This is the published version:
Velmala, William, Helle, Samuli, Ahola, Markus P., Klaassen, Marcel, Lehikoinen, Esa, Rainio, Kalle,
Sirkiä, Paivi M. and Laaksonen, Toni 2015, Natural selection for earlier male arrival to breeding
grounds through direct and indirect effects in a migratory songbird, Ecology and evolution, vol. 5,
no. 6, pp. 1205-1213.
Available from Deakin Research Online:
http://hdl.handle.net/10536/DRO/DU:30072452
Reproduced with the kind permission of the copyright owner.
Copyright : 2015, Wiley Open Access
v
Selection differential
Direct
selection
Direct
effects
Indirect
selection
Indirect
effects
Specific (non-causal)
indirect effects
Specific (causal)
indirect effects
v
Male
arrival
date
Number of
fledglings
–0.06 (–0.11, –0.01)
–0.04 (–0.11, 0.03)
–0.07 (–0.11, –0.03)
Female
laying
date
0.26 (0.21, 0.30)
–0.01 (–0.04, 0.01)
0.96 (0.78, 1.15)
0.05 (0.03, 0.07)
Clutch
size
0.01 (0.01, 0.02)