2009.2.13JARI
JARI Beijing
B iji RT
Approach to Clean Air in Japan
Kiyoyuki Minato
Japan Automobile Research Institute
1
Surroundings
g of Automobiles
Three major issues : Energy, CO2 reduction, Air quality
Global Warming
Urban Environment
Energy
CO2 reduction
d ti
CO2
Energy
Emissions
Current situation of Japan
• Population : 127miliion
• Motor vehicles : 78 million units
passenger cars : 58 million
truck/bas
: 20 million
motorcycle
: 4 million
• No. of Motor vehicles per 1,000 persons
total motor vehicles :594
passeneger cars
: 496
Relationship Between the Automobile
and
d the
th Environment/Energy
E i
t/E
Issues
I
The issues do not simply involve higher added value but issues in
responding
di to
t social
i l demand
d
d in
i tterms off energy, the
th environment,
i
t etc.
t
Ai pollution
Air
ll ti problems
bl
Emission (NOx, HC, PM, etc.)
Waste disposal
Global warming
Emission (CO2)
Fuel economy, energy
conservation, etc.
ＶＳ
Processing, disposal and
Processing
recycling of end-of-life
vehicles
Traffic accidents
Safety
4
Motorization and Environment in Japan
Motorization
Economic
Growth
Urbanization
Environment
Policy
y
Serious air
pollution
Clean Air
New
Technology
80 Motor veehicle in usee (million units)
70 60 50 40 Vehicle Population and
Environmental Polices (Japan)
(1) 1951 Inspection & Maintenance start
(2) 1970 Detect of health hazard Photochemical smog
(3) 1971 Start unlead gasoline (1987 Phase out lead gasoline)
(4) 1973 Air Pollution Control Act
(5) 1978 Emission control (Japanese's Muskie's low)
(6) 1992 Control of NOx emission
(7) 1997 Long
L
term
t
regulation
l ti (Diesel)
(Di
l)
(8) 2000 Emission regulation (Gasoline)
(6)
(9) 2002 Control of NOx and PM
(10) 2005 New long term regulation (Gasoline & Diesel)
(11) 2009 Post New regulation (Gasoline & Diesel )
(11)
(9)
(10)
(8)
(7)
(4)
30 ((3))
(2)
(5)
20 10 (1)
0 6
Emission and Fuel Regulations in
Japan
Gasoline
‘88
‘90
‘92
‘94
‘96
‘98
Emission
1978 Reg
regulations
‘00
‘02
‘04
New Short-Term
‘06
‘08
‘10
Post New
Long-Term
New Long-Term
1975 77 Reg
1975-77
1973 Reg
Fuel quality
S100, RVP (T50:75-110)
(Implemented)
1987 Phase out lead gasoline
Diesel
Emission
regulations
‘88
‘90
‘92
‘94
‘96
‘98
‘00
‘02
S50
S50
‘04
S10
S10
‘06
‘08
‘10
1986 Reg 1990 Reg (NOx) 1994 Reg (PM)
97 Reg
New Short-Term
(NOx, PM)
1974 Reg
New Long-Term
Post New
Long-Term
From 1974
S5000
Fuel quality
S2000
S2000
S50
S500
(Implemented)
S50
S10
S10 Incentive
7
Emission regulations（Japan,US,Europe）
PM (g/kWh)
（Heavy
（Heavy-duty）
duty）
0.30
1997 Long term regulation
0.25
Japan
0.20
2003：New short-term regulation
1998～
1998
0.15
USA
EURO2(～1999)
EURO2(
1999)
Europe
2004～
(NOx+NMHC)
0.10
EURO3(2000～)
0.05
2007～
0.00
0.0
2005：New long-term regulation
EURO5(2008～)
2009：Post-new long term regulation
2.0
EURO4(2005～)
4.0
NOx (g/kWh)
6.0
8.0
Total SPM Emission from Vehicle and Traffic
Volume -Case of Tokyo-
'90 diesel NOx reg
'97 diesel NOx-PM reg
'05 New Long-Term
Reg (G,D)
'03 Diesel Sulfur
50 ppm
'09 Post New Long-Term
Reg (G,D)
'05 Diesel Sulfur
10 ppm
9
Atmospheric Environmental Regional
Ob
Observation
ti System
S t
A bi t Air
Ambient
Ai Pollution
P ll ti Monitoring
M it i Stations
St ti
Monitoring
g the conformation status of the environmental standard.
Confirming the effect of the air pollution-control measures.
Monitoring the regional pollution status.
1581 stations in Japan (2006).
R d id Air
Roadside
Ai Pollution
P ll ti Monitoring
M it i Stations
St ti
Monitoring the pollution status by air pollutant from automotive emissions.
451 stations in Japan (2006).
Inspection & Maintenance Effect
（CO）(J
（CO）(Japan：1970
1970 practical
ti l example
l ）
¾The maintenance is a measure with the effect for Safety, Emission
reduction and energy saving．
After maintenance
Before maintenance
100
90
80
mean concentration ：
2.5%
mean concentration ：
7.2%
自動車台
台数（台）
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
CO 濃度（％）
11
Japan's Effort for Air Quality
Improvement
* Effective combination of emission/fuel regulations.
* Air quality improving or stable despite expanding vehicle fleet.
CO
ＰＭ
National Average Measurement
5.0 4.5 (ppm)
80 0.18 70 0.16 3.5 50 2.5 40 2.0 30 1.5 20 '68 CO control
0.08 Residential area measurement
0.06 0.02 0 0.00 '00 New Short -Term Reg
'74 diesel vhl reg
'86 diesel vhl reg
'05 Gasoline sulfur
50ppm
'07 Gasoline sulfur
10ppm
'90 diesel NOx reg
Stricter '97 diesel NOx-PM reg
'05 New Long -Term Reg
'96 Gasoline sulfur
100ppm
'09 Post Long-Term Reg
'78 diesel vhl reg
'78 Japanese's Muskie's low
'73 CO,HC,NOx control
0.10 10 Residential area measurement
0.0 0.12 0.04 1.0 0.5 PM
0.14 Consentratiion
60 Motor Vehicle populattion(M )
M
Ｃ ｏｎｓｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎ
ｎ（ｐｐｍ）
4.0 30
3.0 Source: “Air Pollution Report, 2005", Ministry of
the Environment
'76 Diesel sulfur
500ppm
'03 Diesel sulfur
50 ppm
'05 Diesel sulfur
10 ppm
Energy consumption by sectors
Energy consumption of Transport (Passenger) sector and Commercial &
Residential sector are remarkable.
The greatest subject is how to reduce CO2 from these sectors in Japan
1990=100
140 120 100
100 Industry
80 Residential
Commercial
60 Passenger
Freight
40 20 Energy consumption and
F l Efficiency
Fuel
Effi i
Standard
St d d in
i Japan
J
Energy co
onsumptio
on（ 1,000kkL）
70,000
60,000
50,000
2010 standard
Implemented in 98
1985 standard
Implemented in 78
78 Æ 85
2002 standard
Implemented in 93
2015 standard
Implemented in 07
Gasoline
1997 COP3
40 000
40,000
1978 Oil shock
30,000
Diesel
20,000
10,000
0
Fuel Efficiency
Standard
Fuel Efficiency
Standard
14
CO2 emissions from Transport (Japan)
CO2 emissions in the road transport sector in Japan have been on the decrease
in the 21st century.
268 Mt (2001) → 249 Mt(2007)
Air
Ships
Rail
Commercial
18%
32%
Trucks
56%
Passenger
cars
Residential
14%
Transport
19%
Industry
36%
1
15
CO2 Reduction in Transportation Sector
After reaching the peak in 2001, CO2 emissions in the transport sector have been on the decrease. The
CO2 reduction in the transport sector is attributable to: 1) decreased travel distance, 2) increased fuel
efficiency, and 3) improved traffic flow.
Million tons
270
263
264
266
265
268
264
258
260
240
233
262
1）Decreased
travel distance
9
2）Increased
fuel efficiency
11
262
257
250
250
3）Improved
traffic
ff flow
f
254
249
238
229
230
220
265
11
217
210
200
1990
1995
2000
2007
Note：Road transport shares 90% of all transport sector
Source：Japanese Government
2010
History of Fuel Efficiency Standard in Japan
○
Energy or environmental
E
i
l constraints
i
were the
h d
drivers
i
ffor
implementation or revision of fuel efficiency standards.
18
(4)
Early fulfillment
of fuel efficiency
standards
(km/l)
Fuel consumption vvalue (km/LL)
17
16
15.1(2005)
15
14
(1) Oil shock
(2) Significant
worsening of fuel
consumption
i
13
12
11
10
9
2015 standard
Implemented in 2007
04 Æ 15
23.5% improvement
1985 standard
( ) COP3
(3)
Implemented in 78
2002 standard
78 Æ 85
2010 standard
Implemented
in
93
12.3%
Implemented in 1998
90
Æ
02
improvement
95 Æ 10
19% iimprovementt
22.8% improvement
8
17
* Values from 10-15 mode
The world “The Next-Generation Vehicle
and Fuel Initiative”
Initiative targets in 2030
• 80% oil dependence in transport sector
• 30% improvement of energy efficiency
120%
100%
97%
98%
80%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
1973年度
2000年度
2030年度
Reduction
R
d ti off CO2 in
i the
th world
ld using
i Japanese
J
technology, by developing the result of innovations
Government Policy
Eff ti P
Effective
Policy
li ffor promoting
ti Cl
Clean V
Vehicles
hi l
Without control to hold of p
passenger
g cars,,
The most effective method of combination of
「regulation」
regulation」 and 「treatment」
treatment」
Regulation to makers
①Fuel economy
②Emission regulations
Incentive measures to Consumer
③Tax incentive
④subsidy
Supplies clean car in
market
Support clean car purchase of
consumers
Promoting Clean vehicles
19
Three Actions Required for
Environmental/Energy Control
(1) Action for air pollution problem
‡ Radical
reduction of toxic substances in exhaust gas
(2) Action for global warming problem
‡ Radical
reduction of CO2 emission volume
(3) Action for energy control
‡ Energy
countermeasures in the transportation sector
dependent excessively on oil (Use of oil-alternative fuels,
etc.)
Solving the three problems
in balance is required.
20
For Sustainable Future
In future, Increase of car use cancel
effort for emission reduction in Asia.
Our slogan is Ever Onward.
JARI wants to have the information
exchange continuously with you to
solve these problems.
Conclusion:
For Better Air Quality
y in Asia
zNeeds Effective Policies
zNeeds Consensus
zNeeds Public Awareness
22