Style and Documentation
Sourcebook for Writers
To the Teacher
The Style and Documentation Sourcebook is a handy, easy-to-use guide to assembling research papers.
It should be used to supplement the knowledge students have gained from their work in Glencoe Literature:
The Reader’s Choice. The Sourcebook shows students how to organize source material, how to resolve
questions of style and language, and how to format references.
Some of your students may be intimidated by the prospect of researching and writing a scholarly paper.
The Sourcebook will familiarize them with each step of the process, providing clear instructions and helpful
examples. Most sections are followed by exercises that give students hands-on experience with the methods
explained in the text. An answer key to the exercises is provided at the end of the Sourcebook.
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Table of Contents
1. Writing and Research Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Evaluating Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Developing a Working Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Taking Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Avoiding Plagiarism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Outlining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2. Style and Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
Titles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Numbers and Numerals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Quotations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3. Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
Document Appropriately . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Parenthetical References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Citing Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Works Cited Formatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Works Cited Samples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4. Student Model Research Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Style and Documentation Sourcebook for Writers
iii
Name Date Class 1. Writing and Research Strategies
1.1 Evaluating Sources
As you research your topic, you should evaluate your source materials. Your sources should be authoritative,
reliable, timely, and suitable. (arts)
• The source should be authoritative. The author should be well known in the field. An author who has
written several books or articles about a subject or who is frequently quoted may be considered an
authority. You might also consult Book Review Index and Book Review Digest to find out how other
experts in the field have evaluated a book or an article by the author.
• The source should be reliable. If possible, avoid material from popular magazines in favor of that from
more scholarly journals. Be especially careful to evaluate material from on-line sources. For example, the
Web site of a well-known university is more reliable than that of an individual. (You might also consult a
librarian or your instructor for guidance in selecting reliable on-line sources.)
• The source should be timely. Use the most recent material available, particularly for subjects of current
importance. Check the publication date of books as well as the month and year of periodicals.
• The sources should be suitable, or appropriate. Consider only material that is relevant to the purpose of
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
your paper. Do not waste time on books or articles that have little bearing on your topic. If you are writing
on a controversial topic, try to include material that represents more than one point of view.
Before you take notes, you should also evaluate your sources for blatant bias. If a source’s bias detracts from
the objectivity of your paper, you may not want to use it unless you present one or more opposing views.
To detect bias, ask yourself whether you think the source is treating the topic fairly. Does the author make
unqualified assertions such as generalizations? Are the views of the author often disputed? Answering these
questions will help you to choose the best sources.
EXERCISE
Suppose you want to write a report on the causes of fluctuating exchange rates between the
United States and Canada. Which of the following sources do you think might have the most
useful information about this topic? Why?
Reader’s Digest
video series, Vacationing in Canada
the Toronto Globe and Mail
textbook, Fundamentals of Economics
Newsweek
the Wall Street Journal
Writing and Research Strategies
1
Name Date Class 1.2 Developing a Working Bibliography
As you begin your research, you will need to develop a working bibliography, a record of the books, articles,
and other sources you will consult for your paper. If a work seems useful, write a bibliography card, or source
card, for it. On an index card, write down the author, title, city of publication, publisher, date of publication, and
any other information you will need to identify the source, as shown in the samples below. Writing complete
bibliography cards at this stage will make it easier to compile the final bibliography, referred to as the list of
Works Cited, later. Refer to the section on formatting Works Cited entries in this sourcebook (see Sections 3.4
and 3.5) to review the many types of sources, and to find out how to properly format each kind of entry.
Number your cards in the upper right-hand corner so you can keep them in order and for use later as you
write note cards. You may also write yourself notes, as shown on the magazine source card below.
Book
Author(s)
Title
1
Source number
City of publication/publisher/
date of publication
an d Shipw rec ks: True
Baldw in, Ha nso n W. Se a Fights
w Yor k: Th e Cou nt ry Life
Tale s of th e Se ven Se as. Ne
Location of source
Pre ss, 1955.
Library of Congress number
or call number
910.4 B19S
No rfo lk Pu blic Lib rar y
Periodical or magazine
2
Author(s)
Title
3
Source number
Title of database
ne.
“Gilded Age ." Encyclop aedi a Britanni ca Onli
Encyclop aedi a Britanni ca. 12 Mar. 1999
754 6&sctn=1>
<htt p://w ww.memb ers.e b.co m/b ol/topic?eu=3
2
Style and Documentation Sourcebook for Writers
Date/page
numbers
n
mate rial o
g
in
t
s
e
r
e
.
Int
act iv it ie s
d
r
a
o
b
n
dail y o
On-line source
Name of institution or
organization sponsoring
Web site
Title of
article
Balla rd, Ro be rt D. “H
ow We Fou nd th e Tita
nic."
Natio nal Ge ogra phic
De c. 19 85: 696--719.
Date of access
Electronic address or URL
Note indicating the
type of information
in the article
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Title of magazine
Source
number
Date of access
Name Date Class EXERCISE
Fill out the source cards using the information given below.
1. A book that you found in your local library called A Night to Remember, written by Walter Lord, published by Holt,
Rinehart & Winston in New York in 1955, with the call number G530.T6L61956b
2. A magazine article written by Otto Friedrich, published in Time magazine on September 16, 1985 on page 70, titled
“When the Great Ship Went Down”
3. An article titled “Titanic” from Encyclopaedia Britannica Online that you accessed on today’s date with the address
<http://www.members.eb.com/bol/topic?eu=74542&sctn=1>
1.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2.
3.
Writing and Research Strategies
3
Name Date Class 1.3 Taking Notes
Just as you use three-by-five cards when developing your working bibliography, you can use cards when
taking notes. As you find a piece of information that you can use, write it on a note card. Be sure that each
note card identifies the source (use the number of the bibliography card that corresponds to each source)
and the page number on which you found the information. Identify the subject of each note card with a
short phrase.
Three ways of taking notes—paraphrasing, summarizing, and writing direct quotations—are shown below.
Nor did Congress care what happened to Third Class. Senator Smith’s Titanic
investigation covered everything under the sun, including what an iceberg was
made of (“Ice,” explained Fifth Officer Lowe), but the steerage [another name for
Third Class] received little attention. Only three of the witnesses were Third Class
passengers. Two of these said they were kept from going to the Boat Deck, but the
legislators didn’t follow up. Again, the testimony doesn’t suggest any deliberate
hush-up—it was just that no one was interested.
Class passe nge rs.
Page 108
Summarizing: condensing
the main ideas and
important details.
Third-cl ass passengers
Class
“Onl y thre e of the witn esse s were Third
kept
passengers. Two of the se said the y were
lato rs
from going to the Boat Dec k, but the legis
8
didn¢t follo w up."
Page 108
Direct quotation: writing the
passage exactly as it appears in
your source and putting it in
quotation marks on your card.
4
Style and Documentation Sourcebook for Writers
Page 108
Paraphrasing: restating
the information in your
own words.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
T hird- class passenge
rs
8
Fate of T hird Class pa
ssenge rs was not co
ns
ide
re d
im po rtant in official
8
inquiries.
Third-cl ass passe nge rs
--o nly th re e T hird Cla
ss wi tn esse s ap pe ar
re th oro ugh, bu t no one
ed be fo re
Disas ter invest igatio ns we
Co ngre ss
sse nge rs. Congre ss fai led to
ca red ab out Third Class pa
--n o fo llo w- up
min at ion agains t Third
fol low up on stori es of discri
Name Date Class EXERCISE
The following excerpt is from page 437 of The Titanic: End of a Dream, by Wyn Craig Wade.
On the blank cards shown, take notes about the excerpt. One note card should be a summary,
one a paraphrase, and one a direct quotation. Label each card (summary, paraphrase, direct
quotation) in the space given.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
There could be no doubt that things had changed, that something had passed by,
but it would take many years to know what and how much. In retrospect, we can
see that with the foundering of the Titanic an era passed that had been spawned by
the Second Industrial Revolution—an age of stolid complacency and effulgent
materialism. Gone was the national stability that had been maintained by a rigid
structure of social caste. Gone was the optimism and smug self-assurance that had
been sustained by a dream that technology would materialize heaven on earth.
Writing and Research Strategies
5
Name Date Class 1.4 Avoiding Plagiarism
Plagiarism is presenting the ideas or statements of another writer without crediting the original source. In
fact, the word plagiarism comes from the Latin word plagiarius, which means “kidnapper.” Plagiarism is
theft, even when it is unintentional. Professional journalists and writers have lost their jobs, and certainly
their credibility, because they plagiarized.
Plagiarism can occur in several ways. Obviously a writer commits plagiarism if he or she quotes a source
without using quotation marks, or paraphrases a source without giving credit. Plagiarism also occurs when a
writer summarizes a source’s ideas or observations without giving credit to the source.
Can you always avoid plagiarism just by naming your source? No. If you substitute a few of your own words
in a direct quotation and call it a paraphrase, you have committed plagiarism because most of the words are
still the source’s words, not yours. To avoid paraphrasing a source too closely, look away from the source as
you take notes on it. After you have written your paraphrase, reread the source to make sure that you have
used your own words.
EXERCISE
The following excerpt is from page 68 of Natalie Angier’s article “After 73 Years, a Titanic Find”
(Time, Sep. 11, 1985). Explain whether each student’s use of this excerpt is plagiarism.
The discovery was also a triumph for romance. The sinking of the Titanic on its
maiden voyage, and the death of more than 1,500 of the 2,200 passengers on board,
had signaled the end of the Edwardian era in all its cocky opulence. Last week’s
unexpected reappearance of the great ship was a welcome touch of vintage
nostalgia, like the sight of a top hat or a long white glove.
2. The sinking of the Titanic on its first voyage, and the death of over half of the passengers on board, signaled the end of
the Edwardian era in all its presumptuous opulence. 3. Angier remarks that “[t]he sinking of the Titanic on its maiden voyage, and the death of more than 1,500 of the 2,200
passengers on board, had signaled the end of the Edwardian era in all its cocky opulence” (68). 6
Style and Documentation Sourcebook for Writers
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Angier notes that the discovery of the Titanic was a triumph for romance. The sinking of the Titanic on its maiden
voyage, and the death of more than 1,500 of the 2,200 passengers on board, had signaled the end of the Edwardian
era in all its cocky opulence (68). Name Date Class 1.5 Outlining
An outline is a summary of your main points and the ideas that support them. Soon after you have begun
your research, you can start to outline your paper. Outlining will help you organize your information and
further focus your research efforts.
Classify As you take notes, look for ways to classify the facts and ideas you find. For example, look for
similar features, such as two facts about the role of an individual in a historical event. Begin to group your
note cards as you classify them. As you make decisions on how to organize your cards, you are developing
the information you need to write a working outline. The reasons you use to categorize your cards will
become the headings on your working outline. If some cards do not fit under the headings, set them aside.
Later you can decide whether to keep or discard them.
The Gilded Age
6
Development of Technology
Maiden Voyage
Passenger list
7
Disaster
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3
4
Passengers came from every
The Aftermath
8
Titanic included all classesAll warnings received that night were
American
andsafety
British Investigations
those responsible
for the
wealthy businessmen andbytheir
bridge.
as lower-class workers and
families.
“Only three of the witnesses Pwere
Third Class
age 108
passengers. Two of these said they were kept from
going to the Boat Deck, but the legislators didǹt
follow up.”
Page 108
Organize You can organize your ideas in many ways. Your topic and the information you have collected
may suggest a method of organization. For example, if your topic centers on a historical event, you may
choose chronological order, which is the order in which things happen in time. Alternatively, you might want
to use cause and effect or order of importance to organize your paper. You may find it most appropriate to
use one method of organization for main ideas and use another method for details.
Revise Think of this first outline as a preliminary sketch. As you continue your research, revise your working
outline to reflect new information. If a heading seems to be less important than it did earlier, try making it a
subheading or discarding it altogether. The annotations on the example outline on the next page show how
to organize headings and information.
Writing and Research Strategies
7
Name Date Designate main headings
with Roman numerals.
Indent subheads under
main headings, and label
with capital letters.
Beneath subheads,
further label and
indent items.
8
Style and Documentation Sourcebook for Writers
¢s Sin king
Th e Im pact of th e Tita nic
Th e Gilded Age
I.
A. Grow th of prosp eri ty
a few pe op le
B. Un pre cedented we alt h for
De vel op me nt of Tec hno logy
II.
era
A. Tita nic symb olized th e
stori es high
ven
ele
1. Four blo cks long,
2. Facilit ies
B. Trial voyage, 5- 11-1 911
1912
III. Maide n Voyage, 4- 10list
A. Passenger
ons
1. Illu st rio us, we alt hy patr
or immigrants
po
d
2. Mo des t passe nge rs an
B. Dis tingui sh ed cre w
le
C. Ship con sidere d uns inkab
IV. Th e Disas ter
d
A. Ice be rg wa rni ngs ign ore
gash in hul l
B. Ice be rg rips 30 0-foot
er shi ps
C. Re scu e cal ls go out to oth
D. Lifeb oats lowere d
had never be en held
1. Confus ion be cau se dri lls
led
2. Lifeb oats sent off half-fil
Th e Aftermat h
V.
est igatio ns
A. Ameri ca n an d Bri tis h inv
B. Re com me ndatio ns
C. Inc reased cynicism
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Never have just one numeral
or letter at a given level of
organization. For example, if
you have a (1), you must
have a (2) as well.
Class Name Date Class EXERCISE
1. Create a chronological outline by organizing the statements below under the given headings.
(Headings)
I.
Pre-Berlin Wall Political Divisions
II. The Wall as a Physical Barrier
III. Beginnings of Reunification
(Statements)
• The Berlin Wall was erected in 1961.
• After World War II ended in 1945, Berlin was divided and occupied by the four major Allied powers:
the United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union.
• Some people defected from East Germany by escaping to West Berlin in the 1950s.
• The Berlin Wall prevented free movement between East Germany and West Berlin until 1989.
• The Berlin Wall was dismantled in December 1989.
• East Germany became a separate state in 1949.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
• In the 1980s, the Soviet Union reduced its influence over East Germany.
Writing and Research Strategies
9
Name Date Class 2. Organize the following notes into cause-and-effect order.
• Because of trade, Mali prospered.
• Because of scholars, Mali became an intellectual center.
• In the 1300s, the West African kingdom of Mali controlled trade across the Sahara.
• Because of its prosperity, Mali was able to recruit scholars to live there.
3. Organize the following notes in order of importance, beginning with the most important.
• People today do not dress like ancient Romans.
• Roman architecture still has influence today.
• Compared to the Greeks, the Romans produced few significant philosophers.
• Latin, the Roman language, has had a great impact on European languages.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
10
Style and Documentation Sourcebook for Writers
Name Date Class 2. Style and Language
2.1 Titles
You will sometimes need to refer to titles within the body of your research paper. Follow these guidelines for
writing titles.
Titles to Italicize or Underline If you are writing your research paper on a computer, use your word
processing software to italicize titles as shown in the examples below. If you are writing your report by hand
or on a typewriter, use underlining instead of italics. Italicize (or underline) articles (a, an, the) that precede
titles only if they are part of the title itself. Do not italicize the word magazine unless it is part of the title of
a periodical.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Book: The House of Mirth by Edith Wharton; The Song of the Lark, by Willa Cather
Long poem: Paradise Lost; the Odyssey
Play: Shakespeare’s Macbeth
Film: High Noon
Television series: 60 Minutes
Painting: Nighthawks
Sculpture: Unique Forms of Continuity in Space
Long musical composition: Carmen
Compact discs, record albums: Kind of Blue
Newspaper: the Chicago Sun-Times
Magazine: Sports Illustrated; Newsweek magazine
Ship: the Carpathia
Train: the Orient Express
Airplane: the Silver Dart
Spacecraft: Friendship 7
Titles to Enclose in Quotation Marks Use quotation marks to enclose titles of short works, as shown in the
examples in the following list.
Short story: “Dead Men’s Path”
Poem: “A Birthday”
Essay: “Shooting an Elephant”
Article: “Treasures Reclaimed from the Deep”
Book chapter: “Basic Skills, Genre, and Fiction as Dream”
Song title: “Did You Ever Have to Make Up Your Mind?”
Episode of a television series: “The Odyssey of Flight 33”
Style and Language 11
Name Date Class EXERCISE
Read the following sentences. Decide which titles should be underlined (or italicized) and
which should be enclosed in quotation marks. Add underlining or quotation marks as needed.
1. In A Shocking Accident, a short story by Graham Greene, the main character’s father is killed by a pig.
2. The Waste Land, by T. S. Eliot, is a book-length poem that is considered one of the most influential works of the
twentieth century. Another well-known work by Eliot is his poem The Hollow Men.
3. In 1983, astronaut Sally Ride completed a six-day mission aboard the space shuttle Challenger. This was the first time
that an American woman had traveled in space.
4. The Secret Mind, an essay by science fiction master Ray Bradbury, appears in Bradbury’s book Zen in the Art of
Writing. This essay was first published in the November 1965 issue of The Writer.
5. The Pioneer Zephyr, restored and on display at the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, is a must-see for train
buffs and for anyone who is interested in the history of industrial design.
6. On her compact disc entitled Blue Skies, Cassandra Wilson sings several well-known songs, including My One and
Only Love and I’ve Grown Accustomed to His Face.
7. The musical My Fair Lady is an adaptation of Pygmalion, a play by George Bernard Shaw. The Academy-Award winning
film My Fair Lady premiered in 1964.
8. An article in Time magazine, After 73 Years, A Titanic Find, describes how scientists finally located the doomed ship
Titanic on the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean.
9. On April 15, 1912, the following article appeared in the New York Times: New Liner Titanic Hits an Iceberg; Sinking by
the Bow at Midnight; Women Put Off in Lifeboats; Last Wireless at 12:27 a.m. Blurred.
10. Summer Days, a 1936 oil painting by Georgia O’Keeffe, interprets the desert landscape of the American Southwest.
12. American sculptor Louise Nevelson is well known for such works as Sky Cathedral, a wooden structure consisting of
assembled objects inside boxlike frames.
12
Style and Documentation Sourcebook for Writers
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
11. The classic television series The Honeymooners included an episode, TV or Not TV, that was first broadcast on
October 1, 1955. This episode has been shown in reruns countless times.
Name Date Class 2.2 Names
Follow these guidelines for writing people’s names in the body of your research paper.
Use of Full Names, Last Names, and Titles
The first time you refer to a person in your paper, use that person’s full name. Check the name against your
source to make sure you have written the name correctly.
Anne Morrow Lindberg
John Quincy Adams
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
John L. Lewis
Georgia O’Keeffe
José Ortega y Gasset
After giving a person’s full name in your first reference, you may then use only the last name. If a person is
commonly referred to by first name or by a shortened form of the last name, use that form of the name.
Lindbergh
Adams
Napoleon
Lewis
O’Keeffe
Ortega
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
As a general rule, omit such titles as Mr., Ms., Mrs., Ambassador, Reverend, Dr., and Admiral in subsequent
references.
Westmoreland (not General Westmoreland)
Angier (not Ms. Angier)
King (not Dr. King or Reverend King)
Roosevelt (not Mrs. Roosevelt)
When referring to people whose names include noble titles, follow the style used in your sources. Here are
two examples.
First reference: George Gordon, Lord Byron
Subsequent references: Byron
First reference: Queen Victoria
Subsequent references: Victoria
Style and Language 13
Name Date Class References to Authors
If an author is best known by a pseudonym, or pen name, you may use that pseudonym by itself, without
giving the author’s real name. Use the full pen name in your first reference, and then use only the last name
(unless the pseudonym is a single name, as in the case of Saki, below).
Gabriela Mistral (Lucila Godoy Alcayaga)
George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair)
Saki (Hector Hugh Munro)
If an author is commonly known by a single name, you may use that name by itself, even in a first
reference.
Colette (Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette)
Dante (Dante Alighieri)
References to Literary Characters
When you are writing about characters from fiction, poetry, or drama, refer to the characters just as the
author does in the work.
Macbeth; Lady Macbeth
Porphyria
the Jabberwock
Jerome; Mr. Wordsworth; Sally
2.3 Numbers and Numerals
Numbers Spelled Out
In general, spell out cardinal numbers (such as one) and ordinal numbers (such as first) that can be written
in one or two words. Spell out any number that occurs at the beginning of a sentence.
twenty-four hours ago
a poet of the first rank
Seven hundred five of the passengers from the Titanic were rescued by the Carpathia.
Numerals
In general, use numerals to express numbers that would be written in more than two words. Very large
numbers can often be written as decimals followed by the word million or billion.
The Carpathia rescued 705 of the passengers from the Titanic.
Our city’s population now exceeds 250,000.
Did you know that the company reportedly has sold more than 5.5 million copies of its newest software
program?
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Style and Documentation Sourcebook for Writers
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Follow these guidelines for writing numbers and numerals in the body of your research paper. (A numeral is
a number expressed in figures.)
Name Date Class If related numbers appear in the same sentence, and some can be written out while others should appear
as numerals, use all numerals.
The conference brought together a group of 125 of the top scientists in the field; among them were 3
who had won Nobel prizes.
Money, decimals, and percentages
Use numerals to express amounts of money, decimals, and percentages.
First-class passengers on the Titanic paid a fare of $4,350; today, that amount would be equivalent to
almost $50,000.
The massive earthquake measured 8.1 on the Richter scale.
More than 95 percent of the bank’s stockholders voted in favor of the merger.
Spell out amounts of money that can be expressed in one or two words.
Can you imagine a time when you could buy a candy bar for five cents?
Dates and time
Use numerals to express the day and year in a date and to express the precise time with the abbreviations
A.M. and P.M. Spell out expressions of time that do not use the abbreviation A.M. or P.M.
The Titanic left Southampton at twelve noon on April 10, 1912, on her maiden voyage.
At 1:40 A.M. the Titanic crew fired the last rocket into the air and at 2:05 A.M. lowered the last lifeboat
into the water.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
To express a century when the word century is used, spell out the number. When a century and a decade
are expressed as a single unit, use numerals followed by –s.
The sinking of the Titanic was one of the worst disasters of the twentieth century.
In the 1880s, George Bernard Shaw began to work steadily as a journalist.
Style and Language 15
Name Date Class EXERCISE
As you read the following passages, check for errors in the use of names, numbers, and
numerals. Correct any errors you find directly on this page. Use a red or blue pen or pencil to
mark your corrections.
1. At nine o’clock A.M. on April fourteenth, 1912, the Titanic received iceberg warnings from the
Coronia. 2 more warnings were received that afternoon, yet the captain of the Titanic, Edward Smith,
dismissed all 3. At seven-thirty P.M. the Californian warned the Titanic of ice. Second Operator Harold
Bride ignored these signals because he was figuring accounts. Around nine-thirty P.M. Commander C.
H. Lightoller ordered Frederick Fleet to get up in the crow’s nest to watch for icebergs. At eleven
o’clock p.m. the Californian again warned the Titanic about ice. The operator who relieved Mr. Harold
Bride told the Californian operator to shut up and leave him alone because he was busy.
Up in the crow’s nest, at 11:40 P.M., Mr. Fleet saw an iceberg looming in the distance. The officer
on the bridge gave the order to turn the ship hard to starboard. The orders were too late. There was a
faint jarring that lasted for 10 seconds. The result was a three-hundred-foot gash along the starboard
side of the hull. 5 water-tight compartments had been flooded, enough to sink the ship.
2. On January 22, 1901, Victoria died at the age of 82. She had reigned for 63 years, and few of her
subjects could recall a time when she had not been queen. A grand-mother of 40 children, Queen
Victoria had been an idol of many and a symbol of a solid British Empire. Edward VII, Queen
Victoria’s oldest son, took the throne in 1901, at the dawn of the 20th century. Edward VII was far less
conservative than Queen Victoria, and many people feared that his personal life would carry over to
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Style and Documentation Sourcebook for Writers
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
the public domain.
Name Date Class 2.4 Quotations
When you quote the exact words of another person in your research paper, copy the quotation precisely as
it appears in your source. Follow these guidelines for quoting prose, drama, and poetry. In the following
section of this Sourcebook, you will learn how to document your sources properly and how to incorporate
citations into your quotations.
Prose
Use quotation marks to enclose a prose quotation of three lines or fewer, and incorporate the quotation into
the text of your research paper. Place the quotation marks around the quoted material only, not around
introductory or explanatory material.
According to Natalie Angier, the sinking of the Titanic “signaled the end of the
Edwardian era in all its cocky opulence.”
Capitalize the first word of a direct quotation that is a complete sentence.
As Walter Lord noted, “The Titanic was the last stand of wealth and society in the
center of public affection.”
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
If a prose quotation is longer than three lines, write it as a block quotation following an introductory or
explanatory statement. Block quotations are indented one inch from the margin (ten spaces) and are not
enclosed by quotation marks. If the original passage contains quotation marks, however, include them in
your block quotation, as shown in the second example below.
Dr. Charles H. Parkhurst gave this explanation for the Titanic tragedy:
The two sore spots which really run into one another and which
constitute the disease that is gnawing into our civilizations are
the love of money and the passion for luxury. These two
combined are what sunk the Titanic and sent 1500 souls
prematurely to their final account.
When quoting a passage that includes more than one paragraph, the first line in each paragraph should be
indented, as shown in the block quotation below.
In this passage from “A Shocking Accident” by Graham Greene, Mr.
Wordsworth, Jerome’s housemaster at his boarding school, struggles to tell young
Jerome of his father’s death:
“Sit down, Jerome,” Mr. Wordsworth said. “All going well with
the trigonometry?”
“Yes, sir.”
“I’ve had a telephone call, Jerome. From your aunt. I’m afraid I
have bad news for you.”
“Yes, sir?”
“Your father has had an accident.”
Style and Language 17
Name Date Class Drama
When you write about a drama, you may want to quote the dialogue of particular characters. To do so, copy
the dialogue exactly as it is written in the play. Indent the dialogue but do not enclose it in quotation marks.
In the following dialogue from Pygmalion, Henry Higgins’s mother warns Higgins
and Colonel Pickering of the problem they are creating in trying to transform Eliza
Doolittle into a lady:
PICKERING. Oh, I see. The problem of how to pass her off as a
lady.
higgins. I’ll solve that problem. I’ve half solved it already.
MRS. HIGGINS. No, you two infinitely stupid male creatures: the
problem of what is to be done with her afterwards.
HIGGINS.
I don’t see anything in that. She can go her own way,
with all the advantages I have given her.
MRS. HIGGINS. The advantages of that poor woman who was
here just now! The manners and habits that disqualify a fine lady
from earning her own living without giving her a fine lady’s
income! Is that what you mean?
Poetry
When you want to quote lines from a poem, you may incorporate as many as three lines into the text of
your research paper. Enclose the lines in quotation marks, and separate each line of verse with a slash mark,
as shown in the following examples. Be sure to add a space on each side of the slash mark.
Millay’s sonnet begins by telling what love is not: “Love is not all: it is not meat
nor drink / Nor slumber nor a roof against the rain.” These lines might leave the
impression that the speaker does not value love highly; this is a mistaken
impression, however, as demonstrated by lines 7–8: “Yet many a man is making
friends with death / Even as I speak, for lack of love alone.”
If you want to quote four or more lines of a poem, copy the lines exactly as they appear in the poem.
Indent the lines but do not enclose them in quotation marks, unless the poem itself contains quotation
marks. In such cases, copy the quotation marks exactly as they appear in the poem. Here are two examples.
The first stanza from A. E. Housman’s poem, “To an Athlete Dying Young,”
recalls a triumphant day in the young athlete’s life:
The time you won your town the race
We chaired you through the market-place;
Man and boy stood cheering by,
And home we brought you shoulder-high.
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Style and Documentation Sourcebook for Writers
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
In her poem entitled “Time,” Gabriela Mistral uses personification in lines
15–16: “Mornings of empty hands / that promised and betrayed.”
Name Date Class Another of Housman’s poems, “When I Was One-and-Twenty,” also deals with
the subject of youth. In lines 1–6, the speaker describes some words of wisdom that
he heard at the age of twenty-one:
When I was one-and-twenty
I heard a wise man say,
“Give crowns and pounds and guineas
But not your heart away;
Give pearls away and rubies
But keep your fancy free.”
Use of Punctuation
Always place a comma or a period inside closing quotation marks.
In “A Shocking Accident,” Mr. Wordsworth has bad news for Jerome:
“Your father has had an accident.”
Always place a semicolon or a colon outside closing quotation marks.
Mr. Wordsworth tells Jerome that his father is dead but that he died “without
pain”; Jerome then asks if they shot him through the heart.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Place a question mark or exclamation point inside the closing quotation mark when it is part of the
quotation.
When Mr. Wordsworth tells Jerome that the accident was serious, Jerome replies,
“Yes, sir?”
Place the question mark or exclamation point outside the closing quotation mark when it is not part of the
quotation.
How horrible it must have been for Jerome to learn that his father had been the
victim of a “shocking accident”!
Use a colon to introduce block quotations, as well as some quotations that are incorporated into the text of
your research paper.
Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina begins with this famous and thought-provoking
statement: “Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its
own way.”
Style and Language 19
Name Date Class In this passage from his essay “Shooting an Elephant,” George Orwell describes
his reaction to the tortured, prolonged death of the elephant that he had shot:
In the end I could not stand it any longer and went away. I heard
later that it took him half an hour to die. Burmans were bringing
dahs and baskets even before I left, and I was told they had
stripped his body almost to the bones by the afternoon.
When a quotation is an essential part of the structure of a sentence within the text of your research paper,
you will sometimes use a comma before the quotation. In other cases, depending on the structure of the
sentence, you will omit punctuation before the quotation.
At her death in 1901, at the age of eighty-two, Queen Victoria was “an idol of
many and a symbol of a solid British Empire.”
According to one biographical sketch of the author, “All the mystery, depth, and
drama of Joseph Conrad’s tales come from a life as remarkable as his stories.”
When you interrupt a quotation with explanatory words such as he said or she wrote, use commas and two
sets of quotation marks.
“All ambitions are lawful,” said Conrad, “except those which climb upward on
the miseries or credulities of mankind.”
Quotations Within Quotations
According to one source, George Bernard Shaw “refused many offers to turn
Pygmalion into a musical, insisting that it was good enough ‘with its own verbal
music.’ ”
One source describes Shaw’s reaction to offers to make a musical from his play
Pygmalion:
George Bernard Shaw refused many offers to turn Pygmalion into
a musical, insisting that it was good enough “with its own verbal
music.” Six years after Shaw’s death, Pygmalion was adapted into
the acclaimed musical entitled My Fair Lady.
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Style and Documentation Sourcebook for Writers
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Use single quotation marks around a quotation within a quotation, if you are incorporating the material into
the text of your paper. Of course, this rule does not apply when you are using a block quotation; in such
cases, keep the double quotation marks, as in the original passage.
Name Date Class Sometimes words within a quotation have double quotation marks around them—for example, the title of a
poem or short story. In such cases, substitute single quotation marks for double ones if you plan to incorporate the quotation into the text of your research paper. Leave them as double quotation marks if you will
be using a block quotation.
The biographical sketch explains how the soldier-poet earned that nickname:
“Siegfried Sassoon was called ‘Mad Jack’ . . . because he made so many forays into
enemy territory to eliminate snipers.”
Never use quotation marks in an indirect quotation (a quotation that does not repeat a person’s exact words
or begins with that).
In the opening sentence of Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina, the narrator says that happy
families are all alike.
According to the author of the research report about the Titanic, the sinking of
this vessel shocked Americans and undermined their confidence.
Ellipsis Points
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Use a series of three spaced points, called ellipsis points, to indicate the omission of material from within a
quoted sentence or sentence fragment.
Since it was theoretically possible for any self-made man . . . to
equal the achievements of millionaires, the aspirations of the Gilded
Age permeated the poorest levels of American society and spread
to the naïve immigrants who daily arrived at the docks as well.
When the material you are omitting is the last part of a quoted sentence, and what remains is still
grammatically complete, use a period before the three ellipses points, leaving no space before the period.
By the end of the century, The Golden Age had become, in Mark
Twain’s famous epithet, The Gilded Age, a period of pronounced
money-grubbing. . . . Whereas England had reigned supreme over
the Golden Age of Victorianism, she had to share the honor of
ruling over the Gilded Age with a former colony.
If the sentence ends with a question mark or exclamation point, that punctuation replaces the period and is
followed by three ellipses points.
Reverend A. B. Baker had this to say in a sermon given at Princeton University
the Sunday after the Titanic disaster:
Style and Language 21
Name Date Class Was there not something of self-confidence and self-sufficiency in
the contention that it was perfectly safe, that it could outride any
ocean storm? . . . It will not do to put our confidence in ships nor
in anything that represents the boastful progress of the age.
When you omit the beginning of a later sentence in your quotation, use four ellipses points—the period
ending the preceding sentence and three points indicating the omission.
The mood and momentumof the late Victorian era could not be tempered. . . .
the Golden Age had become, in Mark Twain’s famous epithet, the Gilded Age, a
period of pronounced money-grubbing.
If you are omitting material between paragraphs, follow these guidelines: the paragraph preceding omitted
material should end with ellipses. The paragraph following omitted material should begin with ellipses only
if the first part of the paragraph has been omitted.
Brackets and sic
Use brackets to enclose information that you insert into a quotation in order to clarify the quotation.
In “Village People,” by Bessie Head, the narrator says, “Poverty here [in an
African village] has majority backing. Our lives are completely adapted to it.”
“With the single exception of Homer there is no eminent writer, not even Sir
Walter Scott, whom I despise so entirely as I despise Shakespear [sic] when I
measure my mind against his,” said George Bernard Shaw.
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Style and Documentation Sourcebook for Writers
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Sometimes a quotation will contain material that is incorrect or that may appear incorrect to your reader—for
example, an archaic spelling of a word or name. In such cases, copy the quotation exactly as it is written,
inserting the word sic (which means “intentionally so written”) in brackets following the material. The word
sic indicates to your reader that you have copied the material exactly as it appeared in the original source.
Name Date Class EXERCISE
Correct any errors you find in each of the following items. Use a red or blue pen or pencil to
mark your corrections directly on this page. Refer to the rules you have learned for using
quotations in a research paper.
1. Dorothy Wordsworth begins her journal entry for April 15 with these words It was a threatening misty morning—but
mild. We set off after dinner from Eusemere.
2. In the same journal entry, Dorothy describes the daffodils that she and her brother William saw during their walk They
grew among the mossy stones . . . some rested their heads upon these stones as on a pillow for weariness, and the
rest tossed and reeled and danced. . . .
3. This stanza from William Wordsworth’s poem “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” was inspired by the daffodils he and
Dorothy saw that April day. “I wandered lonely as a cloud / That floats on high o’er vales and hills, / When all at once I
saw a crowd, / A host of golden daffodils, / Beside the lake, beneath the trees, / Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.”
4. Miss Youghal’s Sais, a short story by Rudyard Kipling, opens with a proverb When Man and Woman are agreed, what
can the Kazi [civil judge] do?
5. According to Frank O’Connor My parents were poor and I was an only child. That meant that from the beginning I was
thrown very much upon myself, so I learned to read when I was still very young. . . .
6. According to an article in Time magazine, when a woman asked a deckhand if the Titanic was really “unsinkable”, he
replied, God Himself could not sink this ship.
7. The same article in Time magazine states that the night the Titanic sank, millionaire Benjamin Guggenheim and his
valet came on deck in full evening dress, saying
We’ve dressed in our best and are prepared to go down like gentlemen.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
8. Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s most famous poem begins with the words How do I love thee?
9. Refer to the second stanza of Thomas Hardy’s poem Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave?; there, a dead woman asks
Then who is digging on my grave? / My nearest dearest kin?’”
10. The beauty of the world has two edges said Virginia Woolf one of laughter, one of anguish, cutting the heart asunder
Style and Language 23
Name Date Class 3. Documentation
3.1 Document Appropriately
The information you include in your research paper must be properly documented. In other words, you
need to identify where you found the information. By citing the sources of all ideas, statements, and
quotations that you use, you allow your reader to judge the validity of the information. For example,
information from a respected journal will carry more weight than a statement quoted from a television
dramatization.
What Not to Document While you should credit others for their work, you don’t have to cite the source
of common knowledge. Examples of common knowledge include widely accepted facts, such as that the
Andes are in South America or that the Magna Carta was signed in 1215. Widely known proverbs, famous
quotations, and simple definitions are also common knowledge. The following chart gives examples of
statements and shows whether or not they need documentation.
Type of Information
Explanation
Direct quotation: The sinking of the Titanic
“signaled the end of the Edwardian era in all its
cocky opulence.”
Yes
The source of each direct quotation should be given
because the words are clearly borrowed from someone else.
Opinion: Americans equated size with security and
excess with success.
Yes
This is a paraphrase of another author’s conclusions.
Sources of conclusions and other opinions should
be cited.
Opinion: Completed in 1912, the Titanic was
considered the most luxurious ship of its day.
No
The luxuriousness of the ship is an opinion widely
enough accepted that it is common knowledge.
Statistics: The Titanic was four city blocks long and
eleven stories high.
Yes
Phrasing the measurements in terms familiar to
general readers was the work of another writer,
so the source should be cited.
Data: The ship sailed out of London and was to reach
New York one week later.
No
General information about the trip could be found in
several reference works. None of this information
comes from one particular work.
Style and Documentation Sourcebook for Writers
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
24
Citation?
Name Date Class 3.2 Parenthetical References
To give credit to a source within the body of your paper, insert a parenthetical reference. There are three
ways to treat a parenthetical reference:
1. In parentheses, give the author’s last name and the page number of the source material you
are citing.
Few attempts were made to rescue survivors in the water:
There were only a few boats that were heavily loaded; most of
those that were half-empty made but perfunctory efforts to pick
up the moaning swimmers, their officers and crew fearing they
would endanger the living if they pulled back into the midst of
the dying. (Baldwin 57)
2. Use the author’s last name in the body of your sentence and place only the page number in
parentheses.
Baldwin notes that “only a few boats . . . were heavily loaded; most of those that
were half-empty made but perfunctory efforts to pick up the moaning swimmers,
their officers and crew fearing they would endanger the living if they pulled back
into the midst of the dying” (57).
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. When you cite an entire work rather than just a passage or section, simply cite the author’s last
name in your sentence and omit any parenthetical reference.
Baldwin examines the tragedy and its aftermath in detail, giving personal
accounts whenever possible.
Writing Tip
In general, place the parenthetical reference at the end of your sentence, before the final period. If
you need to clarify to which part of a sentence you are referring, however, you may wish to place the
reference within the sentence itself. In this case, the reference should be inserted at the end of the
particular clause but before the necessary comma. When you are documenting a block quotation,
place the reference at the end of the passage, after the final period.
Documentation
25
Name Date Class 3.3 Citing Sources
As you assemble your paper, you will notice that some of your sources have more than one author or more
than one volume. The samples below will show you how to handle these and other types of parenthetical
references.
1. A work by one author when the paper cites more than one work by that author:
If you are referencing two works by the same author in your paper, you will need to indicate which work
is being cited. Use the author’s name, an abbreviation of the title, and the page number. An alternative is
to include the author’s name and the title in your sentence and then cite just the page number.
Joseph Conrad has suggested that the focus of English colonialism gradually
shifted from adventure to business (Said, Culture 23). Said also points out in
Orientalism that Conrad was sensitive to geography’s role in colonialism (216).
2. A work by an author who has the same last name as another author in your Works Cited list:
When citing an author who shares the same last name with another author in your Works Cited list, give
the initial of the author’s first name in your reference. If using the author’s name in your sentence, add
the entire first name.
At least one musician has counted Schoenberg, a composer of the early
twentieth century, as among the greatest composers who ever lived (G. Gould 122).
Nevertheless, Stephen Jay Gould insists that more traditional classical composers
will never be bettered (228).
Many trees in cold regions have sheaths which permit them greater water uptake
from the soil (Margulis and Schwartz 406).
Researchers have found that “direct experience with objects is essential” for
children with hearing impairments (Martin et al. 105).
4. A work with no author or editor listed:
If no author or editor is listed, use the title, or an abbreviation of it, and the page number. If you are
shortening the title to save space, use the word that determines where the work is inserted in the list of
Works Cited.
Bernard Haitink has had a brilliant career in Europe. The Royal Concertgebouw
Orchestra, for example, showed its respect by holding a festive concert in honor of
his 70th birthday (“People” 16).
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Style and Documentation Sourcebook for Writers
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. A work by more than one author:
If you are citing a source with two or three authors, give the authors’ names and the page number.
If you are citing a source with four or more authors, use only the first author’s name and add et al.
(“and others”).
Name Date Class 5. A work with multiple volumes:
If you are citing a multivolume work, show which volume of the work you used. After the volume
number, insert a colon and a space, followed by the page number.
English lacks many of the grammatic inflections that make Romance languages
difficult to learn (Shaw 3: 417).
6. A work by a government agency:
If you are referring to a work by a government agency, use the name of the agency, followed by the
page number.
Residential and commercial sector consumption in October 1995 was up 4
percent from the previous year’s level (Energy Information Administration 23).
7. A literary work:
Because literary works may be available in various editions, you should provide enough information to
enable readers to find the passage in the copy they are using. First give the page number in your edition,
followed by a semicolon; then give other relevant information, such as the section or the chapter, using
lowercase abbreviations.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Brontë felt that female characters could possess strength, intelligence, and above
all, courage. Thus Jane Eyre expresses a desire “to seek real knowledge of life amidst
its perils” (99; ch. 10).
See Section 3.5 to learn how the above works should appear in a Works Cited list.
EXERCISE
Use the information below to write parenthetical references. Imagine that the references all
occur in the same paper.
1. An article called “Supplements and the Healthfood-Store Customer,” in Nutrition Forum, July/Aug. 1997, p. 25.
2. An article by Lewis H. Lapham called “Full Fathom Five,” in Harper’s, April 1999, p. 12. 3. A book by Lewis H. Lapham called Hotel America: Scenes in the Lobby of the Fin-de-Siècle, London: Verso, 1995, p. 53.
Documentation
27
Name Date Class 4. An article by Patricia A. Avery and Nicholas Daniloff called “First Ladies at Summit: Matching Charm and Style,“ in U.S.
News and World Report, 25 Nov. 1985, p. 44. 5. The second volume of a two-volume book by Art Spiegelman called Maus, New York: Pantheon, 1991, p. 20. 6. A report by the Department of Commerce called 1980 Census of Population and Housing, July 1983, p. 193. 7. A passage in George Eliot’s literary classic Silas Marner, New York: Signet-Penguin, 1999, p. 25. The passage is in Part
One, Chapter 3. 8. A book by Martin Amis called Visiting Mrs. Nabokov and Other Excursions, New York: Vintage International-Random,
1995, p. 127. 9. A book by Kingsley Amis called The King’s English: A Guide to Modern Usage, New York: St. Martin’s, 1997, p. 70.
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Style and Documentation Sourcebook for Writers
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
10. An article called “Better luck next time,” in The Economist, 1 May 1999, p. 47. Name Date Class 3.4 Works Cited Formatting
At the end of your paper, you must include a list of Works Cited. The following are some general tips for
formatting a list of Works Cited.
Preparing a List of Works Cited
1. Arrange entries in alphabetical order according to the author’s or editor’s last name. Write the name in reverse
order—last name first. For works with two or more authors, reverse only the first author’s name.
2. If no author or editor is given, alphabetize the entry by the title, disregarding the word a, an, or the at the
beginning of a title.
3. When more than one work by an author is listed, use three hyphens followed by a period rather than repeat the
author’s name.
4. Title information follows any author information and lists the title of the article, essay, or other part of the book
first if needed, then the title of the book.
5. Book and magazine titles should be in italics or else underlined.
6. Article titles should be enclosed in quotation marks.
7. Publication information follows the author and title and, as needed, lists the editor’s name, edition number,
volume number, and series name. Always list the place of publication, publisher’s name, and publication date.
Whenever possible, use abbreviations for the publisher’s name. (See the list of abbreviations in Section 3.6.)
If appropriate, list page numbers.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
8. Separate the author, title, and publication information with a period and one space.
9. Use a colon followed by one space to separate the volume number and year of a periodical from the page
numbers.
10. If an entry runs more than one line, indent five spaces for every line after the first.
11. Double-space between the lines of an entry and between entries.
12. Continue the pagination of your paper on your Works Cited page. For example, if your paper ends on page ten,
begin your Works Cited list on page eleven.
Follow these general guidelines and use the models in Section 3.5 to help you format all of your citations
correctly.
Documentation
29
Name Date Class 3.5 Works Cited Samples
Refer to the samples below as you format entries to your Works Cited list. Pay close attention to how each
entry is punctuated and indented.
PRINT RESOURCES
A Book by One Author
Blum, John M. The National Experience: A History of the United States. New York: Harcourt, 1985.
Two or More Books by the Same Author
Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. 1993. New York: Vintage-Random, 1994.
---. Orientalism. 1978. New York: Vintage-Random, 1979.
Books Whose Authors Share a Last Name
Note: If you are listing works whose authors have the same last name, list them according to the alphabetical order of their
first names.
Gould, Glenn. The Glenn Gould Reader. Ed. Tim Page. New York: Knopf, 1984.
Gould, Stephen Jay. Full House: The Spread of Excellence from Plato to Darwin. New York: Harmony, 1996.
A Book by Two or Three Authors
Margulis, Lynn, and Karlene V. Schwartz. Five Kingdoms: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth.
3rd ed. New York: Freeman, 1998.
A Book by Four or More Authors
Brown, Lester, et al. State of the World 1990. New York: Norton, 1990.
Martin, Ralph, et al. Teaching Science for All Children. 2nd ed. Boston: Allyn, 1997.
A Book by an Anonymous Author
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Trans. G. N. Garmonsway. 1953. London: Dent, 1962.
A Book with an Editor
McCoubrey, John. W., ed. Modern American Painting. New York: Time-Life, 1970.
A Book with an Author and an Editor
Johnson, Samuel. Selected Writings. Ed. Patrick Cruttwell. 1968. London: Penguin, 1986.
A Republished Book
Note: You will often find several dates listed on the copyright page. In general, you should use the latest copyright date.
Sometimes there will also be a date showing the latest printing. This might happen if a book goes from hardback to
paperback, for example. In such situations, provide the original publication date before the rest of the publication
information.
Cosman, Carol, Joan Keefe, and Kathleen Weaver, eds. The Penguin Book of Women Poets. 1978.
Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin, 1979.
30
Style and Documentation Sourcebook for Writers
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
A Work by a Government Agency
United States. Energy Information Administration. Monthly Energy Review January 1996. Washington,
DC: Energy Information Administration, 1996.
Name Date Class A Book with a Publisher’s Imprint
Note: You may find a special name, called an imprint, along with the name of the publisher on the title page. For instance,
a Harcourt Brace book may also carry the legend, “A Harvest Original,” and a Dell book may carry the legend “A Laurel
Edition.” List the imprint before the name of the publisher, and insert a hyphen between the two names.
Brontë, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. 1961. New York: Laurel-Dell, 1975.
An Anthology or Compilation
Reddaway, Peter, ed. Uncensored Russia. London: Jonathan Cape, 1972.
A Work in an Anthology
Rosenblum, Robert. “The Primal American Scene.” The Natural Paradise: Painting in America 1800–1950.
Ed. Kynaston McShine. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1976. 165–178.
An Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword
Barreca, Regina. Introduction. The Portrait of a Lady. By Henry James. New York: Signet-Penguin, 1995.
v–xv.
Book with Multiple Volumes
Shaw, Bernard. The Complete Prefaces. Eds. Dan H. Laurence and Daniel J. Leary. 3 vols. London:
Penguin, 1997.
Books in Later Editions
Dubal, David. Reflections from the Keyboard: The World of the Concert Pianist. 2nd ed. New York:
Schirmer-Simon, 1997.
A Translation
Pirandello, Luigi. Six Characters in Search of an Author and Other Plays. Trans. Mark Musa. London:
Penguin, 1995.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
A Book with a Title in its Title
Ewing, A. C. A Short Commentary on Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason. 1938. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1967.
An Article from a Newspaper
Artner, Alan G. “An American Original: The Unique Midwestern Vision of Grant Wood.” Chicago
Tribune 15 Jan. 1984, sec. 10: 15–19.
An Article from a Newspaper, No Author Given
“Development near for old shipyard site.” Chicago Tribune 4 Apr. 1999: sec. 1: 7.
An Article from a Monthly or Bimonthly Magazine
Wooden, Howard E. “Grant Wood: A Regionalist’s Interpretation of the Four Seasons.” American Artist
July 1991: 58.
An Article from a Weekly or Biweekly Magazine
Franklin, Daniel. “The Soviet Economy.” The Economist 9 Apr. 1988: 48–49.
An Article from a Magazine, No Author Given
“People and places.” Gramophone March 1999: 16–17.
An Encyclopedia Article
“Realism.” World Book Encyclopedia. 1990 ed.
A Scholarly Journal Article
Boggs, Kathleen. “Career Decisions: The Campbell and Ms. Flood.” The Career Development Quarterly 46
(1998): 12–20.
Documentation
31
Name Date Class ON-LINE RESOURCES
A Professional or Personal Web Site, Reference Database, or On-line Scholarly Project
Note: Include the title of the project or database, the name of the editor, electronic publishing information
(including version number, date of electronic publication, and name of sponsoring institution), date you
accessed the material, and electronic address. If the electronic address runs over onto another line, it would
be best to place it on its own line so as not to break it up. Note that many sources will not provide all of the
above information, so you may have to settle for citing whatever information is available to you.
The Botany Libraries. Harvard University. 17 Dec. 1998
<http://www.herbaria.harvard.edu/libraries/libraries.html>.
Princeton German Web Project. 15 Sep. 1998. Princeton University. 5 Apr. 1999
<http://www.princeton.edu/~german/PGWP/Index.htm>.
An Article in a Reference Database
“Heaney, Seamus.” Microsoft Encarta Concise Encyclopedia. 1997-1999. Microsoft. 5 Apr. 1999
<http://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?z=1&pg=2&ti=0AE7A000&o=1>.
An Article in an Electronic Journal
Machlis, Sharon. “Bookseller Beefs Up Products, Searches.” Computerworld 2 Nov. 1998. 17 Dec. 1998
<http://www.elibrary.com/search.cgi?id=119940369x0y6229w3>.
OTHER ELECTRONIC RESOURCES
CD-ROM
Essay and General Literature Index. CD-ROM. Wilson, 1999.
Videocassettes
Note: Include the title, the director if provided, the distributor, and the year of release. Insert the medium
before the name of the distributor.
Art of the Western World. Videocassette. Annenberg/CPB Collection, 1989.
Radio and Television programs
Note: Include the title of the segment, the title of the program, the name of the network, the network’s call
letters, the city of the station, and the broadcast date.
“The cost of winning at all costs.” Dateline NBC. NBC. WMAQ, Chicago. 31 July 1998.
OTHER
Personal Interview
Strauss, Hector. Personal interview. 5 Nov. 1990.
32
Style and Documentation Sourcebook for Writers
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
“Time Warner, Inc.: Sales Summary, 1988–1992.” Disclosure/Worldscope. W/D Partners. CD-ROM. Oct. 1993.
Name Date Class 3.6 Abbreviations
To comply with guidelines established by the Modern Language Association of America (MLA), you should
abbreviate publishers’ names in your list of Works Cited. Shortened forms of publishers’ names should
immediately follow the cities of publication. In shortening names, use the following guidelines and
examples:
• Omit articles (A, An, The), business abbreviations (Co., Ltd.), and descriptive words (House, Publishers).
• If the publisher’s name includes the name of one person (J. B. Lippincott Co.), cite the surname alone (Lippincott). If the
publisher’s name includes the name of more than one person (McGraw-Hill, Inc.), cite only the first of the surnames
(McGraw).
• If the publisher’s name is commonly abbreviated with capital initial letters and if the abbreviation is likely to be familiar to
your audience, use the abbreviation as the publisher’s name (MLA). If your readers are not likely to know the
abbreviation, shorten the name according to general rules of abbreviation (Mod. Lang. Assn.).
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
See the examples that follow.
Acad. for Educ. Dev.
ALA
Basic
Cambridge UP
Dodd
Eastgate
ERIC
Farrar
Feminist
Gale
Glencoe
Harcourt
Harper
Harvard Law Rev. Assn.
HMSO
Knopf
Larousse
Macmillan
McGraw
MIT P
NCTE
Norton
Rand
Scribner’s
State U of New York P
UMI
Viking
Academy for Educational Development, Inc.
American Library Association
Basic Books
Cambridge University Press
Dodd, Mead, and Co.
Eastgate Systems
Educational Resources Information Center
Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, Inc.
The Feminist Press at the City University of New York
Gale Research, Inc.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Harcourt Brace
Harper and Row, Publishers, Inc.; HarperCollins Publishers, Inc.
Harvard Law Review Association
Her (His) Majesty’s Stationery Office
Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.
Librarie Larousse
Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.
McGraw-Hill, Inc.
The MIT Press
The National Council of Teachers of English
W. W. Norton and Co., Inc.
Rand McNally and Co.
Charles Scribner’s Sons
State University of New York Press
University Microfilms International
The Viking Press, Inc.
Documentation
33
Name Date Class EXERCISE
Construct a Works Cited list, in the correct format and order, using the information provided below.
• A book written by Anne M. Brady and Brian Cleeve, published in 1985 by St. Martin’s Press in New York, titled
A Biographical Dictionary of Irish Writers.
• An article written by G. K. Peatling called “Who fears to speak of politics? John Kells Ingram and hypothetical
nationalism.” The article is in the scholarly journal Irish Historical Studies, Volume XXXI, 1998, on pages 202–221.
• A book by Seamus Heaney called Selected Poems: 1966–1987, first published in 1990 and republished in 1991 by
Noonday-Farrar in New York.
• A book called The Midnight Court by Brian Merriman, translated by Patrick C. Power, published in 1971 by Mercier Press
in Cork, Ireland.
• A story called “Separate Ways,” by Maura Treacy. The story is on pages 156–164 in an anthology called Best Irish Short
Stories, edited by David Marcus, published in 1976 by Paul Elek in London.
• A book written by Samuel Beckett and edited by S. E. Gontarski, published in 1995 by Grove Press in New York, and
titled Samuel Beckett: The Complete Short Prose, 1929–1989.
• A book called The Redress of Poetry by Seamus Heaney, first published in 1995 and republished in 1996 by NoondayFarrar in New York.
• A foreword by Morris L. Ernst to Ulysses, by James Joyce, originally published in 1934 and republished in 1990 by
Vintage International-Random in New York. The foreword is on pp. vii–viii.
• A book by Declan Kiberd, published in 1995 by Harvard University Press in Cambridge, Massachusetts, titled Inventing
Ireland.
• A videocassette called James Joyce, distributed by Films for the Humanities and Sciences, copyright 1997.
maintained by Yale University, last updated on December 3, 1998 and visited on April 5, 1999.
34
Style and Documentation Sourcebook for Writers
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
• A professional Web site called Contemporary Irish Literature at <http://www.library.yale.edu/humanities/english/>,
Name Date Class 4. Student Model Research Paper
The following model paper, “The Titanic: Was It the End of an Era?” was written by Amy Colleen Bryan, a
student from Lexington High School in Lexington, Virginia. The callouts in the margin highlight important
aspects of a research paper and skills discussed throughout this sourcebook. For more help in writing a
research paper, see the following resources: Glencoe Literature: The Reader’s Choice, Grammar and
Language Workbook, Language Arts Guide to Using the Internet and Other Electronic Resources, Research
and Report Writing Guide, Writer’s Assistant CD-ROM.
THE TITANIC:
WAS IT THE END OF AN ERA?
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Amy Colleen Bryan
“All around us there was this twisted mass of wreckage and
tons of coal spread around. And then there was this lady’s shoe. It
was incredible, just haunting.” (Lemonick 70). On September 1,
1985, marine geologist Dr. Robert Ballard, with the help of U.S.
and French researchers, found the Titanic 13,000 feet below the
surface of the Atlantic Ocean. Using sonar and a robot submarine,
Ballard located the ship about 500 miles south of Newfoundland,
where it had sunk seventy-three years before. Thirteen thousand
feet below the surface the water is totally black with no marine life
and a temperature of 39° F, yet the Titanic had been well preserved.
It was sitting upright covered with silt, and although it split in half
during the sinking, the grand staircase, railings and wooden deck
were still intact, the planks still visible. On closer investigation,
Ballard’s crew found luggage, china plates, wash basins, chamber
pots, and five cases of wine with the corks still in them.
Completed in 1912, the Titanic was considered the most luxurious ship of its day. The Titanic has been called a “monument to
the Gilded Age” (Marbach 46) and its sinking “signaled the end of
the Edwardian era in all its cocky opulence” (Angier, “Titanic Find”
68). Was the sinking of the Titanic really the end of an era?
The two decades before World War I have been labeled the
Gilded Age for a number of reasons. After the American Civil
War, as westward expansion resumed, industry expanded and many
Americans discovered wealth for the first time. Around 1900 the
optimistic “dream” for industrial growth turned into an optimistic
dream for material possessions (Wade 6). Many people were richer
than ever before. In 1861 there were three millionaires in the
When editing your paper,
check that you have used
quotation marks correctly.
For information about using
quotation marks, see
Section 2.4 of this
Sourcebook.
Bryan’s thesis is a question
she will attempt to answer in
her paper.
Student Model 35
Name Date 36
Style and Documentation Sourcebook for Writers
Remember to spell out
numbers that can be written
in one or two words and use
numerals to express numbers that would be written in
more than two words.
Note that Bryan avoids plagiarism in this paragraph by
citing the sources she paraphrased. (See Section 1.4.)
Including a diagram or a
photograph of the Titanic
in the final draft would
enhance the reader’s
understanding of the
dimensions of the ship.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
United States; in 1900 there were 3,800 (Wade 7). Americans
equated size with security and excess with success (Wade 299).
They wanted to expand technologically and materially. They
prized business success and placed faith in extravagance.
In the beginning of the 1900s there were no movie, radio, or
television stars to idolize, so “the public depended on the socially
prominent people for all the vicarious glamour that enriches drab
lives” (Lord 109–110). In fact, the rich lifestyle of the Gilded Age
existed for very few. Those who did fit the description held a
wealth almost beyond comprehension, a wealth that has never
quite been repeated. As a result, the life and fate of the rich and
famous received the most attention. John Jacob Astor IV, the
richest man in America, possessed thirty million dollars (an
amount almost equivalent to $350,000,000 in today’s money).
Benjamin Guggenheim followed with twenty million and Isidor
Straus and George Widener each had ten million (Davie 45).
Besides material growth, the time around 1900 was full of
invention and technology, from automobiles to rubberbands
(Secrets), and it seemed like the Titanic was the epitome of this
era, symbolizing all that this time had to offer.
Work began on the Titanic in 1909 at Harland & Wolff’s
shipping yards in Belfast, Ireland. It took three thousand men two
years to build. When completed, the ship was made of 46,000
tons of steel and measured 882.5 feet long and 105.7 feet high.
Comparatively speaking, the Titanic was four city blocks long and
eleven stories high (Lord 170). The inside of the ship contained
facilities ranging from Turkish baths and tennis courts to sun
parlors, a theater, and a miniature golf course.
As news of the extravagant technological wonder spread
throughout the world, it soon became known as “unsinkable”
because of the keel, the longitudinals, and the inner and outer
bottoms that were greater in size, weight, and thickness than in any
other ship; the floor that extended up the sides of the ship so as to
Class Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Name Date “frame” it; the whole length of the hull that was stiffened by deep
web frame girders; the hull itself that was divided into sixteen
watertight compartments, four of which could be flooded and the
ship would still float; the deck beams that were ten inches thick and
held to the sides with steel; the elaborate pipe systems which could
delay the rise of water; and the ship’s vast size and the strength and
stiffness of its floor. (“Experts” 981). The structural stability of the
ship, unparalleled for its time, was ready to be tested in open waters.
The Titanic set sail from Belfast Harbor on May 11, 1911. Her
trial voyage lasted eight hours, and upon her return, her builders
were confident that she was indeed “unsinkable.” She left
Southampton at twelve noon on April 10, 1912, on her maiden
voyage. She was to reach New York City one week later.
There were approximately 2,207 passengers on board when the
Titanic left the harbor (Friedrich 70), 706 of whom were immigrants
traveling to the United States for the first time (Baldwin 47).
About 350 of the biggest names in American and British society
were on the first-class list (“Titanic in Peril”). These people paid
$4,350 for their seven-day trip, an amount almost equivalent to
$50,000 in today’s money (Ballard 712). The passenger list included
General John Jacob Astor IV and his wife; Major Archibald Butt,
military aide to President William Howard Taft; John B. Thayer,
Vice-President of the Pennsylvania Railroad; Charles M. Hays,
President of the Grand Trunk Railways in Canada; Mr. and Mrs.
Isidor Straus, owner of the Macy’s Department Store; and J. Bruce
Ismay, chairman and managing director of the White Star Line.
The ship also carried a distinguished crew. The captain of the
Titanic was Edward Smith, who had been a captain of the Olympic,
the Titanic sister ship, and was a favorite among high-society
Americans. Upon sailing, Second Officer C. H. Lightoller reportedly said, “It was clear to everyone on board that we had a ship
that was going to create the greatest stir British shipping circles
had ever known” (218). When a woman asked a deckhand if the
Class Remember to use a person’s
full name the first time you
reference him or her in your
paper and the person’s last
name for subsequent
references.
As a general rule, omit
such titles as Mr., Mrs.,
Ambassador, and Commander in your subsequent
references. In some cases,
however, especially if you
haven’t referenced the
person for many paragraphs,
you may want to repeat a
distinguishing title, such as
Captain, to avoid confusion
for the reader.
Student Model 37
Name Date 38
Style and Documentation Sourcebook for Writers
For added impact, Bryan
used a direct quotation from
her note cards rather than a
paraphrase of the quotation.
Bryan organizes her
description of the voyage
chronologically to build
suspense, for clarity, and to
communicate that the
inattentiveness of the crew
led step by step to the
disaster.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Titanic was really “unsinkable,” he replied, “God Himself could
not sink this ship” (Freidrich 70).
This over-confident attitude was matched by perfect weather
for the first four days of sailing. Then at 9:00 A.M. on April 14, the
Titanic received iceberg warnings from the Coronia. Two more
warnings were received that afternoon, yet Captain Smith dismissed all three, never decreasing the ship’s speed of 22 knots or
changing its course. At 7:30 P.M. the Californian warned the Titanic
of ice. Second Operator Harold Bride ignored these signals
because he was figuring accounts. Around 9:30 P.M. Commander
Lightoller ordered Frederick Fleet to get up in the crow’s nest to
watch for icebergs. At 11:00 P.M. the Californian again warned the
Titanic about ice. First Operator Phillips, who relieved Bride, told
the Californian operator to shut up and leave him alone because he
was busy (Baldwin 49). The Titanic still steamed full speed ahead
at 22 knots.
Up in the crow’s nest, at 11:40 P.M., 1300 miles from New
York City, Fleet saw an iceberg looming in the distance. The
officer on the bridge gave the order to turn the ship hard to starboard. The order was too late. There was a faint jarring that
lasted for ten seconds. The result was a 300-foot gash along the
starboard side of the hull. Five water-tight compartments had
been flooded, enough to sink the ship. The first wireless call for
help went out at 12:15 A.M. The Virginian, the Carpathia, and the
Baltic received the call and started for the ship. Evans, the wireless operator for the Californian, had turned off his signals and
retired to bed fifteen minutes before. Ironically, the Californian
was less than ten miles from the Titanic (Angier, “Haunting” 58).
At 12:45 A.M. the first distress rocket was fired, and the first
lifeboat was lowered. Launching arrangements were confused;
because no lifeboat drills had been held beforehand, loading was
random. Women and children were given first priority along with
the first-class passengers in general (Kingston and Lambert 145).
Class Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Name Date Half-filled boats were asked to take more passengers but did not;
they feared tipping and sinking once they got into the water
(Baldwin 53). Lifeboat 6 had a capacity of sixty-five passengers
but left with only twenty-eight (Baldwin 53). Lifeboat 1 had a
capacity of forty people but left with only twelve (Freidrich 70).
Two of these passengers were women, the rest men—among them
were three millionaires and J. Bruce Ismay.
At 1:40 A.M. the crew fired the last rocket into the air and at
2:05 A.M. lowered the last lifeboat, “collapsible D,” into the water.
Benjamin Guggenheim and his valet came on deck in full evening dress, saying “We’ve dressed in our best and are prepared to
go down like gentlemen” (Friedrich 70). When Astor tried to
board a lifeboat with his wife, he was refused; he told her he
would meet her later.
Around 2:10 A.M. the wireless operator sent the last call for
help. As the ship sank at 2:20 A.M., Mrs. H. D. Bishop observed
from a lifeboat, “It began to slide gently downwards. Its speed
increased as it went down head first, so that the stern shot down
with a rush. . . . As the ship sank we could hear the screaming a
mile away. Gradually it became fainter and died away” (437).
Many lifeboats made little attempt to help other survivors in
the water. Fireman Harry Senior was swept off the ship as it went
down. Later he explained, “I tried to get aboard a boat, but some
chap hit me over the head with an oar. There were too many
people in her” (435).
The Carpathia arrived at dawn to pick up survivors. By 8:50
A.M. the Carpathia was headed for New York City with 705 Titanic
passengers (Lord 171–172; Secrets). The total death count was 1,502.
When information about the accident first reached American
newspapers, the New York Times was so confident that the Titanic
was unsinkable that it carried only a small front page story about
it (“New Liner”). However, on April 16 when the news was confirmed, the stories filled up the entire front section of the New
Class Since the author’s name is
given in the text, only the
page number is needed in
this citation. (See Section
3.2)
It is common practice to not
italicize the article preceding
the title of a magazine or
newspaper unless the article
is actually part of the title.
(See Section 2.1.)
Student Model 39
Name Date 40
Style and Documentation Sourcebook for Writers
Since Bryan did not use the
author’s last name in the
body of her sentence, she
gave the last name and the
page number of her source
in her parenthetical reference. (See Section 3.2.)
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
York Times for five consecutive days. New York City swarmed
with people trying to find out who had survived. The New York
Times ran front page stories on the rich and famous who were on
board, with an entire article devoted to John Jacob Astor alone;
almost as an afterthought the 1,800 others who might have died
were listed (Lord 110).
The shock of this calamity raised many questions. Almost
immediately after the disaster, both the United States and Great
Britain set up investigations. Through these investigations, the
injustices that occurred on the Titanic that night were made public.
These were conditions that would “never get by the social consciousness (or news sense) of today’s press” (Lord 108). There
were lifeboats for only half the passengers on board, and of the
1,500 people in the water, only 13 were picked up by lifeboats
(Kingston and Lambert 145). Greatly debated was the treatment
of the second-class, third-class, and steerage passengers. Of the
women in first-class, only 4 of 143 drowned (3 by choice); 15 of
93 women in second-class drowned; and 81 of 179 women in
third-class drowned. All except 1 of 30 children in first- and
second-class survived, but only 23 of the 76 children in steerage
survived (Lord 107).
For the most part, the third-class passengers had to fend for
themselves. Some in third-class thought that access to the lifeboats was a privilege of the first- and second-classes (Lord
108–109). Unbelievably, there was a higher loss of third-class
children than first-class men (Lord 108). A steward stationed on
the third-class deck testified that some men were kept locked
below deck until almost 1:15 A.M. Thirty-four percent of the first
class men were saved, while only eight percent of the second-class
and twelve percent of the third-class survived (Davie 45). When
lawyers investigated the situation, however, the White Star Line
was indifferent, as were the press and even Congress. The British
enquiry said it found no discrimination (Lord 108).
Class Name Date Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
The investigation procedures for each country were very
different but ultimately resulted in the same conclusions. Some
recommendations that resulted from the investigations were
requiring life preservers and regulation lifeboats for all passengers
on board; holding lifeboat drills; keeping a wireless operator on
duty at all times; and requiring a double-skin for the hull, longitudinal bulkheads, and water-tight decks. The United States and
British governments set up the International Ice Patrol, and the
first International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea was
begun in London in 1913 (“Titanic Disaster” 28).
Laws at sea changed, but also Americans realized that in their
haste to progress, they had sacrificed safety; in their quest for
material possessions, they had forgotten the spiritual. In a sermon
given at Princeton University the Sunday after the Titanic
disaster, Reverend A. B. Baker had this to say:
Was there not something of self-confidence
and self-sufficiency in the contention that it
was perfectly safe, that it could outride any
ocean storm and come unharmed through any
danger to which it might be exposed? . . . It will
not do to put our confidence in ships nor in
anything that represents the boastful progress of
the age.
Class Set off any quotations longer
than three lines by indenting
the entire passage. (See
Section 2.4.)
In this disaster the world had lost a number of the noted
wealthy. As a result many Americans changed their views of
wealth and success. The Titanic was the “last time the special
position of First Class was accepted without question” (Lord 109).
Many Americans quickly realized that prominent people under
stress could be selfish and conceited (Lord 109). As Walter Lord
noted, “The Titanic was the last stand of wealth and society in the
center of public affection” (109). The First World War and later
the Depression made sure of that. After the Titanic disaster it was
Student Model 41
Name Date more difficult for Americans to be as confident of technology and
progress. The Titanic “mirrored” the Gilded Age. It had seemed to
be the peak of all technology, wealth, and luxury. Life after its
sinking was never to be the same.
Many people have tried to pinpoint reasons for the Titanic
disaster. The chance is one in a million that the ship would hit
an iceberg and sink to the ocean floor (Beasley 174). Was this
disaster destined by fate? Had people become so sure of themselves that Divine Intervention was needed to put them back in
their place?
The Gilded Age was a period of extremes—growing wealth
and growing technology. The sinking of the Titanic shocked
Americans back to reality. It made them retrace their steps and
look at the world in a different light, a world where it was harder
to be so confident and sure of oneself. Dr. Charles H. Parkhurst
tried to explain the reason for this tragedy:
The two sore spots which really run into one
another and which constitute the disease that is
gnawing into our civilizations are the love of
money and the passion for luxury. These two
combined are what sunk [sic] the Titanic and
sent 1500 souls prematurely to their final
account (“Religious Views” 939).
Class Bryan ends her paper with a
strong quotation. Since the
quotation is longer than
three lines, it appears as a
block quotation following an
introductory statement. (See
Section 2.4.)
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
42
Style and Documentation Sourcebook for Writers
Name Date Works Cited
Angier, Natalie. “After 73 Years, A Titanic Find.” Time 16 Sep.
1985: 68.
---. “Haunting Images of Disaster.” Time 23 Sep. 1985: 58.
Baker, Reverend A. B. Sermon. Trinity Church. Princeton, 21 Apr.
1912.
Class In your final Works Cited list,
cite only those sources from
which you actually used
information in your research
paper. Your teacher may ask
you to include a brief
annotation for each work
cited in which you explain
the source’s content and
usefulness.
Baldwin, Hanson W. Sea Fights and Shipwrecks: True Tails of the
Seven Seas. New York: Country Life, 1955.
Ballard, Robert D. “How We Found the Titanic.” National
Geographic Dec. 1985: 696–719.
Beasley, Lawrence. The Loss of the Titanic. London: Philip Allan,
1929.
Bishop, Mrs. H. D. “The Titanic: From a Lifeboat, 15 April 1912.”
Eyewitness to History. Ed. John Carey. Cambridge: Harvard,
1987. 436–437.
Davie, Michael. Titanic: The Death and Life of a Legend. New York:
Knopf, 1986.
“Experts on the Titanic Wreck.” Literary Digest 11 May 1912: 981.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Friedrich, Otto. “When the Great Ship Went Down.” Time 16 Sep.
1985: 70.
Kingston, Jeremy, and David Lambert. Catastrophe and Crisis. New
York: Facts on File, 1979.
Lemonick, Michael D. “Treasures Reclaimed from the Deep.” Time
2 Nov. 1987: 70.
Lightoller, Commander. Titanic and Other Ships. London: Ivor
Nicholson and Watson, 1935.
Lord, Walter. A Night to Remember. New York: Holt, 1955.
Student Model 43
Name Date Class Marbach, William D. “The Sea Gives Up a Secret.” Newsweek 16
Sep. 1985: 46.
“New Liner Titanic Hits an Iceberg; Sinking by the Bow at
Midnight; Women Put Off in Lifeboats; Last Wireless at 12:27
A.M. Blurred.” New York Times 15 Apr. 1912: A1.
“Religious Views of the Titanic.” Literary Digest 4 May 1912.
Secrets of the Titanic. Videocassette. Dir. Nicholas Nixon. With
Martin Sheen. National Geographic Society Video, 1986, 58 min.
Senior, Harry. “The Titanic: A Fireman’s Story, 15 April 1912.”
Eyewitness to History. Ed. John Carey. Cambridge:
Harvard, 1987. 434–435.
“Titanic Disaster.” Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1969 ed.
“Titanic in Peril on Leaving Port.” New York Times 11 Apr.
1912: A1.
Wade, Wyn Craig. The Titanic—End of a Dream. New York:
Rawson, Wade, 1979.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
44
Style and Documentation Sourcebook for Writers
Answers
1.1 Explanations will vary. Student explanations of
their choices are more important than their
answers. Sources include the Toronto Globe
and Mail, Newsweek, and the Wall Street Journal.
1.2
1
Lord, Walter. A Night to Remember. New York:
Holt, 1955.
name of local library
G530.T6L61956b
2
Friedrich, Otto. “When the Great Ship Went
Down.” Time 16 Sep. 1985: 70
Paraphrase card:
Effects of sinking
The sinking of the Titanic signaled the end of an
era of extravagance and materialism. No longer
did class divisions infuse the country with a feeling of stability; no longer did a faith in technology
engender boundless optimism. Something had
changed, but it would take many years to know
what and how much.
Page 437
Direct quotation card:
Effects of sinking
“In retrospect, we can see that with the foundering of the Titanic an era passed that had been
spawned by the Second Industrial Revolution—
an age of stolid complacency and effulgent
materialism.”
Page 437
1.4 Answers follow.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3
“Titanic.” Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Today’s date
<http://www.members.eb.com/bol/topic?
eu=74542&sctn=1>
1.3 Answers will vary but should follow the proper
note-taking form. Examples may be similar to
the following:
Summary card:
Effects of sinking
Times change after sinking of Titanic
—era of materialism and optimism created by
the Industrial Revolution is over
—no more acceptance of rigid social classes
—people lose faith in technology
Page 437
1. This is an example of plagiarism because the student
merely changed a few words of what is essentially a
direct quotation.
2. This is an example of plagiarism because the student
has failed to credit the source.
3. This is an example of a properly cited quotation and is
not an example of plagiarism.
1.5 Answers follow.
1. I. Pre-Berlin Wall Political Divisions
A. After World War II ended in 1945, Berlin was
divided and occupied by the four major Allied
powers: the United States, Britain, France, and
the Soviet Union.
B. East Germany became a separate state in 1949.
C. Some people defected from East Germany by
escaping to West Berlin in the 1950s.
II. The Wall as a Physical Barrier
A. The Berlin Wall was erected in 1961.
B. The Berlin Wall prevented free movement
between East Germany and West Berlin until
1989.
Answer Key 45
Answers
III. Beginnings of Reunification
A. In the 1980s, the Soviet Union reduced its
influence over East Germany.
B. The Berlin Wall was dismantled in December
1989.
2. The proper order is
• In the 1300s, the West African kingdom of Mali
controlled trade across the Sahara.
• Because of trade, Mali prospered.
• Because of its prosperity, Mali was able to recruit
scholars to live there.
• Because of scholars, Mali became an intellectual
center.
3. The proper order is
• Latin, The Roman language, has had a great impact
on European languages.
• Roman architecture still has influence today.
• Compared to the Greeks, the Romans produced few
significant philosophers.
• People today do not dress like ancient Romans.
2.1 Answers follow.
46
Style and Documentation Sourcebook for Writers
2.2 and 2.3 Answers follow.
1. At 9:00 A.M. on April 14, 1912, the Titanic received iceberg
warnings from the Coronia. Two more warnings were
received that afternoon, yet the captain of the Titanic,
Edward Smith, dismissed all three. At 7:30 P.M. the
Californian warned the Titanic of ice. Second Operator
Harold Bride ignored these signals because he was
figuring accounts. Around 9:30 P.M. Commander C. H.
Lightoller ordered Frederick Fleet to get up in the crow’s
nest to watch for icebergs. At 11:00 P.M. the Californian
again warned the Titanic about ice. The operator who
relieved Bride told the Californian operator to shut up
and leave him alone because he was busy.
Up in the crow’s nest, at 11:40 P.M., Fleet saw an
iceberg looming in the distance. The officer on the bridge
gave the order to turn the ship hard to starboard. The
orders were too late. There was a faint jarring that lasted
for ten seconds. The result was a 300-foot gash along the
starboard side of the hull. Five water-tight compartments
had been flooded, enough to sink the ship.
2. On January 22, 1901, Queen Victoria died at the age of
eighty-two. She had reigned for sixty-three years, and
few of her subjects could recall a time when she had
not been queen. A grandmother of forty children,
Victoria had been an idol of many and a symbol of a
solid British Empire. Edward VII, Victoria’s oldest son,
took the throne in 1901, at the dawn of the twentieth
century. Edward was far less conservative than Victoria,
and many people feared that his personal life would
carry over to the public domain.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. In “A Shocking Accident,” a short story by Graham
Greene, the main character’s father is killed by a pig.
2. The Waste Land, by T. S. Eliot, is a book-length poem
that is considered one of the most influential works of
the twentieth century. Another well-known work by
Eliot is his poem “The Hollow Men.”
3. In 1983, astronaut Sally Ride completed a six-day mission
aboard the space shuttle Challenger. This was the first
time that an American woman had traveled in space.
4. “The Secret Mind,” an essay by science fiction master
Ray Bradbury, appears in Bradbury’s book Zen in the
Art of Writing. This essay was first published in the
November 1965 issue of The Writer.
5. The Pioneer Zephyr, restored and on display at the
Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, is a mustsee for train buffs and for anyone who is interested in
the history of industrial design.
6. On her compact disc entitled Blue Skies, Cassandra
Wilson sings several well-known songs, including “My
One and Only Love” and “I’ve Grown Accustomed to
His Face.”
7. The musical My Fair Lady is an adaptation of Pygmalion, a play by George Bernard Shaw. The AcademyAward winning film My Fair Lady premiered in 1964.
8. An article in Time magazine, “After 73 Years, A Titanic
Find,” describes how scientists finally located the
doomed ship Titanic on the bottom of the Atlantic
Ocean.
9. On April 15, 1912, the following article appeared in the
New York Times: “New Liner Titanic Hits an Iceberg;
Sinking by the Bow at Midnight; Women Put Off in
Lifeboats; Last Wireless at 12:27 A.M. Blurred.”
10. Summer Days, a 1936 oil painting by Georgia O’Keeffe,
interprets the desert landscape of the American
Southwest.
11. The classic television series The Honeymooners
included an episode, “TV or Not TV,” that was first
broadcast on October 1, 1955. This episode has been
shown in reruns countless times.
12. American sculptor Louise Nevelson is well known for
such works as Sky Cathedral, a wooden structure
consisting of assembled objects inside boxlike frames.
Answers
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2.4 Answers follow.
1. Dorothy Wordsworth begins her journal entry for April
15 with these words: “It was a threatening misty
morning—but mild. We set off after dinner from
Eusemere.”
2. In the same journal entry, Dorothy describes the
daffodils that she and her brother William saw during
their walk: “They grew among the mossy stones . . .
some rested their heads upon these stones as on a
pillow for weariness, and the rest tossed and reeled
and danced. . . .”
3. This stanza from William Wordsworth’s poem
“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” was inspired by
the daffodils he and Dorothy saw that April day.
I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o’er vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host of golden daffodils,
Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.
4. “Miss Youghal’s Sais,” a short story by Rudyard Kipling,
opens with a proverb: “When Man and Woman are
agreed, what can the Kazi [civil judge] do?”
5. According to Frank O’Connor, “My parents were poor
and I was an only child. That meant that from the
beginning I was thrown very much upon myself, so I
learned to read when I was still very young. . . .”
6. According to an article in Time magazine, when a
woman asked a deckhand if the Titanic was really
“unsinkable,” he replied, “God Himself could not sink
this ship.”
7. The same article in Time magazine states that the night
the Titanic sank, millionaire Benjamin Guggenheim and
his valet came on deck in full evening dress, saying,
“We’ve dressed in our best and are prepared to go
down like gentlemen.”
8. Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s most famous poem begins
with the words, “How do I love thee?”
9. Refer to the second stanza of Thomas Hardy’s poem
“Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave?”; there, a dead
woman asks, “ ‘Then who is digging on my grave? / My
nearest dearest kin?’ “
10. “The beauty of the world has two edges,” said Virginia
Woolf, “one of laughter, one of anguish, cutting the
heart asunder.”
3.3 Answers follow.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
6.
7.
(“Supplements” 25)
(Lapham, “Full” 12)
(Lapham, Hotel America 53)
(Avery and Daniloff 44)
(Spiegelman 2: 20)
(Department of Commerce 193)
(Eliot 25; pt. 1, ch. 3)
(M. Amis 127)
(K. Amis 70)
(“Better luck” 47)
3.6 The Works Cited list should appear as follows:
Beckett, Samuel. Samuel Beckett: The Complete Short Prose, 1929–1989. Ed. S. E. Gontarski. New York: Grove, 1995.
Brady, Anne M., and Brian Cleeve. A Biographical Dictionary of Irish Writers. New York: St. Martin’s, 1985.
Contemporary Irish Literature. 3 Dec. 1998. Yale University. 5 Apr. 1999 <http://www.library.yale.edu/humanities/english/>.
Ernst, Morris L. Foreword. Ulysses. By James Joyce. 1934. New York: Vintage International-Random, 1990. vii–viii.
Heaney, Seamus. The Redress of Poetry. 1995. New York: Vintage Int.-Random, 1996.
———. Selected Poems: 1966–1987. 1990. New York: Noonday-Farrar, 1991.
James Joyce. Videocassette. Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 1997.
Kiberd, Declan. Inventing Ireland. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1995.
Merriman, Brian. The Midnight Court. Trans. Patrick C. Power. Cork, Ire.: Mercier, 1971.
Peatling, G. K. “Who fears to speak of politics? John Kells Ingram and hypothetical nationalism.” Irish Historical Studies 31
(1998): 202–221.
Treacy, Maura. “Separate Ways.” Best Irish Short Stories. Ed. David Marcus. London: Elek, 1976. 156–164.
Answer Key 47