JOHN HOYLAND IN CONVERSATION WITH PETER DICKINSON JOHN HOYLAND IN CONVERSATION WITH PETER DICKINSON John Hoyland has been a highly influential abstract painter for over fifty years and his friends have included Barnett Newman, Helen Frankenthaler, Mark Rothko and Robert Motherwell. Hoyland is now in his seventy-sixth year and he gave this candid interview with Peter Dickinson of Abstract Painting England (APE) for Turps Banana earlier this summer. PAGE 16/78 PD: You mentioned Gary Hume, who appears to be a currently feted and influential, what do you think of his work? JH: I don’t think he is influential and he makes Patrick Caulfield look like Leonardo. Don’t forget his teacher was Michael Craig-Martin. They make me think of an advert on television, with a kid being asked by a teacher what lesson are you doing this morning and the kid answers “colouring-in”. Some artists download or draw up images – a bucket, a ladder, a pipe – whatever is required so they can manipulate them on the computer, changing the scale and the colours. They can make a bucket bigger than a ladder, a pipe bigger than a shoe etc, and then they just arrange these things and put a black line around them. Adami, the Italian artist, who came out of Leger and Juan Gris and Lichtenstein, wasn’t that good, but did something far more interesting. Some contemporary painters have lost me along the way. They have a technique at Royal Academician (RA) meetings of suddenly putting on their solicitor’s hat. The nearest analogy I can give you is Lichtenstein’s brush strokes or illustrations of brush strokes. Now it’s Walt Disney meets Tokyo that’s all the rage. It’s all Jeff Koonsy, empty, shallow, done without feeling, no emotional content, decorative pretty glitter – they are terrible. And you have got that other artist – the little drawings that she does of birds, little scratchy jobs. If you draw on an etching plate and you let all the scuffmarks print it looks much better than a pencil drawing. Even her blankets are just folk art. PD: Are there any contemporary painters that you rate highly? JH: There are noble souls such as Anthony Whishaw. He uses colour like a Spaniard, but unevenly so that at one moment you think he has got it and the next thing he hasn’t. PD: This is a curve ball for me because Anthony Whishaw’s pictures are closely toned, and from my memory frequently use muted earthy colours, and certainly in my experience folks find your palette far more jolting. JH: Yes. PD: So how about reductionists like Callum Innes and Ian Davenport. JH: Cold soup served hot as Louis Armstrong. Schnabel is doing films now, but he was good and when he was very erratic and shocking, in that New York brash way – a coarseness that isn’t part of a European sensibility. PD: There is a similarity with your work and one of the reasons it appeals to me… JH: He would just tear a side of a car and stick it on the canvas. I could never do that. PD: Isn’t that part of your Englishness? JH: It’s part of European culture. PD: In Mel Gooding’s book on you he TURPS BANANA ISSUE NINE FEATURE Advance Town 1980, Acrylic on canvas (213 x 198 cm) Courtesy of the artist PAGE 17/78 Untitled Gouache on Paper 1965 Courtesy of the artist JOHN HOYLAND IN CONVERSATION WITH PETER DICKINSON PAGE 18/78 mentions that Motherwell acknowledged you as the new Turner. What do you think he meant by this? JH: He said I ‘could’ be the next Turner – he didn’t say I was. PD: Ok, but he made the connection. JH: Yes, but I am not sure why. He gave me a book on Turner in which he had highlighted with pencil all the bits about light, radiance and the sublime as notes for himself, not as instructions to me, but he was a great teacher. PD: I think he recognised the similarity in that both Turner and you took a step away from what was going with contemporaries to the bemusement of many. There is the obvious connection with the stuff of paint and light but Turner took a leap away from an English ‘correctness’. That is, paradoxically, an English trait. And you stepped away from Modernism. JH: Maybe, I don’t know, but I have imagined what Turner would have produced if he had been on a jet – if he had seen clouds, a landscape or a volcano from a plane. God can you imagine it? Motherwell was very fond of Miro, who was one of his favourite artists and I just thought vaguely, at the back of my mind, that Turner meets Miro would not be a bad combination – all the passion, freedom and the graphic quality of Miro combined with the non-graphic Turner. How to get the melting together of these two aspects of looking – getting them working together is of interest to me. PD: Do you feel that you stepped away from the 1960s Modernist feel? JH: I stepped away from it in the 1960s. There were a number of reasons I came back from America. One of them was that the Americans, a little older than me but my contemporaries, like Nolan, Olitski and Stella, had blown it, they had done what they were going to do. They were repetitive, grandiose and they were bringing out their new commercial line each season. Motherwell was the one that bridged the gap because he had a great love of Europe, mainly in his head because he wasn’t traveling then. The Open series, so called because I think he got that idea from a photograph of a window of a Spanish house that he saw in a National Geographic magazine. I was looking at the dates the other day, I am not making any claim but I have a feeling I was doing that before him because I had a show in 1967 with the blocks. PD: With the crack and edges? JH: And Motherwell was still doing synthetic Cubism. I remember he came to my opening at the Robert Elkon Gallery in 1967 and said, “How much is that painting?” and I said $2000 or something, and he said if it was $25,000 you would sell it. I never did sell it. I’ve still got it. What was so wonderful about Motherwell was that he was highly educated and highly cultured in an American way. If you spent five minutes with Motherwell you would always learn something. If he talked about the Napoleonic wars he could tell you all about the authors, the composers and the painters of the time. He was a good lateral thinker, cross-referencing TURPS BANANA ISSUE NINE FEATURE PAGE 19/78 Untitled 1971 Acrylic on canvas (198 x 305 cm) Courtesy of the artist different things all the time. He was steeped in Matisse and Picasso and one of the reasons he was unpopular was that the Americans, particularly the younger painters, felt he was too European. And there was no doubt he was very European, but he was also an archetypal East Coast America boy. All that flat board, white painted houses, and sand dunes and sky, those were his colours. Another reason for returning from America was that I was also getting impatient with all those guys coming at you, every magazine you opened they were there and the work was just becoming decorative. Then, partly because I saw two little Hoffman’s, who I recognised had the same heroes as me from Expressionism and Fauvism and had work that wasn’t too over-laden with Surrealism, but had the possibility that two plus two could make more than 4 – Europe had a pull for me. My son was a young teenager, my mum and dad were both alive and all my closest friends were here in England. I had a longing to go and look at De Stael again and visit Rome and Paris again. Just the idea that they were more accessible was attractive. And another reason for leaving was that New York is alright for very young people and I think that a lot of the artists that stayed on in New York were more interested in money than anything else because if you make it in New York it is just another level. Instead of art having a time where it can gestate, in New York it is all “Are you in that show? Do you know how much he sells for?” And it is all that hostile commercial hustle which is an artificial, external pressure, when you really need the work too slowly gestate internally and come out from within you. There it was, all surface, and now it has gone to an extreme with people like Koons who apply marketing methods. In my day marketing was opening the gallery door. Leslie Waddington said he opened the gallery door and then started inviting critics for champagne but after a while they stopped coming because they were so fucking bored with the champagne and free lunch. Of course, we were on the whole, poorly served by our critics – they don’t really like the visual arts. PD: Do you think that you were part of a JOHN HOYLAND IN CONVERSATION WITH PETER DICKINSON PAGE 20/78 TURPS BANANA ISSUE NINE FEATURE Above: Maverick Days 1983 Acrylic on canvas (229 x 213 cm) Opposite page: Lust and Luxuries 1984 Acrylic on canvas (254 x 244 cm) Both courtesy of the artist PAGE 21/78 Untitled 1984 Acrylic on canvas (230x 235cm) Courtesy of the artist JOHN HOYLAND IN CONVERSATION WITH PETER DICKINSON PAGE 22/78 movement after the 1960s, after you left New York and came back? JH: I have continued a dialogue in my mind with my heroes – Rothko who I met a few times luckily, Barnett Newman who I met quite a lot, Ad Reinhart, Bob (Motherwell), Helen Frankenthaler, and Tony Caro. I was lucky it gave me a chance to step out of the parochialism of England and St Ives. I don’t see American Art as a movement; it was about ambition and quality. By then I had become a maverick. PD: So where do you think you are now given that you are about to go back to America with a big show at The Yale Centre for British Art? JH: Well, I have forgotten half the pictures because they were bought just after I had done them. I’ll know them when I see them. I don’t know what kind of mixed bag it is going to be. The guy that bought them is a friend now – he has been extremely courageous in his choice of work. PD: Do you feel more connected with America or Europe now? JH: I don’t feel connected with America. I always thought I would because my generation grew up in the cinema – we were in the cinema three nights a week. Rationing was still on here when I was first in the US. You saw guys in big cars with white wall tyres and beautiful girls, cowboy hats and horses and the big open spaces. I thought fuck, that’s for me. Anybody would who lived in Sheffield, the most polluted city in the world at the time along with Pittsburgh, both steel towns. So of course it was a dream America, swashbuckling Errol Flynn and Tyrone Powers, all the romance of America and the West. One is still influenced by those values. PD: Did you meet De Kooning? JH: No, I didn’t want to meet De Kooning. PD: Did you ever meet Phillip Guston? JH: No, never did. Guston lived out in the country. I’ll tell you who I did meet was Pollock’s widow, Lee Krasner – a tremendous woman. She was a real ballsy artist’s moll. She wasn’t beautiful, but boy she had the heart of a lion. She was serious, not in a somber way but ruthlessly serious about good art. PD: I wondered if you ever had the same dilemma as Guston, the battle in your mind with figuration? JH: No, not at that time, and I never wanted to go there completely. I have dabbled, and with Modernism. I began to feel, as I still do, and I think my point has been proven over the last thirty years that it was a limited form of expression, tripes, in the end! Although Nolan got away with it occasionally because of his unusual colour sense – he would put together colour combinations other TURPS BANANA ISSUE NINE FEATURE people wouldn’t think of. Bridget Riley I have always found to be terribly tedious and boring, really boring. Well marketed at the time and I think the name Bridget helped, being a woman helped. But doing Moiré pattern is visual perception stuff. I taught visual perception for a time but I know where these interpretations of line and other forms of perspective come from. People said “God, It must be good if it hurts your eyes.” To me they are just shallow skins. They talk about ambiguity but there is only a one dimensional ambiguity, is the white in front of the black? I am fond of Bridget though, she is rather shrill. When you get older you mellow a bit towards people but I have never rated her at all. I rated John Walker. I think he is a very, very good, clever painter. I don’t know what he is doing now though. He’s moved around a lot, I suppose that’s healthy really. PD: Have you ever been tempted to reintroduce figuration? JH: I have gone pretty close to the knuckle with it. If you take somebody like Auerbach and all that sludge brigade as I call them, they go round and round on a painting but very often, at the end of the day, they have to put the eyes and mouth in like a cartoon and it often doesn’t gel with the form of the surface. It has an added look. I have always felt with Kossoff and Auerbach that I’m always knocking them. I shouldn’t because I don’t know them. They are probably very nice people, but Auerbach was probably the champion artist when he left the Royal College and in some ways has remained the champion artist, but in my view he should have been onto Soutine straight away who is a fantastic painter. He could paint with limpid paint but still paint a hand or an eye and get it all in and through the paint. Bacon aspired to that but never achieved it. They were not brave enough. My wife is Jamaican and sometimes she says to me “You Dark.” Now that doesn’t mean that I am dark coloured, it means I am dark hearted, and I think we all are to a greater or lesser extent. Some are dark all the time and some people are too fucking euphoric all the time. Another cliché but painting is autobiographical. My old pictures were about fucking women. Women were my profession and painting my serious hobby. But as you get older and you physically weaken and your friends start to die you start to think about death and one’s mortality and the physical experiences aren’t the same as they were. You become more thoughtful, more cerebral. Cerebral is the wrong word but perhaps more spiritual, although I hate to use that word. PD: Why? JH: Because it has religious connotations and I am not religious in the sense of the Church of England or the Catholicism. Nature is religion for me, and a lot of other people. If you want to worship anything worship nature; it’s mysterious and creative. PD: So are you connecting with nature through painting? JH: Yes, I think so. The old “I want to make the equivalent of a flower but not copy one.” And also I fell into it over the last twenty years, whereby I am making the paintings more like nature creates form. A plant is organic like our bodies and everything is there for a reason, but the way a tree is placed in the landscape is inorganic. The tree is organic but its situation isn’t. So I try and bring all those things in, let the paint do what it wants and behave in a way that gets things happening that you can’t get with a brush or a spray gun or a stencil. The trick is to hold it all together with filigree, a fragile thread and see if you can pull it off. PD: In my conversations with other painters you often seem to split them right down the middle. There are those, like my colleague David Moxon and Marcus Harvey is another, who likes your work up to the late 1980s, and then there are those that aren’t excited by PAGE 23/78 JOHN HOYLAND IN CONVERSATION WITH PETER DICKINSON John Hoyland Photographed by Nick Smith your earlier flat blocks. The circles tend to be the meeting ground. Then there are those that like the latter works with the fluorescent colours and the contorted forms. David and others have found these difficult to reconcile. However, I like the disjointed layers and forms and the rudeness of some of the visual interventions. My point to them is that one of the hardest things is to come up with new form and certainly form that surprises and challenges. JH: This is it of course. It makes sense in the twenty-first century, to search for new hybrids. PD: It is my contention that you do it. One of the rudest things for me is the paint straight out of the tube with such vibrant colours, and they don’t like that jolt and that is one of the factors I respond to in that work. JH: I want everything in a painting. I want mystery and now more than ever before. I was wham bam thank you m’am when I was young. The paintings are more contemplative now and certainly darker. Death of friends affects you. You don’t want to think about it but you do, you can’t help it and it just comes out. PD: But are there things that shock you, a motif or a process that has come out of the engagement with painting? JH: Well, Gaza and Lebanon for one thing, cruelty amongst people. I am not particularly political as I have lost faith in the people that go into politics, but those events are totally outrageous and the hypocrisy of the West in not standing up and being counted. PD: What do think Motherwell meant by describing painting as ethical? JH: I think he meant holding firm beliefs, holding on to those beliefs to paint from the mind, the hand and the heart. Like when Roualt said “I am more moved by the gaze of Rembrandt than by all of Napoleon’s achievements.” Have you seen my new book by Andrew Lambirth, which shows TURPS BANANA PAGE 24/78 a series I did called Lebanon. A lot of these are pre heart operation. I was doing heart pictures before I knew I had a problem. I don’t know how but they just arrived. A lot of the new pictures are letters to heroes, letters to dead people and homages to people I have admired and art I have loved. PD: I notice from Mel Gooding’s book that you knew Denis Bowen. JH: Yes, I knew Denis a bit. PD: He is quoted as having said that your work was “exquisite”. JH: And he always said I was the ‘boss’. PD: Well, he got me started with this addiction to painting and apparently you reacted to his description of ‘exquisite’? JH: Oh yeah, that was when I was a student, in Art News and Reviews and I thought fucking hell, if I am exquisite then I am not me. I am doing something wrong here. PD: Coming from Denis wouldn’t the term have had a certain flavour that wasn’t related to prettiness? JH: Yeah, but it was a refinement, it referred to that I didn’t feel what was genuine from me. I was doing stripe paintings in 1960, before Bridget and teaching optics at Hornsey. So they are split between love and hate, aren’t they? PD: Yes. The marks are identifiable as Hoyland, they are raw and they are not an English aesthetic but neither are they American. There is a punkish waking-up. You have spoken about paintings being a means of measuring our space and I took this as being a metaphorical description, and this connects with this jolt. Without it habitual production of pretty pictures takes place. JH: You have always got to watch it. I would rather make an ugly picture than a pretty one. PD: Why is that? JH: Well it probably becomes ugly from being dissatisfied and pushing too long and then getting nothing. Sometimes, after a time, the ugly ones become ISSUE NINE FEATURE more beautiful. PD: What do think of Denis’s work? JH: You know he had the problem that a lot of English artists have, and I learnt this failing early on, that he never had a proper studio. So there was a kind of dilettantism to nearly all of English art including the St Ives people. They would go to Egypt, do a bit of drawing and do a bit of poetry then take a break and fall in love and be unhappy. When French art was good the painters were going to their studios every fucking day of the week and hammering it out, and after they would go to the café and hammer out the philosophy of painting. You have to have a setup that allows you to paint. You have to have an ample studio; you have got to have paints. You can’t do it with spray guns on the back of scrap paper. Take Roger Hilton who was a very gifted artist and look at the last five years of his life. He only really painted well for about a decade, you realise that he let his drinking get in the way. His intellectual discipline had gone. He was doing charming things on paper but he should have been doing his greatest paintings then, but he was over indulged and over indulgent. It is such a shame. I am a wreck myself but not as wrecked as he was. He died at 60 you know. Most of the Americans only painted well for one decade. Rothko’s paintings were bloody terrible until the mid 1950s. Then after about 1965 he started going terrible again. Barnett Newman hardly had a painting career. De Kooning was very self-destructive. He was an absolute shit – you know he stowed away to America and was awarded their highest academic award, and he was scared that they would find out before he got the award despite the fact that he had been there for about forty or fifty years. PD: So you think English art is contained by its lack of ambition? JH: Not only that. Take Victor Pasmore, who taught me a lot and very quickly in just half an hour – he was a very good artist and a lovely man but I always think he is a bit like Humphrey Littleton, a very good trumpeter, very good man but he was not fucking Miles Davis. David Hockney is Elton John to me. I want to be Miles Davis who nobody knows. PD: You’re very much about ‘free process’, so how do you feel about the term ‘old jazzer’? JH: I did a talk on Sir Henry Rushbury recently and I recalled a time at the Royal Academy Schools when I had to ask him if I could go to France during term time. He said, “Go and paint sunshine boy.” But I was also asked what the tutors were like when I was a student at the RA and I said, “They were a bunch of grey haired old farts that didn’t know what we were doing.” And as I said it I realised that is me now, with what is going on. But I have absolutely, in my life and work, never seen a great work of art produced by a computer. They are like typewriters – computers they are nothing to the brain and the sensibilities of the body, its ability, the blood, the flesh, heart and hand. PD: Do you listen to music while you work? JH: No, I used to. I would listen to Stravinsky, Mahler who I like very much. I used to really psyche myself up with screaming divas and the blues and I found it was artificially hyping me up somehow. I was trying to produce a visual equivalent to this stuff and so I have cut it out all together now. I don’t like watching music on TV because you are constantly distracted by the first violinist’s tits or something. They give you close ups of fingers trying to make it visually interesting but it shouldn’t be on the TV – you keep checking the orchestra out. I like the old blues – that works on television. There is a guy called Jamie Cullum, he’s a nice little twerp but he’s trying to play like a black man in the 1920s. There seems to be PAGE 25/78 JOHN HOYLAND IN CONVERSATION WITH PETER DICKINSON little historical awareness. When film maker’s quote Back to the Future as their major influences I think of Moreau and De Sica, Fellini, Simone Signoret, all those classic people not known, fucking hell. Patrick Caulfield said he wanted to become an artist after having seen Moulin Rouge, but what have you now is enhanced fucking cartoons. PD: How often do you paint? JH: I probably paint, if I am lucky, about half the week - call it work, it’s like being a kid all the time isn’t it? It’s hardly work. PD: How many paintings do you paint a year? JH: More in the past, but probably, I honestly don’t know, but in the region of fifty to seventy a year. I have gaps because we go to Jamaica and Spain usually twice a year. I’ll show you something. When I travel, in the evenings I do little drawings in case there is anything I can use and a lot of these are figurative and were done on trips to Bali. I also have this book in which I do drawings of all the paintings that I do and I always put on the completion date, size and titles. If they have got a secretary who is no fucking good they might get one or two things wrong but they don’t get all fucking three wrong. PD: You would rather do that than take a picture? JH: Yes, I would in a way, I also take photos but on the whole this is a good confirmation. So this book is from Jamaica in 2009 and you can see from the dates I had a month off from painting. PD: How has Jamaica affected your work? JH: Oh hugely, massively, all the tropics have. I first went to Jamaica in 1969 when I was on my way to the Sao Paolo Biennale. I was going long before I met my wife Beverley. PD: Were you going there for the Rastafarian experience? JH: For the birds, fruit, sun and the amazing light big skies and violent TURPS BANANA PAGE 26/78 rain. The people are lively and funny and the complete opposite of anything English. Can you imagine a Poinsettia, you know the little pot plants around at Christmas, well can you imagine one the size of a fucking oak tree that’s got a parasite tree growing on it that’s orange or purple. Humming birds, butterflies, lizards and bougainvillea all year round, all different shades of purple and pink. There is a drama to the tropics. Here is a painting I painted for a television crew and I finished it in one go. I didn’t think I would but I did and that is rare. I get influenced a lot by what I am reading. PD: Why do you use acrylics and have you abandoned oil? JH: I found that acrylic is more flexible than oil and dries quickly. Painting and sculpture of whatever cultures are ancient languages, they take time to be learnt. Painting is a craft that can occasionally become art, it is a slow learned language and can take years to develop and like most languages it is better to start young as art is always changing. Art and the making of it and the performance are closely related to music. As I said earlier it’s making new hybrids. I have often said when artists of the third world begin to make art the way they make music then we are all fucked. I recognise this in South Africa. The artists are so gifted but don’t know what to do. They know a little about Western influences and a little about their own history. There is no driving force so they imitate. There is no market so they are bound to survive through craft, but the strength, energy and resilience of the people won’t go away. Having said that who knows where art can come from but I doubt it can generally grow in the art market of the West. We live in silly times when people don’t know the difference between Billy Holliday and Girls Aloud. PD: What about the significance of colour? JH: I just leave that to the making of ISSUE NINE FEATURE it. I have said this before, colour is like love – you don’t choose it, it chooses you. Structure like you were saying is the problem, to define structures to hang on to. But these paintings have become less and less structured. PD: There is more space in the backgrounds now. JH: I am trying to make areas where your eye can explore different galaxies, movements and rhythms. It is just daydreaming, being a kid everyday, not a work ethic. It is multi-faceted. I have always said that painting is killer sport because when you fail you kind of die. It is that intense, but you have to play with the paint and let it go its own way and then check it. I hate to lose a painting. PD: In New York at the moment there is a resurgence of minimal reductions. JH: Oh fuck me! PD: The search and need for concrete simplicity, which I find stylish and depressing. JH: Yes, that’s Donald Judd, he was a critic you know? Some critics thought well, I am cleverer than these bastards why don’t I become an artist. I am better educated but what they lacked was touch, feel, and sensuality of surface and passion. You see those Don Judd’s stacked up like shelves. To me they are nothing. I am tired of these stunters. Some clown who rolled up some pathetic snowman in the square here photographed it and got it in all the newspapers. He did them all around London - so fucking what? What is that? Pathetic. You were talking about form and how to use colour and I agree with you it is a crucial thing but when you look at that great Robert Smithson spiral that they did with bulldozers, trucks and helicopters and also the Richard Long lines in the desert, if you transfer the form to canvas it is just a fucking line. That is all it is. They are just spirals, lines and circles. PD: Isn’t there a sensibility in those works that is drawing your attention to the natural context? Isn’t the organizing of the landscape appealing to the English romantic? JH: To me it is very elementary. PD: These environmental installations are designed and don’t come out of the material, they are on a scale where they can’t emerge. JH: To put a single line, a rectangle, or two blues on a canvas has been done before. The precursors of this were people like Diebenkorn. You couldn’t find a hole in a Diebenkorn. There was Ludwig Sander and Alan Green. They all did geometric painting. People have forgotten this. They were quite humble and not really recognised. PD: So where do you think we are now with abstract painting? JH: I know there is a lot of Hoyland’s creeping into catalogues – very bad ones. I mean mine are about as bad as you can get, but they are worse. I don’t go to galleries much but I would like to go to that Picasso show at The Gagosian Gallery, but I know I have to summon up the moral fibre to go there. PD: Have you seen the Soulages show at Bernard Jacobson’s? JH: I missed the opening because it was like a football match there and it was a hot night. I want to see Howard Hodgkin’s show. PD: What do you think of his work? JH: I think he has certainly gone off. In the 1960s and 1970s he was treading a lonely path trying to find a synthesis of Matisse’s Moroccans and Indian miniatures, with the rest of it. He had a nice colour sense. He was really struggling and some of them did take years, then he gradually got a formula. Anyway, there is no wild in art anymore. You have got to be wild to be an artist. I was watching a programme the other night on Caravaggio. Now he was wild! PAGE 27/78 Its About Time - Peter Dickenson 2001 Oil and phosphorescence on canvas (600 x 80 cm) Courtesy of the artist Photographed by Nick Smith
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