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Abington School District v. Schempp,
76, 128, 131, 132, 134, 135,
136, 138, 139
Adams, John, 8, 42, 101, 105
Alien and Sedition Acts, 99
Amish, 65
Arver v. United States, 184, 185, 186,
187, 188, 193
Aztec religion, 60
Bailyn, Bernard, 82
Banning, Lance, 31, 32
Berg, Thomas C., 133
Bill Establishing a Provision for Teachers
of the Christian Religion, 14,
20–21, 26, 28, 50, 229–230
Bill Establishing Religious Freedom. See
Jefferson, Thomas or Jeffersonianism: Virginia Statute for
Religious Freedom
Black, Justice Hugo, 140, 143, 199
Madisonianism compared with, 203
Blackstone, William, 99
‘‘Blaine’’ amendments, 169, 172
blue laws, 177, See also Braunfeld v.
Brown
Board of Education v. Allen, 140
Boller, Paul F., 67
Bowditch, Nathaniel, 107
Brant, Irving, 13
Braunfeld v. Brown, 177, 178, 179,
180, 181
Brennan, Justice William J., 5, 178, 184
Madisonianism compared with, 203
Breyer, Justice Stephen G., 1, 148, 150
Buckley, Thomas, 83, 97
Buddhism, 138
Burger, Chief Justice Warren E., 17, 184
Cabell, Joseph, 107
Cantwell v. Connecticut, 17, 182, 185,
186, 187, 188, 193
Carr, Peter, 103
Catholic schools, 13, 139, 140, 142,
143, 146
Catholicism, 27, 29, 62, 138, 156
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day
Saints, 175, 181
Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v.
City of Hialeah, 167, 169, 170,
171, 173, 174, 189, 194
City of Boerne v. Flores, 19, 20
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 184, 185
Cobb, Sanford, 19
coercion test, 1
conscientious objection to military
service, 63–66, 184, 216
Continental Congress, 57
Cooper, Thomas, 106–107
Cord, Robert, 14, 15
235
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236
Corporation of Presiding Bishops v.
Amos, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188,
189, 193
County of Allegheny v. Greater
Pittsburgh ACLU, 76, 149, 150,
151, 153, 154, 156, 162, 197
Danbury Baptist Association. See Jefferson, Thomas or Jeffersonianism: Danbury Baptist
Association letter to
Declaration of Independence, 6, 68, 74,
89, 98, 137
Dinwiddie, Robert, 63
divisiveness test, 1
Dreisbach, Daniel L., 77, 80
Elk Grove School District v. Newdow,
130, 131, 134, 136, 137, 139,
158, 159, 162, 163, 165, 196,
197, 217
Employment Division v. Smith, 17, 175,
178, 179, 180, 181, 216
endorsement test, 1, 130
Engle v. Vitale, 76, 128, 131, 132, 134,
136, 137, 139, 156, 163, 164,
197
Establishment Clause. See also Jefferson,
Thomas or Jeffersonianism:
Establishment Clause and; Madison, James or Madisonianism:
Establishment Clause and;
Washington, George or
Washingtonianism: Establishment Clause and
government support of private
religious schools cases, 139–147,
157, 162
government support of religion in the
public square cases, 147–156, 157
religion in public schools cases,
128–139, 157, 159, 162
types of cases, 127
Everson v. Board of Education, 2, 12,
13, 14, 15, 49, 70, 74–77, 131,
139, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146,
147, 164, 199
exemptions for religion from generally
applicable laws. See Free
Exercise Clause: indirect burden/
exemption cases
Federalist Papers, 98
First Amendment. See also
Establishment Clause; Free
Exercise Clause
Free Speech Clause, 148
original meaning of Religion Clauses,
4, 7, 207
flag salute. See Minersville School
District v. Gobitis; Pledge of
Allegiance; West Virginia v.
Barnette
Frankfurter, Justice Felix, 176, 199
Free Exercise Clause. See also Jefferson,
Thomas or Jeffersonianism: Free
Exercise Clause and; Madison,
James or Madisonianism: Free
Exercise Clause and; Washington, George or Washingtonianism: Free Exercise Clause and
direct burden cases, 167–175, 190
indirect burden/exemption cases,
175–181, 190, 191
state identification of religion cases,
181, 190, 192
types of cases, 166–167
George Mason, 6, 18, 32, 50, 51
Ginsburg, Justice Ruth Bader, 148, 205
Jeffersonianism compared with,
199–201
Madisonianism compared with, 203
Washingtonianism compared with,
199–201
Goldwin, Robert, 351
Good News Club v. Milford Public School
District, 148, 149, 150, 151, 153,
154, 155, 156, 162, 164
Hall, Mark David, 2
Hamburger, Philip, 19, 25, 81
Hamilton, Alexander, 71
Harrison, Benjamin, 21
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Harvard Law Review, 17
Henry, Patrick, 14, 20, 31, 50, 229.
See also Bill Establishing a
Provision for Teachers of the
Christian Religion
Hinduism, 138
Hume, David, 99
Hutson, James, 41
Jaffa, Harry V., 5, 59
Jefferson, Thomas or Jeffersonianism:
Act for Establishing Elementary
Schools, 112
anticlericalism and, 72–73, 100–114,
114–115, 124
arguments for and against, 208–212
Bible and, 105, 115, 128, 138, 146
Bill for the More General Diffusion of
Knowledge, 97
contradictions in, 72–74, 96, 97, 99,
106, 113, 114, 174, 209
correspondence with
Adams, John, 101
Baldwin, William, 100
Brokenbrough, Arthur S. 109
Carr, Peter, 103
Clay, Charles, 101
Cooper, Thomas, 108–109
de Chastellux, Jean, 112
Lincoln, Levi, 81
Madison, James, 97, 98, 99
Miller, Samuel, 79–80
Moor, Jeremiah, 112, 124
Pickering, Thomas, 103–104
Short, William, 101, 103, 105
Smith, James, 101, 102, 104
Sparks, Jared, 102
von Humboldt, Alexander, 70, 100
Waterhouse, Benjamin, 103, 104
Danbury Baptist Association letter to,
71, 77–78
Virginia Statute for Religious
Freedom compared with, 78
efforts to shape Amercians’ religious and
political opinions, 97–100, 115
Establishment Clause and, 116,
156–165
237
government support of private
religious schools, 146–147
government support of religion in
the public square, 154–156
Madisonianism compared with,
163–165
religion in public schools, 136–139
Supreme Court compared with,
196–198
Washingtonianism compared with,
125, 160–163, 164
First Amendment interpretation of,
78–81
Free Exercise Clause and, 188–195
direct burdens, 173–175
indirect burdens/exemptions,
180–181
Madisonianism compared with,
189–195
state identification of religion, 188
Supreme Court compared with,
196–198
Washingtonianism compared with,
189–195
judicial doctrine for religion
jurisprudence, 123–126. See also
Jefferson, Thomas or
Jeffersonianism: Establishment
and; Jefferson, Thomas or
Jeffersonianism: Free Exercise
Clause and
minister exclusions from office and,
40, 72, 106, 111–112, 115, 124,
174, 211
moral sense and, 113
natural rights and, 72–74, 77, 78, 81,
82, 89–90, 96, 97, 115, 123,
126, 208, 209, 211, 220
Notes on the State of Virginia, 40, 89,
90, 114
public education and, 95, 96,
97–100, 112, 114
efforts to prevent Bible reading in,
110–111
‘‘rational’’ religion and, 72, 102–111,
113–114, 126, 136, 138, 146,
155, 210
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Jefferson, Thomas or Jeffersonianism
(cont.)
religious beliefs, 211. See also
Jefferson, Thomas or
Jeffersonianism:‘‘rational’’
religion
view of Jesus, 100–101, 102–106
Supreme Court use of, 2, 70, 72,
74–77, 206–208
Unitarianism and, 104–105, 111
University of Virginia and, 71, 98–99,
136, 137, 146
divinity school proposal at, 107–109
efforts against religious worship at,
109–110, 115
Thomas Cooper and, 106–107
Virginia Statute for Religious
Freedom, 71, 74–75, 78, 82–97,
231–233
criticism of compulsory financial
support, 88
Danbury Baptist Association letter
compared with, 78
discrepancy between philosophical
argument and legal maxims, 91–
97
John Locke and, 85–86
Jefferson’s differences from
Locke, 90–91
philosophical argument of, 85–91
weakness of, 93–96
prudential arguments of, 91
theological considerations and, 86
‘‘wall of separation’’ and, 11, 13, 72,
74–77, 78–82
Jesus Christ, 67, 100–101, 102–105,
123. See also Jefferson, Thomas
or Jeffersonianism: religious
beliefs; view of Jesus
Judaism, 138, 156. See also Braunfeld v.
Brown; Washington, George or
Washingtonianism: corrspondence with: Hebrew Congregation
at Newport
Kennedy, Justice Anthony M., 203
Madisonianism compared with, 201
Kessler, Sanford, 90
Lee v. Weisman, 15, 129, 130, 131,
132, 134, 136, 138, 139
213
legislative chaplains. See Establishment
Clause: government support of
religion in the public square;
Madison, James or
Madisonianism: legislative
chaplains and; Marsh v.
Chambers
Lemon v. Kurtzman, 1, 58, 76, 130,
140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145,
146, 147, 149
Lemon test, 1, 130, 141, 184
Levy, Leonard W., 73, 99
Lindsay, Thomas, 30
living constitutionalism, 3
criticism of, 5
Locke v. Davey, 169, 170, 172, 173,
174, 175, 194
Locke, John, 23, 29, 85–86, 90–91,
98
Lord’s Prayer, 128, 135, 138
Lynch v. Donnelly, 149, 150, 151, 153,
154, 156
Madison, James or Madisonianism:
arguments for and against, 214–219
Census of 1790 and, 39
correspondence with
Adams, Jasper, 46
Beasly, Fredrick, 44
Bradford, William, 45
Brown, John, 40
Everett, Edward, 146
Jefferson, Thomas, 22
Livingston, Edward, 46
Schaeffer, F. L. 45
Walsh, Robert, 45
‘‘Detached Memoranda,’’ 43
Establishment Clause and, 156–165
government support of private
religious schools, 142–144
government support of religion in
the public square, 150–153
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Jeffersonianism compared with,
163–165
religion in public schools, 132–134
Supreme Court compared with,
196–198
Washingtonianism compared with,
163–165
First Amendment drafting and, 34–39
Free Exercise Clause and, 188–195
direct burdens, 170
indirect burdens/exemptions, 179
Jeffersonianism compared with,
189–195
state identification of religion,
185–186
Supreme Court compared with,
196–198
Washingtonianism compared with,
189–195
government support of religion
criticism of, 44–48
Jefferson criticism of, 40, 111
judicial doctrine for religion
jurisprudence, 121
legislative chaplains and, 13, 43, 44
‘‘Memorial and Remonstrance,’’
223–228
argument of, 22–29
implicit theology of, 23, 29–32
inalienable natural rights and, 23–26
John Locke and, 22–23
Madison’s differences from
Locke, 29
political context of, 20–22
scholarly and judicial
interpretations of, 11, 17–20
social compact theory and, 22–29
military chaplains and, 13, 43, 51
minister exclusions from office and,
40, 111
noncognizance principle, 25–26.
See also Madison, James or
Madisonianism: Establishment
Clause and; Madison, James or
Madisonianism: Free Exercise
Clause and; Madison, James or
239
Madisonianism: ‘‘Memorial and
Remonstrance’’
criticism of, 220–221
nonpreferentialism and, 14–15, 17
presidential religious proclamations,
13, 42–43, 52, 53
presidential vetoes, 40–42
separationism and, 13–14, 15–16
Supreme Court use of, 12–20, 206–208
Vices of the Political System of the
United States, 220
Virginia Declaration of Rights and, 6,
32–34
Virginia Ratifying Convention
comments during, 37
Washington disagreement with, 44.
See also Washington, George or
Washingtonianism: Madison
compared with
Malone, Dumas, 82
Marsh v. Chambers, 147, 150, 153,
154, 156
McCollum v. Board of Education, 15,
74–77, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135,
136, 138, 139, 163, 213
McConnell, Michael, 17–20
Madison interpretation of, 17–19
McCreary County v. American Civil
Liberties Union of Kentucky, 76,
149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154,
156, 162, 165, 197, 217
McDaniel v. Paty, 17, 168, 169, 170,
171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 191,
194, 209, 215
McDaniel, Paul, 168, 174
Meese, Edwin, 4–5
military chaplains. See Establishment
Clause: government support of
religion in the public square;
Madison, James or Madisonianism: military chaplains and;
Washington, George or Washingtonianism: military chaplains and
Minersville School District v. Gobitis,
176, 178, 179, 180, 181
Mitchell v. Helms, 107, 141, 142, 144,
145, 146, 147
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Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, 55, 99
Mormonism. See Church of Jesus Christ
of Latter-Day Saints
Native Americans, 101
natural right to religious freedom, 6–7,
23–26, 72–73, 82–83, 89–90,
96, 115
natural rights, 6–7, 23, 25, 27, 28, 44,
62, 72–74, 77, 78, 81, 82, 83,
89, 92, 95, 97, 106, 113, 123,
126, 208, 209, 220
New York Constitution of 1776, 172
nonpreferentialism, 2, 14, 16, 59, 213
Northwest College, 169
Novak, Michael, 67
O’Connor, Justice Sandra Day, 19–20,
184
Madisonianism compared with, 203
originalism, 2, 206–208
criticism of, 3–6
Owen, J. Judd, 103
Peterson, Merrill D., 233
Pfeffer, Leo, 14, 20
Pledge of Allegiance, 130, 131, 133,
134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 151,
162, 163, 176, 177, 179, 217,
218. See also Elk Grove School
District v. Newdow
prayer in public schools. See Abington v.
Schempp; Engle v. Vitale;
Establishment Clause: religion in
public schools; Lee v. Weisman;
Santa Fe Independent School
District v. Doe; Wallace v. Jaffree
Priestly, Joseph, 106
Protestantism, 31, 138, 156
psychological coercion test, 130
Publius, 11, 35, 206
Quakers, 27, 63–66, 122, 180
Rehnquist, Chief Justice William, 14–
16, 129, 141, 145, 169, 174,
199, 201, 205, 213
Establishment Clause interpretation
of, 15
Jeffersonianism compared with, 201
Washingtonianism compared with, 201
Reynolds v. United States, 17, 70, 175,
178, 179, 180, 181
Reynolds, George, 175, 180
Rice, John H., 107
Rosen, Gary, 31
Rosenberger v. University of Virginia,
16, 76, 127, 148, 149, 150, 153,
154, 155, 156, 162, 163, 209,
215
Rutledge, Justice Wiley, 13
Santa Fe Independent School District v.
Doe, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135,
136, 137, 138, 139, 164, 197,
199
Santeria, 167, 168, 170, 171, 173, 189,
194. See also Employment
Division of Oregon v. Smith
Scalia, Justice Antonin G., 1, 11, 20,
201, 205
Jeffersonianism compared with, 201
Washingtonianism compared with, 201
school vouchers. See Zelman v. Simmons-Harris
secular purpose test, 58
separationism, 2, 15, 58, 129, 141.
See also Everson v. Board of
Education
Seventh Day Adventists, 65, 178
Sherbert v. Verner, 17, 19, 178, 179,
180, 181
Sherbert, Adel, 178
Sidney, Algernon, 98
Smith, Steven D., 27
Souter, Justice David H., 1, 15–16, 148,
150, 201, 205
Establishment Clause interpretation
of, 15–16
Jeffersonianism compared with,
199–201
Madison interpretation of, 15–16
Washingtonianism compared with,
199–201
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Stevens, Justice John Paul, 148
Jeffersonianism compared with,
199–201
Washingtonianism compared with,
199–201
strict separationism. See separationism
Ten Commandments, 1, 76, 149, 150,
151, 152, 153, 154, 156, 162,
165, 176, 206, 217, 218.
See also McCreary County v.
American Civil Liberties Union
of Kentucky; Van Orden v. Perry
Tennessee Supreme Court, 168
Tenth Amendment, 80
terrorism, 7
Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock, 184,
185, 186, 187, 188, 193
Thomas, Justice Clarence, 1, 205
Establishment Clause interpretation
of, 16–17
Jeffersonianism compared with, 201
Madison interpretation of, 16–17
Madisonianism compared with, 201
Washingtonianism compared with, 201
Ticknor, George, 107
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 1, 50
toleration, 6, 66
Uhlmann, Michael, 4
Unitarianism, 104–105, 107, 111
United States v. Seeger, 184, 185, 186,
187, 188, 193
University of Virginia, 71, 74, 98–99,
106–110, 136, 137, 146
divinity school proposal at, 107–109
evangelical criticism of, 106–107
Jefferson’s efforts against religious
worship at, 109–110, 115
Rockfish Gap report, 106, 108, 109
Van Orden v. Perry, 150, 151, 152,
153, 154, 156, 162, 197, 217
Virginia Declaration of Rights, 6, 18,
19, 23, 30, 32, 48, 108
drafting of, 34
241
wall of separation. See Everson v. Board
of Education; Jefferson, Thomas
or Jeffersonianism: ‘‘wall of separation’’
Wallace v. Jaffree, 129, 131, 132
134, 135, 136, 137, 139
201
Walz v. Tax Commission of City of New
York, 182, 184, 185, 186, 187,
188, 193
War of 1812, 42, 52
Washington State Constitution, 169, 172
Washington, George or Washingtonianism
arguments for and against, 212–214
‘‘Circular to the States,’’ 53
correspondence with
Baptist Churches of Virginia, 60
Catholics, Roman, 62
Dinwiddie, Robert, 63
Hebrew Congregation at Newport,
6, 62–63, 66
Livingston, William, 65
Mason, George, 50
Presbyterians, 66–68
Quakers, 61–62, 122, 180
Establishment Clause and, 156–165
government support of private
religious schools, 144–145
government support of religion in
the public square, 153–154
Jeffersonianism compared with,
125, 162–163, 164
Madisonianism compared with,
163–165
nonpreferentialism compared with,
59, 213
religion in public schools, 134–136
secular purpose rule, 58
separationism, 58
Supreme Court compared with,
196–198
Farewell Address, 54–56, 99, 144
First Inaugural address, 53, 57
Free Exercise Clause and, 188–195
direct burdens, 170–173
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Washington, George or
Washingtonianism (cont.)
indirect burdens/exemptions,
179–180
indirect burdens/religious
exemptions, 65–66
Jeffersonianism compared with,
189–195
Madisonianism compared with,
189–195
state identification of religion,
186–187
Supreme Court compared with,
196–198
government funding of religion and,
50–51, 58
Jefferson compared with, 56, 58
judicial doctrine for religion
jurisprudence, 121–123. See also
Washington, George or
Washingtonianism:
Establishment Clause and;
Washington, George or
Washingtonianism: Free Exercise
Clause and
Madison compared with, 50–52, 56,
58, 59
military chaplains and, 51–52,
57–58, 153
military orders, 51–52
presidential religious proclamations,
42, 52–53, 57
Quakers and, 61–62, 63–66, 122
religion and good citizenship and,
50–52, 55, 59–63, 67–69, 121,
172, 173
religion and morality and, 54–56,
121, 173
Supreme Court use of, 206–208
Weber, Paul, 28
West Virginia v. Barnette, 176, 177,
178, 179, 180, 181
West, John G., 67
West, Thomas G., 59
Whittington, Keith E., 119
Wisconsin v. Yoder, 65, 177, 178, 179,
180, 181
World War II, 176
Yarbrough, Jean, 110, 113
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, 141,
142, 144, 145, 146, 147,
163, 164
Zorach v. Clauson, 131, 132, 134, 135,
136, 138, 139
Zuckert, Michael P., 7, 35, 88, 113
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