World War II Victory Gardens in Clay County By Markus Krueger, Visitor Services Coordinator, HCSCC Moorhead Daily News, May 1, 1943. It took half the world everything it had to defeat Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, Fascist Italy, and the other Axis Powers in the Second World War. Our government asked a lot of the American people during World War II, and they gave it. People gave the tires off of their cars. They gave money for war bonds to fund the fight. They gave their sons, husbands, and fathers. Millions of Americans also gave their lawns to be turned into gardens. As soon as Pearl Harbor was attacked, our government knew America needed more food. So a 20 year-old idea was dusted off: the American government made a patriotic plea for home gardens. We do not hear much about the “Liberty Gardens” or “War Gardens” of the First World War that were planted in 1917 and 1918, but they were incredibly important to the history of American gardening, not to mention the war effort. It was the idea of Charles Lathrop Pack, a multi-millionaire heir to a lumber fortune who turned philanthropist. He created the National War Garden Commission in 1917. In his post-war book The War Garden Victorious, Pack summed up his idea this way: “The sole aim of the National War Garden Commission was to arouse the patriots of America to the importance of putting all idle land to work, to teach them how to do it, and to educate them to conserve by canning and drying all food they could not use while fresh. The idea of the “city farmer” came into being.” Now, that may be a bit of an overstatement. Certainly city-folk have always planted gardens. But in WWI, a lot of Americans were in a frenzy of patriotism and gardening was one of the ways of expressing it. People in cities organized into groups to garden together. They looked for vacant lots (they called it “Slacker Land”) and they pressured the owners to let them turn that lot into a community garden that would be tended by their gardening group. By working together, these gardeners could share costs and labor for amenities that a single gardener might not be able to accomplish alone – things like getting a tractor in to plow the lot, making an irrigation system, and stocking a shed full of tools. Liberty Garden poster from World War I. In the April 12, 1918 edition of the Moorhead Daily News, Susan Lally offered 17 lots she owned in north Moorhead “free to anyone who will use them for war gardens.” And it worked! According to the National War Garden Commission, the U.S. population of just over 100 million people canned 1.45 billion quarts of vegetables in 1918 alone! As 1941 drew to a close and America was once again plunged into a world war, our leaders knew that we needed that magic once again. How Can a Garden Help Win a War? You might be saying to yourself “Gardening is about the least violent thing I can think of. How can a garden help win a war?” Well, the simple answer is that gardens help you make more food, and you need more food in a war. Here is a top five list of how Victory Gardens helped the American Home Front. 1. Victory Gardens fed people on the Home Front so our Farmers could feed our military. We had 16 million Americans in the armed forces in WWII and they needed three meals a day. Napoleon said that an army marches on its stomach. My brother, a sergeant in the Army Reserve, says his most important job is making sure his guys have beans and bullets. The idea for Victory Gardens was to have people feed themselves and their own families as much as possible with their own gardens so our farmers can send more of the national food supply overseas. 2. Victory Gardens allowed American farmers to send food to war-torn areas around the world. Much has been written about how our factories made America the “Arsenal for Democracy” for the war, but less is said about our equally important role of being the breadbasket of the Allied Powers. The farmers of Great Britain could not produce enough food on their island to feed their people and Germany’s strategy was to starve Great Britain into submission. It was up to American and Canadian farmers to fill ships full of food and have these ship convoys run the gauntlet of German U-boats across the Atlantic to feed the British. Ukraine, then a part of the Soviet Union, is one of the world’s finest grain producing regions, but for most of the war it was an unfarmable warzone or under German control. Our allies in China also desperately needed our help to feed their people. Once we started winning the war, the problem only got worse. The empires of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan were sadistically cruel. In both cases, it was their policy to starve the people they conquered in order to bring enough food back to German and Japan. Every island we retook in the Pacific, every square mile of Europe we liberated, we took in more hungry people that the American farmer had to feed. Victory Gardens helped average American citizens take care of themselves so our farmers could feed the world. 3. Food grown at home freed up ships, trains, and trucks to be used for war jobs. Only a few places in the world grew rubber trees, and most of those places were taken by the Japanese Empire early in the war, so tires were rationed. Gasoline was rationed. Trains and ships were filled with war materials. Our government asked us “Hey, instead of sending trains full of tomatoes from California and Mexico, you wanna help us out and grow your own tomatoes this year? Our trains are busy.” 4. Victory Gardens grew nutritious food at a time when much food was rationed or scarce. Unlike many other countries in WWII, Americans never starved. In fact, our region produced food like never before, but we had to share it with the rest of the world. Rationing proved challenging to the women of the house who made the meal plans, but it ensured everyone received their fair share of scarce resources. Sugar was rationed, meat was rationed, butter was rationed. Fresh fruits and vegetables were never rationed, but aluminum cans sure were. Grow your own, can your own in glass jars, so we can save the metal to make airplanes. As the Moorhead Daily News said on March 30, 1945, “those who meet their own needs, even in part, take themselves to some degree out of the food market. The result is less competition for the produce of the commercial growers. The Victory gardener, at least, will not go hungry.” 5. Victory Gardens gave everyone at home a way to be part of the war effort. People’s loved ones were in danger. They didn’t have enough gasoline or sugar or coffee or shoes. People felt helpless, lonely, scared, emotionally frazzled. It is good for the morale on the Home Front to give people a way to work towards victory, to keep busy and occupied. Victory gardens were a perfect way of doing this. With a little physical work, you nurture the seedlings, they grow bigger, you get delicious food, you are proud of the food you grew and you are also proud that you did something, in some small way, to help end the war. Did it work? Absolutely! In 1943, our government asked for 18 million home or community gardens. Americans responded with 20 million. The government estimated that more than 1 in 3 veggies grown in the country that year came from someone’s Victory Garden. The history books usually leave the subject of Victory Gardens right there. People were asked to garden. They did. One in three veggies grown in a Victory Garden in 1943. A photo of somebody digging up a boulevard. That is usually it. Maybe they are overlooked because they left no lasting legacy – Victory Gardens turn into lawns or flowerbeds if not kept up. Maybe it’s because home gardening is not as exciting as the first thirty minutes of Saving Private Ryan. But Victory Gardening was a craze in which 20 million American families participated. Let’s dig a little deeper to discover the impact of this craze in one American county on the edge of the prairie: Clay County, Minnesota. Clay County, Minnesota Clay County is on the very western edge of Minnesota, right across the Red River from North Dakota. It was home to about 25,000 people during WWII. Moorhead is the county’s largest city, numbering 9,491 people in the 1940 census, and it is situated right across the river from Fargo, North Dakota’s biggest city. Although not large by national standards, Fargo-Moorhead is an important metro area serving a radius of more than a hundred miles in every direction on the Northern Plains. After Moorhead, the next largest towns in Clay County were Dilworth a couple miles east (1,068 in 1940), Hawley (1,122) another dozen miles further, and Barnesville (1,450) on the southern edge of the county. Other towns such as Ulen, Georgetown, Comstock, Felton, Glyndon, Sabin, and Hitterdal all numbered about 500 people or less. Clay Countians did what everyone else did during the war. They sent their young men to fight. Classes in Moorhead’s two colleges became more and more female. The women figured out how to use ration points. They recycled metal scrap to make tanks and bacon fat to make explosives. The major war industry was the Fairmont Creamery in Moorhead, where local “Rosie the Egg-Crackers” cracked 100 million eggs per year during the war to be turned into powdered eggs and sent everywhere around the world. Farming the fertile black soil was the county’s most valuable contribution to the war effort. Many in this agricultural community would have vegetable garden plots, war or no war, but we do see an increased interest in gardening during the war. Specifically, in the annual reports of the Clay County extension agency, the county newspapers, activities of the Moorhead Garden Club, and the opening of community gardens in both Moorhead and Barnesville. The County Extension Service The agents and volunteers of the county extension service were the unsung heroes of the Home Front, at least in rural communities like Clay County, Minnesota. Again, our government asked quite a bit from people during the war, and the extension agents and their volunteers were the ones who taught us how to do what we were asked. Everything was in short supply. To help people’s clothing last the duration, extension agents in 1943 held 56 workshops in the homes of people throughout the county, where 934 local women came to learn things like how to mend, how to darn socks, and how to make clothing from scratch using less fabric. The agents connected our farmers with laborers and helped them increase crop yields with new techniques. Extension taught farmers how to make labor saving devices using scrap wood. They also taught townspeople how to turn their flower gardens into vegetable gardens. The extension reports are fonts of statistics. Here are a few. Out of Clay County’s population of just over 25,000, extension agents in 1944 reported assisting 2,730 families in increasing their food production. “Can More in ‘44” was their motto at the county fair that year, a goal they attained by teaching 2,860 families classes on food preservation. The outreach numbers are impressive considering teaching one mother to can tomatoes basically teaches the whole family to can tomatoes, and the extension agents reached more than one in ten people in Clay County. Those 2,860 families canned more than half a million quarts of fruits and veggies. They dried or froze more than half a million pounds of fruits and veggies. That same year, extension taught pressure canning classes attended by 876 women. Clay County Extension Service Agent G. E. May was active during the war years. Oakport Township pressure canning class, 1946. Historical and Cultural Society of Clay County. The goal of the Victory Garden project was to increase American vegetable production to help families be more self sufficient. Edythe Klokseth, an extension volunteer, was able to turn a profit on her Victory Garden. She, her husband George, and their kids lived on a 120 acre farm northeast of Glyndon, but the garden was her domain. After canning 610 quarts of food for her family’s use, Edythe sold an extra 368 quarts of canned fruits and veggies and 40 pounds of dried peas and beans to Leeby’s Food Store in Fargo for a total of $145.70 (for those of you familiar with Fargo-Moorhead, the old Leeby’s Food Store is now Zandbroz Variety Store). “Come again soon and I’ll show you where I spent my money,” she told the extension agent interviewing her. “We’re going to have dental work done and then what’s left goes to putting in a work bench and cupboard along my south kitchen wall.” The extension service also runs 4-H. 4-H was very active in vegetable gardening. Over half of all 4-Hers participated in the Victory Garden project in 1943. Of the 293 kids who participated, 188 completed the paperwork to get credit for the project. Those 188 gardened a combined 30 acres of land and canned 1,242 quarts of food. The following year, 13 year old Bradly Lamb of the Downer O.K. Club wrote in his report “Our garden has contributed to the war effort because we have not purchased one can of vegetables from the store.” But 4-H kids are usually farm kids and a lot of this county extension’s work would be aimed at farmers who would already be planting vegetable plots for home use. Next we are going into town, where Victory Gardens stand out more. Community Gardens In the country, it is not hard to find room for a garden. Moorhead, however, had a lot of apartment buildings, houses on small lots, and two colleges. In 1943, the Merchants and Professional Men of Moorhead sponsored a community garden for those without a yard of their own. Moorhead Daily News, May 18, 1943 The Moorhead Community Victory Garden was located on the east side of the 600 block of 11th Street North in Moorhead. This was the edge of town. An areal photo from 1939 shows no houses, but by 1943 there were a few built, including the house of August and Mabel Becker at 604 11th St N. Becker was a manager selling cars for W.W. Wallwork. “Come between the hours of 7 P.M. and 9 P.M. – the rental agent August Becker…will help you select your plot,” the ad said. Their son, Bob Becker, was too young to remember the Victory Garden, but he suspects his mother would have been more involved than his father in the garden. Mabel Becker was the one with the green thumb in the family. We do not know how big the garden was. We do not know how many plots there were or how much it cost to rent one. Really, all we know about the existence of the Moorhead Community Victory Garden came from this one ad stating that only 20 plots remain. We see from tax records that the plot of land in question was owned by several different people but still had very few houses. The Moorhead Chamber of Commerce either rented people’s land or appealed to their patriotism to turn over their “slacker land” for the war effort. We see no mention of the Moorhead Community Victory Garden in 1944 or 45, so it may have only been active in 1943. August and Mabel Becker, courtesy of Bob Becker Similarly, we know from a notice in the Barnesville Record-Review that Barnesville also set aside some land for people to garden north of the county fairgrounds. Those interested in a plot were to see chief of police George Wardeberg. We are not sure of the exact location of the plots “North of the fair grounds,” but it was likely either still part of the lawn of the fairgrounds or under the houses across the street. Barnesville Record-Review, May 6, 1943 We at the historical society would very much like to know more about these community victory gardens in Moorhead and Barnesville, or any other community Victory Gardens set up in the area. If you know anyone whose family gardened there or anyone who has photographs of these gardens, please let us know. If You Can’t Grow It, Can it! Farmer Charles Peterson had his own spin on Victory Gardens, as we can see from this ad from May 4, 1943. Charles Peterson was a truck farmer, meaning he grew veggies and drove them into Fargo-Moorhead for people to buy. Truck farmers are the people you see at Farmer’s Markets today. Peterson was successful, one of the biggest landowners in the county. “We have planted hundreds of Victory Gardens. You Are Invited To Pick The Crop,” the ad said. Carol Ekre told me the story of her mother, Ruth Langseth, going to Peterson’s farm to pick some tomatoes. Mrs. Langseth approached a group of men with hoes and asked if she was in the right place. The men shrugged in confusion. When an armed guard came to join them, Mrs. Langseth realized the she was talking to German soldiers from Moorhead’s POW camp! The Petersons and other families employed German Prisoners Of War to help in the fields during the war’s labor shortage. An article on Victory Gardens in the Moorhead Daily News on February 25, 1944, referred to Peterson’s Self Service Victory Garden Plan, stating “In addition to the large number of private ventures, there were many families who relied upon the commercially-grown, community-harvested garden idea which was originated in Moorhead last year. Still others bought in unusual quantities from the regular truck gardeners and packed it away for the winter.” Those who cannot garden were not off the hook. Patriots with “black Moorhead Daily News, thumbs” were encouraged to buy extra from local producers May 4, 1943 so they could preserve it by canning, drying, or freezing. Fresh fruit and veggies were never rationed during WWII, but aluminum cans sure were. Buying fresh veggies when they are in season and canning them in glass jars is great for the war effort because it reduces the need to ship trainloads full of canned tomatoes from California to Minnesota all the winter. Canning local food in glass jars saves aluminum, saves trains, saves fuel, saves tires for delivery trucks, and everybody still gets fed. Although the word “locavore” had not yet been invented to describe it, eating locally was patriotic and necessary during the war. The Old Trail Market at the Probstfield Farm, 1936 and 2013 Those interested in reliving some local food history can go to the Probstfield Farm just north of Moorhead on 11th Street and about 43rd Avenue North. The farm itself is older than the cities of Fargo and Moorhead, established by early pioneers Randolph and Catherine Probstfield in 1868. By the 1940s, the farm was operated by their grandson, Ray Gesell, and his two aunts Millie and Josie Probstfield, pictured above at their vegetable stand, the Old Trail Market. Today, their farm is operated by the non-profit Probstfield Farm Living History Foundation, which seeks to keep alive the agricultural history and heritage of the Red River Valley while also exploring where farming can go in the future. The 118 acres include historic buildings, land rented to a conventional farmer, the Probstfield Organic Community Garden, and garden plots for experimental crops and educational initiatives (such as 4-H). Legacy Gardens, operated by Randy and Toni Bach, continues the tradition of truck farming at the Probstfield Farm. Buying their fresh veggies at the Old Trail Market stand is one of the most delicious and wholesome ways you can relive history this summer and fall. How Common were Victory Gardens? Newspaper reports from the time suggest that Victory Gardens were common during the war. “It’s going to be quite a satisfaction to most Moorhead residents to find their summer’s work stored up in colorful rows on the shelf, ready to be used without the need of ration points,” reported the Moorhead Daily News, Sept 21, 1943. “What is more, these people have helped their nation at a time when food is in great demand and most of the commercial pack can be used overseas and in the military camps. Congratulations to the Victory gardeners!” While we have to make room for exaggeration in this quote, saying “most Moorhead residents” were gardening leads us to believe that growing your own and canning your own was pretty popular during the war. The quote goes on to say that “Last year was frankly experimental for many people,” and with with more experience, 1944 will be even better better. It wasn’t only die-hard gardeners who were digging up their yards. There were a lot of first-time gardeners during the war. The people of Hawley also had garden fever. “Folks here in Hawley have taken to Victory Garden like ducks to water and the indications are that this will be a banner year,” reported the Hawley Herald on April 26, 1945. “The call for 20,000,000 such gardens this year will not go unanswered if every community in the nation goes as nearly all out as we’re doing.” The Hawley Herald, Barnesville Record-Review, and Moorhead Daily News all ran regular nationally syndicated articles that featured gardening tips, recipes, photos of happy gardeners and cartoons that appealed to the gardener. Advertisements both local and national sought out the business of gardeners. Barnesville Record-Review, May 20, 1943 (top) Moorhead Daily News, June 21, 1944 (right) The Moorhead Garden Club The spirit of the 1940s Home Front was volunteerism. What can YOU do to help the war effort? How can we get more gardens? Ask the Moorhead Garden Club to help. The club’s scrapbook and meeting minutes, preserved in the Clay County archives, show the ways they used their gardening skills for the war effort. The Moorhead Garden Club was formed in 1930 for the purpose of city beautification. Their big event every year was judging a best garden contest in the city. In 1943, they added the category of Best Victory Garden – that is, vegetables, not flowers. They awarded first and second place prizes and honorable mentions in each of Moorhead’s four city wards. The Grand Prize went to Christian and Anna Dosland, both active members in the Moorhead Garden Club and known for their fine garden just north of Concordia College. He was a prominent lawyer and former mayor of Moorhead, but the sources indicate that Anna deserves the most praise for their perennially beautiful garden. In 1943 the couple exchanged flowers for veggies in their garden. They had a son and a grandson serving in the Pacific in the Navy. Norwegian immigrant Anna also no doubt worried about family and friends living under Nazi occupation in her birth country. The people who won first place in the four wards show a cross section of society were honored in the contest: First ward: Herman (Laborer) and Lena Sayre Second ward: Leverett (worker at Fairmont Creamery) and Lulu Prindle Third ward: Adam (foreman for Midnite Express Inc) and Nancy Magloughlin Fourth ward: Nelmer (salesman for Leo Johnson Furniture Co.) and Hilda Nelson S.G. Reinertsen from a prewar Moorhead High Yearbook. Moorhead’s S.G. Reinertsen Elementary School is named for him. The club occasionally had outsiders speak on garden related topics. In September of 1944, Moorhead school superintendant S. G. Reinertsen reported local women grew, canned, and donated 1400 quarts of tomatoes and 500 quarts of beans for school lunches. Victory Gardens after Victory “These wartime gardens are well named. But victory is not their only product. From now on they will be increasingly gardens for peace.” Moorhead Daily News on March 30, 1945 This passage was written as Allied soldiers were pushing into Germany and American forces were island-hopping ever closer to Japan. One month after this quote was printed, Adolph Hitler killed himself in his bunker as Russian soldiers pulverized Berlin above him. Our military leaders expected it would take at least another year and perhaps double the number of Americans killed and wounded before Japan surrendered, but in early August, as the tomatoes and cucumbers were in full production, two atomic bombs utterly destroyed two Japanese cities and the war was over. Victory Gardens were not needed after victory. Within a few months of war’s end, food rationing ceased. As soldiers flooded home, the agricultural labor shortage eased and the smaller military needed less food shipped overseas. The government had no need to keep up their gardening campaign. There were no Victory Gardens after the harvest of 1945, there were just regular old peaceful gardens. My favorite quote also comes from that last spring of the war: “It is surprising how many people never realized what fun there is in working in the soil; what pride one takes in the vegetables one produces, until the war made these gardens necessary. Now the growing of vegetables not only serves the purpose of aiding the war effort, but it gives many men and women a pleasant, healthful hobby. Add to that the fact that there is nothing more appetizing than crisp, fresh vegetables taken from one’s own garden and you have plenty of reasons why Victory gardening is not likely to want to any extent when the war is over.” Hawley Herald, April 26, 1945 Although we have no reliable numbers to make an exact count, it is probably safe to say that most of America’s wartime backyard and boulevard Victory Gardens turned back into lawns or flower beds after the war. A great many people were introduced to the “pleasant, healthful hobby” of gardening during the war, however, and any gardener will tell you how addicting a hobby gardening is once you get a taste of those fresh tomatoes. The final quote comes not from World War II, but from our old friend Charles Lathrop Pack of World War I’s National War Garden Commission: “Unquestionably, community gardening will continue. It will be the peace-time descendant of the war garden.” Charles Lathrop Pack War Gardens Victorious 1919 Pack’s prediction came true, just not right away. The Liberty Garden craze of World War I and the Victory Garden craze of World War II brought the creation of countless community gardens throughout the nation, the vast majority of which reverted back to “slacker land” soon after peace was declared. The field that was once the Moorhead Community Victory Garden was covered with houses in the city’s post-war building boom. The site of the Barnesville Community Victory Garden is now either covered with houses or part of the lawn at the county fairgrounds. A few remained. Dowling Community Garden in downtown Minneapolis began in the spring of 1943 and is thriving more than ever today. The concept of the Victory Garden, of gardening for the greater good, of gardening in a city together with your neighbors, this continued to have resonance. A generation after the war ended, community gardens started sprouting up again across America again. In the Spring of 1975, some 4-H gardens at Yunker Farm in North Fargo were converted to community gardens (the gardens moved to their current location in 1977 after the city built a water tower on the site of the original plots). The Baby Boomer community gardeners were able to draw upon the experience of people who had already participated in community gardens during the war. The new community gardening movement finally spread back Clay County in 2004, when the Probstfield Farm Living History Foundation opened the Probstfield Organic Community Garden on their land just north of Moorhead’s city limits. Americans look back at World War II as “the good war,” although no one who experienced it would have considered the war good at the time. Every generation since has drawn inspiration from those who joined together and made real sacrifices to accomplish astounding things in order to make sure good triumphed over evil in the 1940s. For the children, grandchildren and now great-grandchildren of the ones we call the Greatest Generation, the years 1941-1945 are often seen as the fulfillment of America’s potential, an example of what Americans can achieve if we were just a little more selfless, if we could just work together. A 1944 Victory Gardens poster from the National Archives was the inspiration for Joe Wirtheim’s poster 70 years later. If you like this sort of thing as much as I do, visit his site www.VictoryGardenOfTomorrow.com. Here is one example of how we continue to be inspired by WWII’s Home Front. On the left is a Victory Garden poster from 1944. On the right is a modern poster made by Joe Wortheim of Portland, OR, for his company called Victory Garden of Tomorrow. Just as women’s rights activists are inspired by Rosie the Riveter, gardeners of today’s Urban Agriculture movement are inspired by Victory Gardens. Just go to the new release section of your local library and you will find a plethora of new books on topics like “urban homesteading,” raising chickens, beekeeping, and scores of cookbooks telling you how to use your produce. Gardening is hip nowadays, a hobby that combines elements of the DIY craze (“Do It Yourself” projects) and the Foodie craze (which fetishizes local, fresh, and unique food). Urban gardeners in Minneapolis have pushed through a lot of changes to city codes to allow what amounts to small-scale farming on empty city lots, large composting operations, and the ability to keep chickens and bees in the city. Local demand now has city officials debating whether to allow goats in Minneapolis! The movement has spread to the Fargo-Moorhead metro area as well. Citizens like the Moorhead for Urban Chickens Facebook group recently tried (unsuccessfully) to change city ordinances to allow chickens in town. The community garden at the Probstfield Farm is thriving and more community gardens are opening in the metro. The Probstfield Farm annual U-Pick Heritage Squash and Pumpkin patch draws foodies with the promise of 20 rare or historic varieties you cannot find in a supermarket. More and more restaurants are opening that pride themselves on buying locally grown food. Our museum has joined with several other organizations to challenge the Dilworth-Moorhead- Fargo-West Fargo metro area to register one million square feet of edible gardens and fruit trees in 2014 as part of FM GardensAlive. Go to www.FMGardensAlive.org to make your garden count. Why are we part of a gardening challenge? To mark the 70th anniversaries of the events of 1944-45, we came up with a new spin on the tradition of planting a flower in memory of a loved one. For the people we are honoring – our friends and family who lived through the war years – we think that instead of flowers, it would be far more appropriate to plant a vegetable. Planting your own edible Victory Garden as a living, delicious monument is not only a way of honoring the experience of your friends and family during WWII, it is a way to experience one of their experiences. What do you say? Will you do your part?
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