International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2014), 64, 1218–1222
DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.055574-0
Solimonas terrae sp. nov., isolated from soil
Soo-Jin Kim,1 Ji-Young Moon,1 Hang-Yeon Weon,1 Jae-Hyung Ahn,1
Wen-Ming Chen2 and Soon-Wo Kwon1
Correspondence
Soon-Wo Kwon
1
[email protected]
2
Agricultural Microbiology Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development
Administration, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine
University, No. 142, Hai-Chuan Rd, Nan-Tzu, Kaohsiung City 811, Taiwan, ROC
A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain KIS83-12T, was
isolated from soil of Gaui island in the Taean region of South Korea. The strain grew at 15–33 6C
(optimum, 28 6C), at pH 5.0–8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0). Growth did not occur in the presence of
NaCl. The strain was catalase-negative and oxidase-positive. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S
rRNA gene sequences showed that KIS83-12T was most closely related to Solimonas soli
DCY12T (96.9 %), Solimonas variicoloris MN28T (96.5 %), Solimonas flava CW-KD 4T (96.5 %)
and Solimonas aquatica NAA16T (96.0 %), and formed a robust phyletic lineage with members of
the genus Solimonas. The main isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. Major polar lipids included
phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. Fatty acids present
in large and moderate amounts (.5.0 %) were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1v7c and/or C18 : 1v6c),
C16 : 0, C16 : 1v5c, summed feature 2 (iso-C16 : 1 I and/or C14 : 0 3-OH) and C12 : 0. The DNA G+C
content was 67.9 mol%. On the basis of the taxonomic data obtained in this study, KIS83-12T
represents a novel species of the genus Solimonas, for which the name Solimonas terrae sp. nov.
is proposed, with KIS83-12T (5KACC 16967T5DSM 27281T) as the type strain.
The family Solimonadaceae consists of two genera, Solimonas and Fontimonas (Losey et al., 2013). The genus
Solimonas was proposed by Kim et al. (2007) for Gramnegative, non-motile, rod-shaped, oxidase-negative and
catalase-positive bacteria isolated from soil in a ginseng
field. Later, three more species were added to the genus
Solimonas. Isolates from freshwater spring were named
Solimonas aquatica, Sinobacter flavus and Singularimonas
variicoloris and were reclassified as Solimonas flava and
Solimonas variicoloris, respectively (Sheu et al., 2011). The
genus Solimonas was emended as Gram-negative, rod-shaped,
aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, oxidase- and catalasepositive, and motile or non-motile bacteria. Members of the
genus Solimonas are characterized by having C16 : 0 and
C18 : 1v7c as their major fatty acids, and phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and an
uncharacterized aminophospholipid as predominant polar
lipids. The main respiratory isoprenoid quinone is Q-8.
Bacterial strain KIS83-12T was isolated from the soil of
Gaui island in the Taean region of South Korea, using the
standard dilution plating technique. Isolation was achieved
using a R2A (Difco), and the isolate was routinely cultured
The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the 16S rRNA gene
sequence of strain KIS83-12T is KF112046.
Two supplementary figures are available with the online version of this
paper.
1218
on R2A (Difco) agar at 28 uC and maintained as 15 % (v/v)
glycerol suspensions at 280 uC.
The 16S rRNA gene of strain KIS83-12T was amplified
using the universal primers 9F and 1512R (Weisburg et al.,
1991), and was sequenced by Genotec, Daejeon, South
Korea. Its sequence was 1433 bp and was compared with
other sequences in the EzTaxon-e server (http://eztaxon-e.
ezbiocloud.net; Kim et al., 2012). The 16S rRNA gene
sequences of strain KIS83-12T and associated species were
aligned using the integrated SINA alignment tool from the
ARB-SILVA website (Pruesse et al., 2007). Phylogenetic trees
based on aligned sequences and evolutionary analyses were
reconstructed using MEGA version 5 (Tamura et al., 2011)
with three algorithms: neighbour-joining (Saitou & Nei,
1987), maximum-parsimony (Kluge & Farris, 1969) and
maximum-likelihood (Felsenstein, 1981) based on 1000
randomly chosen bootstrap replications. Strain KIS83-12T
showed highest sequence similarities to the species of the
genus Solimonas, Solimonas soli DCY12T (96.9 %), Solimonas
variicoloris MN28T (96.5 %), Solimonas flava CW-KD 4T
(96.5 %) and Solimonas aquatica NAA16T (96.0 %). Its
degree of sequence similarity with other species with validly
published names was less than 94.0 %. The neighbourjoining phylogenetic tree revealed that strain KIS83-12T
clustered with members of the genus Solimonas; this was
supported by the maximum-likelihood and maximumparsimony trees (Fig. 1).
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Solimonas terrae sp. nov.
0.02
97
85
95
Solimonas variicoloris MN 28T (AJ555478)
Solimonas flava CW-KD 4T (EF154515)
Solimonas soli DCY12T (EF067861)
100
Solimonas terrae KIS83-12T (KF112046)
100
Solimonas aquatica NAA16T (EU303271)
Fontimonas thermophila HA-01T (JN415769)
100
Alkanibacter difficilis MN154.3T (AJ313020)
Nevskia soli GR15-1T (EF178286)
100
100
Nevskia ramosa Soe1T (AJ001010)
Hydrocarboniphaga effusa AP103T (AY363245)
99
100
Hydrocarboniphaga daqingensis B2-9T (EU313812)
Rhodanobacter ginsengisoli GR17-7T (EF166075)
Dyella japonica XD53T (AB110498)
Arenimonas malthae CC-JY-1T (DQ239766)
99
Thermomonas haemolytica A50-7-3T (AJ300185)
93
Luteimonas mephitis B1953/27.1T (AJ012228)
98
Lysobacter soli DCY21T (EF623862)
87
97
Xanthomonas melonis LMG 8670T (Y10756)
Pseudoxanthomonas yeongjuensis GR12-1T (DQ438977)
Escherichia coli DSM 30083T (X80725)
Fig. 1. Neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree showing the position of strain KIS83-12T, based on an alignment of 16S rRNA gene
sequences. Filled circles indicate that the corresponding branches were also recovered both in the maximum-parsimony and
maximum-likelihood trees. Bootstrap percentages (based on 1000 replications) .70 % are shown at branching points. Bar,
0.02 substitutions per nucleotide position.
Strain KIS83-12T was tested for a range of phenotypic,
physiological and biochemical characteristics together
with type strains of species of the genus Solimonas. The
morphology of cells grown on R2A agar at 28 uC for
2 days, after negative staining with 1 % (w/v) sodium
phosphotungstic acid (pH 7.0) was investigated with an
electron microscope (LEO model 912AB). Gram staining
was determined using heat-fixed liquid cultures and a
Difco Gram-staining kit, according to the manufacturer’s
instructions. Physiological and biochemical properties were
tested with API 20NE, API ID 32GN and API ZYM test kits
(bioMérieux). The test procedure followed the manufacturer’s instructions except that assimilation results were
checked after an incubation period of up to 14 days.
Catalase activity was assessed by bubble production in 3 %
(v/v) H2O2 and oxidase activity was determined using 1 %
(w/v) tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine. Growth at 4, 10,
15, 20, 25, 28, 30, 33, 35, 37 and 40 uC was assessed after
14 days on R2A agar. Growth at pH 4.0–10.0 (at intervals
of 1.0 pH unit) was assessed after 14 days in R2A broth;
pH was adjusted with citrate/phosphate buffer, Tris/HCl
buffer, HCl or NaOH (Breznak & Costilow, 1994). Growth
in 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 % (w/v) NaCl was assessed after 14 days
in R2A broth. Anaerobic growth was investigated using
incubation in the BBL GasPak Anaerobic System (Difco)
for 7 days at 28 uC on R2A agar supplemented with 0.5 %
(w/v) Na2SO4, 0.5 % (w/v) NaNO3, 0.5 % (w/v) NaHCO3,
http://ijs.sgmjournals.org
or 0.02 % (w/v) FeCl3. Casein, starch and tyrosine
degradation was examined on R2A plates containing milk
powder (5 %, w/v), starch (1 %, w/v) or tyrosine (0.1 %,
w/v), respectively. The degradation of CM-cellulose and
Tween 80 was examined using R2A supplemented with 1 %
(w/v) substrates. DNase activity was determined with
DNase test agar (Difco). For antibiotic testing, antimicrobial compound discs (BD) were used as follows: amikacin
(30 mg), ampicillin (10 mg), cefotaxime (30 mg), cephalothin (30 mg), chloramphenicol (30 mg), ciprofloxacin
(5 mg), erythromycin (15 mg), gentamicin (10 mg), imipenem (10 mg), kanamycin (30 mg), nalidixic acid (30 mg),
netilmicin (30 mg), penicillin (10 mg), polymyxin (300 IU),
rifampicin (5 mg), streptomycin (10 mg), tetracycline
(30 mg) and vancomycin (30 mg). The effect of antimicrobial
compounds on cell growth was assessed after 4 days at
30 uC. The diameter of the antibiotic discs was 8 mm. A
strain was considered susceptible when the diameter of the
inhibition zone was .13 mm, intermediate at 10–12 mm
and resistant at ,10 mm. Strain KIS83-12T was aerobic,
Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming and
motile by means of a single polar flagellum (Fig. S1 available
in the online Supplementary Material). Growth occurred at
15–33 uC (optimum, 28 uC), at pH 5.0–8.0 (optimum,
pH 7.0). Growth did not occur in the presence of NaCl.
Strain KIS83-12T grew on R2A, weakly on nutrient agar
(Difco), but not on trypticase soy agar (Difco) or McConkey
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S.-J. Kim and others
Table 1. Phenotypic comparison of strain KIS83-12T and species of the genus Solimonas
Strain: 1, KIS83-12T; 2, Solimonas aquatica NAA 16T; 3, Solimonas flava CW-KD 4T; 4, Solimonas soli DCY 12T; 5, Solimonas variicoloris MN 28T. All
strains are positive for aesculin hydrolysis and oxidase, but negative for nitrate reduction, indole production, glucose fermentation and arginine
dihydrolase. None of the strains assimilate D-mannose, potassium gluconate, trisodium citrate or phenylacetic acid. All strains showed positive
activities for esterase lipase (C8), acid phosphatase and naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, but negative activities for lipase (C14), trypsin, achymotrypsin, a-galactosidase, b-galactosidase, b-glucuronidase, a-glucosidase, N-acetyl-b-glucosaminidase, a-mannosidase and a-fucosidase. +,
Positive; 2, negative; W, weakly positive.
Characteristic
Isolation source
Colony colour
Cell morphology
Cell size (mm)
Motility
Catalase
Temperature range (uC)
Growth on 1 % NaCl (w/v)
DNA hydrolysis
Urease
Gelatin hydrolysis
b-Galactosidase
Assimilation of:
D-Glucose
L-Arabinose
D-Mannitol
N-Acetylglucosamine
Maltose
Capric acid
Adipic acid
Malic acid
Enzymic activity of:
Alkaline phosphatase
Esterase (C4)
Leucine arylamidase
Valine arylamidase
Cystine arylamidase
b-Glucosidase
Antibiotic susceptibility to:
Ampicillin (10 mg)
Cephalothin (30 mg)
Imipenem (10 mg)
Penicillin (10 mg)
Polymyxin (300 IU)
DNA G+C content (mol%)
1
2
3
4
Water *
White
Short rod
0.6–0.861.0–1.6
+a
–
20–40a
+a
–a
+
–
–
Soil
Yellow
Rod
0.5–0.661.3–1.8
–a
+
15–42a
+a
–a
–
+
–
Soil
Light yellow
Rod
0.5–0.661.3–1.9
+a
+
20–42a
+a
+a
–
–
–
Biofilterd
Yellow
Long rod
0.4–0.561.6–3.1
–a
+
20–42a
+a
–a
–
+
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
+
–
+
–
+
–
+
–
–
+
–
+
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
+
+
+
–
+
–
–
–
+
+
–
–
+
+
+
–
–
–
+
+
–
–
–
–
+
+
–
–
–
+
+
–
+
+
+
+
–
–
–
66.2a
–
–
+
–
+
65.1b
+
–
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
64.9d
W
b
5
Soil
Light yellow
Long rod
0.5–0.661.5–2.4
+
–
15–33
–
–
–
+
+
67.9
a
c
W
68.4a
*Data from: a, Sheu et al. (2011); b, Zhou et al., (2008); c, Kim et al., (2007); d, Friedrich & Lipski, (2008).
Agar (Difco). Table 1 shows differential characteristics of
KIS83-12T and other strains of species of the genus Solimonas.
Strain KIS83-12T could be differentiated from species of the
genus Solimonas with validly published names on the basis of
morphology, catalase activity, temperature range for growth,
NaCl tolerance, ability to hydrolyse several substrates,
assimilation patterns and sensitivity to several antibiotics.
For fatty acid analysis, strain KIS83-12T and the four
reference strains were grown on R2A at 28 uC for 48 h to the
1220
late exponential phase. The fatty acid methyl esters were
obtained by saponification, methylation and extraction, and
analysed using the Sherlock Microbial Identification System
(MIDI) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Fatty
acid methyl esters were analysed by using the Microbial
Identification software package (Sherlock Version 6.1; MIDI
database: TSBA6). Polar lipids were examined using twodimensional TLC. The reagents used for detection of polar
lipids were as follows: 5 % (v/v) ethanolic molybdophosphoric acid was used for detection of all lipids, ninhydrin
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Solimonas terrae sp. nov.
reagent for lipids containing free amino groups, Zinzadze
reagent for phosphorus-containing lipids and a-naphthol
reagent for glycolipids (Collins et al., 1980). Quinones were
characterized as described by Minnikin et al. (1984). The
G+C content was determined by the fluorometric method
(Gonzalez & Saiz-Jimenez, 2002) using SYBR Green 1 and a
real-time PCR thermocycler (Bio-Rad). Strain KIS83-12T
contained large and moderate amounts of the fatty acids
summed feature 8 (C18 : 1v7c and/or C18 : 1v6c; 39.8 %),
C16 : 0 (15.6 %), C16 : 1v5c (10.3 %), summed feature 2 (isoC16 : 1 I and/or C14 : 0 3-OH; 5.6 %) and C12 : 0 (5.0 %), along
with smaller amounts of several fatty acids (Table 2). These
fatty acids present in strain KIS83-12T in large and moderate
amounts were detected in other species of the genus
Table 2. Cellular fatty acid compositions (%) of strain KIS8312T and the type strains of species of the genus Solimonas
Strain: 1, KIS83-12T; 2, Solimonas aquatica NAA 16T; 3, Solimonas
flava CW-KD 4T; 4, Solimonas soli DCY 12T; 5, Solimonas variicoloris
MN 28T. All fatty acid data were obtained in this study from cells
grown on R2A for 48 h. –, not detected or ,0.5% of the total fatty
acids.
Fatty acid
C10 : 0
C12 : 0
iso-C12 : 0
C12 : 0 2-OH
C12 : 0 3-OH
C14 : 0
iso-C14 : 0 3-OH
C14 : 0 2-OH
C16 : 0
iso-C16 : 0
C16 : 0 2-OH
C16 : 0 3-OH
C16 : 1v5c
C16 : 1v11c
C16 : 1v7c alcohol
C17 : 0
C17 : 1v6c
C17 : 0 cyclo
10-Methyl C17 : 0
C18 : 0
iso-C18 : 1 H
C19 : 0 cyclo v8c
Summed feature*
1
2
3
8
1
2
3
4
5
2.2
5.0
–
–
0.8
4.7
–
1.4
15.6
3.1
–
–
10.3
2.5
0.6
–
–
–
1.8
–
0.7
–
–
6.9
0.7
–
–
4.3
–
–
18.2
5.2
–
0.9
6.5
–
–
–
–
0.7
–
–
0.7
–
–
3.7
1.2
2.2
1.2
5.5
1.1
–
13.3
7.3
–
–
6.2
5.4
–
–
–
–
–
–
1.2
–
–
4.4
–
3.0
–
5.2
–
–
11.5
–
0.8
–
12.1
–
–
1.4
0.8
–
–
–
–
2.0
–
5.5
0.6
1.6
–
5.4
–
–
15.2
2.2
–
–
3.7
4.1
–
–
–
–
–
0.7
–
–
–
5.6
3.6
39.8
–
6.9
23.3
23.8
–
7.9
3.3
37.3
1.3
9.4
4.0
41.3
–
9.1
3.7
45.8
*Summed features are combinations of fatty acids that cannot be
separated by the MIDI system. Summed feature 1 comprises C13 : 0 3OH and/or iso-C15 : 1 H; summed feature 2 comprises iso-C16 : 1 I and/
or C14 : 0 3-OH; summed feature 3 comprises C16 : 1v7c and/or
C16 : 1v6c; summed feature 8 comprises C18 : 1v7c and/or C18 : 1v6c.
http://ijs.sgmjournals.org
Solimonas, despite small quantitative differences. Strain
KIS83-12T contained large amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) as the major polar lipids and it also
contained a small amount of aminophospholipid and small
amounts of several aminolipids (Fig. S2). The polar lipid
profiles of other strains of species of the genus Solimonas
indicated that aminophospholipids along with PE, PG and
DPG were major polar lipids (Sheu et al., 2011). However,
strain KIS83-12T contained only a small amount of
aminophospholipid. Strain KIS83-12T contained Q-8 as
the predominant respiratory quinone, which is in accordance with the genus Solimonas (Sheu et al., 2011). The
genomic DNA G+C content of strain KIS83-12T was
67.9 mol%.
It is evident, based on a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity
of less than 97 % (,96.9 %) with species with validly
published names, a phylogenetic clustering with other
species of the genus Solimonas (Fig. 1) and differential
taxonomic characteristics (Table 1), that strain KIS83-12T
should be classified as a novel species, distinct from
currently recognized species of the genus Solimonas, and
the name Solimonas terrae sp. nov. is proposed.
Description of Solimonas terrae sp. nov.
Solimonas terrae (ter9rae. L. gen. n. terrae of the soil).
Cells are aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, motile rods, 0.5–
0.6 mm61.5–2.4 mm. Catalase-negative and oxidase-positive. Grows on R2A, weakly on nutrient agar, but not on
trypticase soy agar or McConkey agar. Colonies are light
yellow, convex, round with entire edges on R2A agar
at 28 uC. Grows in the temperature range of 15–33 uC (optimum, 28 uC) and at pH5.0–8.0 (optimum 7.0). Grows
without NaCl. Hydrolyses tyrosine, but not casein, cellulose, chitin, DNA, hypoxanthine, Tween 80, starch or
xanthine. With API 20NE, positive for aesculin hydrolysis,
gelatin hydrolysis and b-galactosidase (PNG), but negative
for nitrate reduction, indole production, glucose fermentation, arginine dihydrolase and urease. None of the
substrates embedded in API 20NE and API ID 32GN are
assimilated. With API ZYM, positive activities for alkaline
phosphatase, esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), leucine
arylamidase, cystine arylamidase, acid phosphatase and
naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, but negative for lipase
(C14), valine arylamidase, trypsin, a-chymotrypsin, a-galactosidase, b-galactosidase, b-glucuronidase, a-glucosidase,
b-glucosidase, N-acetyl-b-glucosaminidase, a-mannosidase
and a-fucosidase. Sensitive to amikacin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin, imipenem, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, netilmicin,
penicillin, rifampicin, streptomycin, tetracycline and vancomycin, weakly resistant to polymyxin, but resistant to
cephalothin. The major fatty acids are summed feature 8
(C18 : 1v7c and/or C18 : 1v6c), C16 : 0, C16 : 1v5c, summed
feature 2 (iso-C16 : 1 I and/or C14 : 0 3-OH) and C12 : 0. The
predominant quinone is ubiquinone Q-8. The main polar
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S.-J. Kim and others
lipids are phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol
and diphosphatidylglycerol.
The type strain KIS83-12T (5KACC 16967T5DSM 27281T)
was isolated from soil from Gaui island in the Taean region
of South Korea. The DNA G+C content of the type strain is
67.9 mol%.
Acknowledgements
a prokaryotic 16S rRNA gene sequence database with phylotypes
that represent uncultured species. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 62, 716–
721.
Kluge, A. G. & Farris, J. S. (1969). Quantitative phyletics and the
evolution of anurans. Syst Biol 18, 1–32.
Losey, N. A., Stevenson, B. S., Verbarg, S., Rudd, S., Moore, E. R. B.
& Lawson, P. A. (2013). Fontimonas thermophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a
moderately thermophilic bacterium isolated from a freshwater hot
spring, and proposal of Solimonadaceae fam. nov. to replace
Sinobacteraceae Zhou et al. 2008. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 63, 254–
259.
This study was carried out with the support of the Research Program
for Agricultural Science & Technology Development, National
Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea (project no. PJ008666).
Minnikin, D. E., O’Donnell, A. G., Goodfellow, M., Alderson, G.,
Athalye, M., Schaal, A. & Parlett, J. H. (1984). An integrated
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