$11$/(6
81,9(56,7$7,60$5,$(&85,(6.à2'2:6.$
/8%/,1±32/21,$
92/;;;,
6(&7,2))
/$5<6$<$=$529$/8'0,/$$5$'206.$
9LQQ\WVLD1DWLRQDO7HFKQLFDO8QLYHUVLW\
+\SHUK\SRQ\PLFUHODWLRQVLQQRXQMX[WDSRVLWLRQV
RIWKH8NUDLQLDQWHUPLQRORJ\
+LSHUKLSRQLPLF]QHVWRVXQNLZU]HF]RZQLNDFK]HVWDZLHQLDFKZXNUDLĔVNLHMWHUPLQRORJLL
,1752'8&7,21
7KHUHVHDUFKLQWKH¿HOGRIWHUPLQRORJ\LVFRQVLGHUHGUHOHYDQWVLQFHWHUPLQR
ORJLFDOUHVHDUFKLVJOREDOXQLYHUVDODQGEHFDXVHRIVFLHQWL¿FDQGWHFKQRORJLFDO
SURJUHVVWDNHVGRPLQDQWSRVLWLRQVDQGEHFRPHVDQDFWLYHFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIPDQ\
WUHQGVLQYRFDEXODU\DQGZRUGIRUPDWLRQLQJHQHUDO>@
7RGD\OLQJXLVWLFVLVUHSUHVHQWHGE\DODUJHQXPEHURIVFLHQWL¿FVWXGLHVWKDW
H[DPLQH GLIIHUHQW DVSHFWV RI WHUPLQRORJ\ ± LWV VWUXFWXUDO RUJDQL]DWLRQ OH[LFDO
VHPDQWLFUHODWLRQVLQWHUPV\VWHPVORDQZRUGVDPRXQWLQJWRWHUPVHWF3URFHHG
LQJVE\'6/RWWH>@93'DQ\OHQNR>@902YFKDUHQNR>@%0*R
ORYLQ >@ )$7V\WNLQD >@ Ⱥ9 6XSHUDQVND >@ 7 , 3DQNR , 0 .RFKDQ
*30DWV\XN>@/26\PRQHQNR>@/9.R]DN>@79/HSHKD
>@/0)LO\XN>@29&KRUQD>@$9=HQLQD>@DQGRWKHUV
7KHPHDQLQJRIWKHZRUGVLVZRUWKH[SORULQJPRUHIXOO\LQWKHV\VWHPEH
FDXVH³WKHPHDQLQJRIWKHZRUGLWVYDOXHVLJQL¿FDQFHGHSHQGVRQWKHPHDQLQJV
RIVRPHRWKHUZRUGVVHPDQWLFDOO\UHODWHGWRLWLQDJUHDWHURUOHVVHUH[WHQW´>
@7HUPLQRORJ\LVD³GHVFULEHGVXEV\VWHPRIWKHJHQHUDOOH[LFDOV\VWHPLQD
SDUWLFXODUODQJXDJHDQGWKDWWKHV\VWHPPRVWDYDLODEOHIRUUHYLHZDQGFDOFXOD
WLRQ´>@
7KHJRDORIRXUVWXG\LVDJHQHUDODQDO\VLVRIK\SHUK\SRQ\PLFUHODWLRQVEH
WZHHQQRXQMX[WDSRVLWLRQVFRPSRQHQWVRQWKHEDVLVRIWKH8NUDLQLDQWHUPLQRORJ\
7KHJRDOLQFOXGHVWKHIROORZLQJWDVNVWR¿QGRXWWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIK\SHUK\S
/$5<6$<$=$529$/8'0,/$$5$'206.$
RQ\PLFUHODWLRQVIRUWKHUHVHDUFKRIWHUPLQRORJLFDOYRFDEXODU\WRH[DPLQHWKH
VHWWHU RI K\SHUK\SRQ\PLF UHODWLRQV EHWZHHQ QRXQMX[WDSRVLWLRQV FRPSRQHQWV
WR GHWHUPLQH WKH EDVLF VHPDQWLF JURXSV RI QRXQMX[WDSRVLWLRQV EHORQJLQJ WR
WHUPLQRORJLFDOYRFDEXODU\IRUWKHFRQYHQWLRQDOYDOXHRIK\SHURQ\P
7+(,03257$1&(2)+<3(5+<321<0<)257+(5(6($5&+
2)7(50,12/2*,&$/92&$%8/$5<
$VDQ\OH[LFDOVHPDQWLFV\VWHPLVEDVHGRQUHODWLRQVWKHLUVWXG\LVFRQVLG
HUHGH[WUHPHO\LPSRUWDQWIRUUHJXODWLQJDQGV\VWHPDWL]LQJWHUPLQRORJ\FRQVWUXFW
LQJWKHKLHUDUFK\RIFRQFHSWVLQVRPH¿HOGVRINQRZOHGJH7KHUHLVQRGRXEWWKDW
LQYHVWLJDWLRQRIVHPDQWLFUHODWLRQV³DOORZVWRVSHFLI\WKHRUHWLFDOXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI
WKHWHUPLQRORJ\V\VWHPLFQDWXUHRQWKHVHPDQWLFOHYHODQGDOVRLGHQWLI\SDWWHUQV
RIV\VWHPLFFRUUHODWLRQRIWKHH[SUHVVLRQSODQDQGWKHFRQWHQWSODQRIWKHVSHFL¿F
SURIHVVLRQDOWHUPLQRORJLFDOV\VWHP´>@
:HFHUWDLQO\DJUHHZLWKWKHRSLQLRQRIOLQJXLVWVDERXWWKHIDFWWKDWDWWKHKHDUW
RI KLHUDUFKLFDO RUJDQL]DWLRQ RI YRFDEXODU\ DQG WHUPLQRORJ\ SDUWLFXODUO\ LQ WKH
GHYHORSPHQW RI YRFDEXODU\ XQGHUOLH SDUDGLJPDWLF UHODWLRQV EHFDXVH ³WKH WHUP
GHSHQGHQFHRQVXEV\VWHPFRQFHSWVLVGHYHORSHGLQSDUWLFXODUSDUDGLJPDWLFVLQ
WKHVSHFL¿FFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIFRPSDWLELOLW\ZLWKRWKHUWHUPVZLWKLQHDFKWHUPLQR
ORJLFDOV\VWHP´>@03.RFKHUKDQEHOLHYHVWKDWWKHPHDQLQJRIWKHZRUG
GHSHQGV RQ LWV SRVLWLRQ LQ WKH OH[LFDOVHPDQWLF SDUDGLJP WKDW LV IURP LWV SDUD
GLJPDWLFUHODWLRQVÄ:RUGVDVZHOODVSKRQHPHVPRUSKHPHVFRQVWUXFWLRQVDUH
SRVLWLRQHGEHWZHHQHDFKRWKHULQGLIIHUHQWRSSRVLWLRQVDQGXQLWHGLQWRGLIIHUHQW
SDUDGLJPV3DUDGLJPDWLFUHODWLRQVLQWKHOH[LFDOVHPDQWLFV\VWHPDUHWKHUHODWLRQV
EHWZHHQZRUGVDQGJURXSVRIZRUGVEDVHGRQFRPPXQLW\RURSSRVLWLRQRIWKHLU
PHDQLQJV´>@
,QWKHV\VWHPRISDUDGLJPDWLFUHODWLRQVK\SHUK\SRQ\P\IURPJU+\SHU±
µÀRRUDERYHQRUPDORYHU¶DQGK\SR±µEHORZXQGHU¶ÄLVRQHRIWKHPRVWLPSRU
WDQWFDWHJRULHVWKDWLVIRUPLQJWHUPLQRORJLFDOVWUXFWXUH´>@5HOHYDQFHRI
UHVHDUFKRIK\SHUK\SRQ\PLFUHODWLRQVLVFRQGLWLRQHGWRWKHIDFWWKDWWKH\DUHXVHG
WRDQDO\]HGLIIHUHQWJURXSVRIOH[LFDQGYRFDEXODU\RIWKHODQJXDJHLQJHQHUDO7KH
UHVHDUFKHUVQRWHWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIK\SHUK\SRQ\P\LQVROYLQJSUREOHPVRIRUGHU
LQJ YRFDEXODU\ GHVFULELQJ LWV WKHPDWLF FRQQHFWLRQV DQG DOVR IRU OH[LFRJUDSKLF
ZRUNDV³ELQGLQJSULQFLSOHRIRUJDQL]DWLRQRIGLFWLRQDU\RIDQ\W\SHLVDGH¿QLWLRQ
RIWKHZRUGE\JHQXVDQGVSHFLHVGLIIHUHQFH´>@
7RLQGLFDWHWKLVVHPDQWLFFDWHJRULHVLQOLQJXLVWLFVPDLQO\WHUPV³K\SHUK\
SRQ\PLFUHODWLRQV´>DQGPDQ\RWKHUV@RU³JHQXVVSHFLHV
UHODWLRQVKLS´SDUDOOHODUHXVHGDORQJZLWKWKHPRIWHQWKHFRQFHSWVRI³K\SR
Q\P\´>DQGRWKHUV@³FDWHJRU
LFDOVSHFL¿FDWLRQ´³LQFOXVLYHH[FOXVLYHUHODWLRQVKLS´>@DUHXVHG)RUWKH¿UVW
+<3(5+<321<0,&5(/$7,216,11281-8;7$326,7,216
WLPHWKHFRQFHSWRIÄK\SRQ\P\´ZDVXVHGLQWKHERRN³,QWURGXFWLRQWRWKHRUHWLFDO
OLQJXLVWLFV´WUDQVODWLRQIURP(QJOLVKE\DIDPRXV(QJOLVKVFLHQWLVW-RKQ/\RQV
+HFDOOHGWKHUHODWLRQVKLSVRIK\SRQ\P\ÄWKHPRVWIXQGDPHQWDOSDUDGLJPDWLFVH
PDQWLFUHODWLRQVWKURXJKZKLFKWKHYRFDEXODU\RIDODQJXDJHLVVWUXFWXUHG´>
@7KHWHUPZDVIRUPHGE\DQH[DPSOHRIÄV\QRQ\P\´DQGÄDQWRQ\P\´7KH
OLQJXLVWVDLG³$OWKRXJKWKHWHUPLVDQHZWKHQRWLRQRIK\SRQ\P\LVIDLUO\WUDGL
WLRQDOLWKDVEHHQUHFRJQL]HGDVRQHRIWKHFRQVWLWXWLYHSULQFLSOHVRIWKHYRFDEXODU\
RIDOOODQJXDJHVORQJVLQFHª>@7KHVWDWHPHQWRIDQ$XVWULDQWHUPLQRORJLVW
( 9\XVWHU UHFRUGHG LQ WKH ERRN ³,QWHUQDWLRQDO VWDQGDUGL]DWLRQ RI ODQJXDJH LQ
WHFKQRORJ\´SXEOLVKHGLQWUDQVODWHGIURP*HUPDQVHUYHVWKHSURRIRIWKLV
Ä(DFKFRQFHSWKDVDKLJKHUFRQFHSWWKDWUHJDUGVWRLWDVDFRQFHSWRIDFDUUHJDUGV
WRWKHFRQFHSWRIDPRWRUHYHU\PRWRULVDPDFKLQHEXWQRWHYHU\PDFKLQHLVD
PRWRU´>@
/$1RYLNRYFDOOVWKHK\SRQ\P\LQWHUPLQRORJ\DVH[SUHVVLQJRIVXERUGL
QDWLRQDQGFRVXERUGLQDWLRQDQGEXLOGLQJRQWKHLUEDVLVKLHUDUFK\V\VWHPRIWHUPV
LQZKLFKWKHWHUPRIDEURDGHUPHDQLQJLHJHQHULFLQFOXGHVWKHWHUPRIDQDU
URZHUPHDQLQJLHRIDVSHFW>@+\SRQ\P\VD\VWKHUHVHDUFKHUIXUWKHULV
EDVHGRQORJLFDODQGVHPDQWLFVXERUGLQDWLRQDOH[LFDOXQLWHOHSKDQWLVDK\SRQ\P
WRDQLPDOWXOLS±WRÀRZHU&RQYHUVHO\LQWHUPVRILQYHUVHUHODWLRQVKLSVXSHU
RUGLQDWLRQDQLPDOÀRZHU±DUHK\SHURQ\PVWRWKHDSSURSULDWHZRUGV>@
7KHPDLQIXQFWLRQVRIK\SRQ\PVLQWHUPLQRORJLFDOV\VWHPVRIGLIIHUHQW¿HOGV
RIVFLHQFHDQGWHFKQRORJ\DUHWRV\VWHPDWL]HWKHWLPLQJDQGLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIYDO
XHV>@7KHVHIXQFWLRQVDUHLPSOHPHQWHGLQWHUPLQRORJ\E\WZRPHWKRGV
JHQHUDOL]DWLRQLHUHIHUULQJWRWKHJHQHULFFRQFHSWDQGVSHFL¿FDWLRQRIIHDWXUHV
XVLQJDVSHFWGLIIHUHQFHV>@([FHSWV\VWHPDWL]DWLRQIXQFWLRQJHQHULFDVSHFW
VLJQVLQGHQRWHGWHUPE\VXEMHFWDQGFRUUHVSRQGLQJFRQFHSWDUHUHTXLUHGWRJHW
DJRRGGH¿QLWLRQRIDWHUP>@
,QOLQJXLVWLFVWKHUHH[LVWDOOHJDWLRQVRIKLHUDUFK\DQGUHODWLYHRIK\SRQ\P\
'HVFULELQJKLHUDUFK\RIK\SRQ\P\WKH\XVHWKHFRQFHSWVRIORJLFDODQGVHPDQ
WLF VXERUGLQDWLRQ WKH UDWLR RI DVSHFW WR JHQHULF DQG VXSHURUGLQDWLRQ WKH UDWLR
RI JHQHULF WR DVSHFW ³ K\SHURQ\P VXEMXJDWHV ZRUGV PHDQLQJV RI ZKLFK LW
©DEVRUEVªWKHODVWRQHVFROOHFWLYHO\DUHVXERUGLQDWHGWRWKHJHQHUDOZRUG´>
@5HODWLYLW\RIK\SRQ\P\FRQVLVWVLQWKDWK\SHURQ\PLWVHOIFDQEHK\SRQ\PWR
WKHZRUGVZLWKDEURDGHUPHDQLQJ)RUH[DPSOHWKHZRUGÀRZHULVK\SHURQ\P
WRWKHZRUGVURVHWXOLSFDUQDWLRQDQGDWWKHVDPHWLPHK\SRQ\PWRWKHEURDGHU
FRQFHSWRIWKHSODQW>@7KLVSURSHUW\RIK\SRQ\P\LVLPSRUWDQWHQRXJKWR
RUJDQL]HOH[LFDOV\VWHPVHVSHFLDOO\IRUWHUPLQRORJ\DVLWHQDEOHVFRQVLVWHQWO\DO
ORFDWHFODVVHVDQGVXEFODVVHVRIOH[LFDOLWHPVWHUPV
,Q8NUDLQLDQOLQJXLVWLFVWKHFRQFHSWRIK\SHUK\SRQ\PLFUHODWLRQVDVDWKHR
UHWLFDODQGPHWKRGRORJLFDOIRXQGDWLRQVRIWKHVWXG\RIWHUPLQRORJLFDOYRFDEXODU\
ZDV¿UVWVXEVWDQWLDWHGE\WKHDXWKRUVRIDPDQXDO³8NUDLQLDQWHUPLQRORJ\´/YLY
/$5<6$<$=$529$/8'0,/$$5$'206.$
7,3DQNR,.RFKDQ*30DWV\XN7KH\LGHQWL¿HGK\SHUK\SRQ\PLF
UHODWLRQVRIWHUPVDV³XQLYHUVDOPHDQVRIWKHPDWLFKLHUDUFK\RIDSDUWLFXODUV\V
WHP´>@6XEVHTXHQWO\VRPHDVSHFWVRIWKHXVHRIK\SHUK\SRQ\P\ZHUH
UHDOL]HGLQH[SORULQJRIGLIIHUHQWWHUPLQRORJ\V\VWHPVRI8NUDLQLDQWHUPLQRORJ\
VWHHOLQGXVWU\1..W\WDURYD>@IRUHQVLF79/HSHNKD>@
WHUPLQRORJ\ RI DJULFXOWXUH 6 % /XEDUVN\ >@ ODQG PDQDJHPHQW DQG
FDGDVWUH207XU>@WKHWD[¿HOGɈ9&KRUQD>@MRXUQDOLVP
0$+RQWDU>@&KULVWLDQWKHRORJLFDOWHUPLQRORJ\/$=DNUHQ\WVND
>@DQGRWKHUV
7+(:$<2)(67$%/,6+0(172)+<3(5+<321<0,&
&211(&7,216%(7:((17+(&20321(176
2)1281-8;7$326,7,216
7KH GLYLVLRQ RI VHPDQWLFV RI WKH WHUPMX[WDSRVLWLRQV LQWR VHSDUDWH FRP
SRQHQWV ZH UHDOL]H FRQYHQWLRQDOO\ DV LW FRQWUDGLFWV WKHLU HVWDEOLVKHG LQWHUSUH
WDWLRQ LQ OLQJXLVWLFV 3URFHHGLQJV E\ 1 ) .O\PHQNR >@ . + +RURGHQV¶ND
>@<H$.DUSLORYV¶ND>@/<H$]DURYD>@7,.RFKHWNRYD>@
2+'RQWVRYD>@,<D0\VO\YD%XQ¶NR>@DQGRWKHUV1RXQMX[WDSRVL
WLRQLVDVHPDQWLFDOO\LQVHSDUDEOHLQWHJUDOXQLWLWVJHQHUDOPHDQLQJLVQRWGHULYHG
IURPWKHPHDQLQJVRIWKHFRPSRQHQWVEXWLWLVSDUWLDOO\PRWLYDWHGE\WKHLUFRQ
WHQW-X[WDSRVLWLRQVVHUYLQJDVQDPLQJQRPLQDWLRQFRQVLVWRIFRPSRQHQWV±FDU
ULHUV RI FRPSXOVRU\ LQWHJUDO FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI D VLJQL¿HG FRQFHSW )RU H[DPSOH
WKHVHPDQWLFVRIWKH¿UVWFRPSRQHQWQRXQMX[WDSRVLWLRQVɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɫɬɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮ
ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶɧɢɤ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ ɩɪɨɤɭɪɨɪɤɪɢɦɿɧɚɥɿɫɬ ɬɟɯɧɿɤ
ɝɟɨɥɨɝɬɟɯɧɿɤɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝVXSSOHPHQWHGVSHFLI\LQJWKHVHPDQWLFVRIWKHVHFRQG
FRPSRQHQW0HDQLQJRIWKHVHZRUGVFDQQRWEHVHSDUDWHGLQWRFRPSRQHQWVVLQFH
LWGLVWXUEHGWKHPHDQLQJRIDOOFRPSRXQGZRUGV7KHUHIRUHFRQVLGHULQJK\SHU
K\SRQ\PLFUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQWKHFRPSRQHQWVRIQRXQMX[WDSRVLWLRQVZHWRRNLQWR
DFFRXQWFRQGLWLRQDOLW\RIGLYLVLRQRIMX[WDSRVLWLRQVVHPDQWLFVLQWRVHSDUDWHFRP
SRQHQWV
+\SHURQ\P LQ FRPSRVHG RI QRXQMX[WDSRVLW LV QDPHG WKH PDLQ JHQHULF
FRPSRQHQWDQGK\SRQ\PLVQDPHGVXERUGLQDWHDVSHFWFRPSRQHQW
7KHVXEVWDQFHRIK\SRQ\PLFUHODWLRQVLVLQWKHFRQWUDVWRIOH[LFDOLWHPVZKLFK
PHDQLQJV UHODWH WR D SDUWLFXODU IHDWXUH VXFK DV D ZRUG IRU WKH QDUURZHU VHQVH
VSHFLHVK\SRQ\PZKLFKLVRSSRVHGWRWKHZRUGZLWKDZLGHUVHQVHJHQHULF
K\SHURQ\PRUVXSHURUG\QDW7KHPHDQLQJRIWKH¿UVWLVDSDUWRIWKHPHDQ
LQJRIWKHVHFRQGIRUH[DPSOHWKHPHDQLQJRIWKHZRUGɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚɨɪɢɝɿɧɚɥLVD
SDUWRIWKHPHDQLQJRIWKHZRUGɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚɧɭɥɶɜɟɤɬɨɪĺɜɟɤɬɨɪɦɿɫɬɨɨɤɪɭɝ
ĺɦɿɫɬɨHWF6RWKHFRQWHQWRIWKHVSHFLHVFRQFHSWEHFRPHVZLGHUDQGWKHVL]H
EHFRPHVVPDOOHUVRWKHPHDQLQJRIZRUGVK\SRQ\PVFRQWDLQVRIELJJHUTXDQWLW\
+<3(5+<321<0,&5(/$7,216,11281-8;7$326,7,216
RIVHPDQWLFFRPSRQHQWVWKDQWKHPHDQLQJRIZRUGVK\SHURQ\PV7KLVVWDWHPHQW
LVLOOXVWUDWHGE\WKHFRPSDULVRQRIWKHIROORZLQJWHUPVɥɶɨɧ±µDQQXDORUSHUHQ
QLDOKHUEDFHRXVWHFKSODQWZKLFKVWHPVDUHXVHGWRSURGXFH¿EHUDQGZKLFKVHHGV
DUHXVHGWRSURGXFHRLO¶DQGɥɶɨɧɞɨɜɝɭɧɟɰɶ±µEUHHGRIÀD[DQQXDORUSHUHQQLDO
KHUEDFHRXV WHFK SODQW ZLWK ORQJ SURGXFWLYH SDUW RI WKH VWHP ZKLFK LV JURZQ
PDLQO\IRU¿EHU¶7KHWHUPɥɶɨɧɞɨɜɝɭɧɟɰɶFRQWDLQVPRUHVHPDQWLFFRPSRQHQWV
WKDQWKHWHUPɥɶɨɧEHFDXVHVHPDQWLFVRIWKH¿UVWRQHLVVSHFL¿HGE\DQRWKHUVH
PDQWLF FRPSRQHQW ± µWKH IRUP RI WKH VWHP¶ 6FKHPDWLFDOO\ LW FDQ EH VKRZQ DV
IROORZV)LJXUH
Meaning of a hyponym =
Meaning of a hyperonym + new semantic component
)LJXUH6WUXFWXUHRIK\SRQ\P¶VVHPDQWLF
+\SRQ\PVFDQEHGHVFULEHGDVZRUGVZKLFKDUHRUJDQL]HGRQWKHSULQFLSOHRI
WKHVXERUGLQDWLRQRIPHDQLQJVIRUH[DPSOHɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɩɪɨɬɟɡɢɫɬĺ
ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝĺɿɧɠɟɧɟɪ
7HUPK\SRQ\PDOVRGHQRWHVWKHVHWRIZRUGVMRLQWK\SRQ\PVDVHOHPHQWVRI
DFHUWDLQFODVVWKDWDUHFRPELQHGE\WKHZRUGZKLFKLVWKHQDPHRIWKLVFODVV±K\
SHURQ\P)RUH[DPSOHDQXPEHURIWHUPVɥɿɬɚɤɜɢɧɢɳɭɜɚɱɥɿɬɚɤɡɚɩɪɚɜɧɢɤ
ɥɿɬɚɤɩɟɪɟɯɨɩɥɸɜɚɱ ɥɿɬɚɤɪɟɬɪɚɧɫɥɹɬɨɪ ɥɿɬɚɤɪɨɡɜɿɞɧɢɤ KDV D K\SRQ\P
ZRUGɥɿɬɚɤɛɥɨɤɚɩɚɪɚɬɜɚɤɭɭɦɚɩɚɪɚɬɝɚɦɦɚɚɩɚɪɚɬɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɚɩɚɪɚɬ
ɬɨɪɤɪɟɬɚɩɚɪɚɬĺɚɩɚɪɚɬ
$QDO\]H WKH PHFKDQLVP RI HVWDEOLVKPHQW RI K\SHUK\SRQ\PLF FRQQHFWLRQV
EHWZHHQ WKH FRPSRQHQWV RI QRXQMX[WDSRVLWLRQV &RQVLGHU WKH VHULHV RI ZRUGV
ɞɭɩɥɟɤɫɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɤɪɟɤɿɧɝɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɬɪɢɩɥɟɤɫɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɲɟɜɿɧɝɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɫɤɪɚɩ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫ$OOOH[LFDOPHDQLQJVRIWKHVHQRXQV KDYHRQH LQ FRPPRQWKHSURFHVV
ZKLFKLV³WKHVHWRIVHTXHQWLDODFWLRQVDQGPHDQVWKDWDUHDLPHGWRDFKLHYHDFHU
WDLQHIIHFW´>@7KHZRUGɩɪɨɰɟɫLVDK\SHURQ\PFRPPRQJHQHULFQDPHLQUH
ODWLRQWRWKHZRUGVRIWKLVVHULHVDQGDOOMX[WDSRVLWLRQVRIWKHVHULHVDUHK\SRQ\PV
WRWKHZRUGɩɪɨɰɟɫVHH)LJXUH
процес
дуплекс-процес
крекінг-процес
скрап-процес
триплекс-процес
)LJXUH+\SRQ\PVIRUDK\SHURQ\Pɩɪɨɰɟɫ
шевінг-процес
/$5<6$<$=$529$/8'0,/$$5$'206.$
&RPSDUHWKHGH¿QLWLRQVRIWKHVHFRQFHSWVWKURXJKWKHGLFWLRQDU\
ɞɭɩɥɟɤɫɩɪɨɰɟɫ±³LQPHWDOOXUJ\LWLVVWHHORUFDVWLURQPDQXIDFWXULQJVH
TXHQWLDOO\LQWZRXQLWV´>@
ɤɪɟɤɿɧɝɩɪɨɰɟɫ ± ³GHFRPSRVLWLRQ RI RLO DQG KHDY\ RLO SURGXFWV IXHO RLO
HWFLQVSHFLDOXQLWVDWKLJKWHPSHUDWXUHDQGSUHVVXUHWRSURGXFHJDVROLQHHWF´
>@
ɬɪɢɩɥɟɤɫɩɪɨɰɟɫ ± ³PDQXIDFWXULQJ RI VWHHO FRQVLVWHQWO\ LQ WKUHH PHOWLQJ
XQLWV´>@
ɲɟɜɿɧɝɩɪɨɰɟɫ±³¿QLVKLQJVFUDSLQJRIWKUHDGOLNHFKLSVRIWHHWKRIQRQ
KDUGHQHGJHDUVE\VKDYHU´>@
ɫɤɪɚɩɩɪɨɰɟɫ±³RSHQKHDUWKVWHHOPDNLQJSURFHVVLQZKLFKWKHPDLQFRPSR
QHQWPHWDOSDUWRIWKHFKDUJHLVVWHHOVFUDS´>@
1RZLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRLGHQWLI\FRPPRQDQGGLVWLQFWLYHVHPDQWLFFRPSRQHQWV
VHPVRIWKHVHGH¿QLWLRQV+LJKOLJKWHGFRUHZRUGV±PDQXIDFWXULQJGHFRPSR
VLWLRQ¿QLVKLQJSURFHVVFDQHDVLO\EHFRPELQHGE\VHPµSURFHVV¶7KLVVHPDQWLF
FRPSRQHQWDV\RXFDQVHHLVW\SLFDOIRUDOOQDPHGMX[WDSRVLWLRQVDQGZHZLOOGH
¿QHLWDVLQWHJUDOVHPDQWLFFRPSRQHQWRULQWHJUDOVHPDVLWZDVVXJJHVWHG
E\/.DVDWNLQ>@7KHVDPHVHPDQWLFFRPSRQHQWVWKDWKHOSWKHPHDQLQJRI
WKHZRUGVWKDWDUHWKHQDPHVRIWKHSURFHVVHVWRGLIIHURQHIURPDQRWKHUZHZLOO
GH¿QHDVGLIIHUHQWLDOVHPDQWLFFRPSRQHQWVRUDVGLIIHUHQWLDOVHPV
>@
,Q WKLV H[DPSOH JURXSV RI SURFHVVHV DUH FOHDUO\ GLVWLQJXLVKHG ± WKH SUR
FHVVHVWKDWDUHUHODWHGWRWKHPDQXIDFWXULQJRIVWHHOɞɭɩɥɟɤɫɩɪɨɰɟɫɬɪɢɩɥɟɤɫ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɤɪɚɩɩɪɨɰɟɫUH¿QLQJSURFHVVHVɤɪɟɤɿɧɝɩɪɨɰɟɫDQGPDFKLQHEXLOG
LQJSURFHVVɲɟɜɿɧɝɩɪɨɰɟɫ6HPDQWLFFRPSRQHQWµVWHHOPDQXIDFWXULQJSURFHVV¶
LVFRPPRQLQWHJUDOIRUWKHPHDQLQJRIWKH¿UVWWKUHHMX[WDSRVLWLRQV$WWKHVDPH
WLPHLWLVWKHGLVWLQFWLYHIHDWXUHWKDWFDQEHRSSRVHGWRWKHRWKHUWZR±µUH¿QLQJ
SURFHVVHV¶µPDFKLQHEXLOGLQJSURFHVV¶
7KHUHE\WKHVHPµVWHHOPDQXIDFWXULQJSURFHVV¶RQWKHRQHKDQGLVDQLQWHJUDO
VHPZLWKLQÄLWV´JURXSDQGRQWKHRWKHUKDQGQH[WWRWKHVHPVµUH¿QLQJSURFHVV¶
DQGµPDFKLQHEXLOGLQJSURFHVV¶LVGLIIHUHQWLDOVDPWKDWGLVWLQJXLVKHVWKHPHDQLQJV
RI ZRUGV ɞɭɩɥɟɤɫɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɤɪɟɤɿɧɝɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɬɪɢɩɥɟɤɫɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɲɟɜɿɧɝɩɪɨɰɟɫ
ɫɤɪɚɩɩɪɨɰɟɫIURPWKHPHDQLQJVRIWKHZRUGVWKDWLQGLFDWHQDPHVRIRWKHUSUR
FHVVHV
0$,16(0$17,&*528362)1281-8;7$326,7,216
2)8.5$,1,$17(50,12/2*<
1RXQMX[WDSRVLWLRQVRI8NUDLQLDQWHUPLQRORJ\FKDUDFWHUL]HGE\K\SHUK\SR
Q\PLFUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQFRPSRQHQWVRYHUXQLWVDUHTXLWHGLYHUVHE\PHDQ
LQJ7KHFULWHULDIRUHQUROOPHQWRIQRXQMX[WDSRVLWLRQVWRVRPHVHPDQWLFJURXSV
+<3(5+<321<0,&5(/$7,216,11281-8;7$326,7,216
VHUYHGDQDO\VLVRIGLFWLRQDU\GH¿QLWLRQVLQWHUPVRIWKHVHPDQWLFVRIWKHWHUP
FRQGLWLRQDOYDOXHRIK\SHURQ\PQRXQMX[WDSRVLWLRQ¶VEHORQJLQJWRRQHRI
WKHWHUPLQRORJLFDO7KHPDLQVHPDQWLFJURXSVRIQRXQMX[WDSRVLWLRQVZLWKK\SHU
K\SRQ\PLFUHODWLRQVLQFOXGHWKHIROORZLQJFRQFHSWV
$ 7KH QDPHV RI VXEVWDQFHV FRPSRXQGV DQG PDWHULDOV ,Q WKLV
JURXSWKHKLJKHVWQXPEHURIWHUPVMX[WDSRVLWLRQVLVUHFRUGHG)URPDPRQJWKHP
WKH PRVW SURGXFWLYH DUH PLFURJURXSV RI K\SRQ\PV ± QDPHV RI FKHPLFDOV DQG
FRPSRXQGVPLFURJURXSVWKHPRVWFRPPRQK\SHURQ\PV±FKHPLFDOQDPHV
VRGLXPK\SRQ\PVOLWKLXPPDJQHVLXPPDQJDQHVHLQK\SRQ\PV
VDPDULXPFKURPLXPLURQFREDOWWKRULXPFHVLXPK\SRQ\PVɧɚɬɪɿɣ
ɚɰɟɬɚɬ ɧɚɬɪɿɣɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬ ɥɿɬɿɣɧɿɬɪɢɬ ɥɿɬɿɣɫɢɥɿɤɚɬ ɦɚɝɧɿɣɛɪɨɦɿɞ
ɦɚɝɧɿɣɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬ ɫɚɦɚɪɿɣɤɚɪɛɿɞ ɫɚɦɚɪɿɣɫɭɥɶɮɿɞ ɫɚɦɚɪɿɣɮɨɪɦɿɚɬ
ɡɚɥɿɡɨɧɿɬɪɢɬ ɡɚɥɿɡɨɫɢɥɿɤɚɬ ɬɨɪɿɣɛɪɨɦɿɞ ɬɨɪɿɣɣɨɞɢɞ ɬɨɪɿɣɤɚɪɛɿɞ
ɡɨɥɨɬɨɛɪɨɦɿɞ ɡɨɥɨɬɨɣɨɞɢɞ ɡɨɥɨɬɨɫɭɥɶɮɿɞ ɡɨɥɨɬɨɮɨɫɮɿɞ ɡɨɥɨɬɨ
ɰɿɚɧɿɞ ɪɭɬɟɧɿɣɧɿɬɪɚɬ ɪɭɬɟɧɿɣɫɟɥɟɧɿɞ ɪɭɬɟɧɿɣɮɥɸɨɪɢɞ ɚɧɬɢɦɨɧ
ɛɪɨɦɿɞɚɧɬɢɦɨɧɫɭɥɶɮɿɬɚɧɬɢɦɨɧɯɥɨɪɢɞHWF
% 7KH QDPHV RI GHYLFHV HTXLSPHQW PDFKLQHU\ 7KLV JURXS KDV
VOLJKWO\ IHZHU QRXQMX[WDSRVLWLRQV $V D SDUW RI D WHVW WKH JURXS MX[WDSRVHV
WKUHH VHPDQWLF JURXSV ZKLFK DUH GHWHUPLQHG WKH QDPHV RI LQVWUXPHQWV DQG
GHYLFHVɮɿɥɶɬɪɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɮɿɥɶɬɪɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɮɿɥɶɬɪɩɨɦɩɚɝɚɦɦɚ
ɚɩɚɪɚɬ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɚɩɚɪɚɬ ɬɨɪɤɪɟɬɚɩɚɪɚɬ ɝɪɨɬɳɨɝɥɚ ɤɚɛɟɥɶɳɨɝɥɚ
ɮɚɤɫɚɞɚɩɬɟɪ ɮɚɤɫɩɥɚɬɚ ɚɥɶɮɚɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɪ ɛɟɬɚɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɪ
HWFWKHQDPHVRIFRPSOH[PHFKDQLVPVɞɟɪɢɤɤɪɚɧɤɚɛɟɥɶɤɪɚɧɦɨɬɨɪ
ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɨɪɦɨɬɨɪɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɦɨɬɨɪɪɟɞɭɤɬɨɪɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɪɟɞɭɤɬɨɪ
ɡɢɝɡɚɝɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪ HWF WKH QDPHV RI YHKLFOHV ɜɚɝɨɧɦɚɣɫɬɟɪɧɹ
ɦɨɬɨɪɜɚɝɨɧ ɫɚɥɨɧɜɚɝɨɧ ɜɚɝɨɧɪɟɮɪɢɠɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɥɿɬɚɤɜɢɧɢɳɭɜɚɱ ɥɿɬɚɤ
ɡɚɩɪɚɜɧɢɤɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɶɬɹɝɚɱɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɶɫɚɦɨɫɤɢɞHWF
& 7KH QDPHV RI HIIHFWV$PRQJWKHPZHUHVLQJOHGRXW¿YHVHPDQWLF
JURXSV WKH QDPHV RI SK\VLFDO DQG PDWKHPDWLFDO SKHQRPHQD WKH QDPHV RI
¿QDQFLDO DQG HFRQRPLF FRQFHSWV KHDOWKFDUH SKHQRPHQD DVWURQRPLFDO FRQFHSW
QDPHVSKHQRPHQD±JHQHUDOL]HGDEVWUDFWFRQFHSWV,QWKHLUVWRFNWKHUHZHUH¿[HG
MX[WDSRVLWLRQVZLWKRIWHQXVHGQDPHVRIOHWWHUVLQWKH*UHHNDOSKDEHWLQSUHSRVL
WLRQ WR VLJQL¿HG FRPSRQHQW ɚɥɶɮɚ ɛɟɬɚ ɝɚɦɦɚ ɞɟɥɶɬɚ ɟɬɚ ɦɸ ɤɫɿ
ɿɤɫɬɚɿɧɝɚɦɦɚɮɭɧɤɰɿɹɞɟɥɶɬɚɮɭɧɤɰɿɹɟɬɚɮɭɧɤɰɿɹɤɫɿɮɭɧɤɰɿɹɚɥɶɮɚ
ɩɪɨɦɿɧɧɹ ɛɟɬɚɩɪɨɦɿɧɧɹ ɝɚɦɦɚɩɪɨɦɿɧɧɹ ɞɟɥɶɬɚɩɪɨɦɿɧɧɹ ɿɤɫɩɪɨɦɿɧɧɹ
HWF ,Q WKH VSHFLDO OLWHUDWXUH WKH XVH RI SDUDOOHO IRUPV ZLWK WKH QDPHV RI VRPH
OHWWHUV DQG IRUPV ZLWK SLFWRJUDP LV UHSRUWHG ɚɥɶɮɚɩɪɨɦɿɧɧɹ ɬɚ Įɩɪɨɦɿɧɧɹ
ɦɸɱɚɫɬɢɧɤɢɬɚȝɱɚɫɬɢɧɤɢHWF
' 7KH QDPHV RI SHRSOH E\ WKH SURIHVVLRQ 7KH PRVW HI¿FLHQW
PLFURJURXSV ± ZLWK K\SHURQ\PV GRFWRU RI K\SRQ\PV WHFKQLFLDQ K\SRQ\PVHQJLQHHURIK\SRQ\PVDSSDUDWFKLNK\SRQ\PVORFNVPLWK
/$5<6$<$=$529$/8'0,/$$5$'206.$
K\SRQ\PVSDLQWHURIK\SRQ\PVDQGRWKHUVɥɿɤɚɪɛɚɤɬɟɪɿɨɥɨɝɥɿɤɚɪ
ɝɨɦɟɨɩɚɬ ɥɿɤɚɪɥɚɛɨɪɚɧɬ ɥɿɤɚɪɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɨɪɬɨɞɨɧɬ ɬɟɯɧɿɤɚɝɪɨ
ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝ ɬɟɯɧɿɤɨɪɬɟɡɢɫɬɝɿɩɫɨɜɢɥɢɜɚɥɶɧɢɤ ɬɟɯɧɿɤɪɚɞɿɨɥɨɝ ɬɟɯɧɿɤ
ɞɢɡɟɥɿɫɬ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶɧɢɤ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɜɢɩɪɨɛɭɜɚɱ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɚɮɬɨɜɢɤ
ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɩɪɨɟɤɬɭɜɚɥɶɧɢɤɫɥɸɫɚɪɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɨɧɬɚɠɧɢɤɫɥɸɫɚɪɦɟɯɚɧɿɤɫɥɸ
ɫɚɪɫɚɧɬɟɯɧɿɤɚɩɚɪɚɬɧɢɤɿɧɞɭɥɿɧɨɜɚɪɚɩɚɪɚɬɧɢɤɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɿɡɚɬɨɪɧɢɤɚɩɚ
ɪɚɬɧɢɤɫɭɥɶɮɿɬɭɜɚɥɶɧɢɤɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤɦɨɞɟɥɶɽɪɯɭ
ɞɨɠɧɢɤɪɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɬɨɪ ɸɪɢɫɬɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɧɬ ɸɪɢɫɬɩɪɚɜɨɡɧɚɜɟɰɶ ɸɪɢɫɬ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤHWF
( 7KH QDPHV RI SHRSOH E\ WKH SRVLWLRQ RU VWDWXV )RU WKH FDOOHG
VHPDQWLF JURXS FKDUDFWHULVWLF LV WKDW DOPRVW DOO QRXQMX[WDSRVLWLRQV DUH IRUPHG
RQWKHPRGHORIWKH8NUDLQLDQODQJXDJHZKHQDFRPSRQHQWH[SRQHQWRIJHQHULF
FRQFHSWLVLQSUHSRVLWLRQ0RVWO\MX[WDSRVLWLRQVRIWKLVJURXSEHORQJWRWKHWHUPL
QRORJ\RIMXULVSUXGHQFHDQGODZɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɛɟɧɟɮɟɰɿɚɪɿɣɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɱ
ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɪɨɡɩɨɪɹɞɧɢɤɞɢɬɢɧɚɞɟɥɿɧɤɜɟɧɬɞɢɬɢɧɚɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɱɥɟɧɤɨ
ɪɢɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɱɥɟɧɡɚɫɧɨɜɧɢɤɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɪɨɡɩɨɪɹɞɧɢɤɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ
ɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɫɨɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬDQGRWKHUV
&21&/86,216
$FFRUGLQJWRWKHUHVHDUFKLWLVSRVVLEOHWRPDNHWKHIROORZLQJFRQFOXVLRQV
+\SHUK\SRQ\PLFUHODWLRQVDUHWKHPDLQW\SHRIVHPDQWLFUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQWKH
FRPSRQHQWV RI QRXQMX[WDSRVLWLRQV RI 8NUDLQLDQ WHUPLQRORJ\ LW ZDV DQDO\]HG
PRUHWKDQWZRWKRXVDQGRIWHUPVWKHPRVWRIWKHP±±DUHFRQQHFWHGWREH
JHQHULFVSHFLHVUHODWLRQV7KHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIWKHVHVHPDQWLFUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQ
FRPSRQHQWVRIMX[WDSRVLWLRQVLVVLPLODUWRWKHLUHVWDEOLVKPHQWEHWZHHQLQGHSHQ
GHQWZRUGVZLWKWKHKHOSRILQWHJUDODQGGLIIHUHQWLDOVHPV7KHPRVWSURGXFWLYH
VHPDQWLFJURXSVRIWHUPVMX[WDSRVLWLRQVFRQQHFWHGE\K\SHUK\SRQ\PLFUHODWLRQV
DUH WKH QDPHV RI VXEVWDQFHV FRPSRXQGV DQG PDWHULDOV WKH QDPHV RI GHYLFHV
HTXLSPHQWPDFKLQHU\WKHQDPHVRIHIIHFWV
)XUWKHULQYHVWLJDWLRQRIK\SHUK\SRQ\P\FDQEHFRQQHFWHGZLWKWKHUHVHDUFK
RIK\SHUK\SRQ\PLFUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQWKHFRPSRQHQWVRIMX[WDSRVLWLRQVRIJHQ
HUDOYRFDEXODU\
%,%/,2*5$3+<
$]DURYD/<&RPSRXQGZRUGVLQ8NUDLQLDQODQJXDJHVWUXFWXUHVHPDQWLFVWKH³JROGHQ´SURSRU
WLRQV9LQQ\WV\D
$]DURYD/<5DGRPVND/$7KHSUREOHPRIWKHVWDWXVRIQRXQMX[WDSRVLWLRQVLQPRGHUQOLQJXLV
WLFV>Z@6FLHQWL¿F%XOOHWLQRI.KHUVRQ6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\6HULHV³/LQJXLVWLFV´ɿVVȱ;.KHUVRQ
ɪ±
+<3(5+<321<0,&5(/$7,216,11281-8;7$326,7,216
%XVHO97%LJ*ORVVDU\RIWKH8NUDLQLDQODQJXDJH.LHY,USHQ
&KRUQD298NUDLQLDQWHUPLQRORJ\RIWD[¿HOGVWUXFWXUHIXQFWLRQIRUPDWLRQ.LHY
&LWNLQD)$7HUPLQRORJ\DQGWUDQVODWLRQFRPSDUDWLYHWRWKHEDVLFVRIWHUPLQRORJ\0RQRJUDSK
/HQLQJUDG
'DQLOHQNR93$ERXWWHUPLQRORJLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQ>Z@7KH4XHVWLRQVRIOLQJXLVWLFʋ
S±
'DQLOHQNR93/LQJXLVWLFDVSHFWRIWHUPLQRORJ\VWDQGDUGL]DWLRQ0RVFRZ
'RQWVRYD 2 + &RPSRVLWHV DWWULEXWH WR GHVFULEH WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI SHRSOH LQ 8NUDLQLDQ
ODQJXDJH'RQHWVN
)LO\XN/0'\QDPLFSURFHVVHVLQWKHIRUPDWLRQRI8NUDLQLDQVFLHQFHWHUPLQRORJ\GHULYDWLRQDO
DVSHFW2GHVD
*RORYLQ%1.REULQ5</LQJXLVWLFIRXQGDWLRQVRIWKHWKHRU\RIWHUPV0RVFRZ
*RQWDU 0 2 8NUDLQLDQ WHUPLQRORJLFDO RI MRXUQDOLVP IRUPDWLRQ VWUXFWXUH RUJDQL]DWLRQ DQG
IXQFWLRQLQJ.LHY
+RURGHQV¶ND . + 7KH VWUXFWXUH RI FRPSRXQG QRXQV LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI VHPDQWLF V\QWD[ >Z@
/LQJXLVWLFVʋɪ±
.DUDXORY815XVVLDQODQJXDJH(QF\FORSHGLD0RVFRZ
.DUSLORYV¶ND<H$&RQVWUXFWLRQRIFRPSRXQGZRUGXQLWV.LHY
.DVDWNLQ//5XVVLDQ/DQJXDJH0RVFRZ
.O\PHQNR 1 ) 'HULYDWLYH VWUXFWXUH DQG VHPDQWLFV RI FRPSRXQG ZRUGV LQ PRGHUQ 8NUDLQLDQ
ODQJXDJH.LHY
.RFKDQ,0'\QDPLFVDQGFRGL¿FDWLRQRIWHUPVRILQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPSRQHQWVLQPRGHUQ8NUDLQLDQ
ODQJXDJH/YLY
.RFKHUKDQ03*HQHUDO/LQJXLVWLFV.LHY
.RFKHWNRYD 7 , &RPSRXQGLQJ DV D PHDQV RI QRPLQDWLRQ DQG SUHGLFDWLRQ LQ PRGHUQ 5XVVLDQ
0RVFRZ
.RWWVRYD((+\SRQ\PLFV\VWHPRIWKH5XVVLDQODQJXDJHEDVHGRQWKHYHUE$UNKDQJHOVN
.R]DN/98NUDLQLDQHOHFWULFDOWHUPLQRORJ\GHULYDWLRQDODVSHFW.LHY
.U\]KDQLYVND$96\PRQHQNR/27KHFRPSRVLWLRQDQGVWUXFWXUHRIWHUPLQRORJLFDOYRFDEXODU\RI
8NUDLQLDQODQJXDJH.LHY
.W\WDURYD1.8NUDLQLDQVWHHOLQGXVWU\WHUPLQRORJ\'QLSURSHWURYVN
/HSHNKD79/H[LFDOVHPDQWLFDQGZRUGEXLOGLQJDQGVWUXFWXUDOIHDWXUHVRIIRUHQVLFWHUPLQRORJ\
'QLSURSHWURYVN
/RWWH'6)XQGDPHQWDOVRIEXLOGLQJRIVFLHQWL¿FWHFKQLFDOWHUPLQRORJ\0RVFRZ
/RWWH ' 6 4XHVWLRQV RI ERUURZLQJ DQG RUGHULQJ IRUHLJQODQJXDJH WHUPV DQG WHUPLQRHOHPHQWV
0RVFRZ
/XEDUVN\6%6\VWHPRUJDQL]DWLRQDQGFUHDWLRQRIPRGHUQ8NUDLQLDQWHUPLQRORJ\RIDJULFXOWXUH
.LHY
/\RQV-,QWURGXFWLRQWRWKHRUHWLFDOOLQJXLVWLFV0RVFRZ
0DVORY86,QWURGXFWLRQWR/LQJXLVWLFV0RVFRZ
0\VO\YD%XQ¶NR , <D &RPSRXQG ZRUGV LQ PRGHUQ 8NUDLQLDQ ODQJXDJH SUHVV VWUXFWXUH DQG
VW\OLVWLFIHDWXUHV/XWV¶N
1RYLNRY/$$QWRQ\P\LQ5XVVLDQ6HPDQWLFDQDO\VLVRIRSSRVLWHVLQWKHOH[LFRQ0RVFRZ
1RYLNRY/$6HPDQWLFVRI5XVVLDQ/DQJXDJH0RVFRZ
2YFKDUHQNR907KHVWUXFWXUHDQGVHPDQWLFVRIVFLHQWL¿FDQGWHFKQLFDOWHUPV.KDUNLY
3DQNR7,.RFKDQ,00DWV\XN*38NUDLQLDQWHUPLQRORJ\/YLY
3DYORYD2,+\SRQ\P\LQPXVLFDOWHUPLQRORJ\LQ(QJOLVK)UHQFK5XVVLDQDQG8NUDLQLDQODQ
JXDJHV>Z@-RXUQDORI'QLSURSHWURYVN8QLYHUVLW\6HULHV³/LQJXLVWLFV´ɿVVʋYRO
'QLSURSHWURYVN
/$5<6$<$=$529$/8'0,/$$5$'206.$
5HIRUPDWVN\$$,QWURGXFWLRQWR/LQJXLVWLF0RVFRZ
5HIRUPDWVN\$$7HUPDVDPHPEHURIOH[LFDOODQJXDJHV\VWHP>Z@3UREOHPVRIVWUXFWXUDOOLQ
JXLVWLFV0RVFRZɪ±
6KDSUDQ ' 3 +\SHURK\SRQ\PLF UHODWLRQV LQ 8NUDLQLDQ PDUNHWLQJ WHUPLQRORJLFDO V\VWHP >Z@
/LQJXLVWLFVWXGLHVʋ'RQHWVNɪ±
6PLUQRY$19HU]\ORY$3$QWRQRY%$0HWDOOXUJLFDO'LFWLRQDU\KWWSXDVVXJORVVDU\JORV
VDU\SKS
6XSHUDQVND\D$9&RPPRQWHUPLQRORJ\3UREOHPVRIWKHWKHRU\0RVFRZ
6\PRQHQNR/2)RUPDWLRQRI8NUDLQLDQELRORJLFDOWHUPLQRORJ\.LHY
7XUɈɆ8NUDLQLDQWHUPLQRORJ\RI/DQG0DQDJHPHQWDQG&DGDVWUH.LHY
9HUVWD,7KHPLFUR¿HOGRIWHUPODQJXDJHSROLF\>Z@%XOOHWLQRI/YLYXQLYHUVLW\6HULHV3KLORORJ\ɿVVɪDUW
,/YLYɪ±
9\XVWHU ( ,QWHUQDWLRQDO VWDQGDUGL]DWLRQ RI ODQJXDJH LQ WKH WHFKQLF /HQLQJUDG 0RVFRZ /\V\DNRYD09+\SRQ\P\LQ5XVVLDQODQJXDJH0RVFRZ
<DUWVHYR\91/LQJXLVWLF(QF\FORSHGLF'LFWLRQDU\0RVFRZ
=DNUHQ\WVND / $ (QJOLVK &KULVWLDQ 7KHRORJLFDO WHUPLQRORJLFDO V\VWHP JHQHVLV VWUXFWXUH
VHPDQWLFV2GHVD
=HQLQD$9$GDSWDWLRQ$QJOLFLVPVLQ8NUDLQLDQEDQNLQJWHUPLQRORJ\'RQHWVN
6800$5<
,QWKHDUWLFOHWKHQDWXUHRIK\SHUK\SRQ\PLFUHODWLRQVLVDQDO\]HGWKHLUPHDQLQJIRURUJDQL]LQJ
DQGV\VWHPDWL]LQJRIWKHWHUPLQRORJ\YRFDEXODU\LVIRXQG7KHIHDWXUHVRIK\SHUK\SRQ\PLFUHODWLRQV
EHWZHHQWKHFRPSRQHQWVRIQRXQMX[WDSRVLWLRQVRI8NUDLQLDQWHUPLQRORJ\DUHHVWDEOLVKHG7KHEDVLF
WHUPLQRORJ\RIVHPDQWLFQRXQMX[WDSRVLWLRQVE\UHIHUHQFH³K\SHUK\SRQ\PLF´LVSURYLGHG
.H\ZRUGVQRXQMX[WDSRVLWLRQVK\SHUK\SRQ\PLFUHODWLRQVK\SHURQ\PK\SRQ\P
675(6=&=(1,(
:W\PDUW\NXOHVąUR]SDWU\ZDQHUHODFMHPLĊG]\VNáDGQLNDPLVHPDQW\F]Q\PLU]HF]RZQLNyZ
NWyUHVWDQRZLąF]ĊĞüXNUDLĔVNLHMWHUPLQRORJLL1DSRGVWDZLH]DOHĪQRĞFLKLSRQLP±KLSHURQLPLKLSH
URQLP±KLSRQLPU]HF]RZQLNLNODV\¿NRZDQHVąGRJUXSVHPDQW\F]Q\FKRNUHĞORQD]RVWDMHVSHF\¿ND
WDNLFK]HVWDZLHĔRUD]KLHUDUFKLDF]áRQyZWZRU]ąF\FK]HVWDZLHQLD
6áRZD NOXF]RZH U]HF]RZQLN]HVWDZLHQLH KLSHUK\SRQ\PLF]QH VWRVXQNL K\SHURQ\P
K\SRQ\P