POLITECNICO DI MILANO
POLO REGIONALE DI LECCO
Architettura, Urbanistica, Ingegneria delle Costruzioni
INGEGNERIA DEI SISTEMI EDILIZI
Master’s Thesis
RISBAF TEXTILE FACTORY
Interventions for Sustainable Development of Isfahan Industrial Heritage
Relatore
Prof. Elena Bianchi
Correlatore
Prof. Gabriele Masera
Master Thesis of
Ali Mahabadi 797891
April 2017
ii | Interventions for Sustainable Development of Isfahan Industrial Heritage
RISBAF TEXTILE FACTORY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all those who helped me to complete this
master thesis for their useful comments, remarks and engagement through the learning
process, especially to my supervisor Prof. Elena Bianchi and Prof. Gabriele Masera.
A special gratitude I give to Prof. Ezio Riva, whose contribution in stimulating suggestions and
encouragement, helped me to coordinate this project.
I am deeply indebted to all other tutors and teachers, Professors Massimo Tadi, Elisabetta
Rosina, Angela Colucci, Oscar Pagani and all the teaching faculty of Politecnico di Milano, for
their direct and indirect help.
Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been
helping me out of difficulties and supporting without any word of complaint and a special
thanks to my lovely sisters for their love and tenderness during these years.
Ali Mahabadi
April, 2017
iii | Interventions for Sustainable Development of Isfahan Industrial Heritage
RISBAF TEXTILE FACTORY
ABSTRACT [EN]
Risbaf, a historical textile factory located in Isfahan (3rdbig city of Iran) undergoes a tragic
destruction due to lack of interest in any kind of improvement and refurbishment from the
current responsible organization -Iran Melli Bank- who assume the ownership of the site
during the current period. Starting the project, further investigations both historically and in
the level of the urban studies, reveal opportunities on the Risbaf Textile Factory such as rich
historical value, great location regards to the Isfahan city center, laterally unifying with the
Chaharbagh street skyline, and a unique urban context of the city remained in the site.
Striving for a higher level of life quality led us to start this project. A comprehensive proposal
which can bring back the identity and perception to the city, opening the horizons to green
development, even as a solution for the conservation and refurbishment of the heritages in
Iranian cities.
Following the sustainability guides, several aspects are to be considered. Proper integration
with the urban context, land use as an integration of buildings and landscape inside the site
are the key elements of sustainable urban development. Not to be forgotten that all these
should provide a vibrant promenade to encourage individual’s interaction in public spaces
both in local scale and city scale.
The architectural design follows the same rules in urban scale beside the fact the improving
the performance of the existing buildings is often challenging and many of the issues to
address are amplified for buildings which are formally listed or in a conservation area. It is
important that useful and reliable information is available to support sustainable
refurbishment for the market shift from new build to major refurbishment, as we tried in our
proposal. Unfortunately, the lack of cooperation from the current owner of the site in
addition to no proper response from the local municipalities - regions 1, 3, 4 and 9 - and lack
of documentation by the Iranian National Heritage Organization which was quite unexpected
as the whole site has been registered in the list of national heritages. In our project, energy
demand is reduced by means of different technical solutions. Natural Daylight and sunlight
exposure is optimized. Moreover, by controlling the sun light and the shading system we
provided convenient solution for to the occupants even in summer when the hot weather of
Isfahan becomes a challenge.
The project tries to illustrate some of the methods whose application would be a great step
towards a sustainable building construction in Isfahan. Considering Iran as one of the biggest
developing countries, and its speed toward the development which led to misuse of natural
resource and environment, the biggest hope is a day when every single decision for a building
or public area is truly based on our deep respect toward the environment and the nature that
we live inside.
Keywords: Urban Design, Eco-Friendly Development, Energy Saving, Industrial Heritage,
Sustainability, Sustainable Refurbishment, Conservation.
iv | Interventions for Sustainable Development of Isfahan Industrial Heritage
RISBAF TEXTILE FACTORY
ABSTRACT [IT]
Risbaf, una storica fabbrica tessile ubicata ad Isfahan – terza città per grandezza in Iran – ha
subìto una tragica, seppur parziale distruzione a causa della mancanza di interesse nella
conservazione e riuso dei suoi manufatti architettonici. L’attuale proprietà dell’area, Iral Melli
Bank, non ha infatti ritenuto fino ad ora conveniente preservare gli edifici compresi nell’area
della fabbrica. Nel corso della ricerca storica e urbanistica, sono emerse interessanti
opportunità nel possibile riuso della fabbrica soprattutto per la sua localizzazione strategica
all’interno del tessuto urbano di Isfahan, oltre che per il suo alto grado di valore storico e
architettonico; la sua posizione in particolare appare strategica nello skyline della Chaharbagh
Street ed ha grande valore di memoria storica essendo l’unico esempio di archeologia
industriale rimasto in città.
La tesi si pone l’obiettivo di proporre una strategia di intervento che possa riportare alla luce,
anche mediante l’approfondimento dei temi di sostenibilità ambientale ed energetica,
un’importante identità culturale e percezione della città, e che tale strategia possa essere
applicata in altre realtà urbane in Iran.
Sotto l’aspetto della sostenibilità, sono stati considerati diversi temi in merito ad una corretta
integrazione urbana dal punto di vista dell’uso del suolo e degli edifici all’interno del lotto.
Non meno importante è stato lo studio della permeabilità del sito per incoraggiare
l’interazione sociale, sia a scala locale che urbana.
Il progetto architettonico segue la medesima direzione di quello a scala urbanistica, con
l’intento di incrementare il livello di performance e funzionalità dei singoli edifici; in
particolare lo studio di progetto si focalizza sui manufatti vincolati. La necessità di reperire
informazioni e documenti sui manufatti esistenti è sicuramente cruciale per consentire un
lavoro completo ed approfondito di analisi, nel caso in esame ci si è scontrati con la mancanza
di documentazione e di collaborazione da parte della municipalità (regioni 1,3,4 e 9) della
sovrintendenza generale iraniana, nonostante si tratti di un sito sottoposto a vincolo dalla
stessa soprintendenza. Uno degli obiettivi del progetto è la riduzione dei consumi energetici,
che si è ottenuta con varie soluzioni tecniche e progettuali: si è ottimizzata l’esposizione
solare per una maggiore apporto di luce naturale, anche per mezzo di sistemi di schermature
solari che sono state studiate sia per l’ottimizzazione illuminotecnica che per
l’ombreggiamento nel periodo estivo.
Il progetto illustra alcune scelte progettuali e tecnologiche voltate al miglioramento del
bilancio energetico in genere. Considerando che l’Iran è uno dei più popolosi trai i paesi
sviluppati e che la sua crescita demografica comporterà una sempre maggiore richiesta in
termini di consumo delle risorse naturali e di fonti energetiche, la speranza è che nel futuro
ogni decisione riguardante i singoli edifici così come grandi aree urbane – pubbliche o private
– sia basata sul rispetto dell’ambiente.
Parole chiave: Urbanistica, Sviluppo Sostenibile, Risparmio Energetico, Archeologia
Industriale, Sostenibilità, Recupero Sostenibile, Restauro, Conservazione.
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RISBAF TEXTILE FACTORY
Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...........................................................................................................................ii
Abstract [EN] ...................................................................................................................................... iii
Abstract [IT]........................................................................................................................................ iv
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Isfahan Province......................................................................................................... 2
1.1.1. Geography........................................................................................................... 2
1.2. Isfahan City ................................................................................................................ 4
1.2.1. Geography........................................................................................................... 4
1.2.2. Climate ................................................................................................................ 6
1.2.2.1. Temperature ................................................................................................ 6
1.2.2.2. Sun ............................................................................................................... 7
1.2.2.3. Precipitation................................................................................................. 7
1.2.2.4. Wind ............................................................................................................. 9
1.2.3. Population ......................................................................................................... 10
1.2.4. Historical evolution ........................................................................................... 10
1.2.4.1. Pre Islamic .................................................................................................. 10
1.2.4.2. Post Islamic ................................................................................................ 11
1.2.4.3. Buyid Dynasty ............................................................................................ 11
1.2.4.4. Seljuk Dynasty ............................................................................................ 11
1.2.4.5. Mongol to Timurid ..................................................................................... 12
1.2.4.6. Safavid Dynasty and the extra ordinary era of Isfahan .............................. 12
1.2.4.7. Isfahan in contemporary Iran from decline to renewal ........................... 17
1.2.5. Monuments ...................................................................................................... 21
1.2.5.1. Palaces ....................................................................................................... 21
1.2.5.2. Gardens ...................................................................................................... 22
1.2.5.3. Mosques and Schools (Madrasas) ................................................................ 23
1.2.5.4. Bridges ....................................................................................................... 24
1.2.5.5. Naghsh-e Jahan Square and Bazaar ........................................................... 25
1.2.5.6. Chaharbagh Avenue00............................................................................... 26
1.2.6. Industries .......................................................................................................... 27
1.2.6.1. Textile Factories ......................................................................................... 28
1.2.7. Transportation .................................................................................................. 30
1.2.7.1. Airport ........................................................................................................ 30
1.2.7.2. Main Rouds ................................................................................................ 30
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1.2.7.3. Main Bus Routs ........................................................................................... 31
1.2.7.4. Metro lines.................................................................................................. 32
1.3. South Part of Isfahan Analyze ................................................................................... 32
1.3.1. Land use ............................................................................................................. 32
1.3.2. Mobility and Transportation .............................................................................. 33
1.3.2.1. Public spaces ............................................................................................... 33
1.3.2.2. Pedestrians ................................................................................................. 33
1.3.3. Greenery and Parks............................................................................................ 39
1.3.4. Public Services ................................................................................................... 39
1.3.5. Valuable Historical Buildings ............................................................................. 39
1.3.6. Limitations and Extensions ................................................................................ 46
1.3.7. Land prices ......................................................................................................... 46
1.3.8. Pollution sources ............................................................................................... 46
1.4. Evolution of industrial architecture in Iran............................................................... 50
1.4.1.The Qajar period (1794-1925)................................................................................ 50
1.4.2. The First Pahlavi period (1925-1941) .................................................................... 51
1.4.3. The Second Pahlavi period (1941-1979) ............................................................... 54
1.4.4. The Islamic Republic period (1979-present) .......................................................... 55
2. Urban Design ............................................................................................................................... 64
2.1. General Introduction of the Project ......................................................................... 65
2.1.1. First Ideas ........................................................................................................... 65
2.1.1.1. The initial idea of building Risbaf factory ................................................... 66
2.1.2. Ongoing Projects in the Site .............................................................................. 67
2.1.3. Project’s Importance.......................................................................................... 68
2.2. Context ...................................................................................................................... 69
2.2.1. General Site Analysis.......................................................................................... 69
2.2.2. Solid and Void Analysis ...................................................................................... 71
2.2.3. Mobility and Transportation .............................................................................. 71
2.2.3.1. Road Network ............................................................................................. 71
2.2.3.2. Motor Vehicles............................................................................................ 72
2.2.3.3. Pedestrians ................................................................................................. 72
2.2.3.4. Isfahan urban railway ................................................................................. 72
2.2.4. Function ............................................................................................................. 75
2.2.5. Urban Physical structure.................................................................................... 75
2.2.6. Public spaces ...................................................................................................... 75
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2.2.7. Environment and Greenery .............................................................................. 77
2.2.8. Pollution sources .............................................................................................. 79
2.2.9. Project Architecture Value Analysis.................................................................. 79
2.2.9.1. Architecture Characteristics: ..................................................................... 79
2.2.9.2. Decoration and ornaments........................................................................ 80
2.2.9.3. Material and Structure .............................................................................. 81
2.2.10. Factory now .................................................................................................... 83
2.2.10.1. Existing map ............................................................................................. 84
2.3. Summary .................................................................................................................. 86
2.3.1. SWOT Analysis .................................................................................................. 86
2.3.2. Vision................................................................................................................. 89
2.3.3. Goals and Strategies ......................................................................................... 89
3. Architectural Design ..................................................................................................................... 92
3.1. Architectural Vision.................................................................................................. 93
3.1.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 93
3.1.2. Design Challenges ............................................................................................. 94
3.1.2.1. Primary Studies and Documentation......................................................... 94
3.1.2.2. Relocation of the Subway Station.............................................................. 95
3.1.2.3. Relationship with the context.................................................................... 97
3.1.2.4. Improving the Performance of the Existing Buildings ............................... 98
3.1.3. Objectives ......................................................................................................... 98
3.2. Design Keywords...................................................................................................... 99
3.2.1. Concept ............................................................................................................. 99
3.2.2. Functions......................................................................................................... 100
3.2.3. Accessibility..................................................................................................... 102
3.2.4. Visibility ........................................................................................................... 103
3.2.5. Sustainability................................................................................................... 103
4. Technological Design.................................................................................................................. 128
4.1. Architecture and Climate ....................................................................................... 129
4.2. Analysis of the Climate Context ............................................................................. 129
4.3. Design Strategies ................................................................................................... 135
4.3.1. Insulation of the Opaque Envelope ................................................................ 136
4.3.2. High Efficiency Glazing .................................................................................... 138
4.3.3. Management of solar gains through sun shading solutions .......................... 138
4.3.3.1. Shades from buildings located at the site ............................................... 139
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4.3.3.2. Sun shading system .................................................................................. 141
4.3.4. Consideration of solar panels (photovoltaic and solar water heater panels) ............. 142
4.3.4.1. Photovoltaic panels .................................................................................. 142
4.3.4.2. Solar heater water panels......................................................................... 145
4.4. Thermal Analysis ..................................................................................................... 148
4.4.1. Assumptions for the thermal model................................................................ 150
4.4.1.1. Definition of the building fabric................................................................ 150
4.4.1.2. Other Assumptions ................................................................................... 155
4.4.2. Thermal Analysis Results ................................................................................. 156
4.5. Daylight Analysis ..................................................................................................... 159
4.5.1. Daylight Factor ................................................................................................. 159
4.5.2. Daylight situation in the building..................................................................... 160
4.5.2.1. Underground floor .................................................................................... 161
4.5.2.2. Ground floor ............................................................................................. 163
4.5.2.3. First floor................................................................................................... 167
4.5.3. The effect of sun shading on the daylight factor situation of the first floor ... 169
Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 170
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Table of Figures
Fig.1.1. Iran Political Map................................................................................................... 2
Fig.1.2. location and division of Isfahan province .............................................................. 3
Fig.1.3. Geographical Map of Isfahan Province ................................................................. 3
Fig.1.4. Mount Soffeh and Zayandehrud river .................................................................. 4
Fig.1.5. Map of the Zayandehrud river and the Zayandehrud/Gavkhouni drainage basin ........... 5
Fig.1.6. The daily average low (blue) and high (red) temperature .................................... 6
Fig.1.7. The average fraction of time spent in various temperature bands ...................... 6
Fig.1.8. Daily Hours of Daylight and Twilight ..................................................................... 7
Fig.1.9. Probability of Precipitation at Some Point in the Day ........................................... 7
Fig1.10. Types of Precipitation throughout the Year ......................................................... 8
Fig.1.11. Wind Speed ......................................................................................................... 9
Fig.1.12. The primary core of Isfahan at the Pre Islamic period ...................................... 10
Fig.1.13. Structure of Isfahan during the Seljuk period (1037-1194) ................................ 11
Fig.1.14. The historical evolution of Isfahan .................................................................... 13
Fig1.15. Safavid map of Isfahan (1501-1722) .................................................................... 15
Fig.1.16. 3D Isfahan Safavid (1501-1722) .......................................................................... 16
Fig1.17. Isfahan map at The late Qajar (1920) .................................................................. 17
Fig1.18. Isfahan map at the late of Pahlavi (1977) ........................................................... 19
Fig1.19. Some of the Isfahan's Palaces ............................................................................ 21
Fig.1.20. Map of Gardens in Isfahan (1501-1722) ............................................................. 22
Fig1.21. Some of the Isfahan's Masque and Madrasas.................................................... 23
Fig.1.22. Isfahan's Historical Bridges ................................................................................ 24
Fig.1.23. Naghsh-e Jahan Square and Bazaar................................................................... 25
Fig.1.24. Chaharbagh avenue ........................................................................................... 26
Fig.1.25. Heavy Industries ................................................................................................ 28
Fig.1.26.Isfahan's Airport ................................................................................................. 30
Fig.1.27. Isfahan's Main Rouds......................................................................................... 30
Fig.1.28. Isfahan's Main Bus Routs................................................................................... 31
Fig.1.29.Isfahan's Metro Lines ......................................................................................... 32
Fig.1.30. Urban Function Map.......................................................................................... 34
Fig1.31. Hierarchy Map of Urban Services ....................................................................... 35
Fig.1.32. Urban Transport and Mobility ........................................................................... 36
Fig.1.33. Regional and Local Facilities (Parks) ................................................................... 37
Fig.1.34. Urban Greenary ................................................................................................. 38
Fig.1.35. Regional and Local Facilities (Libraries) .............................................................. 40
Fig.1.36. Regional and Local Facilities (Libraries) .............................................................. 41
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Fig.1.37. Regional and Local Facilities (Sport Centers) ...................................................... 42
Fig.1.38. Regional and Local Facilities (Sport Centers) ...................................................... 43
Fig.1.39. Historical Buildings ........................................................................................... 44
Fig.1.40. Development .................................................................................................... 45
Fig1.41. Density and Function ......................................................................................... 47
Fig.1.42. Economical Overview ....................................................................................... 48
Fig.1.43. Pollution ........................................................................................................... 49
Fig.1.44. Two example of Qajar factories ....................................................................... 51
Fig.1.45. Three example of Isfahan factories .................................................................. 52
Fig.1.46. Two Yazd Factories compare whit traditional architecture ............................. 53
Fig.1.47. Six examples ..................................................................................................... 54
Fig.1.48. Examples of recent built factories .................................................................... 55
Fig.1.49. Development .................................................................................................... 57
Fig.1.50. Historical Building ............................................................................................. 58
Fig.1.51. Historical Building ............................................................................................. 59
Fig.1.52. Urban Transport and Mobility .......................................................................... 60
Fig.1.53. Urban Transport and Mobility .......................................................................... 61
Fig.1.54. Urban Transport and Mobility .......................................................................... 62
Fig.1.55. Urban Transport and Mobility .......................................................................... 63
Fig.2.1. Examples of eclectic architecture in Isfahan ...................................................... 65
Fig.2.2. The initial idea of building Risbaf factory ........................................................... 66
Fig.2.3. Six destroyed factory in Isfahan ......................................................................... 67
Fig.2.4. Detail plan of Isfahan at 1998............................................................................. 68
Fig.2.5. Historical and current site position .................................................................... 69
Fig.2.6. Site area .............................................................................................................. 70
Fig.2.7. Different views to the site and its buildings ....................................................... 70
Fig.2.8. mass and void map of the area .......................................................................... 71
Fig.2.9. Mobility map of the area .................................................................................... 74
Fig.2.10. Functional map of area..................................................................................... 76
Fig.2.11. Site and surrounding greenery ......................................................................... 77
Fig. 2.12. Green system of the area ................................................................................ 78
Fig.2.13. rectangular and modular architecture of Risbaf former factory...................... 80
Fig.2.14. Type of decorations Risbaf former factory....................................................... 81
Fig.2.15. Size of bricks ..................................................................................................... 81
Fig.2.16. Structure subdivision map of Risbaf former factory ........................................ 82
Fig.2.17. Interior view of the buildings and their different structure systems ............... 83
Fig.2.18. Different views to Risbaf former factory and its buildings............................... 83
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Fig.2.19. Existing map....................................................................................................... 84
Fig.2.20. Precise map for the existing situation ............................................................... 85
Fig.2.21. Opportunity and constrains map ...................................................................... 88
Fig.2.22. Site Analyze and Current’s Situation ................................................................. 90
Fig.2.23. Master Plan Strategies (Urban Concept Plan) ...................................................... 91
Fig.3.1. The satelight image and the official documentation .......................................... 94
Fig.3.2. The site plan rollover- 2009 ................................................................................ 95
Fig.3.3. Isfahan subway planning before the incident on 2010……………………………………. 96
Fig.3.4. Location of the subway exit inside the Risbaf Textile Factory ............................ 96
Fig.3.5. Relationship with the urban context .................................................................. 97
Fig.3.6. Current view of the factory from Chahar Bagh Street ....................................... 98
Fig.3.7. The existing grid in the Factory Site ................................................................... 99
Fig.3.8. Step Garden used in Amadgah Strret, Isfahan ................................................. 100
Fig.3.9. tagh-o-cheshme construction system ............................................................... 101
Fig.3.10. Refurbishment and Conservation Strategies................................................... 101
Fig.3.11. Different level of the Pedestrian Acess to the site .......................................... 102
Fig.3.12. Building’s Situation and Analyze ..................................................................... 103
Fig.3.13. Site Analyze and Current Building’s Situation ................................................. 104
Fig.3.14. Site Analyze and Current Building’s Situation ................................................. 105
Fig.3.15. Refurbishment and Construction Strategies ................................................... 106
Fig.3.16. Master Plan...................................................................................................... 107
Fig.3.17. Architectural Design Area ................................................................................ 108
Fig.3.18. Rollover Drawing of Current Building No.1 ..................................................... 109
Fig.3.19. Rollover Drawing of Current Building No.2 ..................................................... 110
Fig.3.20. Rollover Drawing of Current Building No.3 ..................................................... 111
Fig.3.21. Rollover Drawing of Current Building No.4 ..................................................... 112
Fig.3.22. Rollover Drawing of Current Building No.5 ..................................................... 113
Fig.3.23. Rollover Drawing of Current Building No.6 ..................................................... 114
Fig.3.24. Plan - Under Ground Level .............................................................................. 115
Fig.3.25. Plan - Ground Level ......................................................................................... 116
Fig.3.26. Plan - First Level ............................................................................................... 117
Fig.3.27. Section A-A / Section B-B................................................................................. 118
Fig.3.28. Section C-C....................................................................................................... 119
Fig.3.29. Technical Blow-Up ........................................................................................... 120
Fig.3.30. Technical Walls/Slabs Details .......................................................................... 121
Fig.3.31. Architectural Rendering 1................................................................................ 122
Fig.3.32. Architectural Rendering 2................................................................................ 123
Fig.3.33. Architectural Rendering 3................................................................................ 124
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Fig.3.34. Architectural Rendering 4............................................................................... 125
Fig.3.35. Architectural Rendering 5............................................................................... 126
Fig.3.36. Architectural Rendering 6............................................................................... 127
Fig.4.1. Temperature range Diagram for Esfahan ......................................................... 130
Fig.4.2. Radiation range Diagram for Esfahan............................................................... 130
Fig.4.3. Ground Temperature (Monthly Average) Diagram for Esfahan ......................... 131
Fig.4.4. Dry bulb Temperature and Relative Humidity Diagram for Esfahan................. 132
Fig.4.5. Sun Shading Chart for Esfahan ......................................................................... 132
Fig.4.6. Psychrometric Chart for Esfahan ...................................................................... 133
Fig.4.7. Psychrometric Chart for Esfahan ...................................................................... 133
Fig.4.8. Wind Velocity range for Esfahan ...................................................................... 134
Fig.4.9. Wind Wheel diagram for Esfahan .................................................................... 134
Fig.4.10. Aerated Concrete Block .................................................................................. 137
Fig.4.11. Solar access analysis of the site ...................................................................... 139
Fig.4.12. Shadows at 4 pm, April 1st ............................................................................. 140
Fig.4.13. Solar access analysis on the surface of the refurbished building ................... 140
Fig.4.14. Solar access analysis on the surface of the refurbished building ................... 141
Fig.4.15. Solar access analysis on the surface of the refurbished building ................... 141
Fig.4.16. Photovoltaic system installed on flat roof (system components) ..................... 142
Fig.4.17. Roof plan, arrangement of solar panels ......................................................... 143
Fig.4.18. DesignBuilder model prepared for calculation .............................................. 149
Fig.4.19. Definition of the building envelop elements .................................................. 150
Fig.4.20. Wall W1 .......................................................................................................... 151
Fig.4.21. Wall W ............................................................................................................ 151
Fig.4.22. Wall W3 .......................................................................................................... 152
Fig.4.23. Roof R1 ........................................................................................................... 152
Fig.4.24. Roof R3 ........................................................................................................... 153
Fig.4.25. Floor F2 ........................................................................................................... 153
Fig.4.26. Floor F3 ........................................................................................................... 154
Fig.4.27. Basement 1 & 2 .............................................................................................. 154
Fig.4.28. Comparison of different strategies in improving the thermal performance ....................... 156
Fig.4.29. Comparison of different strategies in the thermal performance – heating ........................ 157
Fig.4.30. Comparison of different strategies in the thermal performance – cooling ........................ 157
Fig.4.31. Comparison of different strategies in the thermal performance – heating and cooling ........ 158
Fig.4.32. Building thermal performance considering all the strategies ........................ 158
Fig.4.33. Daylight Factor value corresponding to the daylight level............................. 160
Fig.4.34. Daylight factor situation at the underground floor ........................................ 161
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Fig.4.35. Daylight factor situation at the underground floor (false color presentation) ... 161
Fig.4.36. Rendered view with daylight (March 21st, 12:00, overcast sky) ......................... 162
Fig.4.37. Rendered view with daylight (March 21st, 12:00, overcast sky) ......................... 162
Fig.4.38. Daylight factor situation at the ground floor .................................................. 163
Fig.4.39. Rendered view with daylight (March 21st, 12:00, overcast sky) ......................... 164
Fig.4.40. Rendered view with daylight ........................................................................... 164
Fig.4.41. Daylight factor situation at the ground floor .................................................. 165
Fig.4.42. Daylight factor situation at the ground floor (false color presentation) ............ 165
Fig.4.43. Rendered view with daylight (March 21st, 12:00, overcast sky) ......................... 166
Fig.4.44. Rendered view with daylight (March 21st, 12:00, overcast sky) ......................... 166
Fig.4.45. Daylight factor situation at the first floor........................................................ 167
Fig.4.46. Daylight factor situation at the first floor (false color presentation).................. 167
Fig.4.47. Rendered view with daylight (March 21st, 12:00, overcast sky) ......................... 168
Fig.4.48. Rendered view with daylight (March 21st, 12:00, overcast sky) ......................... 168
Fig.4.49. Daylight factor situation at the first floor (no sun shading) .............................. 169
Fig.4.50. Daylight factor situation at the first floor........................................................ 169