Nitrogen treatment in
wastewater treatment
plants
State of the art and
Perspectives
Prof. Dr. Martin Denecke
University Duisburg-Essen,
Faculty of Engineering Sciences,
Department of Building Sciences,
Waste Management and Urban Water Management
[email protected]
++49 201 183 2742
Part I: Introduction
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Main issue of water management
….insufficient
….polluted
….too much
focus, goggle, wikipedia
Motivation
The first and most important aim: disruption of fecal-oral circle
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Water and Nitrogen: Problems
• Cyanobacteria produduce a neurotoxin,
• Oxygen depletation
• Lost of biodiversity
google; wikipedia
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Part II: state of the art
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Main processes in recent WWTP
-
NO2
aerobic
+
-
NH4
NO3
-
+
NO3
NH4
denitrification
-
NO2
N2
denitrification
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anaerobic
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Main processes of nitrogen conversation
-
NO2
aerobic
reductive assimilation
nitrogen
fixation
assimilation
NO3
+
NH2-org
ammonification
NH4
assimilation
NH2-org
ammonification
-
NO3
denitrification
DNRA
+
nitrogen
fixation
NH4
DNRA
ANAMMOX
NO2
N2O
NO
denitrification
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N2
anaerobic
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Main processes of nitrogen conversation
-
NO2
aerobic
nitrogen
fixation
-
NO3
+
NH2-org
ammonification
NH4
NH2-org
ammonification
-
NO3
denitrification
DNRA
+
nitrogen
fixation
NH4
DNRA
ANAMMOX
NO2
N2O
NO
denitrification
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N2
anaerobic
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Main processes of nitrogen conversation
-
NO2
-
NO3
aerobic
+
NH2-org
ammonification
NH4
NH2-org
ammonification
-
NO3
denitrification
DNRA
+
NH4
DNRA
ANAMMOX
NO2
N2O
NO
denitrification
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N2
anaerobic
Hamburg.de
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Main processes of nitrogen conversation
-
NO2
aerobic
+
-
NH4
NO3
DNRA = dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium
NO3
+
NH4
denitrification
DNRA
3 processes for the
dissimilatory nitrate reduction:
1. DNRA
(COD : N high)
2. ANAMMOX (N : COD high)
3. Denitrific. (COD : N high)
DNRA
ANAMMOX
NO2
N2O
NO
denitrification
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N2
anaerobic
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Main processes of nitrogen conversation
-
NO2
aerobic
+
-
NH4
NO3
DAMO = denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidizing
NO3
+
DAMO
NH4
4 processes for the
dissimilatory nitrate reduction:
1.
2.
3.
4.
denitrification
DNRA
DAMO
DNRA
(COD : N high)
ANAMMOX (N : COD high)
Denitrific. (COD : N high)
DAMO
-
NO2
N2O
NO
denitrification
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N2
anaerobic
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State of the art WWTP
inflow
mechanical treatment
grease
1st clarifier
grit
trap
screen
chamber
debris
grit
grease
treatment
primary
sludge
biological treatment
activated sludge
deni nitri
2nd clarifier
effluent
internal
recirculation
recirculation sludge
excess sludge
combined heat
and power
station
return flow
biogas
biogas
tank
thickener
incineration,
agriculture
mixed sludge
dewatering
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dewatering
anaerobic digestor 35°C
sludge treatment
Gujer, 1999
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Details of activated sludge process
Advanced biological treatment; reduction of ammonia
high sludge age: C-elimination
and nitrification
effluent
influent
2nd clarifier
recirculation sludge
excess sludge
NH4 + + 2,0 O2  NO3- + H2O + 2 H+
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Details of activated sludge process
Completely biological treatment; reduction of C, N and P
high sludge age: C-elimination
and nitrification
and denitrification
effluent
influent
2nd clarifier
internal recirculation
recirculation sludge
excess sludge
loss of nitrogen
0,65 C18H19O9N + 4,89 NO3- + 4,89 H+
C5H7O2N + 2,27 N2 + 6,7 CO2 + 5,12 H2O
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Details of activated sludge process
effluent
influent
2nd clarifier
internal recirculation
recirculation sludge
denitrification
nitrification
C-elimination
C-elimination
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excess sludge
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Details of activated sludge process
effluent
influent
2nd clarifier
internal recirculation
recirculation sludge
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excess sludge
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Oxygen and biodiversity
BUND-Studie zur Wärmelast Rhein
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N in the river Rhine
Messstelle
bei Bimmern/Lobith
am
Rhein
Test point
Bimmern/Lobith
Rhine
5,0
4,5
ammonia N
Ammonium-N
4,0
Nitrat-N
nitrate N
nitrification
[mg/L]
3,5
3,0
2,5
2,0
denitrification
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
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Umweltbundesamt
Part III: challenges
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Stormwater management
– split, store and treat
to the flow
control
sewer
solids
overflow
weir
Q
i
n
Q
m
e
y
c
n
g
r
e
Q
t
u
o
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High performance nitrification
Wässrige Phase
Schlamm-Wasser Gemisch
Schlamm
Rücklaufwasser
buffer
v
A90 ZS 1-8
off
gas
Abluft zur
TVA
A40
pH
A 60
sedi
A 80
A 100/110
A112 NK 1/2/3
A 120/121
A122
BA1
Neutralisation
A122 NK 1
A 20
Rechen
rack
A122 NK 2
pretreatment
N122 NK 3
vVorklärung und Stapelung
DOC
NH4
Nges
NH4-N
NO3
DOC
Nges
Zulauf
NO3-N
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v
Ablauf
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Disadvantages of nitrification/denitrification
• High oxygen/energy demand,
• Exess sludge production,
• Need of an external carbon
source
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ANAMMOX
nitrification
H+
NO2-
NH4+
O2
denitrification
NO3-
Corg
O2
nitritation
nitratation
NO3-
N2
aerobic anoxic
nitritation)
ANAMMOX
O2
NO2-
NO2-
NH4+
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N2
NH4+
not stoichometric
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ANAMMOX
• good for wastewater with C/N-ratio < 0,15 e. g. leachate, part flow,
• no carbon source,
• low energy demand,
• low excess sludge production,
• but: ANAMMOX-bacteria grow slow
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ANAMMOX SHARON CANON
SHARON
Single reactor system for High activity Ammonia Removal Over Nitrite
CANON
Completely Autotrophic Nitrogen removal Over Nitrite
regulated by sludge age
dewatering
SHARON
ANAMMOX
clarifier
Hellinga et al 1998/Grontmij
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ANAMMOX DEMON
regulated by pH and oxygen
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Wett
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ANAMMOX LAMBDA
ulrafiltration
influent
Deni
D
Nitri
N2
Deni
N1
methanol
air
A
A
A
activated carbon
A A
Nitri
N3
A
A
A
A
air
regulated by ammonia
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Mainstream ANAMMOX in future
N2
CH4
anaerobic
treatment
clarifier
deammonification
with
granular sludge
clarifier
fuel cell
CH4
O2
eanaerobic
digestion
fertilizer
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ANAMMOX in future
N2
CH4
anaerobic
treatment
clarifier
deammonification
with
granular sludge
clarifier
CO2
N2
Denitrification
fuel cell
CH4
O2
e-
NO2
anaerobic
digestion
-
fertilizer
Denitrification
with methane
DAMO
NO3
Denitrification
with sulfur
-
CH4
NH4
+
CO2
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NO2
-
Denitrification
with methane
DAMO
-
HS
ANAMMOX
NO2
N2
-
SO4
2-
Sulfur
metabolism
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Thanks for listening