Earth Science & Climatic Change
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Research
Article
Mekawy, J Earth Sci Climate Change 2012, 3:3
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000121
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Unusual Factor Affecting the Preservation of Fossils from Northern Sinai,
Egypt
Manal S. Mekawy*
University of Suez Canal, Department of Geology, Ismailia, Egypt
Abstract
The preservational quality of fossils varies greatly from place to place, due in part to variation in factors such
as sedimentary environment, diagenetic processes and taphonomic conditions. High-quality preservation of
marine invertebrate animals is often associated with rapid burial in sediment. Depositional environments with high
sedimentation rates are often associated with tectonic deformation (folds and faults). For example, the Syrian Arc
System has formed a highly folded and deformed tectonic regime in the northern Sinai Peninsula. The resulting heavy
sedimentation rates in the adjacent Tethys Sea produced thick packages of fossiliferous (sandstones, mudstones,
limestones) during the Cretaceous. This study details the tectonic context of the abundant and well-preserved
marine invertebrate faunas in the northern Sinai, of Egypt, focusing on the Gebel Yelleg and Gebel Mistan sites.
Keywords: Rock; Deformation; Cretaceous; Fauna; Sediments
Introduction
Fossils, the preserved remains or evidence of past life, are the direct
means of documenting the history of life on Earth [1]. Preservation can
be highly variable from place to place, so palaeontologists commonly
target the particular regions and environments that were characterized
by a relatively continuous sediment accumation and by postmortem
conditions that favoured to fossil preservation [2]. Accordingly,
numerous palaeontologists studied the fossils of the Sinai Peninsula,
especially in northern part because this region is one of the best fossil
sites in Egypt, yielding well preserved specimens of Cretaceous time
that most of them represent a shallow, near shore environment.
The present work focusses on the relationship between rock
deformation and the preservation of Cretaceous macro-invertebrate
fauna from two northern Sinai sites in Egypt: Gebel Yelleg and
Gebel Mistan (Figure 1). The main goal of this work is attempt to
explain presence of abundant and well-preserved marine Cretaceous
macrofauna of northern Sinai despite the rock deformation found and
to stimulate further research on this interesting subject.
Geological Setting
In this work, the author selected Gebel Mistan and Gebel Yelleg
sites in northern Sinai, Egypt, to achieve the goal of the present study
(Figure 1). The Sinai Peninsula (Figure 1) is triangular in shape and
occupies an area of nearly 6000 km2. The geology of Sinai Peninsula
ranges from Precambrian basement rocks to Quaternary sediments.
The southern sector of the peninsula is occupied by rigid Precambrian
basement rocks, while the central and northern sectors are covered with
a north-ward-draining limestone plateau with a series of northeasttrending anticlinal and synclinal gables. These folds, extending from
the Western Desert in the west to Jordan and Syria in the east, follow
the Syrian Arc System [3].
The Sinai Peninsula is bounded by rocks that were deposited in
the Tethys Sea, by the Oligo-Miocene Gulf of Suez rifted basin to the
west, and by the Late Miocene to recently transformed Dead Sea-Gulf
of Aqaba rift to the east. Each of these major elements has dramatically
affected the structure and tectonic evolution of the northern Sinai area
[3], an area that is highly folded and deformed due to the Syrian arc
system [4]. The hills, including the Gebel Maghara, Gebel Halal, and
Gebel Yelleg, are the expression of doubly plunging anticlines with
axial surfaces striking northeast-southwest. These folds affect Jurassic
J Earth Sci Climate Change
ISSN:2157-7617 JESCC, an open access journal
through Cretaceous carbonates, which were deposited on a shallow
platform that deepened towards an open Tethys Sea to the north [5].
The Jurassic and Cretaceous sedimentation of north and central Sinai
Peninsula was cyclical and controlled by the clastic supply from the
Arabian-Nubian Shield, the eustatic sea level, and local and regional
tectonics [5]. The Early Cretaceous was marked by sharply accelerated
continental rifting activity, as evidenced by the development of
dominantly E-W trending grabens in northern Egypt and northeastern
Libya [6]. The rift tectonics seems to have terminated at the end of the
Early Cretaceous. During the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian), the
North African margin was widely transgressed by the Neo-Tethys [7].
In central Sinai, Cenomanian sediments are predominantly formed by
marls and shales, whereas in northern Sinai carbonates are increasingly
common. Turonian shales, marls, limestones, and sandstones were
deposited conformably on the Cenomanian beds. In northern and
central Sinai, the Senonian deposits are predominantly chalks [6].
Gebel Yelleg
Gebel Yelleg is located in the northern Sinai of Egypt at 33°15´33°47´ E and 30°15´-30°36´ N. This site is a large, elongated asymmetric
dome of Cretaceous rocks ranging from pre-Cenomanian rock (Lower
Cretaceous sand stones) to Campanian Chalk [8]. The Cretaceous
rock units from base to top are the Galala formation (422 m) (Late
Albian-Late Cenomanian), the Wata Formation (102 m) (Early-Late
Turonian), the Themed Formation (15 m) (Coniacian-Santonian), and
the Sudr Chalk (Campanian- Maastrichtian) [9-11].
Gebel Mistan
Gebel Mistan is located at 33°30´-33°40´E and 30°45´-30°55´N.
This site is one of the hills comprising Gebel Maghara proper [8]. Gebel
*Corresponding author: Manal S. Mekawy, University of Suez Canal, Department
of Geology, Ismailia, Egypt, E-mail: [email protected]
Received August 25, 2012; Accepted October 08, 2012; Published October 11,
2012
Citation: Mekawy MS (2012) Unusual Factor Affecting the Preservation of Fossils
from Northern Sinai, Egypt. J Earth Sci Climate Change 3:121. doi:10.4172/21577617.1000121
Copyright: © 2012 Mekawy MS. This is an open-access article distributed under
the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and
source are credited.
Volume 3 • Issue 3 • 1000121
Citation: Mekawy MS (2012) Unusual Factor Affecting the Preservation of Fossils from Northern Sinai, Egypt. J Earth Sci Climate Change 3:121.
doi:10.4172/2157-7617.1000121
Page 2 of 7
N
Mediterranean Sea
33˚25`
33˚ 30`
33˚
45`
G
.R
isa
nA
Raghawi Risan Aneiza
Maghara Mistan
Halal
31˚
Yelleg
Suez
30˚
Arief El
Naga
G.
r
ut
h
afr
M
Um
m
an
M
ist
Aqab
uez
fS
a
G
35˚
Wadi El-Fath
G.
Um
m
As
ag
il
30˚ 45`
an
zo
ur
33˚
G.
lf o
a
.R
i
av
gh
32˚
30˚ 50`
G.
Gulf
of
Gu
W. El Ghaib
Ekma
iza
ra
Am
Themed
29˚
ne
30˚ 55`
Sinai
28˚
33˚ 40`
33˚ 35`
M
G. Maghara
G.
30˚ 40`
G. Maaza
30˚ 35`
30˚ 30`
G. Yelleg
30˚ 25`
Wadi El-Hassana
Campanian-Masstrichtian
Coniacian-Santonian
0
5
Wata Formation (Turonian)
10 km
Halal Formation
(Albian-Cenomanian)
Risan Aneiza Formation
(Barremian-Albian)
Malha Formation
(Barremian-Albian)
Jurassic
Normal fault
Plunging anticlines
Studied sections
Figure 1: Location map of the study area.
J Earth Sci Climate Change
ISSN:2157-7617 JESCC, an open access journal
Volume 3 • Issue 3 • 1000121
Citation: Mekawy MS (2012) Unusual Factor Affecting the Preservation of Fossils from Northern Sinai, Egypt. J Earth Sci Climate Change 3:121.
doi:10.4172/2157-7617.1000121
Page 3 of 7
Mistan is a part of the great Maghara Dome in northern Sinai and
ranges in age from Upper Aptian to Cenomanian (incomplete) [1215]. Gebel Mistan is subdivided from base to top into the Malha, Risan
Aneiza (160 m), and Halal (140 m) formations [13].
Field Observation and Types of Fossil Preservation
The study area is characterized by high abundance of Cretaceous
macro and micro- marine faunas with good preservation. Gebel
Yelleg represents Upper Cretaceous fauna while Lower Cretaceous
fauna are concentrated in Gebel Mistan. In Gebel Yelleg the author
focused on Cenomanian and Turonian macrofauna and table 1 show
some of the recorded Cenomanian and Turonian macrofauna on the
Formation
Macro-fauna genera
gastropods
ammonites
echinoids
Phymosoma,
Coenholectypus,
Petalobrissus
Petalobrissus,
Hemiaster
Coilopoceras
Thomasites,
Choffaticeras,
Neolobites,
Turritella,
Tylostoma,
Tylostoma,
Cimolithium,
Nerinea,
Micopedina,
Heterodiadema,
Coenholectypus
Tetragramma,
Coenholectypus
Tetragramma,
Goniopygus,
Coenholectypus
Hemiaster
Barbatia, Nayadina,
Ceratostreon,
Ilymatogyra,
Rhynchostreon,
Chondrodonta,
Praeradiolites,
Lucina,
Galala Formation
Nucula, Inopera, Barbatia,
Pseudoptera,Plagiostoma,
Ceratostreon,Rhynchostreon,G
yrostrea, Chondrodonta,
Eoradiolites,Maghrebella
Aporrhais, Pterodonta,
Pterocera,
Ampullina
Brachidontes,
Barbatia,
Cucullaea,
Nayadina,
Costagyra,
Ceratostreon,
Ilymatogyra,
Rhynchostreon,
Ambigostrea,
Rastellum,
Chondrodonta,
Late
Middle
Early
Cenomanian
Gebel Yelleg is a highly fossiliferous sites with diverse of marine
Curostrea,
Pholadomya
Phelopteria,
Curostrea,
Curostrea,
Praeradiolites,
Durania,
Pholadomya
Wata Formation
Middle
Early
Turonian
Late
bivalves
Gebel Yelleg fauna
Nerinea, Aptyxiella
, Aporrhais,
Pterodonta,
Pterocera,
Ampullina,
Age
level of genera based on the studies of El-Qot [15], and Mekawy [13]
(the present author) For more details refer to [15]. In Gebel Mistan,
the recorded macrofauna in table 2 based on the studies of Mekawy
(the present author) and Abu-Zeid [13] (for bivalves and gastropods)
and Hamama, 2010 (for ammonites) and personal field observations
(for corals and echinoids). The stratigraphic columnar section of the
Cenomanian and Turonian rocks of Gebel Yelleg shown in figure 2
while the stratigraphic columnar section of the Upper Aptian-Albian
rocks of Gebel Mistan shown in figure 3.
Table 1: Upper Cretaceous macro-fauna genera that recorded from Gebel Yelleg.
J Earth Sci Climate Change
ISSN:2157-7617 JESCC, an open access journal
Volume 3 • Issue 3 • 1000121
Citation: Mekawy MS (2012) Unusual Factor Affecting the Preservation of Fossils from Northern Sinai, Egypt. J Earth Sci Climate Change 3:121.
doi:10.4172/2157-7617.1000121
Page 4 of 7
Macro-fauna species
echinoids
Hemiaster sp., Coenholectypus sp.
Teragonaites nautilodes
Ceratostreon flabelatum,
Neithea quinquecostata
Protocardia hillana,
Pinna robinaldina,
Pholadomya gigantean,
Chlamys goldfussi,
Glossus aquilinus
ammonites
Valdedorsella akuschense, Zuercherella aff.
zuercheri, Uhligella clansayensis, Phylloceras
moreti, Teragonaites nautilodes, Teragonites aff.
heterosulcatus, Teragonites sp., Discotectus sp.
Ampullina ervyna, Diastoma ornate,
Nerinea mistanensis, Pseudomesalia
deserti, Riselloidea tricarinata, Turriscala
darwishi
Epistreptophyllum manzourensis,
Epistreptophyllum sp.,Trochosmilia
cretacea,Mixastraea sp.,Paracycloseris
sp.,Stylina regularis, Montlivaltia sp.
Aneiza
Risan
Late
bivalves
Nucula magaritifera,
Maghrebella deserti, Corbula
magharensis,
Modiolus manzourensis,
Cameleopha pharaonis
Acteonella delgadoi,
Drepanocheilus magharensis,
Ampullina prolonga,
Glauconia deserti,
Nerinea abbassi
Halal
Late
Middle
Early
Albian
Aptian
gastropods
Petrocera incerta,
Colombellina fusiformis,
Drepanocheilus
muli,Pleurotomaria
neocomiensis
Corals
Gervillaria alaeformis, Gervillaria
sowerbyana,Gervillaria sp., Spharea corrugate,
Ptychomya robinaldina, Trigonia
undulatocostata, Cucullaea orintalis,
Pterotrigonia scabra
Formation
Turritella mordi, Nerinea magharensis, Nerinea
mistanensis, Tylostoma magharensis,Tylostoma
globosum, Pyrazus magharensis,Pyrazus
sexangulatus,Pseudomesalia quadrilineata,
Pseudomesalia deserti, Ampullina ervyna,
Age
Table 2: Lower Cretaceous macro-fauna species that recorded from Gebel Mistan.
macro-invertebrate fauna, especially in the Cenomanian and
Turonian rocks. Most of them show low degree of disarticulation
and fragmentation. Skeletal remains are randomly oriented, relatively
poorly sorted and oysters and rudists occur in clusters and in growth
position. They do not show any signs of deformation or compaction.
The most common taxa are represented by bivalves (such as oysters,
rudists), followed by gastropods (such as Turritellidae, Nerinea,
Tylostoma), echinoids (such as Hemiaster, Coenholectypus), and
cephalopods (such as ammonites, nautiloids) (Figure 4). The site also
yields microfauna such as foraminifera and ostracods [15].
Gebel Mistan fauna
Lower Cretaceous assemblages (Upper Aptian- Albian) of Gebel
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ISSN:2157-7617 JESCC, an open access journal
Mistan are very well preserved especially those that occur in shales
and carbonates where those that occur in chalky limestone and
dolomitic limestone are not well preserved. Assemblages are densely
packed, moderately sorted, randomly oriented, with low degree of
disarticulation and fragmentation. Most of the shells were preserved
in life position and no folded and deformed fauna is found. The
most common macro-invertebrate fossils are represented by bivalves
(such as Gervillaria, Trigonia, oysters), followed by gastropods (such
as Nerinea, Tylostoma, Pyrazus) Mekawy and Abu-Zeid [13], and
ammonites (such as Barremites, Phylloceras, Tetragonites) [14].
Brachiopods, colonial and solitary corals are common in the lower part
of Gebel Mistan and can be found scattered on the surface (Figure 5).
Foraminifer microfossils have been recorded at Gebel Mistan [12].
Volume 3 • Issue 3 • 1000121
Citation: Mekawy MS (2012) Unusual Factor Affecting the Preservation of Fossils from Northern Sinai, Egypt. J Earth Sci Climate Change 3:121.
doi:10.4172/2157-7617.1000121
Page 5 of 7
Lithology
Larger f.Macro Biozones
Stage Fm Mb.
P.
cretacea
upper carbonate
U.
22
Conc.-San.? Ca.
Middle
23
Sd.
No.
Middle
Bed
Themed
Stage Fm
21
20
19
Bed
Lithology
Ammonite Zones
No.
59
Pycnodonte ( Phygraea ) vesicularis
58
57
56
55
P. (C.) costei - O. dichotoma - P. ferryi
Cucullaea (Idonearca) maresi
Metatissotia ewaldi
54
Coilopoceras
requienianum
53
52
51
50
49
Durania arnaudi - Praeradiolites
46
45
lower carbonate
Lower
Lower
15
Galala Formation
Phymosoma abbatei Tylostoma (T.) globosum
44
Legend
Sandy dolostone
Dolostone
43
42
Hemiaster (M.) heberti turonensis Coenholectypus turonensis
41
40
16
Cenomanian
ponsianus aegyptiacus Praeradiolites irregularis
47
middle clastic
17
Wata Formation
Turonian
Gyrostrea
delettrei Rhynchostreon
suborbiculatum Hemiaster
(Hemiaster)
gabrielis
Middle
48
18
Biozones based on other macrofossils
Dolomitic limestone
Argillaceous limestone
39
Choffaticeras segne
Thomasites rollandi
Sandy limestone
Pycnodonte ( Phygraea ) vesiculosa Rastellum carinatum
38
14
Costagyra olisiponensis
37
Limestone
Sandstone
13
Upper
12
Eoradiolites
liratus
24m
Galala Formation
0
Cenomanian
9
8
7
Upper
Chalk
Neolobites
vibrayeanus
Chalky limestone
29
27
Middle
0. conica
4
Albian
32
31
30
28
6
5
33
Shale
Marl
34
8m
10
Ambigostrea pseudovillei llymatogyra africana
35
16m
11
Siltstone
36
Ceratostreon
flabellatum Pterocera
incerta
3
26
Nerinea gemmifera Praeradiolites biskraensis
25
2
24
Mal
?
1
Figure 2: Stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous succession exposed at Gebel Yelleg, North Sinai, Egypt (after Abdel-Gawad et al., 2004).
Results and Discussion
The low degree of disarticulation and fragmentation, relatively
poor to moderate sorting, randomly orientation of organisms in life
position suggest that the fossil assemblages at both sites were quickly
covered with sediment, possibly while some of them were still alive
which may be due to the tectonic movements. The absence of deformed
fossils may support the idea that the deformation of Cretaceous rocks
took place during the life of the fauna.
The Cretaceous sedimentary rocks of northern Sinai represent
one of the thickest sequences in Egypt due to the transgression of the
Neo-Tethys (previous studies). The thickness and the bedded nature of
the sedimentary rocks make it easily deformable into faults and folds.
The time of deformation in the northern part of the Syrian arc and
northern Sinai in the Cretaceous, which coincided with an abundance
J Earth Sci Climate Change
ISSN:2157-7617 JESCC, an open access journal
and diversity of marine organisms, may be responsible for a quick
cover of fauna by sediments and therefore good preservation. The
well-preserved organisms must have been embedded by rapid burial.
The animals buried in this way were most likely alive in many cases
and may have been killed by the effect of tectonic movement, which
would explain the dominance of marine fauna with a large proportion
of complete specimens and good preservation.
Finally, the discussion above may be explaining the presence of
fossils in a well-preserved condition in northern Sinai despite the rock
deformation found.
Conclusions
1) The northern Sinai is highly folded and deformed due to
geomorphic effects of the Syrian arc system.
Volume 3 • Issue 3 • 1000121
Citation: Mekawy MS (2012) Unusual Factor Affecting the Preservation of Fossils from Northern Sinai, Egypt. J Earth Sci Climate Change 3:121.
doi:10.4172/2157-7617.1000121
Page 6 of 7
2) The present study details the relationship between northern
Sinai’s tectonic regime and the preservational quality and
completeness of two marine invertebrate faunas: Gebel Yelleg
(Upper Cretaceous) and Gebel Mistan (Lower Cretaceous).
3) Marine invertebrates observed in the study area are well
preserved and in life position, with low degrees of disarticulation
and fragmentation, random orientations, and moderate to
poor sorting; no folded or deformed fossils have been found.
a
b
c
d
e
f
Samples
Lithology
66
65
64
Halal
54
48
Risan Aneiza
65
64
55
100 m
Figure 5: Deformed rocks of Gebel Mistan (A), Aptian corals from Gebel
Mistan (B), Aptian Nerinea bed from Gebel Mistan (C), Albian Nerinea bed
from Gebel Mistan (D), Albian rudist bed from Gebel Mistan (E), Albian
ammonite from Gebel Mistan (F).
53
48
50 m
43
38
36
Upper Apt
Lower Albian
Middle Albian
Upper Alb
Age
Formation
Bed no.
4) Taphonomic conditions of the studied faunas suggest rapid
38
34
36
35
34
31
30
31
30
28
27
26
25
24
28
27
18
26
25
24
18
14
13
11
14
13
11
7
6
1
burial by sediments, potentially resulting from regional
tectonic deformation associated with high erosion rates.
0.0 m
7
6
1
The arrow pointing to the study beds
Sandstone
Crossbedded
sandstone
Shale
Dolostone
Limestone
Oysters
Bivalves
Rudists
Echinoids
Gastropods
Orbitolines
Marl
Ammonites
Corals
Figure 3: Stratigraphic columnar section of the Lower Cretaceous of Gebel
Mistan, North Sinai, Egypt.
a
b
5) The absence of folded and deformed fauna in the study area
supports the author’s hypothesis that sediment deposition
occurred while the fauna was still alive.
Acknowledgments
Thanks to everyone in Journal of Earth Science & Climatic Change who has
contributed toward the progress of this work especially Gracia S. Oliver, Assistant
Managing Editor to respond to any request I asked her. I am deeply grateful to
Kathleen S. Lyons, Action Editor, Department of Paleobiology, and University of
New Mexico, USA for critical review of the manuscript. Deep and grateful thanks to
Sims HJ and Adam Tomasovych, Geology Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences,
Slovak Republic for their critical review of the manuscript and useful comments.
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Figure 4: Deformed rocks of Gebel Yelleg (A-C), Cenomanian oyster beds
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J Earth Sci Climate Change
ISSN:2157-7617 JESCC, an open access journal
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Volume 3 • Issue 3 • 1000121
Citation: Mekawy MS (2012) Unusual Factor Affecting the Preservation of Fossils from Northern Sinai, Egypt. J Earth Sci Climate Change 3:121.
doi:10.4172/2157-7617.1000121
Page 7 of 7
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