LED’s November 2012
Ian Mulhall B.Eng. M.I.E.T.
Technical Director
Agenda
1. Introduction to LED’s
A brief history of LED’s, a reminder of what an Led is, connection
philosophies and system failures.
2. LED Development
Where LED’s are going – adoption in the market and what Thorlux are
doing.
3. LED Principles
A look at some key factors which must be considered when specifying LED’s such as
thermal management, LED binning, colour performance, photometry and LED life time.
4. Some examples of LED use
A little bit of history
1901
Fluorescent
Tube
1919
~1990
“High Brightness”
Red, Orange,
Yellow, & Green LEDs
Sodium
Vapor Lamp
1970s
First Red
LED
2000
White LED Lamp
demonstrates
Incandescent
Efficacy (17 lm/W)
1995
“High Brightness”
Blue, Green LEDs
Monochrome
signs
Calculators and
Indicators
2005
White LED Lamp
demonstrates
Fluorescent
Efficacy (70 lm/W)
Full Color Signs
Solid State Lighting
A quick reminder about LED’s
LEDs pass current and produce
light but their current must be
limited (like a discharge lamp)…
A quick reminder about LED’s
A driver is therefore required, it could
be called a transformer, LED ballast,
power pack etc.
A quick reminder about LED’s
Two choices:
A quick reminder about LED’s
•
In the ‘olden days’ LEDs were operated at 15mA (0.015A)
•
Since the year 2000 Power LEDs have been increasingly used. Drive currents are
now typically:
- 65mA, 100mA 350mA, 500mA, 700mA, 1000mA (1A) etc.
- ‘Forward’ voltage normally approx. 3V
- Power = volts x current = 350mA x 3V = ~1W
- Simple!
LEDs and LEDs
5mm LED
SMD Low Power LED
SMD Medium Power LED
5mm Low Power LED
Surface Mounted (SMD) LED
Surface Mounted (SMD) LED
Typical current (25mA)
Low lumen outputs
Various RGB colours available
Various beam angles
Usually poor colour performance
Typical current (25-75mA)
Low lumen outputs (5-20lm)
Various colour temps available
Various beam angles
Good colour performance
Typical current (75-150mA)
High lumen outputs (20-35lm)
Various colour temps available
Various beam angles
Good colour performance
Use:-
Use:-
Use:-
Status indicators
Sign lighting
Dashboard instruments
Head torches
Status indicators
Automotive lighting
Dashboard instruments
Head torches
TV backlights
Professional light fittings
Automotive lighting
LEDs and LEDs
High Power LED
LED Modules
Power LED
LED Modules
Typical current (350-1000mA)
High lumen outputs (50-300lm)
Various colour temps available
Various beam angles
Best colour performance
Typical current (350-1000mA)
High lumen outputs (up to 3000lm)
Various colour temps available
Best colour performance
Use:-
Use:-
Professional light fittings
Automotive lighting
Professional light fittings
System failures – LED’s
•
Using a PLED
it is possible to
protect against
single LED
failures
What happens if an LED fails, how do I replace it?
Sorry sir,
they
cannot be
replaced
System failures – LED’s
•
Thorlux policy is sensible if LEDs fail:
- Basic gimbal - replace the whole unit
- General lighting luminaire - replaceable boards
- General lighting - each LED with LED protection
•
For sure - LEDs do fail and they will not last forever
- SYSTEM reliability
System failures – LED’s
•
Lenses going brown
•
Driver electronics
•
Plug and socket failure
•
Cable insulation failure
•
Solder joints - up to 2000 joints in a 600 x 600mm
•
and ... LED chip failure or degradation
Agenda
2. LED Development
Where are LED’s going – adoption in the market and what Thorlux are
doing.
Potential business shift
LED’s are improving
Devil in the detail
•
Three core types of LED solution:
- White ‘Power’ LED with lens – Folio / G4 / Tunnel
- Royal blue LED with remote Phosphor - G2 / G3/ XL20
- NEW ‘Medium Power’ LED - Dot / 600 x 600mm
•
Zhaga or bespoke?
Latest Thorlux products
Latest Thorlux products
Latest Thorlux products
Latest Thorlux products
Latest Thorlux products
Latest Thorlux products
Latest Thorlux products
Latest Thorlux products
Agenda
3. LED Principles
A look at some key factors which must be considered when specifying LED’s such as
thermal management, LED binning, colour performance, photometry and LED life time.
Thermal Management
CONVECTION
Thermal management
+ light output
+ lifetime
- temperature
Thermal management
Thermal Management
*Data for Cree XR-E White High Power LED
Lifetime LAMPS – we all know
Failures
Lumen Maintenance
LED Life Time
100%
90%
LIGHT OUTPUT
70%
L70/B10
50%
10%
L10/B10
0%
5k HRS
30k HRS
TIME
50k HRS
Lifetime – LEDs L70 B10
‘L’ is the percentage light output @ the rated life of the LED luminaire
L70 would mean the LED’s produce 70% of day one light output @ rated life
So 50,000hrs L70 means @ 50,000hrs there would be a 30% reduction in light output
‘B’ is the certainty of the above quote.
B10 would mean 10% might not achieve 70% output, or might have failed
Colour performance
CRI
Grade:
Excellent
Good
100
80
Applications:
Print Production
General Environments
60
Moderate
40
Poor
20
Exterior Lighting
Colour performance
CRI
100
80
60
40
20
BSEN12464 - 1
LED binning
Colour Temp
Colour Rendering
Lumen Output
Vf
BIN C
BIN A
BIN B
LED Binning
Black Body Locus
LED Binning
Black Body Locus
LED photometry
How do we compare products?
32W TC-T
32W LED
LED photometry
66% LOR
100% LOR
LED photometry
Making comparisons
32W TC-T
32W LED
Lamp Lumens – 2400lm
Lamp Lumens – No lamp!
Light Output Ratio – 66%
Light Output Ratio – 100%
Circuit Wattage – 35W
Circuit Wattage – 35W
Luminaire Lumens – ?
Luminaire Lumens – 2100lm
LED photometry
Making comparisons
32W TC-T
Lamp Lumens – 2400lm
Light Output Ratio – 66%
Circuit Wattage – 35W
2400 x 0.66 = 1584 Luminaire Lumens
LED photometry
Making comparisons
32W TC-T
32W LED
Lamp Lumens – 2400lm
Lamp Lumens – No lamp!
Light Output Ratio – 66%
Light Output Ratio – 100%
Circuit Wattage – 35W
Circuit Wattage – 35W
Luminaire Lumens – 1584lm
Luminaire Lumens – 2100lm
Efficacy – 45.2lm/W
Efficacy – 60lm/W
LED photometry
“design lumens”
“light output”
“lumen output”
“source flux”
“chip lumens”
“LED output”
“light power”
LED Photometry
Lumen
Output
Optical losses
Thermal losses
Driver/Control gear losses
50% less
Agenda
4. Some examples of LED use
LED’s - where are we and where are we going?
Architectural Lighting
Emergency Lighting
Signage Lighting
Refrigeration Lighting
Exterior Lighting
Stair/Corridor Lighting
LED’s - where are we and where are we going?
Exterior Lighting
LED’s - where are we and where are we going?
Exterior Lighting – Car Park
Luminaire
Qty
Circuit
Wattage
Total Circuit
Watts (kW)
Annual
Power
Consumption (kW)
Running Cost
per annum
Total Luminaire
Cost
25 Year Life
Cycle Cost
70W MBI
24
86
2.064
9040.32
£1,084.84
£3,120.00
£30,240.96
40W LED
24
40
0.96
4204.80
£504.58
£8,400.00
£21,014.40
Saving
£9,226.56
LED’s - where are we and where are we going?
Stair/Corridor Lighting
LED’s - where are we and where are we going?
Circular Down Lighting – Corridors
Luminaire
Qty
Circuit
Wattage
Total
Circuit
Watts (kW)
Annual
Power
Consumption (kW)
Running
Cost per
annum
Total
Luminaire
Cost
Maintenance
Costs
15 Year Life
Cycle Cost
38W 2D
50
41
2.05
5,125
£512.50
£4,000.00
£2,550.00
£14,237.50
19W LED
50
23
1.15
2,875
£287.50
£6,500.00
£0
£10,812.50
Saving
£3,425.00
LED’s - where are we and where are we going?
Office Lighting
LED’s - where are we and where are we going?
Office Lighting
Luminaire
Qty
Circuit
Wattage
Total
Circuit
Watts (kW)
Annual
Power
Consumption (kW)
Running
Cost per
annum
Total
Luminaire
Cost
Maintenance
Costs
15 Year Life
Cycle Cost
4x14W T5
100
62
6.2
15,500
£1,550.00
£10,000.00
£1600.00
£34,850.00
45W LED
100
45
4.5
11,250
£1,125.00
£25,000.00
£0.00
£41,875.00
No Saving!
LED’s - where are we and where are we going?
Mid Range Audi A4
Top of the Range Audi A8
And finally
Questions?