Common Polyatomic Ions by Charge and Ion Family
+1 Charge
Ammonium NH4+
Hydronium H3O+
Ammonia
-1 Charge
Dihydrogen phosphite
H2PO3Dihydrogen phosphate
H2PO4Hydrogen carbonate
HCO3Hydrogen sulfite
HSO3
Hydrogen sulfate
HSO4Nitrite
NO2Nitrate
NO3
Hydroxide
OH
Acetate
CH3COO
Chromite
CrO2
Cyanide
CN
Cyanate
CNO
Thiocyanate
CNS
Superoxide
O2
Permanganate
MnO4
Hypochlorite
ClO
Chlorite
ClO2Chlorate
ClO3Perchlorate
ClO4Hypobromite
BrOBromite
BrO2Bromate
BrO3Perbromate
BrO4
Hypoiodite
IO
Iodite
IO2
Iodate
IO3
Periodate
IO4
Aluminate
AlO2
Azide
N3
Benzoate
C6H5COO
NH3
C
H
E
M
I
S
T
R
Y
Functional Groups
-2 Charge
Hydrogen phosphite
HPO32Hydrogen phosphate
HPO42Carbonate
CO322Sulfite
SO3
Sulfate
SO42Thiosulfate
S2O322Silicate
SIO3
2Carbide
C2
2Oxalate
C2O4
2Chromate
CrO4
2Dichromate
Cr2O7
2Tartrate
C4H4O6
2Molybdate
MoO4
2Peroxide
O2
2Disulfide
S2
2Oxalate
C2O4
-3 Charge
Phosphite
PO33Phosphate
PO43Hypophosphite PO233Arsenite
AsO3
Arsenate
AsO43-4 Charge
4Pyrophosphate P2O7
HCl
HBr
HI
HNO3
H2SO4
HClO4
Temperature
(K)
0 K = -273.15 °C
1 cm = 0.39370 in
= -459.67 °F
1 in = 2.54 cm
K = °C + 273.15
1 km = 0.62137 mi
°C = !
(°F − 32)
1.8
Energy
(J)
1 J = 1 kg ! m2 / s2
Volume
(m3)
Bases
Lithium Hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide
Potassium Hydroxide
Rubidium Hydroxide
Cesium Hydroxide
*Calcium Hydroxide
*Strontium Hydroxide
*Barium Hydroxide
LiOH
NaOH
KOH
RbOH
CsOH
Ca(OH)2
Sr(OH)2
Ba(OH)2
1 L = 10 m
Geometric
Relationships
π = 3.14159…
= 1 dm3
1 lb = 453.59 g
Circumference of a circle = 2 πr
= 103 cm3
= 16 oz
1 atm = 101,325 Pa
= 9.4781 x 10-4 Btu
Amine
R
|
R—N—R
2°
H
|
H—C—R
|
R’
Ether
R—O—R
3°
H
|
R”—C—R
|
R’
O
||
R—C—H
n-butyl
O
||
R—C—OH
iso-butyl
O
||
R—C—O—R
sec-butyl
O
||
R—C—R
tert-butyl
Ester
Ketone
= 760 torr
3
= 1.0567 qt
2
Area of a circle
1 amu = 1.66053873 x 10-27 kg
R’”
|
R”—C—R
|
R’
4°
O R
|| |
R—C—N—R
Carboxylic Acid
Mass
(kg)
1 kg = 2.2046 lb
-3
= 1 kg / (m ! s2)
=1C!V
H
|
H—C—R
|
H
R
R
R
R
Fundamental Constants
Avogadro’s number
1 amu
1 kg
NA
Bohr radius
Boltzmann’s constant
a0
k
= 5.29177211 x 10 m
Electron charge
e
= 1.60217653 x 10-19 C
Faraday’s constant
F
= 9.64853383 x 10 C/mol
Gas constant
R
Mass of an electron
me
Mass of a neutron
mn
Mass of a proton
mp
Atomic mass unit (amu)
Pressure
(Pa)
1 Pa = 1 N / m2
= 0.23901 cal
1°
Amide
Conversion Factors & SI Units
Length
(m)
1 m = 1.0936 yd
R—OH
Aldehyde
Strong Acids and Bases
Acids
Hydrochloric Acid
Hydrobromic Acid
Hydroiodic Acid
Nitric Acid
Sulfuric Acid
Perchloric Acid
Alcohol
= πr2
Surface area of a sphere = 4 πr2
2
= 1.66053873 x 10-27 kg
= 6.02214199 x 1023 amu
23
-1
= 6.02214199 x 10 mol
-11
= 1.38065052 x 10-23 J / K
-19
a
f
p
n
µ
m
c
d
k
M
G
T
P
E
Planck’s constant
h
= 0.08205821 (L ! atm / mol ! K)
= 8.31447215 J / (mol ! K)
= 5.48579909 x 10-4 amu
-31
=9.10938262 x 10 kg
= 1.00866492 amu
-27
= 1.67492728 x 10 kg
= 1.00727647 amu
-27
= 1.67262171 x 10 kg
-34
= 6.62606931 x 10 J ! s
atto
femto
pico
nano
micro
milli
centi
deci
kilo
mega
giga
tera
peta
exa
Speed of light in vacuum
c
=2.99792458 x 10 m/s
1 mi = 5280 ft
= 1.6093 km
°F = 1.8 (°C) + 32
1 cal = 4.184 J
= 14.70 lb / in
-19
1 eV = 1.6022 x 10
1 Å = 10-10 m
J
1 ton = 2000 lb
1 gal = 4 qt
5
1 bar = 10 Pa
3
= 16.39 cm
1 torr = 1 mmHg
Volume of a sphere
= 4/3 πr
Volume of a cylinder
= πr h
2
1 metric ton = 1000 kg
3
1 cm = 1 mL
3
= 907.185 kg
= 2204.6 lb
3
1 in = 16.39 cm
1 qt = 32 fluid oz
SI Unit Prefixes
8