Learning Objectives for
revision session
CHAPTER 1: FUNDAMENTAL IDEAS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Be confident with the periodic table
Know what elements are made from
Know what a compound is
Know how to draw and label an atom
Recognise the difference between atomic mass and atomic number
Balance equations successfully (H)
Know the difference between ionic, covalent and metallic bonds (H)
Know what conservation of mass is
Look at your periodic tables
Title: chapter 1- fundamental ideas
1. What is the periodic table? Table of all known elements
2. What do we call group 1 elements? Alkali metals
3. What do we call group 2 elements? Alkaline Earth metals
4. What do we call the elements between group 2Transition
and 3?metals
5. What do we call the elements in group 7? halogens
6. What do we call group 8/0 elements? Noble gases
7. Chlorine and fluorine are in group 7. What does that
tell you about the two elements? They both have 7
electrons in their
outer shell.
They have similar
properties
Atomic number and atomic mass
1. Write down the what
the atomic number and
atomic mass is
2. Write down the
numbers of protons,
neutrons and electrons
for each element
3. Look at the last two.
What elements are
they?
Ionic, covalent and metallic
bonding
• Ionic- metal and non-metal
• Covalent- non-metals
• Metallic- only metal
CaO
CH4
MgCl2
NaCl
Balancing equations
Question: why are atoms neutral?
• They have the same number of protons
(positive) and electrons (negative) so
they balance each other out and are
neutral.
+
Neutron
Same number of electrons in their outer shell
OR
They have similar properties
Look at carbon on the
periodic table.
It has:
6 electrons
6 protons and
12-6= 6 neutrons
The neutrons and protons go
in the middle (in the nucleus)
This makes the mass number.
The electrons go in the
outside, and have to be
arranged properly. 2 in the
first shell and 4 in the other
(2+4= 6)
a) (i)
H2 + O2 → H2O *both circled
correct
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
A1 + O2 → A12O3 all circled correct
for 1 mark
1
(b) idea that:
must end up with the same number of atoms
as at the start
any 2 each
otherwise matter is shown to be
lost/gained
for 1 mark
won’t show correct amount of each
element/compound
2
1 electron in outer shell OR
Similar properties
Look on the periodic table. It has
an atomic number of 11. So 11 is
the answer
23-11= number of neutrons= 12
1 mark- 2 sodium atoms reacts with 2 chlorine atoms. They are both the
reactants
1 mark- sodium chloride is the product
1 mark- sodium chloride is a compound as sodium is bonded to chlorine
1
3
Something that is made up of the SAME atoms
Argon element is made up of argon atoms
Electon
Nucleus (contains protons
and neutrons)
It is made up of only one type of
atom- lithium atoms
Carbon as it has 6 electrons.
nucleus
electon
nucleus
You can’t say they have similar properties even though they do. As the question
is asking you to look at them....so looking at them, the answer must be that they
have the same number of electrons in their outer shell
Electron (neg)
Proton (pos)
Neutron (no charge)
Full number of electrons in outer shell. ANY ELECTON IN GROUP 8
HAS A FULL NUMBER OF ELECRTONS IN THEIR OUTER SHELL
a) 9 protons /Proton Number 9
mass / atomic number is neutral
1
10 neutrons
1
electron arrangement 2,7 / 9 electrons
incorrect configurations neutral
if no points scored, allow 1 mark for nucleus
surrounded by electrons or nucleus contains
neutrons and protons
1
Electron (neg)
Neutrons
Nucleus (contains
protons and neutrons)
Protons (neg)
It has one electron in its outer shell. So it must be group 1! ( EXTRAThere are 3 electrons altogether so it must be the element lithium)
Learning Objectives for
revision session
CHAPTER 2: ROCKS AND
BUILDING MATERIALS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Recognise what a carbonate is
Know the word and chemical equation for the breakdown of limestone
Be able to describe the limestone cycle
Know the test for carbon dioxide (and what happens!)
Know how to make cement, concrete, mortar and glass using calcium
carbonate
6. Longer answer question: limestone issues
Write down the advantages and
disadvantages of limestone quarrying
• Before you start writing, always do a 30 second quick
table like this. Examiners like this. And it helps you
remember things when writing....
Advantages
Disadvantages
Old quarries turned into parks
Noise pollution
Jobs so helps the economy
Traffic
New roads
Dust means greater chance of
occupational diseases such as asthma
Better roads means more tourists which
helps support local shops
Destroys habitats
Use the limestone for buildings or use
the limestone to make GLASS,
CEMEMENT, CONCRETE OR MORTAR
Reduces quality of life
How to remember how glass, cement,
concrete and mortar are made
Substance
How I remember it
How it is made
Glass
L, S, S (the letters from
glass)
Limestone, sand,
sodium carbonate
Cement
It’s sloppy
Clay (sloppy) and
limestone
Concrete
Its hard- C, C, S
Cement (contains the
limestone), crushed
rock (also called
aggregate) and sand
Mortar
Its like concrete but it’s
softer, so doesn't
contain crushed rock
Cement and sand (and
some water!)
To make cement, you need clay and limestone.
(remember it is SLOPPY!)
The gas that goes in is methane (CH4) and the
waste gases are nitrogen, argon and carbon
dioxide. DONT FORGET THIS!
Methane
a) any two from:
•
nitrogen
accept formulae N / N2
•
carbon dioxide
accept formula CO2
ignore CO
•
water (vapour) / steam
accept formula H2O
Calcium oxide
Calcium hydroxide
Calcium
carbonate
Carbon dioxide is
a greenhouse
gas
So it causes
climate change
called GLOBAL
WARMING
Calcium oxide
Calcium oxide
Thermal
decomposition
Carbon dioxide
1
3
Remember in a safety precaution you say the risk and what you
would do...e.g. Heat can burn, so use tongs to handle the
products, or wear goggles or a mask
Clay
water
limestone
Heat limestone to make calcium oxide. If you
then add water, you will make calcium
hydroxide
NAME not chemical formula. So the answer is calcium carbonate
limestone quicklime + carbon dioxide
Or
Calcium carbonate calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
Limestone
2 marks so
A chemical reaction where you BREAK DOWN using HEAT
to burn / react with air / oxygen
1
release energy / heat / exothermic /
keeps temperature high
Coal takes in carbon dioxide
Calcium
carbonate
Calcium oxide
Carbon dioxide
Hydration (adding water)
Calcium hydroxide/slaked lime
mortar / neutralise acidity in soil / neutralise
acid lake water / soften
hard water / to make cement
not in agriculture
not to make lime water
Learning Objectives for
revision session
CHAPTER 3: METALS AND
THEIR USES
1. Know what the reactivity series is
2. Recognise what reactivity means
3. Know the definition of an ore
4. Know what an alloy is
5. Explain why alloys are stronger than pure metals
6. Describe the alloys steel, brass and bronze
7. Explain the uses of aluminium and titanium
8. Be able to explain how we can extract copper
9. Know what transition metals can be used for
10. Longer answer question: metallic issues (extraction)
11. Longer answer question: metallic issues (metals in construction)
Key points you might have missed
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Metals are mostly found on the earth’s crust
An ore is a rock that contains enough metal to make it worth extracting
There are different extraction methods depending on the reactivity of the
metal
Alloys are mixtures of metals and they are stronger than pure metals as they
are not arranged in layers so don’t slide over each other.
Steel is an alloy that contains a lot of the element iron.
Brass and bronze are alloys that contain copper.
Iron and steel can rust 
Aluminium and titanium are pure metals. They form oxide layers which makes
them resist corrosion (resist rusting).
Copper can be extracted by: smelting (heating the copper and then it undergoes
electrolysis), phytomining (P for plants) or bioleaching (B for bacteria).
Diplacement reactions are when a more reactive metal takes over a less reactive
metal. E.g. Copper oxide + aluminium  copper + aluminium oxide....because the
aluminium is more reactive, it take the oxygen.
Iron is cheap.
COKE is just another name for carbon
Smart alloys go back to their normal shape
C + O2  CO2
Coke is just carbon!
C + CO2 → 2 CO
3
2
3
Cathode
Anode
The traditional method of extracting copper is called quarrying and
then smelting.
The ore is copper sulfide (so it contains sulhur).
Smelting requries heating the ore. So if you heat the ore, you will
produce sulphur dioxide as oxygen from the air would react with the
sulphur in the ore.
Two environmental impacts1. acid rain from the sulphur dioxide
2. Large amounts of solid waste from quarrying
Remember these, especially the second one as it comes up quite
often- quarrying produces a lot of solid waste which is an
environmental problem.
oxygen
The key word is expensive. It would be expensive as you
would need a lot of ENERGY to extract just a little bit of
copper. OR you could say it requires a lot of work to extract
just a tiny bit.
Told you- this question comes up again and again....
Traditional method is quarrying....so lots of solid waste is the answer.
mixture
metal
There are 25 dots.
Iron dots = 18. so
18/25= 0.72 x 100=
72%
Chromium dots = 5.
So 5/25= 0.2 x 100=
20%
Nickel dots= 2/25=
0.08 x 100= 8%
Check by adding them
all up. It should make
100%
20%
8%
Copper is a
good
conductor of
electricity
Good
conductor of
electricity
(a) any three from:
•
resources / aluminium / ores are
conserved
accept converse argument
•
less / no mining or less associated
environmental problems
eg quarrying / eyesore / dust / traffic / noise /
loss of land / habitat
ignore just pollution
•
less / no waste (rock) / landfill
do not accept ‘wastes 50% of the ore’
•
no purification / separation (of
aluminium oxide)
•
(aluminium extraction / production) has
high energy / electricity / heat / temperature
requirements
•
less carbon dioxide produced
accept no carbon dioxide produced
ignore references to cost
It can go back to its original shape
Brass is an alloy- it contains a mixture of
metals.
Therefore, it is not arranged in layers (as the
atoms are different sizes) so the atoms don’t
slide over each other. Therefore, they don’t
bend so easily, making it stronger
A rock that contains enough metal to make it worth
extracting
Anything with carbon is a REDUCTION REACTION (LOSS OF
OXYGEN)
2Fe2O3 + 3C  4Fe + 3CO2
It is only made up of one type of atom – 1
mark
Iron atoms- 1 mark
2
2
The gas is sulphur dioxide
It would cause acid rain which
would make lakes acidic and kill
fish
A pie chart must add up to
100%.
So 100- 89, 1, 5= 5%
Remember to revise:
• Methods of extracting copper (smelting then
electrolysis, bioleaching or phytomining)
• Traditional methods of extracting copper are
quarrying then electrolysis.
• An environmental impact of quarrying is lots
of solid waste from rocks etc.
• Iron is cheap
Learning Objectives for revision
session
CHAPTER 4: CRUDE OIL AND FUELS
1. Recognise how crude oil is made
2. Recognise that crude oil has to be separated because it is a mixture of
different hydrocarbons
3. Describe fractional distillation
4. Recognise that when we burn fuels with enough oxygen (complete
combustion) we produce water and carbon dioxide
5. Recognise that when we burn fuels with little oxygen (incomplete
combustion) we produce carbon monoxide which is poisonous
6. Know what cleaner fuels are
7. Recognise how we can produce other fuels
Crude oil
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1.
2.
From under the ground (dead animals and plants turned into fossil fuels)
Crude oil contains a mixture of different sized hydrocarbons
Some hydrocarbons are small- so they have a low boiling point. Others are big so they have a high
boiling point.
We can separate hydrocarbons by a process called fractional distillation.
Fractional distillation involves: heating, boiling, evaporating, cooling and condensing the hydrocarbons.
This allows them to separate into similar sized hydrocarbons (e.g. Small ones go to the top, biggest
ones go to the bottom).
Burning fuels causes pollution. Fuels contain sulhpur too, which reacts with oxygen to produce sulphur
dioxide.
Unburnt carbon is called particulates that causes global dimming and bronchitis.
Cayatlystic converters in cars remove nitrogen oxides (cause acid rain) and carbon monoxide (poisonous)
before they go into the air from an exhaust.
We can remove sulhpur from fuel too as it burns with oxygen to produce sulhur doixide otherwise.
ALTERNATIVE fuels means other fuels instead of using crude oil. They are:
Biofuels (made from plants- so they are renenwable)- e.gs of biofiuels are VEGETABLE OILS
(priduced from olives, rapreseed oil etc by pressing) or ethanol- made from hydration of ethene or by
fermentation. Biofuels use plants and the bad thing is we need plants for food not just fuel as it
takes up a lot of space. But the good thing is plants take in carbon dioxide by photosynthesis.
Hydrogen as a fuel- the good thing is the only waste product produced is water which is harmless. But
it is a gas so it is difficult to store and takes up lots of space. It is produced by electrolysis of
water.
Fractional distillation
butane
/
/
344 – 350(°C)
216(°C)
The more carbon atoms, the higher
the boiling point
/
Acid rain
Global dimming
It has a higher boiling point than gasoline but a lower boiling point than kerosene
oxygen
The only waste product it produces when it burns is water which is harmless
Sulphur dioxide
hydrogen
Ethene is a monomer and lots of monomers
(ethenes) bond together to form the polymer
poly(ethene)
Less carbon atoms
Coal burns to produce carbon dioxide which is a greenhouse gas.
Greenhouse gases produce climate issues like global warming.
The sulfur burns with the oxygen to produce sulphur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide causes acid rain
hydrogen
Evaporation as they
have different boiling
points
CO2
H2O
Evaporation (cant be melting as it is a liquid already)
Condensation (turn back to a liquid)
distillation
Learning Objectives for revision session
CHAPTER 5: PRODUCTS
FROM OIL
1. Know what cracking is
2. Describe polymerisation
3. Give some examples of new and useful polymers
4. Recognise the problems with plastics (longer answer
question)
5. Describe ethanol in detail
Don’t forget
• Fractional distillation is separating
hydrocarbons
• Cracking is breaking big hydrocarbons into
smaller ones (using heat and a catalyst)
• Polymerisation is making plastics using
alkenes
1 mark- cracking is a thermal decomposition reaction
1 mark- cracking breaks down a large hydrocarbon into smaller
ones
1 mark- cracking also requires a catalyst to speed up the reaction
1 mark- burning fossil fuels like crude oil or coal produces carbon
dioxide
1 mark- carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas
1 mark- greenhouse gases trap heat which leads to global
warming as we are producing more greenhouse gases by burning
hydrocarbons (fossil fuels)
hydrogen
Lots of propenes (the monomers in this case)
bond together to form a polymer
Poly(ethene)
cracking
hydrogen
It contains one or more double
bonds
Many monomers bonding
together to form a polymer
water
It is a catalyst
A compound containing hydrogen and carbon atoms only
water
Carbon dioxide
Remember- any hydrocarbon that burns with oxygen produces water and carbon dioxide
It is poisonous and it binds with our haemoglobin in
our blood more easily than oxygen
1 mark- cracking is a thermal decomposition reaction
1 mark- cracking breaks down a large hydrocarbon into smaller
ones
1 mark- cracking also requires a catalyst to speed up the reaction
Bromine water
Bromine water is orange/browny. If an alkene (unsaturated
hydrocarbon) is present, it will go colourless. If an alkane
(saturated hydrocarbon) is present, it will stay the same.
catalyst
A compound containing
hydrogen and carbon only
C8H18
C3H8
It needs to be broken
down using heat and a
catalyst
A compound that contains
hydrogen and carbon only
C5H12
A COMPOUND THAT CONTAINS HYDROGEN AND
CARBON ONLY
A HYDROCARBON THAT HAS NO DOUBLE BONDS AND HAS
THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF HYDROGENS IT CAN
POSSIBLY HOLD . THEY ARE ALSO CALLED ALKANES IN
CRUDE OIL
HYDROCARBONS THAT HAVE BEEN SEPARATED BY A
PROCESS CALLED FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION AND HAVE
A SIMILAR NUMBER OF CARBON ATOMS SO SIMILAR
BOILING POINTS.
C2H4
It increases with more carbon
atoms
Petroleum is another name for crude oil. So the
method to separate crude oil is fractional
distillation
Learning Objectives for
revision session
CHAPTER 6: PLANT OILS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Describe how we can extract vegetable oils
Describe why it is better to cook with oils than water
Explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated oils
Describe an emulsion
Longer answer questions: evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of using
vegetable oils and emulsifiers in foods
Things to remember:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
We can extract vegetable oils by a method which involves pressing. E.g. Using
olives or rapeseeds.
We can’t eat crude oil. But we can eat vegetable oils. Vegetable oils are also
hydrocarbons and also contain saturated and unsaturated types.
The saturated hydrocarbons are not good for our health if we have too many.
Unsaturated ones are better, and we find them in fish, e.g. Cod liver oil.
The test for unsaturation in vegetable oils is the same as the test for
unsaturation in crude oil- bromine water.
Cooking with oil can be better than cooking with water as oil has a higher
boiling point so food tastes crispier.
An emulsifier is something that has a hydrophobic and hydrophilic part to it. It
can allow immiscible things such as oil and water to mix. The emulsifier has a
head which is hydrophilic and attaches to water and a tail which is hydrophobic
and attaches to the oil. This forms an emulsion (SO MANY KEY WORDS!!)
We can turn oils into butter by a process called hydrogenation. It involves
NICKEL as the catalyst and a temperature of 60 degrees celsius. It involves
adding hydrogen's to make unsaturated oils into saturated fat (which is solid).
D
D
C
A
To make margarine (solid) from sunflower oil (liquid) you need
to:
1 mark- do a reaction called hydrogenation or hardening
1 mark- involves heating (60 degrees C) and using a nickel
catalyst
1 mark- need to add hydrogen's to the oil to remove
unsaturated bonds and make them saturated (to turn into
solid)
unsaturated
hydrogen
higher
crushed
It’s cheaper
OR
It’s easier
Don’t say both as it specifically asks
for one answer!
Decolourises
pressing
unsaturated
Turns colourless
Nothing/stays the same
- Nickel catalyst
- 60 degrees C
- Hydrogen gas needed to remove double bonds
Water and oil don’t mix
Water and oil have mixed. So the additive must be an
emulsifier
Learning Objectives for
revision session
CHAPTER 7: OUR CHANGING PLANET
1. Draw the structure of the Earth (and label it)
2. Know Wegener’s theory
3. Know the evidence Wegener had why the continents may have been
JOINED
4. Explain why not many people believed Wegener
5. Describe the gases in the atmosphere past and present
6. State what the primordial soup is
7. Explain the carbon cycle (how carbon dioxide comes and leaves our
atmosphere)
C
A
B
-Similar rocks containing fossils on the edges of Africa and South
America
-Both continents seem to fit together like a jigsaw
NH3 / ammonia
because the gases are unreactive
accept because the measuring equipment was
not very precise
core
It was so long ago!
The boiling point of water is 100 degrees C and venus
is hotter than this, so it would have evaporated!!
Remember this- the boiling point of water is
100degrees C so anything above this, the water turns
into water vapour (steam)
Similar fossils on
both continents
He had evidnece why they were once joined, but no evidence
why they could have moved
People thought the
continents were
fixed
Can also mention a
landbridge
crust
Mantle
year
tectonic
radioactive
-Body’s can’t be found
-Records not available
(ii) any two from:
•
cannot predict earthquakes / plate
movement
•
(cannot) accurately (predict earthquakes)
•
(earthquakes / tsunamis) are random /
not regular / sudden
•
do not know what is happening below /
in the Earth’s
crust / in the mantle
•
very slow / thousands of years build up
of pressure
ignore references to technology / equipment
the Earth is not
cooling
OR
Radioactivity keeps
the core hot
Acid rain
Remove the sulfur before it gets
burnt to produce sulfur dioxide
oxygen
water
Carbon dioxide
oxygen
any three from:
there are many earthquakes predicted by
scientists each year
expense / inconvenience / panic caused by
government / people taking action
most / some earthquakes do little or no
damage
scientists do not know what is happening
below the crust
scientists cannot (accurately) predict where
the earthquake will occur
scientists cannot (accurately) predict when the
earthquake will occur
scientists cannot (accurately) predict the
strength of the earthquake
Did you know:
The earth’s early
atmosphere (billions
of years ago, is just
like that of Mars and
Venus today!
1. mars- more carbon dioxide THAN EARTH (or other way, earth has less
carbon dioxide than mars)
2. Mars- has less nitrogen THAN EARTH (or say it other way round, i.e.
Earth has more nitrogen than mars)
3. There is very little/no oxygen on mars compared to Earth which has
21% oxygen.
mantle
Inner core
(c) (i) remains almost the same /
increases then decreases slightly from
1000 to 1800
1
increases / rises after 1800
1
rapidly (owtte)
Crust
Inner core is solid whereas
the outer core is liquid
During the first billion years of the earth’s existence, there were
lots of volcanoes. Theey released gases like carbon dioxide and
water vapour (water but in the gas form). The water vapour
condensed (gas turns into liquid) to form the oceans!
Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by:
1. Photosynthesis of plants- plants take up carbon dioxide by a process called
photosynthesis. Plants do this to produce oxygen (which we need!) (when we burn
trees or cut them down (deforestation), they release carbon which reacts with
oxygen to form carbon dioxide again!)
2. Coal takes up carbon dioxide! (when we burn coal, we release carbon which reacts
with oxygen to form carbon dioxide again!)
3. Oceans (yes oceans!) take in carbon dioxide and therefore, also reduce the amount
of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (a good thing!)
4. Carbon dioxide also becomes locked up in sedimentary rock like limestone. When
we heat the limestone, we release the carbon dioxide again (thermal
decomposition reaction, remember?!)
The opposite of the last slide:
1. Deforestation (so plants don’t take it up)
2. Burning fossil fuels (like coal or oil)
continental
crust
tectonic
The lithosphere is the crust and upper part
of the mantle. It is broken into pieces called
tectonic plates
In the mantle, heat is produced because of radioactive decay. This heat
causes convection currents in the mantle (so the liquid moves). This makes
the tectonic plates above it move.