The Greatest of
all Eras:
The
Progressive
Directions- Identify problems & conditions faced by each of the groups in the boxes, at the turn of the 19th Century.
Farmers
•
Laborers
•
Consumers
•
•
•
•
•
•
REFORM
•
•
•
•
African Americans
Environmentalists
Women
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1
Directions- Analyze each of the cartoons below and answers the corresponding questions in order to draw
conclusions regarding the focus of the Reform Unit.
1.
Who is the MAIN focus of the
cartoon?
2.
Identify the meaning of each the
following symbols in the picture:
•
The ladder-
•
The buckets-
3.
Consider the change in the color
of the cartoon from the bottom to
the top right, what parallel is the
artist making?
4.
Which rung of the ladder is the
largest? Why?
projects.vassar.edu/1896/0404ramshorn.html
Cartoon #1
womenincongress.house.gov/images/essays/essay1/cartoon-diptych.jpg
Cartoon #2
1. Who is the MAIN focus of the cartoon?
2. Identify the meaning of each the following symbols in
the picture:
•
child-
•
smoke-
3. What is the “child” being rescued from?
2
1. What group is the MAIN focus of the
cartoon?
Cartoon #3
•
cornstalk-
•
shovel & rake-
projects.vassar.edu/1896/1114cn.jpg
2. Identify the meaning of each the
following symbols in the picture:
3. Identify each group that is taking the
farmer’s “corn?” What “type” of corn is
each taking?
•
•
•
•
4. According to the artist, what is the MAIN
problem facing the farmers?
Cartoon #3
1. What TWO groups are the MAIN focus of
the cartoon?
2. Identify the meaning of each the following
symbols in the picture:
•
“treadmill”-
•
bag on the stick-
3. Whose perspective does the artist support?
Explain.
3
PROGRESSIVE REFORMS HOMEWORK
As you read Chapter 21 of The Enduring Vision, complete the chart below with details for each of the reforms listed and
explanation of the reform goals met by that government action/decision.
Political Reforms
Description of Details and Reform Goals
Direct primaries
Initiative, referendum, and recall
17th Amendment (1913)
19th Amendment (1920)
Municipal reforms, including
city managers and mayor-council
governments
Economic Reforms
Northern Securities case (1904)
Description of Details and Reform Goals
Hepburn Act (1906)
Mann-Elkins Act (1910)
Standard Oil Company v. U.S.
(1911)
16th Amendment (1913)
4
Economic Reforms
Underwood-Simmons Tariff
(1913)
Description of Details and Reform Goals
Federal Reserve Act (1913)
Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)
Federal Trade Commission Act
(1914)
Labor Reforms
Muller v. Oregon (1908)
Description of Details and Reform Goals
Keating-Owen Act (1916)
Consumer Safety Reforms
Meat Inspection Act (1906)
Description of Details and Reform Goals
Food & Drug Act (1906)
Social Behavior Reforms
Mann Act (1910)
Description of Details and Reform Goals
Narcotics Act (1914)
18th Amendment (1919)
Conservation Reform
National Reclamation Act (1902)
Description of Details and Reform Goals
5
Excerpts from The Jungle (1906) by Upton Sinclair
Section 1-And then there was the condemned meat industry, with its endless horrors. The people of Chicago saw the
government inspectors in Packingtown, and they all took that to mean that they were protected from diseased meat; they did
not understand that these hundred and sixty-three inspectors had been appointed at the request of the packers, and that they
were paid by the United States government to certify that all the diseased meat was kept in the state. They had no authority
beyond that; for the inspection of meat to be sold in the city and state the whole force in Packingtown consisted of three
henchmen of the local political machine!
Section 2-Let a man so much as scrape his finger pushing a truck in the pickle rooms, and he might have a sore that would
put him out of the world; all the joints in his fingers might be eaten by the acid, one by one. Of the butchers and floorsmen,
the beef-boners and trimmers, and all those who used knives, you could scarcely find a person who had the use of his
thumb; time and time again the base of it had been slashed, till it was a mere lump of flesh against which the man pressed
the knife to hold it. The hands of these men would be criss-crossed with cuts, until you could no longer pretend to count
them or to trace them. They would have no nails, – they had worn them off pulling hides; their knuckles were swollen so
that their fingers spread out like a fan. There were men who worked in the cooking rooms, in the midst of steam and
sickening odors, by artificial light; in these rooms the germs of tuberculosis might live for two years, but the supply was
renewed every hour. There were the wool-pluckers, whose hands went to pieces even sooner than the hands of the pickle
men; for the pelts of the sheep had to be painted with acid to loosen the wool, and then the pluckers had to pull out this
wool with their bare hands, till the acid had eaten their fingers off. Worst of any, however, were the fertilizer men, and
those who served in the cooking rooms. These people could not be shown to the visitor, – for the odor of a fertilizer man
would scare any ordinary visitor at a hundred yards, and as for the other men, who worked in tank rooms full of steam, and
in some of which there were open vats near the level of the floor, their peculiar trouble was that they fell into the vats; and
when they were fished out, there was never enough of them left to be worth exhibiting, – sometimes they would be
overlooked for days, till all but the bones of them had gone out to the world as Durham's Pure Leaf Lard!
Section 3-There was meat that was taken out of pickle and would often be found sour, and they would rub it up with soda to
take away the smell, and sell it to be eaten on free-lunch counters; also of all the miracles of chemistry which they
performed, giving to any sort of meat, fresh or salted, whole or chopped, any color and any flavor and any odor they chose.
In the pickling of hams they had an ingenious apparatus, by which they saved time and increased the capacity of the plant –
a machine consisting of a hollow needle attached to a pump; by plunging this needle into the meat and working with his
foot, a man could fill a ham with pickle in a few seconds. And yet, in spite of this, there would be hams found spoiled, some
of them with an odor so bad that a man could hardly bear to be in the room with them. To pump into these the packers had a
second and much stronger pickle which destroyed the odor – a process known to the workers as "giving them thirty per
cent." Also, after the hams had been smoked, there would be found some that had gone to the bad. Formerly these had been
sold as "Number Three Grade," but later on some ingenious person had hit upon a new device, and now they would extract
the bone, about which the bad part generally lay, and insert in the hole a white-hot iron. After this invention there was no
longer Number One, Two, and Three Grade – there was only Number One Grade. The packers were always originating
such schemes – they had what they called "boneless hams," which were all the odds and ends of pork stuffed into casings;
and "California hams," which were the shoulders, with big knuckle joints, and nearly all the meat cut out; and fancy
"skinned hams," which were made of the oldest hogs, whose skins were so heavy and coarse that no one would buy them –
that is, until they had been cooked and chopped fine and labeled "head cheese!"
Section 4-There was never the least attention paid to what was cut up for sausage; there would come all the way back from
Europe old sausage that had been rejected, and that was moldy and white – it would be dosed with borax and glycerin, and
dumped into the hoppers, and made over again for home consumption. There would be meat that had tumbled out on the
floor, in the dirt and sawdust, where the workers had tramped and spit uncounted billions of consumption germs. There
would be meat stored in great piles in rooms; and the water from leaky roofs would drip over it, and thousands of rats
would race about on it. It was too dark in these storage places to see well, but a man could run his hand over these piles of
meat and sweep off handfuls of the dried dung of rats. These rats were nuisances, and the packers would put poisoned bread
out for them; they would die, and then rats, bread, and meat would go into the hoppers together. This is no fairy story and
no joke; the meat would be shoveled into carts, and the man who did the shoveling would not trouble to lift out a rat even
when he saw one – there were things that went into the sausage in comparison with which a poisoned rat was a tidbit. There
was no place for the men to wash their hands before they ate their dinner, and so they made a practice of washing them in
the water that was to be ladled into the sausage. There were the butt-ends of smoked meat, and the scraps of corned beef,
and all the odds and ends of the waste of the plants, that would be dumped into old barrels in the cellar and left there. Under
the system of rigid economy which the packers enforced, there were some jobs that it only paid to do once in a long time,
6
and among these was the cleaning out of the waste barrels. Every spring they did it; and in the barrels would be dirt and rust
and old nails and stale water – and cartload after cartload of it would be taken up and dumped into the hoppers with fresh
meat, and sent out to the public's breakfast. Some of it they would make into "smoked" sausage – but as the smoking took
time, and was therefore expensive, they would call upon their chemistry department, and preserve it with borax and color it
with gelatin to make it brown. All of their sausage came out of the same bowl, but when they came to wrap it they would
stamp some of it "special," and for this they would charge two cents more a pound.
Section 5-So spoke an orator upon the platform; and two thousand pairs of eyes were fixed upon him, and two thousand
voices were cheering his every sentence. The orator had been the head of the city's relief bureau in the stockyards, until the
sight of misery and corruption had made him sick. He was young, hungry-looking, full of fire; and as he swung his long
arms and beat up the crowd, to Jurgis he seemed the very spirit of the revolution. "Organize! Organize! Organize!"—that
was his cry. "These men are not Socialists!" he cried. "This election will pass, and the excitement will die, and…if you
forget about it, …if you sink back and rest upon your oars, we shall lose this vote that we have polled today, and our
enemies will laugh us to scorn! It rests with you to take your resolution—now, in the flush of victory, to find these men who
have voted for us, and bring them to our meetings, and organize them and bind them to us! We shall not find all our
campaigns as easy as this one. Everywhere in the country tonight the old party politicians are studying this vote, and setting
their sails by it; and nowhere will they be quicker or more cunning than here in our own city. Fifty thousand Socialist votes
in Chicago means a municipal-ownership Democracy in the spring! And then they will fool the voters once more, and all
the powers of plunder and corruption will be swept into office again! But whatever they may do when they get in, there is
one thing they will not do, and that will be the thing for which they were elected! They will not give the people of our city
municipal ownership—they will not mean to do it, they will not try to do it; all that they will do is give our party in Chicago
the greatest opportunity that has ever come to Socialism in America! And then will begin the rush that will never be
checked, the tide that will never turn till it has reached its flood—that will be irresistible, overwhelming—the rallying of the
outraged workingmen of Chicago to our standard! And we shall organize them, we shall drill them, we shall marshal them
for the victory! We shall bear down the opposition, we shall sweep it before us—and Chicago will be ours! Chicago will be
ours! CHICAGO WILL BE OURS!"
Questions to Consider
1. Identify the theme of each section:
• Section 1
•
Section 2
•
Section 3
•
Section 4
•
Section 5
2. Do you think legislation like the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act would have passed without the
public attention these issues received after the publication of articles and books like this one? Why or why not?
3. What does the publication of The Jungle tell you about the progressive movement?
7
Reforming America’s Cities: New Muckraking Journalism
Chapter 1: Introduction to ''The Progressive Movement'' (2 min 2 sec)
1. “Hence, I say, in the battle with the slum we win or we perish. There
is no middle way.” Jacob Riis, 1902
Who was the intended audience of Riis’s message above?
2. What group is the subject of Lafollette’s quote: “a movement of the
new generation toward more democracy”?”
3. From 1870 to 1920, where did most of the 26 million new
immigrants settle and what did most do when they arrived in the
US?
1. Who is the figure in the image? Why is he
dressed in the way he is and moving in this
manner?
4. Describe the behavior of 19th Century corporations such as
Rockefeller’s Standard Oil.
2. What is being raked up? What do these issues
have to do with muck-raking?
5. Identify the problems addressed and questions asked by the late 19th
Century Progressive reformers. IDUSTRIALIZATION!!!!
3. What is the purpose of this cartoon? Does the
artist approve of the depicted activity? Explain.
Chapter 5: The Progressive Movement: Fighting the Trusts (7 min 16 sec)
**First 3 minutes 31 seconds only
Hey Capt. Progressive! Draw A Cartoon 
1. Who did Railroad Magnate Vanderbilt suggest his company
benefited MOST?
 Choose one of the issues targeted by the Progressives
 Include at least 3 symbols to highlight how the
conditions impacted various groups or the environment
2. Why was it important to attack trusts?
3. Who did Ida Tarbell attack?
Why?
4. Who did John Spargo describe as “crouched over the chutes…”
5. What problem did Jacob Riis highlight in his novel The Jungle?
6. Why did the reformers need to address the problems of
laborers?
7. Why was it difficult for the Progressive Reformers to address
the connections between the businesses and the government?
8
Muckrakers like Upton Sinclair…
Passage
What are the Problems?
Who is
affected?
How will various groups
react to this passage?
A
B
C
The Women’s Movement & African American Civil Rights
*”Lady Gaga”
Ida B. Wells, A Red Record
Strange
Fruit
Mencken Statement
Senator Tillman’s
Speech
A. Here was a population, low-class and mostly
foreign, hanging always on the verge of starvation,
and dependent for its opportunities of life upon the
whim of men every bit as brutal and unscrupulous as
the old-time slave drivers; under such circumstances
immorality was exactly as inevitable, and as
prevalent, as it was under the system of chattel
slavery. Things that were quite unspeakable went on
there in the packing houses all the time, and were
taken for granted by everybody; only they did not
show, as in the old slavery times, because there was
no difference in color between master and slave.
B. [T]he meat would be shoveled into carts, and the
man who did the shoveling would not trouble to lift
out a rat even when he saw one—there were things
that went into the sausage in comparison with which a
poisoned rat was a tidbit. There was no place for the
men to wash their hands before they ate their dinner,
and so they made a practice of washing them in the
water that was to be ladled into the sausage. There
were the butt-ends of smoked meat, and the scraps of
corned beef, and all the odds and ends of the waste of
the plants, that would be dumped into old barrels in
the cellar and left there. Under the system of rigid
economy which the packers enforced, there were
some jobs that it only paid to do once in a long time,
and among these was the cleaning out of the waste
barrels. Every spring they did it; and in the barrels
would be dirt and rust and old nails and stale water—
and cartload after cartload of it would be taken up and
dumped into the hoppers with fresh meat, and sent out
to the public’s breakfast.
C. All day long the blazing midsummer sun beat
down upon that square mile of abominations: upon
tens of thousands of cattle crowded into pens whose
wooden floors stank and steamed contagion; upon
bare, blistering, cinder-strewn railroad tracks, and
huge blocks of dingy meat factories, whose
labyrinthine passages defied a breath of fresh air to
penetrate them; and there were not merely rivers of
hot blood, and carloads of moist flesh, and rendering
vats and soap caldrons, glue factories and fertilizer
tanks, that smelt like the craters of hell—there were
also tons of garbage festering in the sun, and the
greasy laundry of the workers hung out to dry, and
dining rooms littered with food and black with flies,
and toilet rooms that were open sewers.
Who wrote it? When?
Purpose?
BIAS?
Explain author’s Point of view
*How did Americans react to
lynching as a method of
intimidation?
Antilynching Bill
9
Progressive Era Review
Directions: It is important to understand that during the Progressive Era, there were major problems in society (social,
political, and economic) that people (Progressives) fought to make American society better and safer. It is also important
to understand the tactics and methods the Progressive used to reform the American society and how some of those reforms
still affect us today. Complete the charts using your notes and your textbook.
Type of
Reform
(E,S,P)
Problems
that lead to reform
Main Reformers or
Event that Caused
Reform
Reform or
Improvement
How it affects us
today?
Direct primary
Commissioner
system of city gov’t
Initiative
Referendum
Recall
19th Amendment
Working conditions
Child Labor
Pure Food and Drug
Act
Meat Inspection Act
10
Monopolies and Big Business
Hepburn Act
16th Amendment
17th Amendment
18th Amendment
Federal Reserve Act
Clayton Antitrust
Act
Elkins Act
Muckrakers
Northern Securities
v. United States
Muller v. Oregon
Lochner v. New
York
The Jungle
11
Objective: Compare the goals, characteristics, and concerns of the Progressives and the Populists in
order to predict reasons the Populists issues were adopted by middle class Progressives.
Drill:
1. How will the outcome of the election impact EACH of the following groups?
 Farmers:
 Laborers:
 Populist Party:
2. Predict TWO reasons that could have contributed to the Republican victory.


CARTOON COMMENTS!
Symbols & Meaning:
Message:
“The seeds we sowed (planted) in Kansas did not fall on barren (infertile) ground.”
-Mary Elizabeth Lease, Populist Leader
1. Were the Populists successful in achieving their reforms?
2. Based on the quote, do you think the end of the Populist Party meant the end of the reform movement?
12
(Source: Steet Urchins Mulberry Street, photograph by Jacob Riis, 1888.)
(Source: Five Cents Lodging, Bayard Street, photograph by Jacob Riis, 1888.)
1. Identify THREE problems evidenced by the photographs above.
•
•
•
2. Predict who the photographer of both photographs may have been. Why?
3. Who was the intended audience of the photographs above? Why?
“…Populism had shaved its whiskers, washed its shirt, put on a derby [hat], and moved up into
the middle class.”
-Kansas Editor William Allen White
Populism-
Progressives-
13
PROGRESSIVES VIDEO – Schlessinger The Progressive Movement
Chapter 1: Introduction to ''The Progressive Movement'' (2 min 2 sec)
1. “Hence, I say, in the battle with the slum we win or we perish. There is no middle way.” Jacob Riis, 1902
Who was the intended audience of Riis’s message above?
2. What group is the subject of Lafollette’s quote: “a movement of the new generation toward more democracy”?”
3. From 1870 to 1920, where did most of the 26 million new immigrants settle and what did most do when they
arrived in the US?
4. Describe the behavior of a9th Century corporations such as Rockefeller’s Standard Oil.
5. Identify the problems addressed and questions asked by the late 19th Century Progressive reformers.
IDUSTRIALIZATION!!!!
•
•
•
•
•
14
PROGRESSIVES VIDEO – Schlessinger The Progressive Movement
Chapter 5: The Progressive Movement: Fighting the Trusts (7 min 16 sec)
**First 3 minutes 31 seconds only
FOR MUCKRAKER LESSON
1. Who did Railroad Magnate Vanderbilt suggest his company benefited MOST?
2. Why was it important to attack trusts?
3. Who did Ida Tarbell attack?
Why?
4. Who did John Spargo describe as “crouched over the chutes…”
5. What problem did Jacob Riis highlight in his novel The Jungle?
6. Why did the reformers need to address the problems of laborers?
7. Why was it difficult for the Progressive Reformers to address the connections between the businesses and the
government?
15
PROGRESSIVES VIDEO – Schlessinger The Progressive Movement
Chapter 4: The Progressive Movement: Muckrakers & Bosses (3 min 26 sec)
FOR PROGRESSIVE LEGISLATION @ LEVELS….right after muckrakers
1. Who exposed the waste and greed of the United States?
2. Identify the problems highlighted in the Treason of the Senate investigation.
3. As the reformers investigation, where did they discover the corruption began and ended?
4. How did the Progressives [reformers] feel about the Bosses? Why?
5. What were the reformers successes and failures on the city level?
a. Success
b. Failure
16
The Progressives
Directions: Use American Nation in order to fill in the chart below. One person from each group will research
ONE person and share the information with the rest of the group members.
Progressive
Characteristics
Reform
Strategy
(Gender, Occupation, Class)
(What did they want to change?
(How did they accomplish their goal?)
Robert LaFollette
(pg. 648)
Theodore Dreiser
(pg. 600)
Ida Tarbell
(pg. 646)
Frances Willard
(pg. 602)
1. List THREE commonalities that exist amongst these reformers?
2. Identify differences between the goals of Populists and the goals of the Progressives.
17
Important Reform
The Square Deal
What was the importance of it?
What did it change or affect
Antracite Coal Strike
(1902)
Departments of
Commerce and Labor
Created
Industrial Workers of
the World formed
(1905)
Newlands reclamation
Act (1902)
National Monuments
Act
Gifford Pinchot
The Jungle published
(1906)
Lochner v. New York
(1905)
Standard Oil (1911)
Payne-Aldrich Tariff
(1909)
18
NAACP founded
(1909)
Pinchot-Ballinger
controversy
Underwood Tariff and
income tax (1913)
Federal Reserve Act
(Glass-Owen Act)
(1913)
Eighteenth
Amendment
Nineteenth
Amendment
Clayton Anti-Trust
Act (1914)
Federal Trade
Commission (1914)
Hammer v. Dagenhart
(1918)
Schenck v. US (1919)
Abrams v. US (1919)
19
The Progressive Era
Part I TR (1901-1909) & Taft (1909-1913) Administrations
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
The progressive era included the presidencies of _____________, _____________, and the first term of _________________.
The Progressive movement was a response to the _____________ization and _______________ization of the late 19th century.
Politically, the Progressives had its origins in the _________________, a splinter group of the Republican Party which voted
for Cleveland in the 1884 election.
As Progressives were typically members of the growing _____________ class, they saw themselves as politically
underrepresented: the rich were protected by the national parties and government and the urban poor were protected by the
local political machines.
Progressives supported the _______________ ____________ movement, which began in the late 19th century and which
emphasized the role of the ____________ in improving life on earth, not in helping people get to heaven. Two prominent
figures in this movement were _________________________ and ________________________________.
Most progressives rejected the _______________________ ideology which was embraced in the 19th century; they saw this
old idea as falling short of the demands facing a modern society. Likewise, these reformers embraced government
intervention to improve the existing society through moderate changes.
________________ was an advocate ____________________, a philosophy embraced by many progressives for its practical
approach to solving problems. ________________ embraced the idea of “learning by doing,” not just reading and believed in
lifelong education.
Frederick Taylor developed the concept of “________________ ________________” (sometimes referred to as “Taylorism”)
to organize business and industry more efficiently largely through the use of managers and departmental divisions.
While similar to yellow journalism in that both employed ______________________ to sell
newspapers/magazines, the ______________________ journals of the early 20th century used authentic
investigative journalism to expose societal ills to its middle class readers.
Also known as the “_________________” ballot, the secret ballot was adopted during the Progressive era.
However, this reform disenfranchised ______________ voters who could no longer receive help from election or
party workers.
An old Populist idea, the Progressives successfully pushed forward the idea of the direct election of ____________ through
the passage of the _______ Amendment to the Constitution.
Similarly, direct primary elections were implemented, as was first used in Wisconsin under Gov. _____________’s leadership.
At the local political level, Progressive reforms included the use of _____________________ who was a professional and paid
administrator to run a city’s daily affairs. __________________, Texas was the first city to use this system.
Because they epitomized inefficiency and a waste of resources, Progressives were at odds with ______________
______________ and worked to reduce the corruption associated with such Gilded Age urban bosses like Tweed
and Plunkitt.
Often referred to by Progressives as “Saint __________,” she developed the ____________ ____________,
which was the first of the settlement houses geared to helping poor city neighborhoods through education, child
care, and cultural programs.
________________ was an advocate for ending child labor and organized effective _______________ of
consumer goods made by businesses employing children.
In the case Muller v. Oregon, future Supreme Court justice ___________ (and first Jew to serve on the high court)
successfully argued that because women were __________ than men, they were entitled to special restrictions
such as a 10-hour workday.
TR called for a “Square Deal” through the 3 C’s: regulation of ___________________, ________________
protection, and __________________ of natural resources.
Unlike previous presidents, TR demonstrated he favored neither ______________ nor _____________ interests
when he forced the mediation of the __________________ _____________ _________________ of 1902.
TR distinguished between “___________” trusts and “__________” trusts, the first of the latter was the Northern
Securities Company which he successfully attacked by invoking the _____________ ______________ Act. However
“__________” trusts merely needed ________________ to ensure that they remained healthy and good for the public at large.
The first step in strengthening the previously weak Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) was the passage of the _________
Act in 1903 which eliminated __________ to favored railroad customers. Shortly afterwards, Congress passed the
____________ Act to allow the ICC to establish fair and fixed rates for railroads. Under Taft’s administration, Congress
passed the Mann-Elkins Act, which gave the ICC power to regulate telegraph, telephone, and cable companies.
After ______________ wrote The Jungle, Progressive reformers (led by TR) worked toward the passage of the
_______________ ___________________ Act which allowed federal investigators to examine all meat. Congress
shortly thereafter passed the _________ __________ and ___________ Act to prevent tainted or mislabeled
products from reaching consumers.
Regarding conservation policies, TR signed into law the _________________/_________________ Act which
created irrigation projects throughout the West. Further, TR created more federal ______________ reserves than his
predecessor.
20
24. Right after TR was elected in the 1904 election, he made himself a “_________ _________” by declaring that he would not
run again for election.
25. The Panic of 1907 was nicknamed as the “_________________ Panic”, as his reforms were falsely blamed for a brief
but dramatic economic crisis.
26. In the election of 1908, ______________ successfully defeated _________________, who yet again ran for president.
27. Expanding on TR’s legacy as a “_________________,” Taft’s administration brought many more lawsuits against
business trusts. However, in the case the United States v. _______________ _______________ _______________
the court limited the government’s ability to regulate trusts as only “reasonable restraints” of trade should be limited.
28. Also under Taft’s administration, the __________ Party’s idea of a postal _____________ ___________ was implemented to
create savings accounts to local federal post offices.
29. The Republican Party split in ______ because of the __________ ____________ Tariff, the ___________________________________ Controversy, and because the Progressives were largely unimpressed with Taft’s persona.
Part II Wilson’s First (1913-1917) Administration
30. The _____________ Party called for more radical reforms than the Progressives: they advocated __________
ownership of railroads, utilities, and major industries. Led by __________, this party agreed with many of the
Progressives’ ideas, but the Progressives wanted to distance themselves from this party as the Progressives wanted mild
reforms, not ___________ causes. Unlike radicals in Europe, the Socialist Party in the United States was not ___________ in
orientation.
31. When the Republican Party split, the GOP nominated ____________ and the new ___________________ Party (nicknamed
the “_________ __________ Party) nominated TR, despite his earlier pledge not to run again.
32. During the campaign, TR called for a “_______ ____________________” which wanted more __________________
regulation of business and unions, ____________ suffrage, and more social welfare programs.
33. The Democratic candidate _______________ proposed a “________ __________________”: limit both big business
and big government and bring about reform by ending corruption and revive competition by supporting __________
businesses. A Southerner, this candidate was strong on _________ rights and saw issues like women’s ___________ and
_______ labor as issues to be settled by individual _______________, not the federal government.
34. In the election, _________________ won, defeating _____________, ______________, and ______________,
while only receiving 41% of the popular vote.
35. As president, Wilson, attacked the “________ _______ of Privilege”: ________________, ______________, and
____________________.
36. Like TR, he believed in being an active president who should lead ______________ by providing a set agenda.
37. The ______________ Tariff significantly _____________ the tariff and enacted the graduated ____________ tax which was
already approved by the recently ratified _____ Amendment –another Populist legacy.
38. The _________ Committee formed to investigate problems in the banking industry and prompted ______________ to write
Other People’s Money and How the Bankers Use It. Subsequently, Wilson helped pushed through the landmark legislation
the ___________ _____________ Act of 1913, which created regional banking districts empowered to issue “federal reserve
notes” for the purpose of creating banking stability and preventing economic depressions.
39. Under Wilson’s Administration, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act was significantly strengthened through the passage of the
____________ ______________ Act which exempted labor unions from being prosecuted as trusts and which Gompers hailed
as
40. “the _________ __________ of labor.”
41. Also during Wilson’s presidency, the ______ Labor Act was passed by invoking the interstate commerce clause; however, the
conservative Supreme Court _____________ this law in the case Hammer v. Dagenhart.
42. Similarly, the Supreme Court overturned New York’s 10-hour law for bakers in the case __________ v. __________
in 1905, but in 1917 reversed the decision and upheld the 10-hour law for factory workers.
43. A final legacy of the Progressive Era was the passage of the ______ Amendment which banned the sale, transport,
manufacture, and consumption of alcohol and was enforced through the passage of the _________________ in 1919.
44. In the 1890s a new women’s movement group formed called the ________________ _________________
_________________ ________________ ___________________ (NAWSA) which was led by ______________________.
Not emphasizing women’s equality with men, this organization stressed the importance of women’s suffrage as a continuance
of women’s natural duties as homemakers and mothers. This group originally favored the ____________________ approach
to women’s suffrage as opposed to a national amendment. However, women’s vital role in World War I changed
this perception and caused them to ultimately advocate for a constitutional amendment.
45. The most militant of the era’s women’s groups was the ________________ _____________ Party (also known as
the Congressional Union) led by _________________, a young educated Quaker women who organized hunger
strikes and pickets in the midst of World War I to demand women’s suffrage.
46. The “darker side of Progressivism” included their support of _______________ in the South, continued use of
______________ __________ for Native Americans to “de-Indianize” them, ________ sympathies which later
prompted immigration quota laws in the 1920s, and their advocacy of ______________ --a quasi-science to improve
the gene pool by attempting to eliminate crime, insanity, and other “defects.”
21
The Progressive Era (terms to use)
16th
17th
18th
1912
American Tobacco Co.
Anthracite Coal Strike
Australian
bad
Ballinger-Pinchot
banks
boarding schools
boycotts
Brandeis, Louis *
Bryan, William Jennings
Bull Moose
business
Catt, Carrie Chapman
child
Child
church
city managers
Clayton Anti-Trust
Congress
conservation
consumer
corporations
Debs, Eugene *
Dewey, John
Elkins
eugenics
Federal Reserve
forest
Galveston
Gladden, Washington
good *
government *
Hepburn
Hull Housew
illiterate
income
industrialization
James, William
Jane (Addams)
Kelley, Florence
labor
La Follette, Robert
laissez-faire
lame duck
Lochner v. New York
Magna Carta
Marxist
Meat Inspection
middle
muckraking
Mugwumps
Nat’l Amer. Woman’s
Suffrage Assoc.
National Woman’s
nativist
New Freedom
New Nationalism
Newlands/Reclamation
nullified
Paul, Alice
Payne-Aldrich
political machines
Populist
pragmatism
Progressive
Pujo
Pure Food and Drug
radical
Rauschenbusch, Walter
rebate
reduced
regulation
Roosevelt
savings bank
scientific management
segregation
senators
sensationalism
Sherman Anti-Trust
Sinclair, Upton
small
Social Gospel
Socialist
state-by-state
states
states’
suffrage
Taft *
tariff
TR *
triple wall
trustbuster
trusts
Underwood
urbanization
Volstead Act
weaker
Wilson *
women’s
* = names/terms which
are used more than once
22
Name ___________________________
Change-Over-Time Chart: American Industrial Developments
The First Industrial Revolution
(Antebellum Era: 1820-1850)
The Second Industrial Revolution
(Gilded Age: 1870-1900)
What was U.S.
industry like? (New
industries, important
companies, etc.)
Who was the typical
worker in factories?
Immigration
to the U.S.
What was the impact
of industry on
urbanization &
transportation
Role of government in
promoting industry
Unions &
Workers’ Demands
Discussion questions:
1. Examine the chart above and look for comparisons and contrasts in these industrial developments. Do the First and Second
Industrial Revolutions have more in common or are they more different? Explain
2.
Which industrial development had the greater impact on America? Explain
23
Name ___________________________
Change-Over-Time Chart: American Reform Movements
Antebellum Reform
(1820-1850)
Populists
(1890s)
Progressives
(1890-1920)
Social Reform
Political Reform
(right to vote, decrease
in corruption, etc.)
Business Reform &
Regulation
Economic Reform
(new polices, new
banks, new taxes,
demands for new
currency)
Discussion questions:
1. Which reform movement had the greatest impact on American history? Explain.
2.
Which trend (social, political, business, or economic reform) experienced the greatest change from 1820 to 1920? Explain
24
Social Progressivism
I. What is Progressivism?
A. Progressives (1890s to 1920) addressed the rapid economic & social changes of the Gilded Age
B. Progressive reforms had common themes: “investigate, education, & legislate,” Social Gospel, & middle-class experts
II. Reforming America’s Cities
A. Progressivism began in cities in the 1890s due to ineffectiveness of private charity & rise of Social Gospel movement
B. The Female Domain
1. Some of the 1st progressives were middle-class women who wanted more than conventional female roles
2. Reformers like Jane Addams (founder of Hull House in Chicago) created settlement houses to aid the poor
3. Women targeted slums, tenements, wages & hours, child labor, alcohol abuse (18th amendment), & prostitution
C. Mugwumps led the “Good Government” movement to end corruption & reduce the power of urban political machines
D. New Muckraking Journalism
1. Muckrakers drew attention to America’s problems via monthly magazines promoting investigative journalism
2. Groundbreaking muckrakers: Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives (1890), Henry George’s Progress & Poverty (1879), Lincoln
Steffan’s Shame of the Cities (1902), Ida Tarbell’s History of the Standard Oil Company (1904)
3. Muckrakers like Upton Sinclair & Sam H. Adams led to gov’t legislation like the Pure Food & Drug Act (1906)
E. William James attacked Social Darwinism; John Dewey promoted education via “creative intelligence”
III. Working Class Reform
A. 60% of the U.S. labor force was made up of unskilled “new” immigrants from Europe, Latin America, & Asia
B. Poor working conditions, low pay, & long hours in factories led to an increase in union membership & radicalism
1. Women’s Trade Union League (1903) was the 1st union to gain victory in collective bargaining
2. Industrial Workers of the World (1905) rivaled the AFL by opening membership to all & promoted revolution
3. Eugene V. Debs formed the Socialist Party of America (1901) but did not threaten to overthrow U.S. capitalism
4. Case Study: Triangle Shirtwaist Fire of 1911
C. Henry Ford’s “$5-day” & Amoskeag Textile Factory’s employee benefits challenged ruthless corporate practices
IV. The Women’s Movement & the Black Awakening
A. The Women’s Movement
1. The success of female progressives aided the women’s suffrage movement; the 19th amendment passed in 1920
2. Margaret Sanger advocated birth control for lower- & middle-class women
B. African-American Civil Rights
1. Southern progressivism only applied to whites; Black disenfranchisement, segregation, Plessy v Ferguson (1896)
2. Black leaders were divided in their response to civil rights:
a. Booker T Washington called for “black self-improvement” & gradual civil rights in his Atlanta Compromise
b. W.E.B. DuBois led the Niagara Movement (1905) & called for immediate integration & the “Talented 10th”
3. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was formed in 1909
V. Conclusions
25
African-American Reformers in Conflict: Booker T. Washington vs. W.E.B. DuBois
1.
Briefly describe the political, economic, & social position of African-Americans in the 1890s.
a.
Political problems:
b.
Economic problems:
c.
Social problems:
2.
What did Booker T. Washington mean when we said, “Cast down your bucket where you are”?
3.
Which civil rights leader, Booker T. Washington or W.E.B. DuBois, do you associate each of the following ideas?
4.
a.
Demand for immediate enforcement of the Reconstruction Amendments
b.
Urged accommodation with whites, not agitation
c.
A gradual approach to civil rights
d.
Emphasized training for manual labor
e.
Found Jim Crow laws totally unacceptable
f.
Counseled blacks to try to solve their problems by leaving the area they knew best
g.
Opposed black membership in labor unions and strikes
h.
Urged blacks to strive for the top in education and jobs
i.
Said blacks must pull themselves up by their own efforts
j.
Urged protest in order to achieve black equality
In your opinion, which leader, Booker T. Washington or W.E.B. DuBois, would have been more successful in achieving civil rights
for African-Americans in the early 1900s? Explain.
26
Political Progressivism: City, State, & National Reforms
I. Reform in the Cities and States
A. Progressive Reform in the Cities
1. Political progressivism began in cities to try to improve quality of life & fight political machines
2. Cities adopted more efficient expert councils, commission gov’ts, city managers, “gas & water socialism”
B. Progressive Reform in the States
1. States used regulatory agencies to oversee public utilities and state government spending
2. Western states were the 1st to introduce initiatives, referendums, and recalls to increase “democracy”
3. Governor La Follette’s “Wisconsin Idea” was revolutionary; Promoted democracy, expertise, & gov’t efficiency
II. National Progressivism
A. The Theodore Roosevelt Presidency (1901-1909)
1. TR promoted an activist presidency, progressive reform, & expert bureaucrats from his “bully pulpit”
2. TR’s “Square Deal” arbitration ended the United Mine Workers’ strike without siding with big business
3. Busting the Trusts
a. TR saw the difference between “good” trusts vs. “bad” trusts
b. Used the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to break up Northern Securities Co & 24 other monopolies
4. TR saw his overwhelming victory in 1904 as a mandate for further regulation
a. Hepburn Act (1906) increased the ICC’s power to regulate railroads
b. The Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) & Meat Inspection Act (1906) protected consumers
5. TR initiated 1st comprehensive national conservation policy for the “wise use” of natural resources
B. The William Howard Taft Presidency (1909-1913)
1. TR’s refusal to run in 1908 gave Taft the presidency; but Taft did not share TR’s views of business regulation
2. Taft alienated progressives by siding with conservative Repubs (Payne-Aldrich Tariff & Ballinger-Pinchot Affair)
3. Despite set-backs, Taft pushed through the 16th & 17th Amendments, safety codes, & the Children’s Bureau
C. The Woodrow Wilson Presidency (1913-1921)
1. The 3-way election of 1912 among Taft (R), Wilson (D), & TR (“Bull Moose”) [& Socialist Debs] led to the emergence of
opposing philosophies regarding the role of gov’t:
a. TR’s New Nationalism
b. Wilson’s New Freedom
2. The split among Republicans gave Wilson the presidency in 1912
3. Wilson shared TR’s view of an activist & progressive president & pushed through
a. Underwood Tariff Act (1913)—created the 1st graduated income tax
b. Federal Reserve Act (1913)—created an efficient regulation of banking
c. Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)—strengthened gov’t ability to regulate monopolies
4. By 1920, the last progressive reforms were passed: 18th (prohibition) & 19th Amendments (female suffrage)
III. Conclusions: The Fruits of Progressivism
27
The Progressive Era Review Sheet
1. List and describe the constitutional amendments enacted during the Progressive Era.
2. What was Booker T. Washington’s plan for Black progress?
3. What were the primary objectives of W.E.B. Du Bois and how did he intend to accomplish those objectives?
4. What groups did middle-class progressives consider to be the two major threats to American society?
5. What were the general beliefs or philosophies embraced by the progressives?
6. What role did the muckrakers have in the progressive movement?
7. Identify two of the prominent muckrakers of the Progressive Era.
8. List and describe the political devices the progressives advocated as they attempted to regain political power that had
been lost to the “interests.”
9. Trace the progress of the women’s suffrage movement … how was suffrage eventually accomplished?
10. What was the settlement house and how did it link women to progressive activity?
11. Identify the characteristics of the 3 progressive presidents (political party, background, years in office)
12. What changes in municipal government occurred during the Progressive Era?
13. Who was Robert M. LaFollette?
14. How was the 1902 coal worker strike dealt with by T. Roosevelt? How did this reflect progressive values?
15. What did T. Roosevelt believe the federal government should do with the powerful trusts?
16. How did Wilson’s beliefs about trusts change from his campaign in 1912 to his presidency?
17. On what legal basis was the government during Wilson’s presidency regulate the economic influence of big business?
18. How did T. Roosevelt change the nature of the office of the presidency?
19. Assess William Howard Taft as a “progressive.”
20. What effect did the creation of the Federal Reserve in 1913 have on the nation’s currency?
21. On what basis did the anti-immigration emerge? How did Eugenics & Dillingham Report support it?
22. What groups in American society advocated prohibition? What groups opposed it?
23. What were the issues in the presidential election of 1912? Why did T. Roosevelt decide to run?
24. What changes did Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle bring about? In which presidency were these changes enacted?
25. What were the major differences between New Nationalism and New Freedom in the election of 1912?
26. Commitment to what legislation prompted Wilson to make a personal appeal to Congress in 1913?
27. What did the Clayton Anti-Trust Act do?
28. On what basis was Wilson reelected in 1916?
29. Which progressive president is most credited with conservation and preservation of the environment?
30. What was meant by Roosevelt’s “square deal?”
28
31. What was the Underwood-Simmons tariff?
32. What was the Pinchot-Ballinger controversy?
33. What was the controversy surrounding the Payne-Aldridge Act?
34. To whom did the phrase “bully pulpit” apply and what did it mean?
35. How did the following individuals promote progressive reform?
Jane Addams, John Muir, Eugene Debs
36. What was the “triple wall of privilege” according to Wilson?
37. Describe immigration trends during the progressive era.
38. What changes occurred in the professions during the progressive era?
39. What was the Equal Rights Amendment?
40. When did the progressive momentum come to an end?
Terms1.
Women’s suffrage movement
21. Plessy v. Ferguson 1896
2.
Crisis of 1893 – causes, outcome, how did it end
22. Booker T. Washington
3.
How the Other Half Lives, Jacob Riis
23. W.E.B. DuBois
4.
Robert La Follette
24. “Talented Tenth”
5.
Eugene Debs
25. NAACP
6.
William McKinley
26. Niagara Movement
7.
Muckrakers
27. Roosevelt’s Square Deal
8.
The Shame of the Cities by Lincoln Steffens
28. Hepburn Act
9.
The Jungle by Upton Sinclair
29. Coal Miner’s Strike 1902
10. Progressives
30. Meat Inspection Act
11. Big Business reaction to Progressives
31. Food and Drug Act
12. 16th amendment
32. Conservationist movement
13. 17th amendment
33. John Muir and Gifford Pinchot
14. 18th amendment
34. Payne-Aldrich Act
15. 19th amendment
35. Roosevelt’s “New Nationalism”
16. Anti-Saloon League
36. Wilson’s “New Freedom”
17. Woman’s Christian Temperance Union
37. Election of 1912
18. Settlement Houses/Jane Addams
38. Federal Reserve Act
19. Initiative, referendum, recall
39. Underwood-Simmons Tariff
20. White Slave Traffic Act or Mann Act
40. Clayton Anti-Trust Act
29