pg 13
Introduction to Earth Science
Instrument
Description
ruler
:volume of regular, rectangular object (box)
: distance
graduated
cylinder
: volume of an irregularly shaped object (rocks)
scale or
triple beam
balance
: Mass
stopwatch
: time
Formulas
Density
D= mass
volume
rate of change: rate= change in field value
time
pg 15
Accuracy
nearest
tenth?
hundreth?
1 decimal place
0.1
2 decimal places
0.01
thousandth? 3 decimal places
0.001
***All solutions must be done in ESA format***
equation
S :
substitution
A : answer
**Always use proper units**
Metric Conversion (base 10)
H
D
c
pg 17
Graphical Relationships
direct relationship
- As one variable increases, the other increases
ex: pollution vs population
indirect relationship
- As one variable increases, the other variable
decreases
ex: elevation vs average temperature
cyclic relationship
- As one variable increases, the other changes in a
predictable pattern
ex: phases of the moon, tides,
yearly temperatures
no relationship
- As one variable increases, the other stays the
same
ex: time vs mass
pg 19
Mass
(number of
atoms)
Mass
-measured using a scale or triple beam balance
- units include grams, kilograms
1. If an object is heated, what happens to the mass?
NOTHING!! ... Why?
2. If an object has a mass of 240g on Earth, its
mass on the moon will be...
THE SAME... Why?
pg 21
Volume
- the amount of space an object takes up
volume of a
: measured with a ruler
regular object : LxWxH
E: Volume = Length x Width x Height
S: V = (12.3cm)(4.0cm)(3.2cm)
A: V = 157.3 cm3
volume of
irregular
object
: measured with a graduated cylinder
1. put water into cylinder
2. measure volume of water
3. slowly and carefully place object in the cylinder
4. re-measure volume of water
5. subtract volumes
pg 23
Density
- how tightly packed the atoms are
* heat an object = expands and becomes less
packed (less dense)
*cool an object = contracts and becomes more
packed (more dense)
- When an object is split into smaller parts
Why? -- Water is most dense at 4 C
D H2O = 1.00 g/mL