• Thomas Jefferson thought each colony should
create a committee of correspondence to
communicate with other colonies about
British activities.
• This helped unify the colonies and coordinate
plans for British resistance.
Massachusetts Defies Britain
• England’s new prime minister, Lord North, helped
the British East India Company, which was
almost bankrupt
• To assist the company with tea sales, Parliament
passed the Tea Act of 1773, which made East
India’s tea cheaper than smuggled Dutch tea
• American merchants feared this monopoly on the
American tea trade was the first step by the
British to force them out of business.
The Tea Act and the Boston Tea
Party
• Colonists opposed
the monopoly that
was created by Act
• Tea was actually
cheaper but some
Local merchants
were put out of
business
• Sons of Liberty
Protested by
dumping tea in
harbor.
Disguised as Native Americans
Massachusetts Defies Britain
• In December 1773, tea ships from the East
India Company arrived in Boston Harbor
• Colonists boarded the ship and dumped the
tea into the harbor
• This became known as the Boston Tea Party
• The Boston Tea Party led to the British
passing four new laws called the Coercive
Acts.
Massachusetts Defies Britain
• These acts were an attempt to stop colonial
challenges of British authority
• The Coercive Acts violated several English rights,
including the right to trial by a jury of one’s peers
and the right not to have troops quartered in
one’s home; passed in reaction to Tea Party
• The Quebec Act gave more territory to Quebec
and stated that a governor and council appointed
by the king would run Quebec.
Massachusetts Defies Britain
• The Coercive Acts and the Quebec Act became
known as the Intolerable Acts.
• The First Continental Congress met in
Philadelphia in 1774.
• The congress wrote the Declaration of Rights
and Grievances, which expressed loyalty to
the king but condemned the Coercive Acts
and announced that the colonies were
forming a nonimportation association
Intolerable Acts (1774)
• Closed Boston harbor
• Massachusetts charter revoked
• Colonists must house troops
• Response to Tea Party
How did colonists react to British
oppression?
1. Non-Importation
Agreements- Colonists
agreed to stop importing and
buying British goods
2. Committee of
Correspondence- groups
formed to informed colonists
about British violations
3. Violence, protests,
propaganda
Colonial Reaction
• 1st Continental Congress
–Sept – Oct 1774
–Complete boycott of British
good
–Restated allegiance to England
First Continental Congress
• All colonies except Georgia sent
representatives, the first time most of the
colonies had acted together.
• 55 delegates attended the Congress
• They wrote the Declaration of Rights and
Grievances.
• This declaration expressed loyalty to the king
but condemned the Coercive Acts.
Causes and Effects of Tensions with
Britain
Causes
•
•
•
•
•
1764, Sugar Act
1765, Stamp Act
1767, Townshend Acts
1773, Tea Act
1774, Coercive Acts
Effects
• Colonists protest that their
rights have been violated
• Nine colonies hold Stamp Act
Congress
• Colonists boycott British goods
• Sons and Daughters of Liberty
formed
• Tea dumped into Boston
Harbor during the “Boston Tea
Party”
• Twelve colonies attend the
Continental Congress.
The Revolution Begins
• The town of Concord created a special unit of
minutemen, trained and ready to fight the
British at a minute’s warning.
• The American Revolution was not just a war
between Americans and British but a war
between Loyalists and Patriots.
• Americans called Loyalists, or Tories,
remained loyal to the king and felt British laws
should be upheld.
The Revolution Begins
• The group included government officials,
prominent merchants, landowners, and a few
farmers.
• The Patriots, or Whigs, thought the British
were tyrants.
• Patriots included artisans, farmers, merchants,
planters, lawyers, and urban workers.
The Revolution Begins
• There was a group of Americans in the middle
who did not support either side and who
would support whomever won.
• On April 18, 1775, the British set out to seize
the militia’s supply depot at Concord
• To get there, they had to pass through
Lexington
• Patriots Paul Revere and William Dawes were
sent to Lexington to warn the people that the
British were coming.
The Revolution Begins
• Dr. Samuel Prescott went on to warn the
people of Concord
• In Lexington, 70 minutemen were waiting for
the British.
• The British killed 8 and wounded 10
• In Concord the British found 400 minutemen
waiting for them.
• The minutemen forced the British to retreat
Lexington & Concord
(April 1775)
“Shot heard ‘round the world”
• First Shots were fired as British troops
engaged the "Minutemen"
• British troops looking for munitions, but were
forced to retreat to Boston
• This is sometimes called the “Shot heard
‘round the world” because it started the
American Revolution!
“By the rude bridge that arched the
flood, Their flag to April’s breeze
unfurled, Here once the embattled
farmers stood, And fired the shot
heard round the world”
Lexington & Concord
• British search for: colonial weapons,
Sam Adams and John Hancock
• Casualties:
–8 colonists killed
–70 “Redcoats” killed, 300 injuries
total
The Revolution Begins
• After the battles of Lexington and Concord,
the Second Continental Congress met in
Philadelphia to address the issue of defense
• The Congress voted to adopt the militia army
around Boston and name it the Continental
Army
• On June 15, 1775, Congress appointed George
Washington to head the Continental Army
2nd Continental Congress
(May 10,1775)
• Government of colonies during
the war
• Create army
• Name George Washington head
of Continental Army
• Olive Branch Petition
– Last ditch effort to prevent allout war
– Pledged loyalty to the crown
KING
The Revolution Begins
• The Battle at Bunker Hill resulted in turning
back two British advances (Breeds Hill)
• An American officer said “do not shoot till you
see the whites of their eyes.”
• The colonial militia only retreated due to a
lack of ammunition
• It was a huge boost to American confidence
that untrained colonials stood up to the
feared British army
• The British were trapped in Boston
surrounded by militia.
Battle of Bunker Hill
Causes and Effects
Causes
• Colonists’ tradition of selfgovernment, known as
Salutary Neglect
• Americans’ sense of a
separate identity from
Britain
• Proclamation of 1763
• British policies toward the
colonies after 1763
Effects
• United States declares
independence
• A long war with Great
Britain
• World recognition of
American independence
Factors contributing to victory for the
American rebels
• Diplomatic: Benjamin Franklin negotiated a
Treaty of Alliance with France
• Military: George Washington avoided the
destruction of his army and his leadership
kept the army together when defeat seemed
inevitable.
• Americans benefited from the presence of the
French army and navy at the Battle of
Yorktown.
Recognition
• Several slides come from the Power Point of
bthone. US History. Smithtown, NY
• Some have been changed slightly, but slides,
11,13,20,22,30,43,45,51, and 53 came from
Mr. Thone’s PPT.