The
GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. 13, No. 1
Spring 1980
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
Published by the Michigan Entomological So&Q
so- 1
Volume 13
ISSN 0090-0222
TABLE OF CONTESI3
The Distribution of the Pentatomoidea in the Northeastern Quarrer of rbe Lnited States
(Hemiptera)
J. E. McPherson.. .........................................................
1
A List of the Prey Species of Podisus maculicentris (Hemiptcra: P e n r a r o m h e ~
J. E. McPherson.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IT
A List of the Fulgoroidea (Homoptera) of Southern Illinois
S. W. Wilson and J. E. McPherson.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
The Etymology of the Beetle Name Lucanus Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Lucanidae~
H. D. Cameron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
In Vitro Culture of the Ambrosia Beetle Xyleborus aflnis (Coleoptera: Scd?Tid;r~
R. A . Roeper, L. M. Treeful, R. A. Foote, and M. A. Bunce.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Report of New Trichoptera Records for Ohio
David B. MacLean and Bonnie K. MacLean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3'
on
Notes on the Biology and Damage of Two Acrobasis Species (Lepidoprrm.
Black Walnut in Michigan
Peter J. Martinat and William E. Wallner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
A Review of the Biology of the Elm Spanworm (Lepidoptera: G e o m c t r i k l
A. T. Drooz ...............................................................
49
Report of a Native Foodplant for Haploa confusa (Lepidoptera: Arctiidas!
Thomas J. Rosatti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-i-i
The European Antecedents of the Schmitt Box
Ronald Sterne Wilkinson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
COVER ILLUSTRATION
A female cecropia moth, Hyalophora cecropia (Linnaeus). Photograph b~ Dr. Kenneth A.
Wagner, Fenis State College.
Vol. 12, No. 3 of The Great Lakes Entomologist was mailed on 15 October. IT9
Vol. 12, No. 4 of The Great Lakes Entomologist was mailed on 21 December. 1979
THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
1979-80 OFFICERS
Daniel K. Young
Gary A. Simmons
M. C. Nielsen
D. C. L. Gosling
President
President-Elect
Executive Secretary
Editor
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Copyright @ 1980, The Michigan Entomological Society
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PENTATOMOIDEA IN THE
NORTHEASTERN QUARTER OF THE UNITED STATES (HEMIPTERA)
ABSTRACT
The distributions of the pentatomoids occurring in the northeastern quarter of the United
States as listed by Van Duzee in 1917 are updated.
Van Duzee's catalogue of the Hemiptera of America north of Mexico (179) was published
in 1917. and has served for several years as a basic source of information (i.e.. synonyms,
distributions, references) for the order. Blatchley (12) relied heavily on it for his classic
study of the Hemiptera of eastern North America as did Torre-Bueno ( 174) in his synopsis of
North American Hemiptera. However, as is to be expected, the distributions of species as
listed by Van Duzee have become increasingly outdated, both because of subsequent faunal
lists which have provided a better understanding of the actual ranges of these taxa, and
because of several taxonomic revisions and/or descriptions of new species which have
invalidated sections of the catalogue.
The Pentatomoidea is a typical group for which the taxonomic and bionomic literature
have increased tremendously since 1917, particularly in the northeastern quarter of the
continental United States. Presented here are updated distributions for these northeastern
pentatomoids and references. These consist of the distributions given by Van Duzee, supplemented with more recent records; occasionally I have used records predating 1917, which
Van Duzee apparently overlooked. I have omitted the Van Duzee distributions for taxa that
have undergone extensive revision subsequent to 1917. The geographical area considered
lies within an area bordered by a line running from Minnesota south to Missouri, and east to
Virginia. It is hoped that the updated distributions will serve as a stimulus for supplementary
lists, particularly where oh\ ious gaps still remain (e.g., Minnesota, Wisconsin).
The sequence of genera follows. where possible, that in Van Duzee's catalogue. His 1917
distributions are set off with italics. Those taxa that Van Duzee did not list as occurring in
the geographical area considered in this paper, or were described subsequent to his catalogue, are indicated by a dashed line. Those which he listed from this area but have been
greatly affected by revisionar).. studies are indicated by a question mark, the one exception
being that of Microporus obliquus for which the question mark is his.
Family SCUTELLERIDAE
SubfamiIy PACHYCORINAE
Genus TETYIU Fabricius
bipunctata (Herrich-Schaeffer). LVY,!VJ, .\ID, DC. CT ( 16), VA (12, 58, 69). IN (I?), MI (69.
78), WI (47), MN (69).
Genus ACAhTHOLOMIDEA Sailel
denticulata (Stal). IN, IL. NY (6). NJ (5). VA (58). KY, WI. MN (69), MI (69, 78), IA (51.
69).
porosa (Germar).
VA (58, 65, 69), MO (42, 69).
IDepartment of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901.
T H E GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. 13, No. I
Genus DIOLCUS Mayr
chrysorrhoeus (Fabriciusp.
NC ( 14. 69, 17 I), AR (69).
Genus STETHAULAX Bergroth
marmorata (Say). N Y , N J , MD. PA (189), VA (58), DC. WV, KY, (69), IL (54, 69, 95: 98,
104, 106, 182, 183), M 0 (32,42,69).
Genus HOMAEMUS Dallas
aeneifrons (Say). N H , MA, N Y , NJ, PA, MD, VA, WI. ME (69, 129, 131. 132, 138), VT, WV,
MN (691, CT (15, 69, 131, 135), OH (122), IN (12, 69), IL (12, 53, 54, 69, 98), MI (69, 78,
168), MN (54, 69), IA (56, 69, 120, 163, 165, 166).
bijugis Uhler. IA. IL (12, 54, 69, 98), WI (69), MN (12, 54, 69).
parvulus (Germar).
MD, O H (69). VA (58, 69). IN (30), IL (54, 69,95.98, 104), IA (55,
69), MO (42, 69).
Subfamily EURYGASTRINAE
Genus EURYGASTER Laporte
alternata (Say)b. ME, N H , MA, N Y , NJ, IL. CT. OH, W I , MN, IA (69), MD (12), VA (58).
IN (12, 69), MI (69,78).
amerinda Bliven.
ME, NH, VT, MA, CT, NY, IL, MI, WI, MN, IA (69).
Genus PHIMODERA Germar
binotata (Say).
IL (12, 54, 69, 98), MI (69, 78, 159), MN (69).
Genus VANDUZEEINA Schouteden
borealis Van Duzee.
IL (69, 98).
Family CORIMELAENIDAEC
Genus GALGUPHA Amyot & Serville
aterrima Malloch.
ME, NH, MA, RI, CT, NY, NJ, PA, MD, IL, MI, WI, MO (74), VA
(58), IN (12).
atra Amyot & Serville. ?. ME (138), NH, VT, MA, RI, CT, NY, PA. MD, DC, VA, OH, IL,
MI, WI, IA, MO (74), IN (10, 12).
carinata McAtee & Malloch.
MD, VA (74), IL (82, 95, 98, 104),'MI (78), MO (42).
denudata (Uhler).
DC, VA (74). IL (82, 95, 98, 104).
loboprostethia Sailer.
Va (58). IL (95, 98, 104, 147), MI (78). IA (147), MO (146).
n. nitiduloides (Wolff). ?. MA, CT, NJ, PA, DC, OH, IN, IL, MI, MN, IA, MO (74).
ovalis Hussey.
MA, NY, NJ, PA, DE, MD, DC, VA, KY, IN, IA, MO (74), MI (78). IL
(95, 98. 104).
Genus CORIMELAENA White
agrella McAtee. ----. MD, VA (74). KY (72), IL (82, 95, 98, 104, 109, 110).
NY (74). IL (91, 98), MN (R. I. Sailer, unpubl. Ms).
alpina (McAtee & Malloch).
harti Malloch. ----. MD, VA (72, 74), NY, DC (74), IL (72, 95, 98, 104), MO (42).
I. lateralis (Fabricius). MA, RI, N Y , NJ, PA, MD, DC, O H , IL, MI. ME (166), CT (15, 16,
131, 135), VA (4, 58). IN (12), IA (56, 119, 163. 165. 166), MO (42).
marginella Dallas (treated as synonym of C . prrlicaria by Van Duzee).
RI,NY (74),MD
(73, 74), VA (73), NJ, IN (12).
1980
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
3
nigra Dallas.
NY?d, MI (74).
obscura .McPherson & Sailer.
PA, MD, DC, VA, KY, OH, IL, IA, MO (IOS), MI (99,
105).
pulicaria ( G e m a r ) . MA, IVY,NJ, PA, MD, DC, MN, MO. ME (129, 131, 132, 138), VT, RI
(131). CT (IS. 16, 131, 135), VA (4, 58), OH (1, 2, 122), IN (10, 12), IL (40, 54, 80, 95, 98,
104. 109. {lo), MI (62. 78, 168, 176). IA (56, 119, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166).
Genus CYDNOIDES Malloch
ciliatus orientis McAtee & Malloch.
IN (12). IL (12, 53, 54, 95, 98. 181). MI (99), MN,
MO (74).
renormatus (Uhler).
IL (12, 54, 98), MN (R. I. Sailer, unpubl. MS).
Family CYDNIDAE
Subfamily CYDNINAE
Genus CYRTOMENUS Amyot & Serville
ciliatus (Palisot de Beauvois) (listed as C . mirabilis [Perty] by Van Duzee). NJ. NY (6, 169),
DE (43), VA (43, 58), IN (30), IL (43, 54, 95, 98), MO (42, 43).
Genus TOMINOTUS Mulsant & Rey
communis (Uhler)'. ----. IN (12).
Genus MICROPORUS Uhler
obliquus Uhler. N Y ? . NY (6, 169), NJ (156), VA (43), IN (12,43), IL (12,43,54,98, 181), IA
(43, 163, 164, 165, 166), MO (42, 43).
Genus PANGAEUS Stil
bilineatus (Say). MA, CT, NY, NJ, PA, MD. VA (43,58), WV (43), OH (122), IN (12,43), IL
(43. 54. 95, 98, 104), IA (43, 56, 119, 166). MO (42, 43).
Genus MELANAETHUS Uhler
pensylvanicus (Signoret). PA. NY (6). MD (43). VA (43. 58), IL (43, 54, 95, 98, 104), MO
(43).
robustus Uhler. MA, NJ, PA, MD. DC (43), VA (43. 58), OH (43, 124), IN (12, 43), IL (43,
95, 98, 104), IA (43, 163, 166). MO (42, 43).
subpunctatus (BlatchIey). ----. MD (I?. 43). VA (43).
Subfamily AMNESTINAE
Genus AMNESTUS Dallas
basidentatus Froeschner.
NY, PA. htD, DC, MO (43), VA (43,58).
pallidus Zimmer. ----.MA (43,64, 131), CT (15, 13 1, 135), NY (6,43), NJ, PA, MD, KY (43).
VA (43, 58). IN (13, 43). IL (43, 54, 95, 98, 104, 166), MI (43. 78), IA (43, 55, 56, 166).
pusillus Uhler. NH, N Y , NJ, PA, IN, IA. ME(43, 131,135, 138), MA (43,131), CT(15), MD,
WV, KY (43), VA (43, 58), OH (125). IL (43, 54, 95, 98, 104), MI (78), MO (42, 43).
spinifrons (Say). MA, N Y, NJ, PA, MD, IN, IL, MI. RI (131). CT (15, 131, 135), DC, OH,
MO (43), VA (58, 6 9 , IA (43, 55, 56, 119, 165, 166).
Subfamily SEHIRINAE
Genus SEHIRUS Amyot & Servillee
cinctus albonotatus Dallas.
(43, 98), MI (43, 78).
----.ME, NH, VT, MA, NY, PA, WI, MN, 1A (43), IN (12), IL
4
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. 13. No. I
cinctus cinctus (Palisot de Beauvois). ----.MA. NY, PA, MD. DC, KY, OH, WI, 1A. MO
(43), VA (43. 58, 172). IN (12), IL (43, 95, 98, 104, 109. 1 lo), MI (43: 78).
Family PENTATOMIDAE
Subfamily PODOPINAE
Genus ONCOZYGIA St51
clavicornis St&l. V A .
Genus AMAUROCHROUS StHl
brevitylus Barber & Sailer (listed as Podops purvulus Van Duzee by Van Duzee). MA, N Y ,
N J . IN (12). IL (54, 9 0 , MI (78), W1. MN (8), 1A (8. 165, 166).
cinctipes (Say). N Y , N J . DC.NH (131), MA(64, 131. 173), CT (15, 131, 135), PA (189), VA
(58). IN (10, 121, IL (54, 95,98, 104), MI(62,78), MN (12.54), IA(56. 119, 161, 165, 166),
MO (8).
magnus Barber & Sailer.
MDT (58), VA'!s (178).
ovalis Barber & Sailer.
MD? (58).
Genus ALLOPODOPS Harris & Johnston
mississippiensis Harris & Johnston.
VA (8, 58).
Subfamily PENTATOMINAE
Tribe SCIOCORINI
Genus SCIOCORIS FaIIen
microphthalmus Flor. N H . ME ( 1 17, 13 1, 134, 135, 138), NY (6. 12, 33, 128). MI (61,78, 167.
168), MN (54). IA (56).
Tribe MECIDEINI
Genus MECIDEA Dallas
major Sailer.
MO (47, 148).
minor Ruckes (listed as M. longula Stil by Van Duzee, at least in part). IA?. IA?h (120, 12 1 ,
148), MO (148).
Tribe HALYINI
Genus BROCHYMENA Amyot & Serville
arborea (Say). ME, MA. N Y , N J , P A , MD, DC, O H . NH (131, 151),CT(l5, 131, 135),VA
(58, 65), IN (12, 166). IL (27, 54, 95. 98, 104, 109, IIO), MI (78, 176), IA (119, 161, 163,
166), MO (32, 42).
cariosa Stbl.
IN (147). IL (72, 86, 95, 98, 104, 142), MO (42. 142).
carolinensis (Westwood). N Y, N J , DC. MA ( 13 I), CT (IS, 13 1, 1351, VA (58). OH (45, 1227,
123?'), IN (107, 4 9 , MI'?J (45).
p. punctata Van Duzee. V A . O H ( 4 3 , IN ( I Z ) , 11. (89, 95, 98).
quadripustulata (Fabricius). N Y , N J . P A . DC, O H . NH (13 1, 150). MA (I:. 13 I), CT (15,
131, 139, DE (14% VA (58, 591, IN (10?i, 12), IL (27, 53. 54, 95, 98, 104, 109, 1 lo), MI
(78, 176?i), MN (71), IA (1197, 161, 165, 166), MO (42).
Tribe PENTATOMINI
Genus HOLCOSTETHUS Fiebe~
abbreviatus Uhler.
fulvipes (Ruckes).
IA (120).
NH (76), NY (76, 143). MI (99).
1980
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
5
limbohins i S r a ) . .VY. .W. IL. ME (132. 134. 138). MA (12, 64, 131, 173), CT (15, 131, 135),
P.I(l891. V.Ir58). OH r 1.2.45. 122. 140). IN (12). MI (78, 168, 176), IA (56, 119, 161, 163,
165. 166). 510 113. 12. 112).
piceuf (Dallas). L-i. IL r 12. 45. 51. 76. 98. 166). MI (45, 99).
Genus TRICHOPEPLA ~t:l
atrimrnis S d l . IL. 157.OH 145. ' 7 ) . I S (301. 511 (45. 78). IA (56, 120, 163, 165k, 166).
semirittata tSa1-I. .VI: .YJ, P.1. DE. DC, OH. I-\-. MA(&. 108, 131), RI (130, CT(15, 131,
135). MD (51). V.Ir58. 1-21. IL 135.54.80.81.95.98. 104). MI (78), IA (56, 119. 163, 166),
510 (12).
Genus RHYTIDOLOMM St51
belfragii ~ t s l IL,
. IA. VA (58).
saucia (Say). M A , CT, IVY, V A .
senilis (Say). N Y , N J . V A . RI, MA (131), CT (15. 131. 135). MD ( 1 15)
Genus CHLOROCHROA ~ t ; l
penimilis Horvath (listed as synonym of C . uhleri St51 by Van Duzee). ME, CT, N Y , NJ.
NH,VT(131),MA(17,64, 131),PA(189),VA(58),OH(45),IN(12,45).1~(34,35,53,54,
95, 98, 181), MI (45, 62, 78, 168, 176), MN?' (71), IA?' (56, 161, 166). MO (41, 112).
sayi Stsl.
MO (13, 43).
Genus MORMIDEA Amyot & Serville
lugens (Fabricius). N H . N Y . N J . P A , DC, V A , WI. ME (129, 131, 138), VT, RI (131). MA
(64, 108, 131, 177). CT(15, 131, 135). OH (I, 2,45, 122, 177), IN (10, 12), IL(19, 35,54,83,
95.98, 104. 109, 110),MI(62.78, 168, 176),IA(56, 119, 163, 165, 166),MO(32,42, 111).
Genus OEBALUS ~ t i l
p. pugnax (Fabricius). N Y . NJ, PA, MD, D C , O H , IA. CT (15, 131, 135), VA (29,58,65, 175,
177), KY (45, 46). IN (17, 45), IL (19, 35, 40, 54, 95, 98, 104), MI (45, 78, 159), MN (40,
71), MO (13, 42, 1 IS).
Genus EUSCHISTUS Dallas
ictericus (Linnaeus). N Y , NJ, IL, WI. VT, R1 (131), MA (12, 54, 64, 131), CT(15, 131, 135),
VA (58), OH (45, 127), IN (10, 12,45), MI (45,62,78), IA (1 19, 163, 165, 166), MO (42).
politus Uhler. N H , M A , RI, N Y , NJ, MD, DC, OH. CT (16, 134, 135), VA (58), IN (12, 4 9 ,
I L (12, 54, 83, 95, 98: 104), MI (12, 45, 78), MN (72), MO (42).
sewus euschistoides (Vollenhoven). N H , MA, N Y , NJ?, PA?, O H , IL. ME (129, 13 1, 136,
138),RI(131),CT(15, 131, 135),IN (12,45,48),MI(45,62,78, 168, 176),IA(56, 119, 165,
166), MO (42).
servus servus (Say). VA?. VA. (58).
servus (Say) (intergrade population). NJ?, PA?, MD, DC, V A , IL. KY (45, 63), OH (45, 127,
140, 145), IN (12, 4 3 , IA (119, 166), MO (13, 28. 42).
tristigmus luridus Dallas. ME, N H , N Y , NJ, P A , MD, DC. V A , IA. VT ( 13 1, 133), MA ( 1 2,
17, 64, 108, 131, 173), RI (131, CT (IS, 90, 131, 135), OH (I?"', 45, I22?"', 123?"', 125?m,
1 4 0 P , 145),IN (lo?"', 12, 30),IL (18?"', 1 9 P . 20?"', 21?, 72,98, 137?"'), MI(62, 78, 168,
176), WI, MN (72).
tristigmus tristigrnus (Say). NY?, NJ?, P A , MD, DC, VA, IA, MO. DE (157), OH ( I P , 45,
1 2 2 P , 1 2 3 P , 1 2 5 P , 140?"', 145), IN (lo?"', 12), IL (18?"', 19?, 2 0 P , 21?"', 35, 36, 72,
79, 80, 84, 87, 88, 95, 98, 100, 101, 104, 109, 110, 137P).
6
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. 13, No. I
variolarius (Palisot de Beauvois ). N Y , NJ, P A . DC. ME (129, 138), NH (131, 155). MA (108,
131), CT (15. 131. 135), VA (4, 58, 190, 191). KY (12), OH (I, 2, 45, 122. 123, 140, 141.
145), IN(12,48,49,50), IL(18, 19,20,21,35,40,53,54,95,98, 104, 137, 181),MI(62,78,
168. 1761, WI (38), MN (71). IA (55, 56, 119, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166), MO (13, 32, 42).
Genus PROXYS Spinola
punctulatus (Palisot de Beauvois). PAn. VA (58), IN (12), IL (54.95.98, 104, 180), MO (42).
Genus COENUS Dallas
I
I
I
delius (Say). M A , N Y , N J , P A , IL, WI. ME (129, 131, 136, 138). NH, R1 (131),CT(15, 131,
13.9, VA (581, OH ( I , 45, 127), IN (I?), MI (78, 168), IA (55, 56, 119, 161, 165, 166), MO
(32. 42, 112).
inermis Harris & Johnston."
AR (52).
Genus HYMENARCYS Amyot & Serville
aequalis (Say). M A , N Y , NJ, MD, D C , O H , IN, IL, M O . PA (189), VA (58). KY (45). MI
(45, 78). IA (119, 161. 162. 166).
nervosa (Say). MA, N Y , N J , PA, MD, D C , V A , IN, IL, MO. RI (131), CT(15). KY ( 4 9 , OH
( 1 . 45. 122). MI (45, 78), IA (119, 161, 166).
Genus AELIA Fabricius
americana Dallas.
1L (85, 95, 98, 104), MI (78), MO (42).
Genus NEOTTIGLOSSA Kirby
cavifrons ~ t i l . VA (58). KY ( 4 9 , IN (12,45), IL (12, 35, 54, 95.98, 104), M 0 (42, 112).
sulcifrons St%l.N J , M D , D C . VA (58). KY (45), OH ( 1,45), IN (12.45). IL (35,53,54,95,98,
104). IA (56, 161, 163, 165, 166). MO (42).
trilineata (Kirby). ----.MI (12, 78).
undata (Say). NH, MA, N Y , NJ, PA, O H , IL, W I , M N . ME (129, 131, 132, 138), CT (15,
131, 135). IN ( ( 2 , 45), MI (45, 61, 78, 168, 176), IA (56, 119, 161, 162, 165, 166).
Genus COSMOPEPLA ~ t i l
bimaculata (Thomas). ME, N H , M A , N Y , NJ, P A , DC. O H , IL, M O . VT (131), CT (15, 13 1,
135), VA (58, 172), IN (I?), MI (78, 168, 176). MN (71), IA (56, 119, 165. 166).
Genus MENECLES Stil
insertus(Say). MA, N Y , NJ, PA, O H , IL, M O . RI(131),CT(15, 131, 135). VA(58), KY(45),
IN (12, 45): MI (45, 62, 78), IA (119, 163, 166).
Genus PRIONOSOMA Uhler
podopioides Uhler.
IL (95, 98, 103), MI (78). IA (56, 163, 164, 166). MO (42, 166).
Genus THYANTA Stil
accerra McAtee. ----.NY, NJ, PA, DE, MD, VA, WV, KY, OH, IN, IL, MI, WI, MN, IA,
MO (144).
calceata (Say). CT, N Y , N J , V A . MA (131), KY (54). OH (45, 140), IN (12), IL (54, 92, 93,
95, 96, 97, 98, 104), MI (99). MO (42, 112).
custator (Fabricius). '?. MA, RI, CT, NY, NJ, OH (144).
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
Genus MURGANTIA Stil
histrionics (Hahnl. .\.I-. S J . PA. DE. .MD, DC, OH, IL, MO. MAn (13 I), CT (15, 131, 135).
Y.1 (23. 58. 65. 1'51. I 5 112. 13. 45. 184). MI?J (45). MN (57). IA (160, 161, 163. 166).
Genus
Am>-ot & Serville
viridula ILinnaeus). \..
5YI
. F.I 170). OH?
(
107). IL (95, 98, 102. 104).
Genus ACROSTER\UIM Fieber
hilare (Say). .ME, J i A . .\ 1. .\.J, PA, .CiD. DC, LA, IA. VT. RI (13 I ) , CT (15, 41, 13 I , 135),
KY (139, 192). OH(1.2.45. 122. 140. 186. 188). IN (10. 12). IL(19.21,35,54,95,98, 104.
109. 110, 137), MI (62, 78). MO (13, 28. 32. 42).
pennsylvanicum (De Geer). 'MA, N Y , N J , PA. OH, IL, IA. CT(15. 131. 135), VA(4,58, 166).
IN (12. 45). MI (45, 78). MN (71), MO (42).
Genus BANASA Stil
calva (Say). N Y , PA, V A . ME (129, 138, 177). N H (154, 177), CT (15,31, 131, 135), NJ (156,
1691, KY, IN (45), OH (45, I??), IL (12, 54, 95, 98, 104), MI (45, 78), WI (166), IA ( 1 19).
dimidiata (Say). MA, N Y , PA, MD. D C . ME (129, 131, 136, 138), NH (131, 153). RI (131).
CT (15, 31. 131, 135), NJ (156. 169), VA (58). OH ( I , 45, 140), IN (I?, 45), IL (19, 54,95,
98. 104), MI (45, 78, 1681, WI ( 1 I I), IA (56, 120. 163, 165, 166), MO (42).
euchlora St%].MD, IA. NY (6, 1181, NJ ( 1 18), VA (58). IN (I?), IL (54, 95, 98, 104).
packardi Stil. NJ. OH? ( 127).
sordida (Uhler). MA. MD, VA. NY (6, 1 16), NJ (5, 1 16, 185), DC (12), OH (45). IL (12, 54,
94, 95, 98, 104).
Genus DENDROCORIS Bergroth
humeralis (Uhler). VT, MA, NJ, PA, MD. W V , O H , IA. NH (131), CT (15, 131, 135), NY (3,
6, 169), VA (58), IN (121, IL (19, 54, 95, 98, I04), M1 (78), MO (42).
Subfamily EDESSINAE
Genus EDESSA Fabricius
bifida (Say). ----.MD (7), VA (58).
florida Barber.
MD (9). VA (9. 58).
Subfamily ASOPINAE
Genus STIRETRUS Laporte
anchoragofimhriatus (Say). MA, CT, N Y , NJ, PA. MD, VA. NH, RI (13 I), OH (45, 122). 1N
(12), IL (19, 54, 95, 98, 104), MI (78), MN (71). IA (56, 119), MO (42, 113).
Genus P E W L U S Stil
bioculatus (Fabricius). N Y, NJ, IA. PA, KY (45). VA (58), OH (45,60,68, 127). IN (12,45)
I L (12, 35, 54, 95, 98), MI (12, 45. 62. 75, 78, 168, 193), WI (24), MN (66). MO (42).
circumcinctus St;]. NH, MA, N Y , N J , IL, MO. ME (129, 13 I), CT (15, 131, 135), OH (45,
122, 158), MI (45, 78), MN (54, 66, 67, 166), IA (120).
exaptus (Say). MA, N Y , N J , IL, MO. ME (129, 131, 138), NH (131, 152), CT (15, 131, 135).
O H (45), IN (12, 45), MI (45, 78, 168), IA (126).
Genus RHACOGNATHUS Fieber
americanus Stil. OH, IL. MA (13 1, 135), IN, MN (12), MI ( 12, 45, 62, 78, 159).
8
T H E GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. 13. No. 1
Genus EUTHYRHYNCHUS Dallas
floridanus (Linnaeus). P A . VA (58), M 0 ( 1 14).
Genus MINEUS Stgl
strigipes (Herrich-Schaeffer). N Y , NJ. M D , DC, V A , O H . MA (64, 13 I), R1 ( 13 I), CT (15,
134, 135). PA (189), KY (45), IN (I?), IL (54, 95, 98), MI?j ( 4 3 , MO (42).
Genus APATETICUS Dallas
bracteatus (Fitch). M A . N Y . ME (129, 131, 138), NH, VT (131), CT (15, 131, 135), OH ( 4 3 ,
IL (12, 54, 98), MI (45, 54, 62, 78, 168), MN (54).
cynicus (Say). M A , N Y . P A . M D , IL, W I , M U . ME (129, 13 1, 138), NH (131, 154), VT (13 1 ),
CT (15. 131, 1351, NJ (156, 169), VA(58), OH (45, 122, 123, 187), IN ( I ? ) ,MI (62,78, 168,
176), 1A (119, 161, 163, 165, 166).
Genus PODISUS Herrich-Schaeffer
fretus Olsen. M A , N Y , N J . ME (138). VA (58), IN (12, 4 3 , MI (12, 99).
maculiventris (Say). VT, M A , N Y , P A , MD, O H , WI. ME (129, 131, 138). NH (131, 15I), RI
( I 3 I), CT (IS, 41. 131, 139, NJ (37, 156, 169). VA (22, 581, IN (10. I?), IL (18, 19.35.39,
54, 95, 98, 104, [ l o ) , MI (62, 78, 168, 176). MN (71). IA (56, 119, 161, 163, 165, 166), MO
(13, 32, 42).
modestus (Dallas). ME, N H , M A , N Y , O H , IL. VT (131, 133), RI (13l), CT(15. 131, 135). NJ
(156). PA (I89), VA (58), IN (12). MI (78. 168). WI (26). MN (54). IA (119, 163, 166).
placidus Uhler. M A , N Y , N J , MI. IA. ME (13 1, 132, 138), NH (131). CT (IS. 131, 135). OH
(45). IL (12, 95, 98, 104). WI ( 2 6 ) , MN (54), MO (42, 113).
serieventris Uhler. ME, N H , M A , N Y , NJ, P A , M N . RI (13 I), CT (15, 13 1, 135), VA (58),
O H (45), IN (12, 45), 1L (54, 98), MI (45, 54, 78). W1 (26). IA (126, 163). MO (42).
Genus ZICRONA Amyot & Serville
caerulea (Linnaeus). N H . ME (129, 130, 131), CT?" (16, 135). MI (54, 78).
Genus PICROMERUS Amyot & Serville
bidens (Linnaeus).
ME, VT (25), NH (70).
Family ACANTHOSOMATIDAE
Subfamily ACANTHOSOMATINAE
Genus ELASMUCHA St51
lateralis (Say). N H , N Y , N J . ME (129, 131, 132, 138), VT, MA, RI (131). CT (15, 131, 135).
PA (44, 189), VA (58), OH (45. 127). IL (91, 98), MI (12. 45, 78, 168), MN (12, 54).
Genus ELASMOSTETHUS Fieber
atricornis (Van Duzee). N Y , I N . MD (12), OH (45), IL (91, 98), MI (45, 78).
cruciatus (Say). N H , N Y . NJ. ME (129, 131, 132, 138), VT, MA (131), CT (15. 131, 135). VA
(58). O H (45), IN?p ( I I). IL (54), MI (45, 78. 168).
aMay eventually be found in the geographical area considered in this paper.
b ~ h i sspecies has been confused in the past with E. omerindo.
CThis family was in a confused taxonomic state until the revisionary study of McAtee and Malloch (74).
Thus, I have used their distributions as the base upon which most of the additional records are added.
1980
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
d ~ l c . 4 t e eand hlalloch (74) questioned the validity of the N Y collection site.
<Thi> genuh was revised >ubbequent to Van Duzee's catalogue by Froeschner (43).
f ~ o t T m a nlihted this hpccie\ ah occurring i n M D but did not indicate he had examined specimens from
that state.
s\'an Duzee listed t u o specimens from Fortress Monroe. V A . as Podops drrhrrrs but Barber and Sailer
181fell they u e r e probabl) -4. rna.q/lrrs.
hobborn recorded .V. 11111pr1lu
from 1.4 which Sailer (148) felt was M. minor.
'Listed a> B . utlnrrluru bul u a s possibly thih species.
JFurth's bpecimens could not te located for confirmation.
L ~ t o n s I1661
r
stated thal thi3 3pecies uas erroneou~l)cited as T. se~nirirrurui n his 1917 paper (16.0.
' C l ~ l o n ) ~ . l l nhas
) ~ r been i n a confubed tasonomic slate for s e \ c n l years and C. prrsmlilis is a typical
example. If pcrsimi1i.c does occur i n &IN and 1.4. [hen these slales probably represenl the northwestern
edge of its range i n Ihe U.S.
"'Listed
only as E. rri~ri:.rrlrr~.
"Probably ( o r undoub~edly)ad~enlitious.
Uprobably mihiden~ified.
PBlalchle) l i h ~ e dlhis bprcies from Indiana but il was probably E. urricornis which was not lhen
described.
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10
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1980
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
II
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I2
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. 13, No. I
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THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
13
. 1979a. A revised list of the Pentatomoidea of Illinois (Hemiptera). Great
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. 1979b. Additions and corrections to the list of Michigan Pentatomoidea
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. 1979~.Effects of various photoperiods on morphology in Euschistris
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. 1979d. Effects of continuous and split developmental photopha.ses
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tristigtt~usrristigrnus
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Miller, A. E. 1924. The Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna corrlipta Muls. Ohio Agric.
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14
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THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. 13, No. I
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THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
15
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T H E GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
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Vol. 13, No. I
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Yothers, M. A. 19 1 1. Perilltrs clalrdrrs a beneficial insect. Canadian Entomol. 43:418.
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
A LIST OF THE PREY SPECIES OF PODISUS MACULIVENTRIS
(HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE)
ABSTRACT
A referenced list of the prey species of Podislrs maculicentris is presented.
Podisus maculiventris (Say) ranges from Quebec and New England west to the Pacific
Coast, and south to Florida, Arizona (Blatchley 1926). and California (Van Duzee 1917). It is
a common predator of several insect pests and has been reported to play a major role in the
control of some of these pests (e.g., Mukerji and LeRoux 1965).
Mukerji and LeRoux (1965) compiled a referenced list of prey records for this stink bug.
Since 1965, however, the number of known prey species has continued to increase, undoubtedly because of the growing recognition of biological control as an alternative to the
use of pesticides, and the resulting increased interest in natural control agents. Presented
here is an updated list of the prey species of P. maculiventris. No attempt has been made to
separate field from laboratory observations since, in several references, the authors were
unclear a s to the conditions under which the records were obtained. Common names where
included follow Sutherland (1978).
LIST O F PREY SPECIES
EPHEMEROPTERA
Unidentified species (Mukerji and LeRoux 1965).
ORTHOPTERA
Acrididae
Mel(znoplu.~
femur-nrbrum (De Geer), redlegged grasshopper (Esselbaugh 1948).
Cry llidae
G ~ l l u assimilis
s
(Fabricius). field cricket (Mukerji and LeRoux 1965).
Phasmatidae
Dinpheromera femorafa (Say), walkingstick (Kirkland 1898).
HEMIPTERA
Miridae
Lygus lineokzris (Palisot de Beauvois), tarnished plant bug (Stoner 1920, Whitcomb and Bell
1964).
Pentatomidae
Acrosternum hilare (Say), green stink bug (Thompson and Simmonds 1964, Underhill 1934).
'Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University. Carbondale, IL 62901.
.
18
T H E GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. 13, No. I
Euschistus tristignzus (Say), dusky stink bug (Kirkaldy 1909).
Nezara viridula (Linnaeus), southern green stink bug (Drake 1920, Thompson and
Simmonds 1964).
Podisrrs maculiventris (Say), spined soldier bug (Baker 1927, Couturier 1938, Olsen 1910,
1912).
HOMOPTERA
Cercopidae
Clastoptera obtusa (Say), alder spittlebug (Drake 1922).
Philaenus spun~urius(Linnaeus), meadow spittlebug (Wheeler 1977).
Aphididae
Ac.vrthosiphon pisurn (Harris). pea aphid (Fluke 1929).
Unidentified species (Baker 1927. Esselbaugh 1948. Whitmarsh 1916).
COLEOPTERA
Scarabaeidae
Unidentified species (Esselbaugh 1948).
Lampyridae
Unidentified species (Drake 1922)
Coccinellidae
Adalia biprinctata (Linnaeus), twospotted lady beetle (Olsen 1910, 1912).
Anatis quindecimpunctatu (Olivier) (Esselbaugh 1948).
Coccinella sp. (Kirkland 1898).
Coleomegilla nzaculata (De Geer) (Wheeler 1977).
Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, Mexican bean beetle (Chapman and Gould 1928, Deitz et al.
1976, Eddy and McAlister 1927, Friend and Turner 1931, Howard 1921, Howard and
English 1924, Howard and Landis 1936, Jones 1928, Landis 1937, Sherman and Todd
1939, Waddill and Shepard 1975a).
Unidentified species (Baker 1927, Fluke 1929, Folsom 1909).
Tenebrionidae
Bothrotes arundinis (Le Conte) (Olsen 1910, 1912).
Tetlebrio molitor Linnaeus, yellow mealworm (Gallopin and Kitching 1972).
Chrysomelidae
Alticu chalybea Illiger, grape flea beetle (Kirkaldy 1909).
Anomoea j7avokansiensis Moldenke (Nixon et al. 1975).
Chrysomela scripta Fabricius, cottonwood leaf beetle (Burkot and Benjamin 1979, Head et
al. 1977, Whitmarsh 1916'?a).
Crioceri~asparagi (Linnaeus), asparagus beetle (Chittenden 1908, Kirkland 1898, Landis
1937).
Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, spotted cucumber beetle (Hart 1919).
Lema trilitleata (Olivier), threelined potato beetle (Froeschner 1941, Landis 1937).
Ceprinorarsa deremlineara (Say), Colorado potato beetle (Chittenden 1907, Hart 1919,
Kirkaldy 1909, Kirkland 1898, Landis 1937, Monill 1906, Mukerji and LeRoux 1965,
Olsen 1910, Reed 1871, Riley 1869, Waren and Wallis 1971, Whitmarsh 1916).
1980
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
19
P~rrltalfnl ~ ~ t e o(Muller),
la
elm leaf beetle (Felt 1905, Kirkaldy 1909, Kirkland 1898, Morrill
1906, Warren and Wallis 1971, Whitmarsh 1916).
Unidentified species (Clausen 1940, Mukerji and LeRoux 1965)
Curculionidae
Hypera postica (Gyllenhal). alfalfa weevil (Wheeler 1977).
Unidentified species (Olsen 1910).
LEPIDOPTERA
Py ralidae
Anngnstn X~tehniella(Zeller), Mediterranean flour moth (Couturier 1938).
Gnllerin tnellonella (Linnaeus), greater wax moth (Coppel and Jones 1962; Couturier 1938;
Gallopin and Kitching 1972; Mukerji and LeRoux 1965, 1969a. b, c: Waddill and Shepard
1975a. b; Warren and Bjegovic 1972; Warren and Wallis 1971).
Ostriniu nubilalis (Hubner), European corn borer (Mukerji and LeRoux 1965).
Psorosina hammondi (Riley), appleleaf skeletonizer (Hart 1919).
Udea rrrbigalis (GuCnee) celery leaftier/greenhouse leaftier (Stoner 1930).
Olethreutidae
Ancylis conlptnna fragariae (Walsh & Riley). strawberry leafroller (Fink 1937).
Laspeyresia potnotlella (Linnaeus), codling moth (Kirkland 1898. LeRoux 1960, Mukerji
and LeRoux 1965).
Spilonota ocellatta (Denis & Schiffermuller), eyespotted bud moth (LeRoux 1960, LeRoux
et al. 1963).
Tortricidae
A r c h i p ~argyrospillrs (Walker), fruittree leafroller (LeRoux 1960. LeRoux et al. 1963,
Paradis and LeRoux 1965).
Archips cerasivoranus (Fitch), uglynest caterpillar (Mukerji and LeRoux 1965).
A . fervidanus (Clemens), oak webworm (Kirkland 1898).
Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), redbanded leafroller (LeRoux 1960).
Pandemis canadana Kearfott, (Mukerji and LeRoux 1965).
P. lamprosana Robinson. (Mukerji and LeRoux 1965).
Cossidae
Cossus cossus Linnaeus (Couturier 1938).
Oecophoridae
Depressaria pastinacellu (Duponchel). parsnip webworm (Esselbaugh 1948).
Yponomeutidae
Pl~rtella.rylostella (Linnaeus). diamondback moth (Landis 1937).
Coleophoridae
Coleophora serratellu (Linnaeus), birch casebearerlcigar casebearer (LeRoux et al. 1963).
Gracilariidae
Caloptilia syringella (Fabricius), lilac leafminer (Mukerji and LeRoux 1965).
20
T H E GKEAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
Geometridae
Paleacrita vernata (Peck), spring cankenvorm (LeRoux 1960).
Plelrropnrcha insulsaria (Guenee) (Wheeler 1977).
Unidentified species (Olsen 1910. 19 12).
Ctenuchidae
Lyrnire edbr,ardsii (Grote) (Genung 1959).
Arctiidae
Hyphantria cunea (Drury), fall webworm (Hart 1919; Kirkland
1898: Landis 1937;
McDermott 191 1?b; Morris 1963. 1972: Warren and Bjegovic 1972; Warren and Wallis
1971).
Noctuidae
Alabatna argillacea (Hiibner), cotton leafworm (Kirkaldy 1909, Kirkland 1898. Morrill 1906,
Riley 1885).
Alypia octornaculata (Fabricius), eight spotted forester (Olsen 1910, 1912).
Arnphipyra tragopoginus (Linnaeus) (Wheeler 1977).
Anticarsia getntnatalis Hubner, velvetbean caterpillar (Marston et al. 1978, Waddill and
Shepard 1975a. Watson 1916).
Cerarnica picta (Harris), zebra caterpillar (Felt 1905).
Eu.roa scandens (Riley), white cutworm (Kirkland 1898).
Heliothis virescens (Fabricius), tobacco budworm (Lopez et al. 1976).
H . zea (Boddie), bollworm/corn earworm/tomato fruitworm (Kirkaldy 1909, Lopez et al.
1976, Marston et al. 1978, Morrill 1906, Warren and Bjegovic 1972, Whitcomb and Bell
1964).
Lithophone antennafa (Walker), green fruitworm (LeRoux 1960).
Plathypena scabra (Fabricius), green cloverworm (Marston et al. 1978).
Pseudoplusin inrllrckns (Walker), soybean looper (Marston et al. 1978, Richman and
Whitcomb 1978).
Spodoptera e.ripra (Hiibner), beet armyworm (Clausen 1940, Wilson 1933).
S . frugipercia (J. E. Smith), fall armyworm (Clausen 1940, Luginbill 1928).
Trichoplusia t ~ (Hubner),
i
cabbage looper (Esselbaugh 1948, Hayslip et al. 1953, Marston et
al. 1978, Richman and Whitcomb 1978, Wilkinson et al. 1979).
Unidentified species (Olsen 1910, 1912).
Notodontidae
D a r a t ~ atnit~istra(Drury), yellownecked caterpillar (Hart 1919).
Lymantriidae
Orgyia leucostigtna ( J . E. Smith), whitemarked tussock moth (Kirkland 1898).
Unidentified species (Olsen 1910).
Lasiocampidae
Malacosorna arnericanurn (Fabricius), eastern tent caterpillar (Baker 1927, LeRoux 1960,
Morrill 1906, Mukerji and LeRoux 1965, Warren and Bjegovic 1972, Warren and Wallis
1971).
M . calijornicurn pluuiale (Dyar) (Iwao and Wellington 1970).
Saturniidae
Anisota uirginiensis (Drury), pinkstriped oakworm (Morrill 1906).
1980
T H E GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
21
Pieridae
Pirris rcrpcrr (Linnaeus). imported cabbageworm (Esselbaugh 1948, Hayslip et al. 1953,
Kirkland 1898. Olsen 1910. 1912).
P l ~ o r h i ssp. (Richman and Whitcomb 1978).
Papilionidae
Pcipilio c.rrsplrontrs Cramer. orangedog (Blatchley 1895).
Pupilio p o l y s r t ~ r susterirrs Stoll, black swallowtail/parsleyworm (Esselbaugh 1948).
Danaidae
Dunuirs ple.rippri.r (Linnaeus), monar-ch butterfly (Blatchley 1895, 1926).
DIPTERA
Tephritidae
Rhcrgoletis pomot~ella(Walsh), apple maggot (LeRoux and Mukerji 1963)
Anthomyiidae
Hylemyu untiqiru (Meigen). onion maggot (Baker 1917).
Muscidae
Mlrscu domrsticu Linnaeus, house fly (Mukerji and LeRoux 1965).
Tachinidae
Unidentified species (Esselbaugh 1948).
HYMENOPTERA
Diprionidae
Dipriotr sitnilis (Hartig), introduced pine sawfly (Coppel and Jones 1962).
N r o d i p r i o n tciedue lineuris Ross, loblolly pine sawfly (Warr-en and Wallis 1971).
Tenthredinidae
Fenrrsu pirsillu (Lepeletier). birch leafminer (Mukerji and LeRoux 1965).
Pristophoru genicrrlutu (Hartig). mountain-ash sawfly (Forbes and Daviault 1964).
P . rufipes Lepeletier (Kirkaldy 1909, Kir-kland 1898).
Tethida cordigera (Palisot de Beauvois), blackheaded ash sawfly (Kirkaldy 1909, Kirkland
1898).
Formicidae
Catnpunotirs sp.. carpenter ant (Olsen 19 10)
Vespidae
Unidentified species (Mukerji and LeRoux 1965).
Apidae
Apis mrllifera Linnaeus, honey bee (Couturier 1938).
aThe host was listed as the poplar leaf beetle but was probably C. scripru
b ~ h stink
e
bug was not identified but was probably P. t~~uc~~liyrntris.
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. 13, No. 1
LITERATURE CITED
Baker, A. D. 1927. Some remarks on the feeding process of the Pentatomidae, (HemipteraHeteroptera). 19th Annu. Rep. Quebec Soc. Protection Plants-192&1927:2&34.
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~ a n a d i a nEntomol. 161:23 1-
---
Lj I .
Genung, W. G. 1959. Notes on the syntomid moth Lymire edwardsi (Grote) and its control
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1980
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
23
Hayslip, N. C., W. G. Genung, E. G. Kelsheimer, and J. W. Wilson. 1953. Insects attacking
cabbage and other crucifers in Florida. Florida Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 534:l-57.
Head, R. B., W. W. Neel, and R. C. Moms. 1977. Seasonal occurrence of the cottonwood
leaf beetle Chrysornela scripta (Fab.) and its principal insect predators in Mississippi and
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Iwao, S . and W. G. Wellington. 1970. The influence of behavioral differences among tentcaterpillar larvae on predation by a pentatomid bug. Canadian J. Zool. 48:896498.
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24
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. 13, No. 1
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THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
A LIST OF THE FULGOROIDEA (HOMOPTERA)
OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS
S. W. Wilson and J. E. McPhersonl
ABSTRACT
A list of the fulgoroids of southern Illinois is presented with information on their distributions within the state.
Southern Illinois. defined here as that part of the state south of a line from St. Louis.
Missouri, to Vincennes, Indiana (Fig. I), contains four physiographic provinces, is rich in
floristic diversity, and exhibits overlapping vegetational patterns (Mohlenbrock and Voigt
1959, Voigt and Mohlenbrock 1964). Included within southern Illinois are many state parks
and forests, the Shawnee National Forest, and the LaRue-Pine Hills Ecological Area. To
our knowledge, only two faunal studies have dealt with the insects of this region (McPherson
and Mohlenbrock 1976, McPherson 1978). This paper presents a list of the Fulgoroidea
(planthoppers) of southern Illinois and incIudes the distribution of each species within the
state.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
During the past two years (1978-1979), we examined nine insect collections (see acknowledgments) that contained fulgoroid specimens from southern Illinois (including the
Entomology Collection, Zoology Research Museum, Southern Illinois University,
Carbondale). Table I lists the planthopper taxa and the southern counties in which each
species.has been collected. If a species has been found in more than five counties it is listed
as "generally distributed." State distributions are divided into four categories as defined in
Table I.
RESULTS
We identified 107 species (42 genera, 9 families) from southern Illinois, which represent
about 69% of the Illinois planthoppers (unpubl. data). Of these, 27 appear to be confined to
southern lllinois, 35 occur primarily in the southern half of the state, five primarily in the
northern half, and 40 occur statewide.
The major faunal surveys published within about the last 50 years include Ohio with 105
species (Osborn 1938). North Carolina with 123 (Brimley 1938, 1942: Wray 1950), Connecticut with 65 (Britton 1973. 1938), and Mississippi with 66 non-delphacid fulgoroid species
(Dozier 1928; compared to 77 for southern Illinois); Metcalf (1923) included 304 species in
his planthoppers of eastern North America. A valid comparison of these surveys with that of
southern Illinois is difficult, however, because of revisionary studies that have been published in recent years. Nevertheless, the planthopper diversity of this part of Illinois appears
to be high.
'Department of Zoology. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901.
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. 13, No. 1
WASHINGTON
JEFFERSON
HAMILTON
UNION
WHITE
JOHNSON POPE
Fig. I . Counties of southern Illinois
Table 1. List of the Fulgoroidea of southern Illinois
-
-
-
Southern Illinois
County Records
Acanaloniidae
Acanalonia bivittata (Say)
A . conica (Say)
Gen. dist.
Gen. dist.
Achilidae
Catotlia carolina Metcalf
C . cincrfrons (Fitch)
C . naua (Say)
C. purnila Van Duzee
Epiptera opaca (Say)
E. variegata (Van Duzee)
Synecdoche impunctata (Fitch)
Hardin, Massac, Pulaski
Union
Pulaski, Union
Gallatin, Union, Washington
Alexander, Jackson, Pope
Jackson, Williamson
Pope, Union, Williamson
-
- -
-
State
Distribution"
1980
T H E GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
Table 1. (Continued)
Taxon
Southern Illinois
County Records
Cixiidae
Bothriocera signoreti Stil
Cixius basalis Van Duzee
C . coloepeum Fitch
C. pini Fitch
C . stign~ata(Say)
Munorachis sordulentus Uhler
Myndirs firlvus Osborn
M. pictifrons St51
M. radicis Osborn
M. truncatus Metcalf
Oecleus borealis Van Duzee
0. epetrion Krarner
0. productus Metcalf
Oliarus aridus Ball
0. chuliotus Ball
0. ecologus Caldwell
0 . placitus Van Duzee
0. quinquelineatus (Say)
0 . sablensis Caldwell
Pintalia dorsovittatus (Van Duzee)
Pulaski, Union
Washington
Jackson, Pope, Union, Washington
Jackson
Jackson
Johnson
Gallatin, Johnson, Pope, Pulaski
Gen. dist.
Hardin, Johnson, Pope. Pulaski
Johnson, Massac
Jackson, Johnson, Massacb,
Washington, Wayne
Johnson
Union, Washington
Perry, Pulaskic
Jackson, Hardinc
Gen. dist.
Jackson, Union, Williamson
Union
Johnson, Wayne
Gen. dist.
Delphacidae
Delphacodes alexanderi (Metcalf)
D. andromeda (Van Duzee)
D. basivitta (Van Duzee)
D. campestris (Van Duzee)
D. foveata (Van Duzee)
D. laminalis (Van Duzee)
D. lutulenta (Van Duzee)
D. nitens Muir and Giffard
D. pac[fica (Crawford)
D. puellu (Van Duzee)
D. sagae Bearner
D. trimaculata Beamer
Euides weedi (Van Duzee)
Kelisia curvata Beamer
K. spinosa Beamer
Libirrniella ornata (StAl)
Megatnelus davisi Van Duzee
M. palaetus (Van Duzee)
Pissonotus albovenosus Osborn
P. aquilonius Morgan and Bearner
P. brunneus Van Duzee
P. delicatus Van Duzee
P. jlabellatus (Ball)
Union
Gen. dist.
Hardin, Pulaski
Gen. dist.
Johnson, Union, Washington
Johnson, Massac, Pope, Pulaski,
Union
Gen. dist.
Hardin
Jackson
Gen. dist.
Hardin
Hardin
Jackson
Gallatin
Pulaski
Gen. dist.
Franklin, Jackson, Williamson
Alexander, Union
Pulaski
Johnson
Hardin, Johnson, Massac, Pulaski,
Union
Massac, Pulaski, Union
Gallatin, Hardin
State
Distributiona
28
T H E GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. 13, No. I
Table I. (Continued)
Taxon
P. marginatus Van Duzee
P. piceus Van Duzee
Stenocranus brunrleus Beamer
S . delicatus Beamer
S . lautus Van Duzee
S . pallidus Beamer
S . similis Crawford
Stobueru tricarinata (Say)
Southern Illinois
County Records
Johnson, Pulaski
Cen. dist.
Gen. dist.
Gen. dist.
Gen. dist.
Pulaski
Alexander, Johnson, Pope
Gen. dist.
State
Distributiona
2
4
2
4
4
3
4
4
Derbidae
Amulopota jitchi Van Duzee
A. mcateei Dozier
A. uhleri Van Duzee
Anotia bonnetii Kirby
A . burnetii Fitch
A. kirkaldyi Ball
Apache degeerii (Kirby)
Cedusa australis (Metcalf)
C. bedusa McAtee
C. incisa (Metcalf)
C. kedusa McAtee
C . maculara (Van Duzee)
C . uulgaris (Fitch)
Euklasrus harri Metcalf
Neocenchrea heidemanni (Ball)
Oriocerus abbotii Kirby
0. amyotii Fitch
0. coyuebertii Kirby
0. j'rancilloni Kirby
0. stollii Kirby
0. woljii Kirby
Patara vanduzei Ball
Sayiana sayi (Ball)
Shellenius ballii (McAtee)
S . schellenbergii (Kirby)
Syntames uhleri (Ball)
Pulaski
Union
Hardin, Pulaski, Saline
Alexander, Jackson
Pulaski
Pulaski
Gen. dist.
Gallatin, Hardin, Pope
Pulaski
Washington
Jackson, Union, Washington
Pulaski
Gallatin, Jackson, Union
Jacksond, Pulaski
Jackson
Pulaski
Alexander, Washington
Jackson
Jackson, Pulaski
Alexander, Franklin, Jackson.
Pulaski
Gen. dist.
Jackson, Pope, Pulaski
Pulaski
Johnson
Jackson. Pulaski
Gen. dist.
Dictyopharidae
Nersia florens St;l
Phylloscelis atra Germar
P. pallescens Germar
Rhynchornitra microrhina (Walker)
Scolops angustatus Uhler
S. perdix Uhler
S . purlgens (Germar)
S . sulcipes (Say)
Alexander, Jackson, Union
Gen. dist.
Pope, Washington
Gen. dist.
Jackson, Union
Alexander, Jackson, Pope,
Pulaski, Union
Gen. dist.
Gen. dist.
I
4
3
I
3
1
4
4
1980
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
29
Table I . (Continued)
-
Southern Illinois
County Records
Taxon
State
Distributiona
Flatidae
Anorrnenis septentrionalis (Spinola)
Cyarda melichari Van Duzee
Metcalfa pruinosa (Say)
Ormenoides venusta (Melichar)
Gen. dist.
Monroe, Union
Gen. dist.
Gen. dist.
Fulgoridae
Cyrpoptus belfragei Stil
Poblicia fuliginosa (Olivier)
Jackson, Pope
Pope, Union
Issidae
Union
Gen. dist.
Jackson, Johnson
Gen. dist.
Gen. dist.
Alexander, Jackson, Union
Clinton, Jackson, Pulaski, Union
Brrrchomorpha jocosa Stil
B. oculata Newman
B. pallidipes StHl
B. trislis St51
Thionia bullota (Say)
T. elliptica (Germar)
T. simplex (Germar)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
astale distribution coded as follows: I=southern Illinois only, ?=primarily southern half of state.
i=primaily northern half of state, 4=statewide distribution
hfrom Kramer ( 1977).
Cfrom Mead ( 1968).
dfrom Frison ( 1927).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank the following individuals for allowing us to examine the fulgoroid
collections of their respective institutions: Drs. E. D. Cashatt, Illinois State Museum,
Springfield; R. W. Hamilton, Loyola University, Chicago: J. P. Krarner, U.S. National
Museum, Washington, D.C.; E. L. Mockford, Illinois State University, Normal; G. T.
Riegel, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston; Y. S. Sedman, Western Illinois University,
Macornb; E. H. Smith, Field Museum, Chicago; and Mr. D. W. Webb, Illinois Natural
History Survey, Urbana.
We are also grateful for funds provided to the senior author by the following institutions
for a visit to the U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.; Sigma Xi; and the Graduate School and the ColIege of Science, Southern
Illinois University, Carbondale. This research was partially funded by the USDA Forest
Service (Cooperative Research Agreement No. 13495).
LITERATURE CITED
Brimley, C. S. 1938. The insects of North Carolina. North Carolina Dep. Agric.
. 1942. Supplement to insects of North Carolina. North Carolina Dep. Agric.
Britton, W. E. 1923. Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part IV. The Hemiptera or sucking
insects of Connecticut. Bull. Connecticut Geol. Natur. Hist. Surv. 34:1-807.
30
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. 13, No. I
. 1938. Additions to the check-list of the insects of Connecticut. Bull. Connecticut Geol. Natur. Hist. Surv. 60:l-169.
Dozier, H. L. 1928. The Fulgoridae or planthoppers of Mississippi, including those of
possible occurrence. A taxonomic, biological, ecological, and economic study. Tech.
Bull. Mississippi Agric. Exp. Sta. 14:l-152.
Frison, T. H. 1927. A list of the insect types in the collections of the Illinois State Natural
History Survey and the University of Illinois. Bull. Illinois Natur. Hist. Surv. 16: 137-309.
Kramer. J. P. 1977. Taxonomic study of the planthopper genus Oeclelts in the United States
(Homoptera:Fulgoroidea:Cixiidae).Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 103:379-449.
McPherson, J. E. 1978. A list of the Scutelleroidea (Hemiptera) of southern Illinois. Great
Lakes Entomol. 1 1: 159-162.
McPherson, J. E. and R. H. Mohlenbrock. 1976. A list of the Scutelleroidea of the LaRuePine Hills Ecological Area with notes on biology. Great Lakes Entomol. 9:125-169.
Mead, F. W. 1%8. A revision of the genus Oliarus in North America, north of Mexico
(Homoptera:Cixiidae). Ph.D. thesis. North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh.
Metcalf, Z. P. 1923. A key to the Fulgoridae of eastern North America with descriptions of
new species. J. Elisha Mitchell Soc. 38:139-230.
Mohlenbrock, R. H. and J . W. Voigt. 1959. A flora of southern Illinois. Southern Illinois
Univ. Press, Carbondale.
Osborn, H. 1938. The Fulgoridae of Ohio. Bull. Ohio Biol. Sum. 6:283-349.
Voigt, J. W. and R. H. Mohlenbrock. 1964. Plant communities of southern Illinois. Southern
Illinois Univ. Press. Carbondale.
Wray, D. L. 1950. Insects of North Carolina second supplement. North Carolina Dep.
Agric.
T H E GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
THE ETYMOLOGY OF THE BEETLE NAME LUCANUS LINNAEUS
(COLEOPTERA: LUCANIDAE)
H. D. Cameron'
The handsome European stage beetle Llrcunus cervus Linnaeus is so magnificent in its
outlines as to have won the attention of no less a master of drawing than Albrecht Diirer.
The spectacular antler-like porrect mandibles of the male assure this creature an important
place in any picture book of remarkable insects, and have awakened the linguistic imagination for metaphor. In many of the European languages it is called the flying stag or stag
beetle: French cerf vulante. German Hirschkafer, Italian cervo vulante, Dutch uliegende
h e r t , Renaissance Latin scurabelaphus (from Latin scarrcbaeus and Greek elaphus "stag").?
This designation can be traced as least as far back as the middle of the 16th century and
perhaps further (Imperato 1672:694 [first edition 15591; Cardanus 1557:301; Lonicerus 153 1
[not seen]).
But the ancients used a different metaphor. To discover the etymology or original meaning
of the older insect names it is seldom enough to look the word up in a dictionary, and the all
too frequent, hope-filled practice of zeroing in on the Latin or Greek dictionary entry which
exhibits a few sylIables in common with the name in question will seldom yield a true
answer. Linguistic history is seldom simple. There are wheels within wheels.
There are zoologists, somewhat in the spirit of the biblical fundamentalist. who tend to
believe that the world began in 1758. Lucanus is a Linnaean name, but he did not create it.
He simply took it over from the pre-Linnaean tradition. The beetle has borne this name since
the first century B.C. at least. It should be mentioned that Linnaeus did not always honor
the tradition, and frequently used old names in a completely arbitrary and idiosyncratic way.
The name L u c a n u s is so old that its derivation was forgotten, and the modem attempts at
constructing an etymology have been unsuccessful.
Blatchley (1910:905) connected the name Lucanus with the Latin word lucea "to shine."
although the world abounds with shinier beetles than this. The semantic connection is hardly
persuasive, but, more important, the form is wrong. The proper Latin derived adjective is
lucidus, and to connect Lucanus with lrrceu would require grammatical gyrations of a
thoroughly unconvincing kind.3 Furthermore luceo means "to emit light" rather than "to
reflect light," for which the proper word is niteo.
Montgomery (1973: 137) connected the word with Greek lykaina meaning "she-wolf."
First, this Greek word would come into Latin as lycaena not Lucanus. Second, the y
(upsilon) in the Greek word is short, but the u of the Latin word Lucanus is long. Third, the
rules of Greek and Latin word formation preclude a c0nnection.j Fourth, there is no convincing semantic connection between the Greek and Latin words. Why should a stag beetle
be called a she wolf? Both Blatchley and Montgomery have relied on a p r i m a facie similarity
which is deceptive.
Another error should be mentioned only to clear the ground. Keller (1913:407) without
argument, rationale, or reference, claimed that the word should more correctly be Lucavus.
This is a non-existent word that has no meaning whatever. Keller preferred it because most
of the editions of Pliny the Elder, following Ludwig von Jan's edition of 1854, give this
reading. The reason is that most of the manuscripts in fact have this erroneous form, and the
editors, seeing no particular semantic point in Lucanrrs. preferred to follow the majority of
'Department of Classical Studies. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.
2See Aldrovandus 1602:450.
3 ~ hultimate
e
etymology of Lucunus is quite unknown. The attempts to link i t to Latin irrx "light" are to
be rejected. See Honigmann, article "Lucania" in Pauly-Wissowa-Kroll Real-Encyclopadie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft vol. 13(1927)coll. 1541-2.
4I spare the reader an argument in detail which would take us to far afield.
37
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
.
Vol. 13, No. I
manuscripts, even though it led them to print an otherwise unknown word. If they had seen
what Lucunus meant, they would have kept it.
Lucunus is a perfectly straightforward Latin word meaning "coming from Lucania."
Lucania is the district that forms the instep of Italy. But what is the semantic connection
with the beetle'?
Pliny the Elder says (N.H. 11.34.97), "In one large kind of insect there are very long
horns, toothed with two pronged forceps. which come together at the tips for pinching.
These beetles are hung around the necks of children as amulets. Nigidius calls them
Lucani."'
The Nigidius whom Pliny mentioned was one of his sources. Nigidius Figulus, an encyclopaedist of the first century B.C., whose work survives onlv in fragments. In order to
understand why Nigidius called them Lucanian beetles, we must appeal to Roman history, and
to a colorful bit of Latin military slang, which developed during Rome's wars with King
Pyrrhus of Epirus. At the battle of Heraclea in Lucania (280 B.C.) the Romans first saw war
elephants, which threw the Roman cavalry into a proper panic. The soldiers began to call
these unfamiliar, huge, tusked beasts "Lucanian cows" (Varro L.L. 7.389; Pliny N . H .
8.6.16), and it soon became a commonplace expression. The poet Naevius (second cent.
B.C.) embodies it in a proverb: prius pariet locusra Lucam bovem, "sooner will a grasshopper give birth to an elephant [literally. a Lucanian cow]" (frg. 63 Morel).h
The most famous passage containing this metaphor is from the De Rerum Narura of
Lucretius (first cent. B.C.) who speaks of another war and another great captain renowned
for his elephants, Hannibal, who invaded Italy in 218 B.C. "Then the Carthaginians taught
the fierce, serpent-handed, Lucanian cows with towered backs to sustain the wounds of
war, and confuse the great hordes of Mars" (5.1302 ff.).
With this tradition of metaphor behind him, Nigidius Figulus. contemplating the great size
and tusklike mandibles of these insects, called them "Lucanian beetles" by way of saying
"elephant beetles." The name endured, thanks to Pliny, although the metaphor was forgotten, and replaced in the Renaissance with a comparison to a stag.
LITERATURE CITED
Ancient Authors
Lucretius: T. Lucretius Carus De Rerum Natura
Naevius: C. Naevius; fragments to be found in Fragmenta Poetarum Latinorum ed. W.
Morel 1927 (reprinted 1973). Stuttgart.
Nigidius Figulus: fragments to be found in P. Nigidii Figuli operum reliquiae ed. Antonius
Swoboda 1889. Vienna.
Pliny: C. Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder) Naturalis Historia
Varro: M. Terentius Varro De Lingua Latina
Modem Authors
Aldrovandus, Ulysses. 1602. De animalibus insectis libri VII. Bologna.
Blatchley, W. S . 1910. On the Coleoptera known to occur in Indiana. Bull. No. I Ind. Dept.
of Geol. and Nat. Res. Indianapolis.
Cardanus, Hieronymus. 1557. De rerum varietate libri XVII. Basel.
Emout, A. and Meillet, A. 1959. Dictionnaire etymologique de la langue latine. 4th ed. Paris.
Imperato, Ferrante. 1677. Historia naturale. 2nd ed. Venice. [first edition Venice 15591.
Keller, Otto. 1913. Die antike Tierwelt. Leipzig.
Lonicerus, Adamus. 1531. Naturalis historiae opus novum etc. Frankfort. [not seen].
Montgomery, B. Elwood. 1973. Some observations on the nature of insect names. Great
Lakes Entomol. 6: 12 1-128.
5The translations of ancient authors are my own.
6 ~ h poetic
e
form Luco used by Naevius and Lucretius is equivalent to
borrowed Oscan nominative. Emout-Meillet 1959:367.
Lucunu~.and
seems to be a
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
IN VlTRO CULTURE OF THE AMBROSIA BEETLE
XYLEBORUS AFFJNIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Richard .A. Roeper, Linda M. Treeful, Robert A. Foote and Mark A. Buncel
ABSTRACT
The ambrosia beetle Xyleboriis r<ffinis was reared with its symbiont fungi in vitro. An
agar-based medium consisting of sucrose, starch, casitone, yeast extract, minerals, and
ground aspen wood was best for the fertility and brood development of the beetle.
Ambrosia beetles of the genus Xyleborus infest trees of low vigor, or which are cut,
damaged, or windthrown. Adult females attack host timber by excavating tunnels in the
xylem where they propagate their symbiotic fungi. Following oviposition, the developing
larvae feed upon the fungal layer lining the walls of their galleries.
Saunders and Knoke (1967) first reared an ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus ferrugineus
Fabricius, on several artificial media under laboratory conditions. Norris (1972) reviewed
his extensive studies of fbrrugineus using in vitro culture techniques. French and Roeper
(197 1 ) have reared X . ciispar Fabricius upon an artificial medium.
This study r.eports the rearing of X . ajji'nis Eichhoff on artificial media for the first time
and of the effect of various culture media upon the beetle's fertility and brood development.
Bright (1968) has described taxonomic features, host tree range, and distribution of this
beetle in North America. Schedl (1962) gave a detailed account of biology of affinis in the
tropics under the synonym X . moscaretlsis Eichhoff.
METHODS
In vitro cultures of ulffinis were initiated from adult females obtained from galleries in
windthrown silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.) timber collected in the floodplain of the
Pine River in Montcalm County, Michigan. The beetles were washed in a 0.01% mercuric
chloride followed by aseptic transfer to several rinses in sterile water. This was done to
reduce microbial contamination on the exoskeleton of the beetle. Thus the beetles introduced to culture carried only their fungal symbionts which were protected in their fungal
dissemination organs (mycangia) during the cleaning process. Each adult female was then
aseptically introduced into a sterile bacteriological culture tube with culture medium C
(Table I).
The fertility and brood development of affinis were studied upon four different culture
media (Table 1). Adult female beetles obtained from stock cultures were used for this study.
Prior to introduction of the beetles, the media were prepared by mixing the dry ingredients
with the T-19 mineral solution and water. The media were then autoclaved. Fifteen milliliters of each medium were aseptically dispensed to 20 x 150 mm sterile culture tubes and
plugged. To further insure media sterility the culture tubes were placed in a 90°C water bath
for a 3 hour period alternating with a 21 hour period at room temperature. All cultures after
introduction of a single adult female were maintained at 22-24'C in the dark for 35 days prior
to analysis. The number of progeny per tube was counted by tapping the medium out of each
tube and dissecting the medium in a white pan.
'Department of Biology, Alma College, Alma, MI 48801
34
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. I?, No. I
Table 1. Composition of media used to rear X. uffinis in vitro.
Medium A
Sucrosea
Potato Starcha
Vitamin-free Casitoneb
Casitoneb
Yeast Extract"
Wheat Germa
Corn Oil (Wessons)
T-I9 Mineral Solution
Alpha-Cellulose"
Dried Ground Aspen Wood (40 mil)
Agar"
Distilled Water
Medium B
Medium C
Medium D
I
3Sigma Chemical Company
bDifco
C 1 O ml of four stock solutions: (1) 24.65 g MgS04 . 7 H ~ 0 ,3.1 mg MnS04 . H20, 38.1 mg
CaSo4 ' Hz0 and 352 mg ZnS04 ' 7Hz011; (2) 5.55 g CaC1111; (3)2.54 mg NaMoOl 2H20 and 2 g FeS04/I;
(4) 11.42 g KzHP04 '3H20 and 61.3 g KHIPO~II.
'
OBSERVATIONS AND DISCUSSION
Prior to tunneling into the medium the adult female beetles crawled about on the surface of
medium. Tunneling usually began within 15 minutes. Where tunneling was not initiated
within 24 hours the beetle died. As each beetle constructed tunnels the bored excavations
accumulated on the surface of medium. The initial main tunnel was orientated vertically into
the medium with shorter side tunnels constructed horizontally. Eventually the medium
became mined with a complex system of tunnels. Portions of the tunnel system were often
made against the side of the culture tube which allowed for observation during the incubation period. Fungal growth of the beetle's symbionts developed within a day following the
construction of a tunnel. The fungal growth was continuously cropped by the activity and
feeding of thc maternal adult and later by the larvae and progeny adults. Unused tunnels
were recognized by extensive growth of the fungi. Fungal growth occurred in all tubes but
appeared more luxuriant on media C and D. Most of the progeny were adults at the end of
the 35 day incubation period. Stock cultures were maintained by periodic transfer (35-50
days) over a four-year period with no apparent loss of vigor. X. uffinis lacks a reproductive
diapause when cultured in vitro. Diapause was found in dispar in vitro cultures (French and
Roeper 197 1).
The nutritional content of the medium has a definite effect upon the fertility of the maternal female and brood development (Table 2). The optimum was achieved when vitamins,
amino acids and lipids were added in the form of casitone, yeast extract, wheat germ, and oil
in media C and D. Whether these nutrients were consumed directly by the maternal female
and larvae, or caused a substantially richer growth of the symbiont fungi was not established. When ground aspen wood (medium D) was substituted for processed alpha cellulose
(medium C) beetle fertility and brood development were also stimulated. The results compare favorably -to use of cacao sawdust or bark extract in the culture of ferruginrus
(Saunders and Knoke 1967).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was supported from funds of the National Science Foundation Grant for
Undergraduate Research Participation.
1980
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
35
Table 2. Production of Xyleborus affinis on various media after 35 days
Medium Type
(Table 1.)
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
A
B
C
D
Number of
Culture
Tubes.
Precentage
(number) of
tubes with
progeny.
Percentage (number)
of tubes with at
least five progeny.
Average of adults
per tube in
which oviposition
occurred.
18
20
61
108
66.6% (12)
65.0% (13)
77.7% (47)
88.8% (96)
33.3% (6)
35.0% (7)
65.5% (40)
85.1% (92)
2.8
4.1
8.3
11.1
LITERATURE CITED
Bright, D. E., Jr. 1968. Review of the tribe Xyleborini in America north of Mexico (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Canadian Entomol. 100: 1288-132 1.
French, J. R. J. and R. A. Roeper. 1971. In vitro culture of the ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus
dispar (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) with its symbiotic fungus, Ambrosiellu hartigii. Ann.
Entomol. Soc. Amer. 65:719-721.
Norris, D. M. 1972. Dependence of fertility and progeny development of Xyleburus ferrugineus upon chemicals from its symbiotes. in: J . G. Rodrigeus (ed.), Insect and Mite
Nutrition. North-IIolland, Amsterdam.
Saunders, J . L. and J. K. Knoke. 1967. Diets for rearing the ambrosia beetle Xyleborus
ferrugineus (Fabricius), in vitro. Science 157:46@463.
Schedl. K. E. 1962. Scolytidae and Platypodidae Afrikas. Rev. Entomol. Mocambique
5: 1-1352.
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
REPORT OF NEW TRICHOPTERA RECORDS FOR OHIO
David B. MacLeanl and Bonnie K. MacLead
ABSTRACT
New state records are given for 16 species of Trichoptera collected at four northeastern
Ohio locations.
In two recent papers, McElrvay et al. (1977) and McElrvay and Foote (1978) added 70
species of Trichoptera to the poorly known caddisfly fauna of Ohio. This paper provides
data on new state records for an additional 16 species of caddisflies collected from northeastern Ohio.
COLLECTION SITES
Adult caddisflies were collected by means of light traps at four locations in northeastern
Ohio (Fig. I ) from 1976 to 1979. The most extensive collections were made at Watercress
marsh (Site 1) located 9 km south of Salem. This area was studied extensively during the
summers of 1976 and 1977 as part of a project supported by the Ohio Biological Survey.
Additional collections were made during the summer of 1979. This area of approximately 48
ha includes a variety of spring-fed wet sedge meadows, marsh, swamp forest, and quaking
bog (Stein 1974). Water from a shalIow kettle hole pond of approximately 1 ha and from the
western portion of the marsh flows northwest and forms a tributary of the Mahoning River.
The area lies some 8 km north of the extent of Illinoian glaciation in Columbiana County
(White 195 1).
Collections were also made at two locations on Little Beaver Creek (Site 2) at Gretchen's
Lock (Sprucevale Road, Co. 428) in I978 and at Lusk's Lock (Site 3) on the Middle Fork
(Middle Beaver Road, Co. 419) in 1979. Additional collections were made at Little Bull
Creek east of Rogers (Rt. 154) a tributary of the North Fork of the Little Beaver. A list of all
the species collected at these sites will be included in a faunistic survey of Watercress marsh
and Little Beaver Creek now in preparation.
Family
PHILOPOTAMIDAE
Dolophilideu distincrus (Walker). Site 1, 3 1-VII-79 (1 male); Site 4, 15-VI-79 ( I male).
Family POLYCENTROPODIDAE
Phylocer~rropuslucidus (Hagen). Site I, 14-VI-76 ( 1 male, 1 female); 26-VII-76 ( 1 male);
3-VIII-76 (4 males).
Polycentropus uurrolus (Banks). Site 1, I I-VI-76 ( I male), 14-VI-76 (5 males).
'Department of Biological Sciences. Youngstown Stare University. Youngstown, OH 34555.
'Biology Department. Thiel College. Greenville. PA 16115.
38
T H E GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
Fig. I. Location o f collecting sites, Colurnbiana County. Ohio.
Family HYDROPSYCHIDAE
Cl~e~rrnatopsyclle
pasallu Ross. Site I, 14-VI-76 ( I male).
Hydropsyche btfi'da Banks. Site I, 24-VII-79 ( 1 male).
H . morosa Hagen. Site 4, IS-VI-79 ( 1 male).
H. scalaris Hagen. Site 1, 14-VI-76 (1 male).
H. dicanrha Ross. Site I, 11-V1-76 (15 males): 24-VII-79 ( 1 male): Site 3. 20-VI-79 (84
males); Site 4, 15-VI-79 (65 males).
H . orris Ross. Site I . I I-VI-76 (1 male), 14-VI-76 (4 males).
Poramyiu j7at.c~ (Hagen). Site I , 1 I-VI-76 ( I male), 14-V1-76 ( 1 male): I I-VI-77 ( I male),
4-VIII-77 (1 male), I-IV-77 ( I female).
Macrone~nitmzebratum (Hagen). Site 2. 17-VII-78 (19 males, 29 females).
Family PHRYGANEIDAE
Agryptiici vrstirtr (Walker). Site I, 27-IX-76 (I5 males, 8 females); I-IX-77 (6 males, I
female).
Family LEPTOCERIDAE
Ceraclea maclrlara (Banks). Site I, 11-VI-76 ( 19 males, 4 females), 14-VI-76 (8 males),
18-VI-76 (4 males); 16-VI-77 (I male): I-IX-77 (1 male).
Family LIMNEPHILIDAE
Pse~rdostenophylaxuirgit~iclrs(Banks). Site 2 , 26-V-78 ( 1 male).
Lirnnephilrts orr~arlrsBanks. Site I, 1 1-VI-76 (I male).
L . rnorsrlrs Banks. Site I, I I-VI-76 (2 males), 18-VI-76 (2 males)
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
LITERATURE CITED
McElrvay, E. P.. T . L. Arsuffi, and B. A. Foote. 1977. New records ofcaddisflies (Trichoptera) for Ohio. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington 79:599404.
McElrvay, E. P. and B. A. Foote. 1978. Annotated list of caddisflies (Trichoptera)occurring
along the upper portion of the west branch of the Mahoning River in northeastern Ohio.
Great Lakes Entomol. 1 1: 143-154.
Stein, Carol B. 1974. An evaluation of Watercress marsh, Ohio, as a potential National
Natural Landmark. USDI Nat. Park Serv.
White. G. W. 195 1. Illinoian and Wisconsin drift of the southern part of the Grand River lobe
in eastern Ohio. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. 62:967-978.
T H E GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY AND DAMAGE OF TWO ACROBASIS
SPECIES (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) ON BLACK
WALNUT IN MICHIGAN1
Peter J. Martinat' and William E. Wallner'
ABSTRACT
Acrobasis juglundis (Le Baron), and A. demotella Grote cause extensive damage to black
walnut foliage and branchlets, and are potential threats to commercial production of walnut
trees in Michigan. Both species are univoltine in Michigan and overwinter in hibernacula.
lnstars 1-111 are morphologically indistinguishable between species and have similar feeding
habits. In the spring, A . demotella was active about two weeks earlier, caused more damage.
and was more abundant than A . juglandis. Five parasitoids were reared from A . juglandis
including Trathala plesia (Cushman), a new record. No parasitoids were reared from A .
denzotella.
Reports of insect damage to shoots and buds of young walnut, Juglatzs tzigra, in Michigan,
Illinois, and Missouri. have increased in recent years (Kearby 1975). The pecan leaf casebearer, Acrobasis juglatzdis (LeBaron). and A. demotella Grote (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae:
Phycitinae) are believed responsible for death of young spring growth of black walnut. A.
juglundis has caused severe defoliation in southern United States pecan plantations (Gill
1917, Nickels 1951, Bissel 1942). The biology of A . juglandis on pecan (Carya illinoensis) is
well known, but no studies have been made in the northern United States on J. nigra.
Except for brief accounts (Hulst 1890, Neunzig 1972), there is little information available on
the biology of A . detnotella. Since both species threaten commercial walnut production, our
purpose was to determine their life histories on black walnut in Michigan and to describe
their damage.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
Field work was conducted during late spring and summer of 1975-1976 in a 24-ha black
walnut plantation in Branch County (south-central Michigan), in an 8-ha mixed woodlot and
old field in Clinton County (central Michigan), and at smaller black walnut plantings in
Shiawassee (central Michigan), Clare (northeastern Michigan), Livingston (southeastern
Michigan) and Kalamazoo (southwestern Michigan) counties. Sampled trees were less than
15 cm DBH, 10-15 years old. and under 6 m tall. Weekly collections from the Branch and
Shiawassee County locations consisted of 20 randomly selected 30-60 cm branchlet sections. The number of infested buds and shoots, the type of damage, and the extent of
defoliation were recorded. Tunnel lengths and case sizes were measured. Larvae were fixed
in KAA then transfered to 807c ethanol. Field-collected eggs and larvae were placed on
potted I-year old black walnut seedlings in growth chambers at controlled temperature (24'C
photophase, 18°C scotophase), 70% RH, and an 18-h photoperiod. Inhabited larval cases
and shoots were placed in Deitz globes in an insectary to rear parasitoids and moths.
'Published as Journal Article 8752 of Michigan State University, Agricultural Experiment Station.
:Department of Environmental and Forest Biology. College of Environmental Science and Forestry.
State Univers~tyof New York. Syracuse, NY 13210.
'USDA Forest Service. Forest Insect and Disease Laboratory, 15 1 Sanford Street. Hamden. CT065 14.
42
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. 13. No. I
Adult field actlvity was monitored using 15-watt blacklight traps fitted with photoelectric
switches at the Branch and Clinton County sites. Traps were placed centrally in the walnut
plantings, baited with cyanogas, and changed 2-3 times a week.
The number of instars was determined by head capsule measurements of field-collected
larvae and the number of cast head capsules found with larvae reared in the laboratory. Cast
head capsules were usually found tangled in webbing, and could be associated with the
correct individual.
Characters given in Heinrich (1956), Neunzig (1972). and Hinton (1943. 1946) were used to
identify species of Acrobasis. Larvae were recognized as pyralids by the presence of the
bisetose L (prespiracular) group on the prothorax and the biordinal o r triordinal complete
circle crochet arrangement. The sclerotized ring around seta SDI on the mesothorax (sometimes also on the eighth abdominal segment), and a trisetose L group and a bisetose SV
group in the ninth abdominal segment place them in the phycitines. A. j~,glandis and dernotrlla were distinguished by the characters given in Table I.
The sex of Acrobasis adults was determined by the presence of an enlarged basal antennal
segment in the male and a simple basal antennal segment in the female.
COMMERCIAL BLACK WALNUT PLANTINGS AND DISTRIBUTION O F
ACROBASIS IN MICHIGAN
A questionnaire sent to 200 Michigan walnut growers (52 responses received) showed that
about 80% of the commercial black walnut plantings are located in the southern one-third of
the lower peninsula and concentrated in the southwestern and southcentral counties
(Table 2). Northward distribution of commercial walnut is limited by a shortened growing
season and severe winter dieback. However, two plantations are located as far north as
Leelanau and Antrim counties. Only 6 9 of the plantations have over 10.000 trees. the rest
have under 100 and 23% have fewer than 20 trees.
About half the responses reported the presence of shoot damage in their plantings. When
selected plantation owners from geographically distant counties were asked to send samples
of damage and insects to the laboratory, we found that either juglandis or demote1la was
present in nearly all the samples. This showed that both species are probably common in
walnut planting throughout the state.
Table 1. Summary of diagnostic characters for distinguishing Arrobasis juglandis and A .
demorella. Setal nomenclature after Hinton (1946).
Stage
Species
4th and 5th Instars
A. juglandi.~
1. Pinacula distinctly lighter than
surrounding integument.
2. Usually only I SV seta (or 1 on
1 side and 2 on the other) on
each side of abd. seg. 9.
A. demorrlla
1. Pinacula pale brown to brown,
about same color or darker
than surrounding integument.
2. With 2 SV setae on each side
of abd. seg. 9.
Adult
Front wings with or without contrasting patches, when present,
usually not reddish, and occur
only basally and rnedially.
Front wings with 3 contrasting
reddish brown patches (basally,
medially, distally).
1980
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
43
Table 2. Location by county, and size of Michigan commercial walnut plantings
County
Allegan
Berrien
Branch
Calhoun
Cass
Clinton
Genesee
Gratiot
Hillsdale
Ingham
Jackson
Kalamazoo
No. of
Trees
Shoot
Damage
72
700
1.000
13
20
2,000
15,000
15
30
36
(4 ha)a
(10 ha)
(64 ha)
140
300
30
1,000
II
43
50
1 50
4
16
40
100
50
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
County
Lapeer
Leelanaw
Lenawee
Livingston
Macomb
Midland
Monroe
Montcalm
Oceana
Ottawa
Saginaw
S hiawassee
St. Joseph
Van Buren
Washtenaw
No. of
Trees
Shoot
Damage
300
1?,000
15,000
100
15
(1.68 ha)
30
15
30
20
(1.25 ha)
100
60
200
119
100
600
15
4
(8 ha)
100
4,300
300
100
6
100
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
aWhere number of trees is unknown, area of land planted in walnut trees is given.
L I F E HISTORY O F ACROBASIS JUGLANDIS AND A. DEMOTELLA IN MICHIGAN
Both species are univoltine in Michigan and undergo five instars (Fig. 1). Since the two
species are morphologically indistinguishable during instars 1-111, head capsule frequency
distributions were impossible to determine during these stages. Head capsule widths of late
summer larvae (instars 1-111) ranged from 0.154.55 mm; those of larvae collected from
hibernacula (instar 111) were 0.30-0.40 mm; those of spring larvae (instars 111-V) were
0.30-1.61 mm. Head capsule measurements of instars IV and V are summarized in Table 3.
EGG AND INSTARS 1-111
Oviposition occurs from mid-June to late July or early August, with juglandis later than
demotella by one to two weeks. Eggs of both species are deposited singly on the underside
of leaflets, usually adjacent to the midrib on the basal half. Turner et al. (1918) and Leiby
(1925) found up to 30 eggs on a single leaflet. Of about 300 leaflets examined in this study
none was found with more than two eggs.
Eggs are elliptical, ivory white, convex above, and flattened below, with a reticular
micro-pattern on the outer surface of the chorion, and average 0.28 x 0.71 mm. Egg shells
are colorless and usually collapsed with a round exit hole at one end. The incubation period
for laboratory-oviposited demotella eggs averaged I I days at a temperature of 21-24°C. No
oviposition in the laboratory was obtained for juglandis.
44
T H E GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. 13, No. I
HIBERNACULUM
INSTARS
jJ-y
PUPA
ADULTS
EGG
INSTARS
I -m
,MARCH
,
APRIL
,
MAY
I
JUNE
I
JULY
IAUGUST
I
SEPT
I
OCT
I
Fig. 1. Seasonal development of Acrohosis j ~ ~ g l u r ~ dand
i s A. d e ~ ? ~ o r r lbased
la
on tisld ubxna~iunbin
sou~hernMichigan.
Table 3. Head capsule and body length measurements (in mm) of IV and V instars of
Acrobasis juglandis and A. demorella.
Head Capsule
Bod>-Length
Species
Instar
Number
Examined
Mean
Width
Range
Mean
Length
Range
A . juglandis
IV
V
15
24
0.775
1.214
0.6444.993
1.043-1.373
8.33
12.17
5.110.4
8.2-17.6
A . demorella
IV
V
8
20
0.981
1.448
0.948-1.098
1.299-1.610
7.90
15.17
5.2-1 1.1
11.-i18.5
N o behavioral differences were observed between early instars of demorella and juglandis. First instars of both species are pale red-brown and about 0.8 mm long. Upon
eclosion a larva wanders a short distance from the egg and forms a sinuous trumpet-shapped
case by the addition of frass to a silk framework. The larva feeds on the lower epidermis,
skeletonizing the leaflet in the vicinity of the case and causing darkening and necrosis. When
foliage begins to turn color (late September), the larva migrates to a twig and constructs a
brown oval over-wintering hibernaculum about I mm in diameter, usually concealed at the
base of a bud (Fig. 2). In late April to early May, 3rd instars of both species emerge from
their hibernacula and begin feeding on expanding buds.
1980
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
45
Figs. 2-5. 1 . Acrobusis sp. overwintering hibernaculum near terminal end of black walnut twig (apx lox).
3. Necrosis o f black walnut terminal bud caused by 3rd instar Acrobusis sp. attack (apx ISx). 4. Case
and mature larva o f Acrohusis juglandis on black walnut leaf. 5. Necrosis o f young black walnut shoot
caused b y boring activity o f Acrobusis dr~norrilularva (apx 1 . 0 ~ ) .
4TH AND 5TH INSTARS AND ADULTS OF ACROBASIS JUGLANDIS
Initial 3rd instar feeding was observed (12 May 1975 and 30 April 1976) when buds were
beginning to swell and continued throughout shoot elongation. The larva begins to feed at
the base of a terminal bud, making shallow excavations conceded by a loosely constructed
silk and frass covering. Most attacked buds expand and foliate normally, but occasionally
feeding damage kills the bud.
46
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. 13. No. I
The 4th instar moves to the underside of a leaflet and constructs a rigid silk and frass
trumpet-shaped case attached to the rachis usually near the terminal pair of leaflets (Fig. 4).
The case is lengthened by the addition of frass to the open end and may reach 3 cm long. The
larva feeds near the petioles of adjacent leaflets, rarely wandering far from its case. Pairs of
leaflets are often pulled together and fastened with silk, forming a protective tent-like enclosure. Occasionally, entire leaflets are consumed. but feeding damage by 4th and 5th
instars was rarely noticeable.
Most larvae are uniform grey to brown, average 12 mm (Table 3). and are found in the
field throughout June. Pupation occurs from the second week of June through midJuly
inside cases sealed with silk. Pupae reared in the laboratory averaged 16 days (range 13-24)
before adult emergence.
Adult moths were found in light traps in Branch County from 76 June to 18 July. with the
greatest number found during 11-14 July. In Shiawassee County, 80 miles farther north. they
were found from 25 June to 27 July with the peak catch taken on 14-16 July.
4TH AND 5TH INSTARS AND ADULTS O F ACROBASIS DE.tf0TELU
The 3rd instar demotella emerges from its hibernaculum in late April or early May. Initial
larval feeding is similar to that of juglandis; excavations are made around the base of buds.
A . demotella similarly conceals its activity in a silken web, but soon bores into and hollows
out the bud. The 4th instar enters a young shoot in the axil between the shoot and a leaf
petiole and bores in the pith, covering the entrance with frass and silk. Tunnels may reach
45 c m long and cause wilting and death of the shoot above the tunnel (Fig. 51.
Fourth and 5th instar demotella are similar in appearance to juglandis but are slightly
larger (Table 3). They were collected until mid-June, after which only empty tunnels were
found. In early June, 5th instars begin to vacate the shoots, drop to the ground. burrow a
short distance into the litter, and pupate inside an earthen cell. A. demotella l m a e reared in
the laboratory pupated just below the surface of the soil in potted seedlings and emerged as
adults 16 days later. Adult demotella were trapped in Branch County from 13 June to 15
July, with the greatest number found during 26-29 June; and in Shiawassee County from 20
June to 28 July, with the greatest number taken between 25-26 June.
PARASITOIDS
N o parasitoids were reared from A. demotella. Parasitoids reared from A . Juglatzdis were
the ichneumonids Scambus hispae (Harris), Calliephialtes grapholithae (Cresson). Pristotnerus euryptichiae Ashmead, and Trathala plesia (Cushman), and the braconid Macrocentrus instabilis (Muesebeck). T . plesia has not been previously recorded as a parasitoid of
A . jrrglatzdis. The other species have numerous hosts (Muesebeck et al. 1951). Gill (1917)
and Neunzig (1972) cited additional parasitoids reared from A . juglandis and A. dernotella.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Our findings indicate that detnotella is probably the more serious threat to walnut production in Michigan. A . juglandis, a defoliator, would normally cause only a small amount of
growth loss o r injury, but the boring demotella larva kills all growth distal to the feeding site.
The destruction of shoots causes dichotomous branching and reduction in growth which will
influence the shape of the tree and reduce its timber value. Populations ofjuglandis probably
would have to be several times higher to cause damage equal to demotella.
If the tree is 2-3 years old (its "form-phase"), death of the central shoot caused by
demotella attack will cause stunted or bent growth, or excessive branching. in this study,
examination of attacked buds during consecutive seasons showed that whenever a terminal
1980
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
47
bud was killed, a lateral bud assumed dominance. This is one of the most serious problems
faced by walnut growers in Michigan. Some form of control most likely will be needed for
demorrlla if populations increase.
This study also showed that, of the two, drmotella is the more abundant. By destroying
the habitat of juglandis, drrnotrlla is probably more competitive in Michigan walnut plantations. Population counts on trees in the Branch County plantation (Table 4) showed not only
higher den~otellanumbers, but a possible increase in the dernotellu population in 1976. This
may have been owing to the mild 1975-76 winter and early spring thaw reducing ovenvintering mortality. Light trap catches of adults produced a ratio of 5 dernotellu to I juglandis
during both years of study. This may also indicate relative abundance.
Two other Acrobasis species found during this study deserve brief mention. A number of
Acrobasis curyae Grote adults were trapped in a walnut plantation in Clare County, and one
larva was collected from a walnut shoot in Branch County. One larva of Acrobasis cunrrlae
Dyar and Heinrich was collected in a case on English walnut in Shiawassee County. They
represent new host records; only species of Carya have previously been listed as hosts of
these moths (Neunzig 1971).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We wish to thank Louis F. Wilson and Douglas C. Allen for critical review of the manuscript; and Clement E. Dasch, Department of Biology, Muskingum College; W. R. M.
Mason, Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa: and H. K. Townes. American Entomological Institute, for identification of paras~toids. Herbert H. Neunzig provided diagnostic characters for Table 1, and checked identifications of 4th and 5th instars.
This work was supported through a cooperative research grant between Michigan State
University Department of Entomology, East Lansing, Michigan, and the USDA Forest
Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. St. Paul, Minnesota.
Table 4. Acrobasis juglandis and A. dernotellu larva counts on 10 randomly selected trees in
a black walnut plantation in Branch County, June 1975 and 1976.
Tree No.
aStandard error of the difference.
A. dernotella
1975
1976
A . juglandis
1975
1976
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
LITERATURE CITED
Bissel, T. L. 1942. Insects of pecan in middIe Georgia. Proc. Ann. Conf. Southeastern Pecan
Growers Assoc. 36:5458.
Gill, J. B. 1917. The pecan leaf casebearer. USDA Bull. 571.
Heinrich, C. 1956. American moths of the subfamily Phycitinae. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 207.
Hinton. H. E. 1943. The larvae of Lepidoptera associated with stored products. Bull.
Entomol. Res. 34(3): 163-2 12.
. 1946. On the homology and nomenclature of the setae of lepidopterous larvae
with some notes on the phylogeny of the Lepidoptera. Trans. Royal Entomol. Soc.
London 97: 1-37.
Hulst, G. D. 1890. The Phycitidae of North America. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 17:93228.
Kearby, W. H. 1975. Insects that affect the growth and form of black walnut in a multicrop
system. Sixth Ann. Rep. Northern Nut Growers Assoc. 119-117.
Leiby, R. W. 1925. Insect enemies of pecan in North Carolina. North Carolina Dept. Agric.
Bull.
Muesebeck, C . F. W., K. V . Krombein, and H. K. Townes. 195 1. Hymenoptera of America
north of Mexico. Synoptic catalog. USDA Agric. Monogr. #2.
Neunzig, H. H. 1972. Taxonomy of Acrobasis larvae and pupae in eastetn North America
(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). USDA Tech. Bull. 1457.
Nickels, C. B. 195 1. Notes on the life history and habits of the pecan nursery casebearer in
Texas. J. Econ. Entomol. 44:433434.
Turner, W. F., C. F. Spooner, and C. G . Crittenden. 1918. Pecan insects. pecan scab, and
pecan diseases other than scab. Georgia Bd. Entomol. Bull. 49.
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
A REVIEW OF THE BIOLOGY OF THE ELM SPANWORM
(LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
ABSTRACT
The elm spanworm is a serious defoliator of many species of broadleaved trees, particularly oaks, hickories, black walnut, and red maple. Its life history is reported herein, and the
effects of various natural diets on its biology are included. Its different habits of oviposition
in the North and South are compared, and early outbreaks are mentioned briefly. Evidence
indicates that outbreaks terminate from either late spring frost or one of two recently
described egg parasites.
This review of the biological aspects of the univoltine elm spanworm, Ennomos subsignarius (Hiibner) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), will reflect largely my experiences with it in
the southern Appalachians, and, to a lesser extent, in Connecticut and Pennsylvania. Most,
if not all, of the research of the spanwonn dates from about 1960 forward. Early accounts
simply identified infestations or outbreaks.
LIFE CYCLE
Moths emerge and mate between evening and morning, ovipositing in the next 24 hours.
At this time, spectacular flights of the white moths are attracted to the lights of cities. The
moths readily fly 100-200 km, and Lund (1965) reported a male found on Big Pine Key,
Florida, 1100 km from the nearest outbreak. Although it was dry and brittle, all appendages
were present, and the wing and body scales were intact. Flights are made up mostly of
males, but at times gravid females go along.
Granett (1973) indicated a female sex pheromone is involved in the mating procedure. In
areas with mild climates, such as the southern Appalachians, moths emerge, mate, and
reproduce around 4 July. The eggs overwinter and embryonate in late April or May depending upon temperatures. I have observed hatch near Asheville, North Carolina, from
mid-April to the first week of May, but generally about 28 April. In the mountains in
southwestern North Carolina, hatch may start along the upper slopes as late as the third
week of May.
The first instars d o not settle to feed on the opening leaves for at least part of a day. They
string down on silk from near their egg masses, and wind commonly transports them to great
heights and distances. Unlike the gypsy moth, the spanworm has no air-filled hairs for
buoyancy, but, like a tiny spider, is buoyed by its silk thread.
The larvae feed and molt four times, having five instars. There is an occasional supernumerary instar, however. They pupate after about six weeks of feeding, and adults emerge
in a couple more weeks to renew the cycle. Laboratory rearing indicates a protandry of
several days.
IUSDA Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. Forestry Sciences Laborato~y.P.O.
Box 12254, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
50
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. 13, No. I
EGGS AND EGG MASSES
The egg is a very interesting stage of this insect, and an important key to natural control.
In nature, from a few to around 250 eggs are deposited per mass. The average egg mass
found in the South contained 70 eggs on oaks and 63 on hickories (Drooz and Solomon 1%1).
This result is curious because laboratory work showed significantly greater egg production
from hickory-fed spanworms (Drooz 196Sa). Hickory is quickly defoliated. however. and
shortage of food may decrease the average number of eggs per mass on hickory. In the South
eggs are laid exclusively on the underside of branches. Sometimes during outbreaks the eggs
encrust metre after metre of the underside of the branches. Sixty percent of the eggs are
located on sections of branch from 1.0 to 1.5 cm in diameter (Drooz and Solomon \%I).
Few masses are found near the tips of branches, but 75% of them are deposited 1 .&I .5 m in
from the tip (Drooz and Solomon 1961).
Eggs experimentally exposed to the cardinal directions and upward and downward
elucidated the importance of the spanworm's habit of ovipositing on the underside of
branches in the South (Drooz and Solomon 1964). Egg mortality from overwinter solarization in these tests increased clockwise from north through west. No hatch occurred &hen
eggs were directed toward the zenith, whereas hatch was normal for eggs exposed toward
the nadir.
Egg masses were exposed toward the west at monthly intervals from August to May near
Asheville, North Carolina, to learn when solarization kills the eggs (Drooz 1964). There was
hardly any hatch of eggs exposed during August and September and April and May. Fewer
than one-third of the eggs exposed during October hatched. Otherwise, hatch amounted to
81-98% of the eggs. According to Kaya and Anderson (1973), in Connecticut most of the
eggs are found on tree trunks, with only about 20% of them deposited on the branches. My
brief experience in north central Pennsylvania indicates oviposition takes a middle course
between those of Connecticut and the South. The wingless female fall cankerworm has a
similar areal egg laying habit (Moore and Drooz 1974).
The number of eggslmass found on branches in Connecticut was similar to that for the
South, 64, and for the boles it was 53 (Kaya and Anderson 1973). In the North. masses are
still found on the underside of the branches, and those on the boles are deposited primarily
between 4.6 and 12.0 m above ground in the shady S E quadrant of the bole. Only a few
masses are in the SW quadrant, and the NE and NW quadrants contain somewhat more.
From these studies we believe that the elm spanworm oviposition pattern evolved to satisfy
a requirement for shade. In contrast, the fall cankerworm and most species of tent caterpillars cover their eggs with insulating materials, and oviposit without regard to the effects of
solarization.
LARVAE
Laboratory studies indicate that hatching is best under constant temperatures of about
20°C and humidities over 90% RH; theoretical thresholds are 9" and 28°C at 34% RH, but
another model rejected the concept of threshold by indicating only 0.5% of the eggs could
hatch under these conditions (Drooz and Schreuder 1972). In the laboratory we routinely
provide 22-24°C and 75% RH for hatching (Drooz 1970a).
Both Fedde (1964) and Ciesla (1964a) reported feeding preferences of the elm spanworm.
These studies were based upon field observations and not preference tests in the strict
sense. What they did point out is the heavier defoliation on certain species of hickory, black
walnut, and white ash than on the oaks, red maple, linden, flowering dogwood, and beech,
as well a s the total rejection of tulip-poplar.
As previously noted, there are five instars, with distinctive head capsules, and an occasional sixth instar (Drooz 1965b). The first instar can feed only on tender foliage. The
pubescence on new leaves of white oak interferes with its feeding. The final instars can feed
on the tough, older leaves. As with most defoliators, feeding, even under outbreak conditions, is relatively unnoticeable until many of the loopers are fourth instars. As fifth instars,
each larva consumes a leaf the size of a mature northern red oak leafper day.
1980
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
51
We required considerable numbers of eggs for laboratory studies, and frequently it was
difficult to obtain acorns or hickory nuts to provide leaves to rear the spanworm. The
obvious solution was to develop an artificial diet. Fedde (1974) developed a good diet for the
elm spanworm, and we found her diet valuable for rearing other species of insects with hosts
as diverse as pines and hardwoods.
The larval stage lasts six or seven weeks in the field, followed by about two days as a
prepupa in a loose silken cocoon spun among parts of leaves, in bark fissures, or on artifacts
such a s buildings and sign posts. The pupal state lasts about 10 days.
EFFECTS O F POPULATION DENSITY AND HOST
Both population density and the host influence the appearance of the larva and later
stages. With increasing population densities, more and more larvae and their resulting pupae
are dark (Drooz 1966a). Color change is first noticed in the second instar; heads of crowded
larvae become amber while those of most uncrowded larvae remain yellow. The bodies start
to darken in the second instar among crowded larvae, and are generally black in the third
instar. This phenomenon results from neurosecretory changes among larvae found in dense
populations. Laboratory studies show that increased population density causes decreased
pupal weight and fecundity among females, but no change in male pupal weight (Drooz
1966b). Under crowded conditions, the life cycle for both sexes is prolonged (Drooz 1966b).
In terms of pupal weight, developmental rate, head width, and fecundity, diets of pignut
hickory are superior to northern red oak (Drooz 1970b). Diets consisting solely of juvenile
leaves further improve these characteristics. Pignut hickory diets increase adult eye size,
wing length. and adult longevity as compared to diets of northern red oak (Drooz 1966~.
1969, 1975). Pupal weight not only reflects the effects of the larval host. but also indicates
the number of eggs a female will lay (Drooz 1965a).
Foliage from red oaks previously defoliated twice and from mockernut hickory previously
defoliated three or four times did not depress fecundity, pupal weight, or developmental
time significantly, if at all (Drooz 1970b).
Pupal weight and fecundity declined while fat production in the females increased after
rearing several successive generations on red oak (Drooz 1971). No such changes occurred
among spanworms reared for several generations on pignut hickory.
The batch of eggs is formed during the pupal stage, with only time and fertilization needed
for development. For efficient hatch at 75% RH, a temperature regime of three months of
warmth, 90" to 23C, and three months of chill at around 5°C are required. Then at 22°C hatch
will occur in 14-16 days (Drooz 1970a). In nature, this process is protracted into three
months of summer, five months of winter and one and a half months of spring, or about nine
and a half months.
NATURAL CONTROL
Anderson and Kaya (1976) have summarized the known parasites and diseases of the elm
spanworm. It is sufficient here to say that a large cohort of parasites attack the immature
stages. Although the larvae are highly susceptible to applications of Bacill~lstllllringiensis,
under field conditions the species is remarkably free from disease organisms. Viral infection
and other mysterious diseases have been reported but never verified. The lack of problem
diseases makes the elm spanworm a good subject for laboratory culture.
Egg parasites seem to be critical to the collapse of outbreaks. Of several known species of
egg parasites only two appear important. Telenomus droozi Muesebeck (Hymenoptera:
Scelionidae) parasitized from 14 to 89% of the mid- to late June eggs sampled by Ciesla
(1964b) in I963 in the southern Appalachian outbreak. The next year, parasitism in the
collapsing outbreak averaged 72% in Ciesla's study and 85% in mine. It was impossible to
find larvae beyond the third instar. My brief experience with this parasite in Pennsylvania
indicates that as little as 62% egg parasitism may have caused the collapse of an outbreak in
52
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. 13, No. I
1976 (Drooz 1977). Only 2.5% of the Pennsylvania spanwom eggs hatched. suggesting that
many eggs may have succumbed to attack by Telenomus.
The other important egg parasite is the recently described encyrtid. Ooencxrtus ennomophagus Yoshimoto. By 1973, 0. ennomophagus destroyed the Connecticut populations
of spanworm. Anderson and Kaya (1974) published considerable detail on the biology and
habits of 0. ennomophagus. Its origins remain obscure, but it probably Has introduced
fortuitously.
Another limiting force in elm spanwom outbreaks is late spring frost ~ h i c his common
along the Appalachians from Pennsylvania to Georgia. Late spring frost ended an expanding
outbreak in Pennsylvania in 1977.
HISTORY O F OUTBREAKS
The earliest recorded outbreaks occurred in the New York City area and Philadelphia
(Gentry 1878, Lintner 1882, Packard 1890). Another extensive early outbreak enveloped the
southern Appalachians in 1878 (Dodge 1882). About 80 years later populations of the elm
spanworm rose in the southern Appalachians and occupied forests within similar geographical boundaries as before (Fedde 1964). This most recent southern outbreak covered 607.000
ha at its height in 1960. Decline was gradual for the next two years and precipitous for the
following two years.
Two notable characteristics of the outbreak were that the most severe defoliation occurred along the upper slopes and ridges, and the presence of light populations could be
detected from the air by the complete defoliation of hickory and black salnut. Heavier
defoliation along the upper slopes is caused by updrafts that transport numerous freshly
hatched larvae, as well as moths later on, to preferred hosts on the drier sites. The elements
which stimulate outbreaks remain largely unknown.
CONCLUSIONS
By reviewing the history of elm spanworm outbreaks, we learn that there have been
numerous reports of small and transient infestations, but that the potential may be present
for prolonged extensive and destructive outbreaks. In addition, two natural phenomena limit
the duration of outbreaks. These are late spring frost which destroys the foliage and young
larvae, and two species of egg parasites. The production and liberation of these egg parasites might be a way to reduce the duration of outbreaks. However, we only know how to
rear one species, 0 . ennomophagus, and locating a starting culture could prove difficult.
LITERATURE CITED
Anderson, J. F., and H. K. Kaya. 1974. Diapause induction by photoperiod and temperature
in the elm spanworm egg parasitoid, Ooencyrtus sp. Ann. Entomol. Soc. , h e r . 67:845849.
. 1976. Parasitoids and diseases of the elm spanworm. J. Ne* York Entomol.
SOC.84:169-177.
Ciesla, W. M. 1964a. The feeding preference for hardwoods by elm spanworm in the
southern Appalachian Mountains. J. Econ. Entomol. 57:604.
. 1964b. Egg parasites of the elm spanworm in the southern Appalachian
Mountains. J. Econ. Entomol. 57:837438.
Dodge, C. R. 1882. A new apple tree pest. Canadian Entomol. 14:30-32.
Drooz, A. T. 1964. Effect of monthly solarization on eggs of the elm spanworm. Ennornos
s~rbsignarius(Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 57:657.
. 1965a. Some relationships between host, egg potential, and pupal weight of
the elm spanworm, Ennomos s~rbsignarius(Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Ann. Entomol.
Soc. Amer. 58:243-245.
1980
T H E GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
53
. 1965b. Elm spanworm head capsule widths and instars. J. Econ. Entomol.
58:62943 I.
. 1966a. Color studies of reared elm spanworm larvae and pupae. Ann.
Entomol. Soc. Amer. 59:56&573.
. 1966b. Some effects of rearing density on the biology of the elm spanworm.
Canadian Entomol. 98:8347.
. 1966c. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors that cause variability in wing length in
the elm spanworm, Ennomos subsignarius. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 59:1021-1022.
. 1969. Elm spanworm eye size depends upon sex and diet. Ann. Entomol.
Soc. Amer. 62561-562.
. 1970a. Rearing the elm spanworm on oak or hickory. J. Econ. Entomol.
63: 158 1-1585.
. 1970b. The elm spanworm (Lepidoptera: Geometridae): How several natural
diets affect its biology. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 63:391-397.
. 197 1. The elm spanworm (Lepidoptera: Geometridae): Natural diets and their
effect on the Fz generation. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 64:331-333.
. 1975. Larval diet and adult longevity in the elm spanworm. Environ.
Entomol. 4:847448.
. 1977. Notes on Telenomus n. sp., an egg parasite of the elm spanworm,
Ennomos subsignarius (Hiibner). J . Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 93:89-90.
Drooz, A. T., and H. T. Schreuder. 1972. Elm spanworm: Models of eclosion as related to
temperature and relative humidity in the laboratory. Environ. Entomol. 1582-588.
Drooz, A. T., and J. D. Solomon. 1961. Elm spanworm egg mass studies. J. Econ. Entomol.
54: 106@1061.
. 1964. Effects of solarization on elm spanworm eggs (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 57:95-98.
Fedde, G. F. 1964. Elm spanworm, a pest of hardwood forests in the southern Appalachians. J. For. 62:102-106.
Fedde, V. H. 1974. Rearing the elm spanworm on artificial diet. USDA For. Serv., Southeast. For. Exp. Stn., Res. Note SE-204.
Gentry, T. G. 1878. The house sparrow at home and abroad. Glaston, Remsen and Haffelfinger, Philadelphia.
Granett, J. 1973. Sex attractant pheromone activity of the elm spanworm. J. Econ. Entomol.
66:808409.
Kaya, H. K., and J. F. Anderson, 1973. Elm spanworm egg distribution in a Connecticut
hardwood forest. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 662325429.
Lintner, J . A. 1882. Insect depredators upon the apple tree. First Rep. New York State
Entomol.
Lund, H. A. 1965. Mass flights of the elm spanworm moth, Ennomos srrbsignarius (Hiibner)
in the southeastern United States. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington 67:23&237.
Moore, G. E . , and A. T. Drooz. 1974. Rearing the fall cankerworm on a natural diet. USDA
For. Serv., Southeast. For. Exp. Stn., Res. Note SE-197.
Packard, A. S. 1890. Insect injurious to forest and shade trees. Fifth Rep. U.S. Entomol.
Comm.
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
REPORT OF A NATIVE FOODPLANT FOR HAPLOA CONFUSA
(LEPIDOPTERA: ARCTIIDAE)
Thomas J. Rosattil
While collecting on the dunes near Lake Huron and Ippenvash Provincial Park, Ontario,
20 May 1979. I discovered larvae of what turned out to be Lyman's Haploa tiger moth,
Haploa confusa Lyman (Arctiidae), eating the foliage of one of the non-glandular varieties
of the bearberry, Arcfustaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. var. coactilis Femald and MacBride
(Ericaceae). The literature on this plant is summarized, and its North American distribution
given, by Packer and Denford (1974).
Sprigs of a plant on which one larva was observed (Fig. 1) were brought into the laboratory and placed in a plastic bag along with the observed larva (Fig.2), and on 21 May there
was evidence of additional leaves having been partially eaten and of frass production, which
amounted to 0.5 g dry weight for the period 20 May through 4 June. Between 1 and 3 June
the larva underwent pronounced reduction in activity, and by the evening of 4 June it had
entered the pupal stage (Fig. 3). Eighteen days later, on 22 June 1979, the adult (Fig. 4)
emerged. For detailed descriptions of eggs, larvae, and other aspects of the life cycle, see
Lyman (1887) and Dyar (1885).
Examination of the literature including Tietz (1972:220) confirmed that the naturalized
Eurasian weed, hound's tongue, Cynoglossurt~offieinale L. (Boraginaceae) has been the
only foodplant reported for H. confusu. It is notable that the genus Haploa is endemic in
North America, so that the use of Cyrzoglossum officinale by H . confirsa apparently arose
after the introduction of this weed.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank David J. Bay and W a ~ ~ C.
e n Wagner for technical photographic assistance, Mr.
John H. Newman for confirming identification of the adult and for helpful discussion, and
Drs. Edward G. Voss and Warren H. Wagner, Jr. for critique of the manuscript.
LITERATURE CITED
Dyar, H. G. 1895. Notes on two callimorphas. J. New York Entomol. Soc. 3 5 9 4 0 .
Lyman, H. H. 1887. The North American callimorphas. Canadian Entomol. 19: I8 1-191.
Packer, J. G. and K. E. Denford. 1974. A contribution to the taxonomy of Arcfosfaphylos
rrva-ursi. Canadian J. Bot. 52:743-753.
Tietz, H. M. 1973. An index to the described life histories, early stages and hosts of the
Macrolepidoptera of the continental United States and Canada. Vol. I. Allyn Mus.
Entomol. Sarasota, Fla.
IDepartrnent of Botany. The University of Michigan. Ann Arbor. MI 48109.
56
THE GREAT LAKE ; ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. 13. 90. 1
Figs. 1 4 . Haploa confusa. 1. Habit of final instar on Arctostaphylos uua-ursi, x 0.6. 2. Final instar, x 2.8.
3. Pupa, x 2 . 0 . 4 . Adult, x 2.4.
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
'THE EUROPEAN ANTECEDENTS OF THE SCHMllT BOX
Ronald Sterne Wilkinsonl
In a contribution to The Great Lakes Entornologist, Wheeler and Henry (1977) examined
various entomological aspects of the work of a hemipterist, the Rev. Modestus Wirtner
(1861-1948), mentioning that during his seminary days, Wirtner was assisted by the Rev.
Jerome Schmitt, "designer of the Schmitt box."
The history of the "Schmitt box," one of our most familiar American items of entomological equipment, has recently been the subject of two papers. Suter and Rupprecht (1974)
concluded that the Rev. Hieronymus (Jerome) Schmitt, O.S.B. (1857-1904) was the originator of "the insect storage and transfer device bearing his name." In independent research.
Gurney, Mallis, and Snetsinger (1975) compiled a thorough study of the history and development of the Schmitt box in the United States, explaining the relationship and relative
contributions of the various Schmitts (and variations of the name) whose identities have
previously puzzled those who have considered the origin of the storage box. Their conclusion was that "the Rev. Schmitt of St. Vincent College designed the Schmitt box. John
Schmitt/Schmidt/Smith of Brooklyn manufactured the box. In all probability, John Schmitt
the cabinet maker improved the design of the box in the process of manufacturing it on a
commercial scale, and the usage and judgment of his son John B. Smith and C. V. Riley
contributed to its standardization and wide acceptance."
I refer readers to Gurney et al. for their historically reasonable explication of these
complicated American developments. However, as an historian of biology I feel that the
question of the origin of the Schmitt box may have been somewhat misdirected, if understandably so. Certainly the Schmitts. Smith, and Charles Valentine Riley contributed to the
general acceptance of the box in America. But the Rev. Schmitt was not the first to use the
design known to us as the Schmitt box, and the problem of the invention of the box reaches
beyond the investigations of those who have so thoroughly examined the American sources,
for these authors have not considered the fact that the design was widely known in Europe
long before the various Schmitts popularized the container in the United States. The moblem could just as well be one of introduction or imitation rather than local invention.
Various sorts of insect storage containers were used in Europe and England in the nineteenth century. These ranged from the traditional cab~netswith sliding glazed drawers, to
the curious and interesting boxes designed to simulate double-volume labeled books which
opened in the center to reveal hinged containers, to a great variety of storage boxes which
are more familiar to us today and are found in every European and British museum which has
an entomological collection of any antiquity. The latter category includes containers which
we would now recognize as the Schmitt design, with the rounded pest-retardant flange and
characteristics with which we are well acquainted. In fact, our Schmitt design was well
known in Europe at least as early as the second quarter of the nineteenth century.
In my own historical collection of entomological equipment 1 have such a box which, as its
label proves, was used in England, probably in the 1830's. It is only distinguishable from our
Schmitt design by its size and the placement of its hooks. as well as the inclusion of a
camphor receptacle, with which many of the nineteenth-century boxes were provided. 1
have other such containers from Europe which predate the supposed invention of the
Schmitt box, but these are by no means unique, and in fact are rather common in old
accumulations. Dimensions are usually the basic difference from our Schmitts, but this
presents no historical problem, for we now know from the sources gathered by Gurney et al.
that John Schmitt, the cabinet maker who seems to have originally manufactured the boxes
'The American Museum of Natural History, New York. N Y 10024
58
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
Vol. 13. No. 1
in the United States, produced them in any desired size. much as in Europe. The later
standardization in size was due to a number of factors (mass production was one). and this
resulted in the box with which we are familiar.
When such clear circumstances exist in the development of scientific apparatus. historians must view a case of later independent "invention" with suspicion. (Ofcourse previous authors, not examining European precedents. have suggested urigir~alinvention.)
American entomologists depended largely upon European traditions for their methods and
equipment as late as the Victorian age. There was ample importation of ideas and instruments, and one would be surprised if European boxes of the Schmitt design were not well
known to some American investigators of the 1870's and 18807s,especially as man!- of them
had European antecedents or had made European visits. The Rev. Schmitt of St. Vincent.
parochial as he may seem to us, was himself a German immigrant who kneu- biological
workers and was hardly insulated from sources of apparatus and methods. Klots ( 1933)cited
a letter from the Rev. Edward J . Wenstrup of St. Vincent College, who stated that Jerome
Schmitt "designed" the box because he studied insects in his room and had to c a m them
from the college museum. But the Rev. Wenstmp was hardly omniscient. and the truth may
well have been that Schmitt constructed his box according to the European desi-en for his
own use. There can be little doubt that John B. Smith and C. V. Riley u-ere aware of the
European precedents.
Whatever the precise circumstances. none of the American Schmitts were the original
inventors of what we now call the Schmitt box. It was developed in Europe. American
readers may be comforted to know that a number of our own inventions. from the e n t e
mological light trap to the aspirator, have migrated to Europe. at times by routes as m! sterious as that of the Schmitt box.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am grateful to Dr. Alexander B. Klots, author of the first modem commentariej on the
Schmitt box, for alerting my attention to more recent remarks.
LITERATURE CITED
Klots, A. B. 1933. Standardize and save: more entomological histon. Hard's Entomol.
Bull. l(8): 1-2.
Gurney, A. B., A. Mallis, and R. Snetsinger. 1975. Who designed the Schmitt box'? Bull.
Entomol. Soc. Amer. 21225-228.
Suter, W. R. and J . Rupprecht. 1974. The father of the Schmitt box. EntomoI. News
85:29%300.
Wheeler, A. G. and T. J. Henry. 1977. Rev. Modestus Wirtner. Great Lakes Entomol.
10: 145-157.
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES
AN ALTERNATE FOODPLANT FOR EUPHYDR YAS PHAETON
(LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE)
Euphydryasphaetot~(Drury) larvae feed on a variety of plants, turtlehead (Chelone glabra
L.) being recognized as the preferred larval foodplant. This plant grows in most localities
wherephaeton occurs, but not in all of them. In Kane County in northeastern Illinois, I have
observed phaeton caterpillars in all stages of growth, inluding those recently emerged from
diapause, feeding exclusively on plants of Valerianu edulis (A. Gray), suggesting that the
plant may also be utilized as an oviposition site by adults. I have been unable to locate C.
glabra at this particular locality.
During the last week of May 1979. 1 discovered large numbers of phaeton larvae feeding
on plants on wood betony (Pedicularis lanceolata Michx.), in a wet meadow in Spring Lake
Forest Preserve, near Bamngton in Cook County, Illinois. More than 100 phaeton larvae
were concentrated in a rather small area where this plant and C. glabra grew side by side.
Early instar and mature larvae were found on the small plants and often these plants were
almost completely denuded of leaves. Apparently the larvae fed on P . lanceolata by choice,
not from necessity; plants of C . glabra showed no feeding damage. P . lanceolata has not to
my knowledge ever been reported as a foodplant for E. phaeton, and this observation
apparently represents a new larval host record for the butterfly.
Identification of P. lanceolata was kindly made by Dr. Edward G. Voss, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Irwin Leeuw
12 19 Crystal Lake Road
Cary, IL 60013
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST
ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PESTS IN INSECT COLLECTIONS
Dermestids, psocids, and a few other insects are a constant threat to insect collections.
Control of these pests is most often by continuous fumigation with napthalene or paradichlorobenzene.
Workers in insect collections can have long-term exposure to the fumes of naphthalene or
paradichlorobenzene. How dangerous those exposures are to health is unknown. but the!can not be entirely harmless. Even if the fumigants were not health hazards their d o n are
obnoxious. Serious thought should be given to reducing the use of fumigants and more
dependence on other control methods.
The Townes Collection has been without fumigation for the last IS years. .\verage loss to
dermestids has been two to three specimens per year. Also, psocids have wcasionallkdamaged small specimens that were left outside of boxes. Since this is a collection of 3200
insect boxes such damage is insignificant. The small rate of loss is attributed to the follow-ing
factors: ( I ) The collection is in a cold climate (southern Michigan) where there is central
heating for eight months per year. The low humidity of the heating s e w n suppresses
psocids and retards dermestids. (2) The insect boxes are kept in relatively tight d i n e r s and
the collection rooms are relatively clean and tight. (3) About once every three y e a n uindou
ledges and cracks under cabinets have been dusted with 10% DDT or chlordane to discourage dennestid and psocid breeding on insects that may have flown or crawled into the
collection room, died, and remained undisturbed in those places. (4) There are spiders in the
collection rooms.
More spiders are present than are usually seen in collection rooms. probablk k - a u s e of
the lack of fumigants. The spiders are not annoyingly abundant but are always present.
frequenting corners, areas under furniture, and cracks behind or beneath cabinets. There are
several kinds. They feed on sow bugs, occasional small crickets. cluster flies. or other
insects that get into the collection rooms. Anything that they consume is a reduction of the
food supply that would otherwise be available for dermestids and psocids. and they would
prey directly on the dermestids and psocids if they found them.
Several factors have been protecting the collection from infestations. in spite of no fumigation for the past 15 years. Spiders are one of the factors, possibly an important one.
Henry Townes
American Entomological Institute
5950 Warren Road
Ann Arbor, MI 48105
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