Household Biogas Digester
An Underutilized Potential
Pramod Pandey
Research Assistant (PhD candidate)
Biological System Engineering Department
Washington State University, Pullman, WA
Supervisor: Prof. Schulin Chen
Email: [email protected]
Phone: 011-509-335-3859
Objectives
‰To present the overview of Renewable Energy programme in India
‰In view of the above to introduce the development and diffusion of
biogas technology in India
‰To provide the historical perspective and evaluation of biogas
technology in China
Overview of Renewable Energy Programme in India
¾Biogas
¾Biomass
¾Wind energy
¾Solar Energy
¾Small Hydro Power
¾Other Technologies
Energy-fuel cell
Hydrogen Energy
Transprotation-Battery operated
vehicle
Geothermal Energy
Ocean and Tidal Energy.
Biofuels
Diffusion of Biogas Technology in India
It is the main programme under rural energy development
Objectives
‰Provide fuel for cooking purpose
‰ Provide organic manure to rural poor
‰ Reduce pressure on forest
‰ Improve sanitation by linking toilets with biogas plant
Target and Potential
9The Advisory Board on Energy (May, 1985) indicated a potential
for setting up 16 to 22 million small biogas units in the country.
9MNES and Ninth Five Year Plan Document have indicated a
potential of 12 million plants based on 1981-82 livestock census
and availability of cattle dung.
9A cumulative of 3.37 million biogas plant has been installed
which is a 25 % of potential
Historical Perspective of Biogas (Gobar Gas) In India
1950
First units constructed. Some research on the process and design
1950-72
Industrial development of India and agriculture. First practical designs
constructed, small projects, mainly one organization involved, one design
disseminated.
Energy crisis attracts attention to the technology, start of national interest.
Fossil fuel dependency identified. Indira Gandhi to power.
1972-1975
1975-1980/81
National interest and research. National programme developed
1980/81-1985
Initiation of large national programme relying on subsidies. Multi
organization, multi-design approach.
1985-1992
Improving designs, improving the organization and results from
dissemination.
1992-1996
Decrease in subsidies, new structures of dissemination and extension
1996-2000
Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources (MNES) has achieved 97%
to 108% of annual target during the five years. At the instance of MNES,
the Programme Evaluation Organisation (PEO) undertook evaluation of
National Project of Biogas Development (NPBD) primarily to examine the
implementation methods.
2000-2003
MNES and Ninth Five Year Plan Document have indicated a potential of 12
million plants bases on 1987-82 livestock census and availability of cattle
dung. During the Ninth Plan, a target of installing 12.6 lakh plants has been
fixed, while the proposed Tenth Plan target is 15 lakh plants. Subsidies
continue
Scope of Biogas Technology in India
¾India has the largest cattle population in the world.
¾There are about 75 million farm families 60 percent
families own 4 or more cattle, which are sufficient to operate
a small biogas plant.
SATNA
Study area
3%
2%
1.50%
1.50%
3%
89%
waste land
pasture
house
nala
road
cultivable land
Land use pattern of Jakhi village
11.50%
8.30%
15.60%
65%
marginal
small
medium
large
Land holding pattern of Jakhi village
Direct Energy Calculation
DE = 1.96 HLH + 80.7 BPH + 56.31 DC + 11.93 EC
DE = Direct energy input MJ
HLH = Human Power hours used per ha
BLH = Bullock power hours used per ha
DC = Diesel consumption per ha
EC = Electricity consumption per ha, KWH
Indirect Energy calculation
IE = C x WM x HUM/OA
IE
=Indirect Energy calculation MJ/ha
C
= Energy coefficient
WM = Weight of machinery used per hour
HUM = Hours of machinery used
OA = Operation area, ha
Cooking
40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
Miscelleeous domestic
35254
2154
1423
um
ed
i
2685
2762
2642
2164
La
rg
e
3295
2142
al
l
na
ar
gi
M
le
ss
2256
1557
28534
27465
M
27452
Sm
26882
nd
La
Lighting
Energy consumption in household activities (MJ/year/household)
Soft coke (%)
Electricity (%)
Kerosene (%)
Non-commercial fuel (%)
Average
18000-above
12000-18000
6000-12000
3000-6000
Utp to 3000
0
20
40
Rural Area
60
80
100
Energy use pattern
Rural Area
‰Most people depends on traditional fuels of wood, cowdung, crop
residues
‰Often using inefficient and primitive technology
‰Commercial fuels are used for lighting
‰Cooking alone consumes around 85.5% of the total energy
‰Household activities consumes about 74.4% of the total energy
Organizational Structure of National Programme
on Biogas Technology in India
MNES
Support system
Training, feedback research
and development
NABARD/
RBI
National
banks
State
lead
banks
Bank
branches
Regional
training and
development
centers
Research
institutions
Implementation
Nodal agencies (state
departments/corporation)
District
offices
NGOs
Block
offices
Turnkeys
/workers
Turnkey
workers
Autonomous
bodies
(KVIC/DIC)
State offices/
co-operatives
NGOs
State Nodal
KVIC
Others
140000
Number of Biogas plant
125608
125128
116352
120000
115565
108181
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
47900
37666
2746
36421
32868
3594
3882
2983
33346
10887
0
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-2000
Years
Fig 2 Share in achievement of targets by various agency
Rupees (million)
Reciept
Expenditure
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Year
Receipt and expenditure of funding under NPBD in Selected States
(MNES, 2002)
Classification of Biogas Model
Batch Type
Semi continuous type
Continuous type
Stage type
Plug flow type
FLOATING DRUM
Well mixed type
FIXED DOME
KVIC Model
Janata Model
Pragati Model
Deenbandhu Model
Ganesh Model
Janata – II Model
Ferro cement
VINCAP Model
Ferro cement
Deenbandhu
Over View of Floating Type Biogas Plant
Structural View of Digester of Floating Type Biogas Plant
Biogas Plant in Rural Area of West Bengal (Kharagpur)
6 MW MSW plant in Lakhnow, UP
Schematic Presentation of Pragati Type of Biogas Plant
Schematic Presentation of Janta Type Biogas Plant
Schematic Presentation of Floating Type of Gas Holder
Schematic Presentation of Deenbandhu Biogas Plant
Plug flow digester
Plug flow digester
Biogas Development in China
Initial phase
Mr. Luo Guorui founded the first Chinese company to disseminate
biogas technology in Shantou in the summer 1929
The company has developed along the Yangtse River and more then
10 provinces along the eastern and southern coast
The first specialized technology training material on desing and
construction and operation of biogas technology was published in
1935
Second Phase
Second upsurge for promoting the biogas technology in China
initiated in Wuchant City of Hubei province in 1958.
Although new hydraulic biogas digester they have developed
but still Guorui Biogas plant was mostly adopted
More then 100 thousand plants were dismantled due to poor
scientific construction and blind construction.
Third Phase
In the 70 and 80s the energy consumption and fuel supply was poor as
122 kg/capita. 66% of the stalks was used as farmers cooking fuel.
The central Govt. pointed out that dissipation of biogas technology in
rural area could effectively utilize agriculture resource and forest
protection
These leads to professional management organisation and leading group
of biogas development, and professional institute namely, Chengdu
Biogas Institute
Rural Energy Programme in China
Rural household biogas digesters were widely disseminated some cities
and town in Northern China
Since 1983, China is emphasizing the policy of rural energy in every five
year development plan.
Rural energy development has been arranged into national economic
planning for 20 years. An unique way of China rural energy development
has been explored.
500
440
450
410
400
350
310
300
250
125
60
50
30
20
15
10
15
8
5
Tianjin
55
Jilin
50
100
80
Beijing
100
Shanxi
150
Hainan
160 160 150 160
Chongqing
175
Guangsi
200
sichuan
henan
shanong
shanghai
liaoning
anhui
guangdong
hubei
jiangsi
zhejiang
hebei
hunan
fujian
jiangsu
0
Medium and large size biogas plant in different part of China
800
No of decontamination biogas systems
Shanghi
1200
Guangxi
Hubei
2000
Anhi
2200
Jiangxi
2500
Hunan
3000
Fujian
3200
4000
Jiangsu
10000
Zhejiang
12000
Chongding
20000
Guangdong
32000
Sichuan
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
Cities
No of Biogas decontamination system in China, 2001
35000
electricity, 9.3
biogas, 0.40%
natural gas,
0.005
firewood, 21.3
coal gas, 0.003
coal , 32
stalks, 33.42
Oil, 2
LPG, 1.1
Percentage contribution of energy sources utilized in Rural China
(2001)
In 2000, population in China rural areas was 0.82 billion around 65%
of Chinese total population 1.26 billion. In 2001, China rural areas
were 9.57 million households having biogas digesters of which 8.57
million (90%) plants are working.
If those plants work properly they can produce yearly around 2.98
billion Cumec biogas amounting to standard coal 2.13 million tones.
Positioning of
bottom
hemisphere and
out let for fixed
dome type of
biogas plant
Joining of two hemisphere of biogas plant
Top view of fixed dome type of biogas plant
Trainees of biogas training programme (Feb 12-17, 2004), Mechada, India
Trainees with Mr. Pandey in Gadbeta Dairy Farm, Aug12-28, 2003, India
Mr. Pandey, and Mossa Kareem, owner of a poultry biogasdigester, 26,
June, 2005
Visit in a kusiari village, May, 2005
Masson Training for biogas plant designing
Speech for biogas in National level seminar for farmers, at IIT,
Kharagpur, Feb, 12, 2004
Prof. T. Nejat Veziroglu, International Hydrogen President, with Mr.
Pandey in his laboratery
Dr. T. Kasturirangan, eminent space scientist, and Mr. Pandey
Isolated bacteria for anaerobic digestion