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Kingdom of Bahrain
Bahrain Monetary Agency
Economic Research Directorate
Consumer Information
Interest Rates
Issue 2
September 2005
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Contents
What are Interest Rates?
1
When is an Interest Rate Used?
1
How are Interest Rates on Loans Set?
2
Calculating the Cost of Borrowing
2
Getting the Best Loan Deal
4
Interest Rates on Deposits
5
Types of Deposit Accounts
5
Getting the Best Deposit Deal
6
Glossary
7
Disclaimer: This booklet has been prepared solely to facilitate
greater public understanding of banking & financial services in the
Kingdom of Bahrain. The contents of this booklet do not
constitute legal or investment advice and persons in doubt about
any matter are encouraged to seek independent professional
advice. The BMA shall not be responsible for any loss or other
detriment suffered as a result of acting on the information herein.
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Consumer Information
Interest Rates
This booklet explains how interest rates are calculated and the
types of interest rates a consumer may encounter when dealing
with financial service providers in Bahrain. Knowing about
interest rates is important to consumers since it tells them how
much it costs to borrow money and how much they can earn by
depositing their money with a bank.
Interest rates only apply to loans and deposits from conventional
financial institutions. Islamic financial institutions do not charge or
pay interest, but have other fees and payments not found in
conventional institutions. This booklet looks only at interest rates
in conventional banks. There is a Glossary at the back of the
booklet explaining some of the commonly used terms.
What are Interest Rates?
An interest rate is a predetermined or negotiated payment made or
received for the temporary use of money. A financial institution
will charge interest when it lends money to a consumer and a
consumer will receive interest when he or she deposits money
with a financial institution. It is useful to think of interest as the
“rental” charge on money.
When is an Interest Rate Used?
Financial institutions charge interest on all borrowing facilities.
The borrowing facilities a consumer may utilise include:
●
●
●
●
●
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Personal loans
Business loans
Overdrafts
Car loans
Mortgages
Credit cards
Interest is also paid to the consumer when he/she deposits money
with an institution.
Interest rates are paid on most
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current/chequing accounts, time deposit accounts (CDs) and
savings accounts.
How are Interest Rates on Loans Set?
A financial institution determines the interest rates it charges on its
loans by evaluating its cost of funding (the interest it has to pay to
borrow money from various sources), its operating expenses and a
profit margin. Financial institutions fund their loans from a variety
of sources, including consumer and corporate deposits and
interbank borrowings. Since interest rates can vary significantly
between financial institutions, consumers should compare the
interest rates offered by lenders.
Calculating the Cost of Borrowing
The advertised rate of interest on loans does not usually give a
good indication of the true cost of a loan, since fees and different
ways of calculating the interest charges can result in different costs
to the consumer.
●
Annual Percentage Rate (APR)
Financial institutions should tell potential borrowers what the
annual percentage rate (APR) is on a loan. The APR is calculated
the same way by each institution (although the advertised rates
may be calculated in different ways). Therefore, the APR can be
used in comparing interest rates between institutions. If a loan has
a high APR, your cost of borrowing will be high.
●
Fixed vs. Floating Rates
Banks generally charge either fixed or variable interest rates on
their loans. A fixed rate loan has an interest rate that does not vary
during the term of the loan. The interest rate on a variable rate
loan can vary depending on the movement of a reference rate
(such as the prime rate).
In Bahrain, most personal loans are offered at a fixed interest rate
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Consumer Information
Interest Rates
while most overdraft facilities have variable rates that can change
on a monthly basis.
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Fees and Charges
To take out a loan, banks usually charge various administrative
fees. Fees are usually charged for documentation, administration
and similar services.
Other fees and charges may also be applied. For some facilities,
banks may offer other services to be purchased at the time the loan
is made. Also, some loans may be insured against unemployment
or the death of the borrower.
There are also fees and charges that the borrower may have to pay
during the life of the loan. These could include late payment
charges and early repayment penalties. Borrowers should be clear
on what fees and charges are associated with the loan.
●
Secured vs. Unsecured Loans
An important factor to consider when taking out a loan is whether
the loan is secured or unsecured. Examples of secured loans are
personal loans (secured on wages), car loans (secured on the car)
and mortgage loans (secured on the property). Examples of
unsecured loans are credit card balances and overdrafts. Having a
secured loan is usually cheaper than an unsecured loan.
●
Repayment Methods
Most personal loans in Bahrain are amortised. The amortisation
payment (installment) includes repayment of part of the principal
and the month’s interest for the loan. The payment is a fixed
amount and is due the same time each month. Therefore, when
the term of the loan is over, the loan is paid off.
When using a facility that offers a line of credit, such as overdrafts,
it is possible to agree with the institution to have interest paid off
first and then the principal. Depending on an individual’s
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creditworthiness, extensions to lines of credit and different
repayment methods are negotiable.
●
Term of the Loan
The term of the loan refers to the time period over which you have
the money. If it is an amortising loan, it is the time until the loan
is paid off. For an amortising loan, the longer the term the lower
the monthly payments (since you spread the repayment of the loan
over a longer period).
However, increasing the term of the loan also increases the total
cost of a loan since you will be making payments for longer.
Therefore, when taking out a loan, the consumer should focus on
the total cost of the loan, as well as the monthly payments.
Getting the Best Loan Deal
Not all loans are the same. You need to compare loans from
different banks to know which one will cost you less.
When taking out a loan, check for:
●
What is the interest rate on an APR basis?
●
What is the repayment method? How is it amortised?
●
What is the loan is secured against?
●
How is the interest rate applied and calculated (fixed or variable)?
●
What is the term of the loan? What are the monthly
payments and what is the total cost of the loan?
●
Can the amortisation period or the line of credit be
extended without a change in the interest rate?
●
Are there other fees that may affect the cost of your loan,
for example, late payment penalties ?
●
Exactly when is each payment due and when will late fees
begin to build up?
●
Are there any early repayment penalties? When you pay
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Consumer Information
Interest Rates
off your loan early, you may be charged with a fee to
compensate the bank for its lost interest revenue. You
should ask about the bank’s policy on early repayment.
Interest Rates on Deposits
The type of deposit account to open depends on how you plan to
use the account. If you will need to gain access to your money on
a frequent basis, use a chequing or savings account. If you do not
need to use your money for a longer period, a time deposit
account may be best for you.
Interest rates will vary depending on the type of deposit account
opened by a consumer. This is because each type of account will
have its own terms and conditions. Generally, the longer you can
guarantee your funds are deposited in the bank’s account, the
higher the interest rate will be.
For deposits, the amount deposited earns interest immediately, but
the interest is paid into the account after a predetermined period
of time. Each interest earning time period will vary from bank to
bank and the type of deposit account. The deposit plus interest
can then earn interest. When a deposit and previously earned
interest earns interest, the interest earned is compounded.
Some banks also charge fees for various banking services on
deposit accounts; such as writing cheques, or using ATMs.
The customer should ask if there are service fees, and how
high they are.
Types of Deposit Accounts
●
Chequing/Current Accounts - You use cheques to
withdraw money from the account that holds your
deposits. Some chequing accounts pay interest and some
do not. Also, overdraft facilities are available for some
chequing accounts. You should inquire about the fees on
chequing accounts as they vary from bank to bank.
●
Savings Account - You may withdraw from a savings
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account; however, cheques are not usually issued with
this type of account. The interest rates on this account
are usually higher than a chequing account. Usually,
there is no minimum balance requirement for a savings
account. Some banks charge fees if deposit balances
reach a low amount, so inquire about this possibility.
●
Time Deposits and Certificates of Deposit (CDs)
- You are not allowed to withdraw from this type of
account before the maturity date. There will be
penalties if it becomes necessary to withdraw money
early. It has a guaranteed rate of interest for a certain
period of time agreed between you and the financial
institution. The interest rates on longer term CDs are
higher than on a savings account or other deposit
accounts.
●
Money Market Deposit Accounts - This account
allows you to write cheques and is an interest bearing
account. It pays a higher rate of interest than a
chequing or savings account, but requires a minimum
balance to start earning interest.
Getting the Best Deposit Deal
Compare the features on each deposit account such as interest
and penalty rates. Do not hesitate to inquire about anything
that you need clarification on.
●
What is the interest rate? How frequently is it
adjusted? Does the interest paid depend on a minimum
balance, and how is it calculated?
●
How often is interest compounded?
●
When do you start earning interest?
●
Inquire about fees and penalties and any other features.
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Consumer Information
Interest Rates
Glossary
Annual Percentage Rate (APR) is the interest rate expressed as a
yearly percentage, calculated according to a preset formula. All banks
calculate the APR in the same way. Lenders should disclose the APR to
borrowers.
Amortisation is the process of paying off debt over a set time period by
installments. The payments will include the principal sum and the
interest. It may also include fees, if the bank has included them in the
facility.
Creditworthiness is the eligibility of a consumer to borrow money
from a financial institution. This is generally dependent on a consumer’s
credit rating, which depends on, for example, how much debt the
customer has, his/her income and past history of repaying loans on time.
Compound Interest is interest paid on interest earned in earlier periods.
How frequently the interest is compounded is part of the borrowing
agreement. For example, a bank may compound an interest rate on a
loan on a monthly basis, a quarterly basis, six month basis or annually.
Current/Chequing Accounts are accounts where withdrawals are
immediately available and cheques can be issued as a form of payment
that is directly withdrawn from the account.
Discounted Rate is where the lender (bank) specifies a discount off the
variable rate for a given period of time. During this period the rate
payable will vary whenever the lender changes its variable rate and the
discount will be taken off the new rate. When the discount period ends,
the rate usually goes back to the lender’s variable rate. The borrower
usually agrees to stay with the lender for a certain period of time or face
a penalty.
Fixed Interest Rates are interest rates that do not change over the term
of the loan.
Interbank Borrowings are money that is borrowed between banks.
Late Payment Charges are charges imposed on late payments on
existing loans. If payments are late, both a finance charge (the interest on
the outstanding balance) and a late-payment charge will be due. Some
lenders may also impose an additional penalty if you have more than one
late payment within several months.
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Line of Credit is a loan that customers can draw on when needed and
repay as funds become available. Lines of credit are usually only available
to most creditworthy customers.
Overdraft is an agreed amount by which an account can be overdrawn.
This facility usually carries an annual fee and is provided to consumers
who have chequing accounts.
Personal Loans/Corporate Loans are loans to individuals and loans to
companies.
Principal Sum is the sum borrowed or deposited by a consumer.
Prime Rates are interest rates that are charged by banks to their most
creditworthy corporate customers. Usually this rate is a lower interest
rate than is available to private borrowers.
Published Reference Rate (or Underlying Interest Rate) is a
publicly quoted interest rate that is used by financial institutions as a
reference to calculate their variable interest rates. It can be either an
average of several interest rates or one well-known interest rate (such as
the prime rate).
Savings Accounts are interest-bearing accounts where deposits and
withdrawals can be made on demand, but chequing privileges are not
normally available.
Secured Loans are loans that are backed by an asset owned by the
customer. Usually, if the borrower fails to repay their loan, the bank has
the authority to sell the security (asset) in order to repay the loan.
Unsecured Loans are loans granted to the borrower based on trust.
Lenders will tend to provide unsecured loans to their most creditworthy
customers.
Time Deposit Account (Certificate of Deposit) is a deposit account
where an institution and a consumer deposit funds that are “locked in”
for a specific period of time. Usually there are penalties associated with
premature withdrawal from these accounts.
Variable (Adjustable) Interest Rates are interest rates that increase and
decrease based on the change of a published reference rate. For example,
a credit card might have a variable rate that is a certain spread over the
prime rate.
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∂`` ` ` ∏` ¡à°ùª`dG π`` ` ` «` dO
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BMA Booklet Aug_05.qxd
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