Chapter 13: GAS VAPOR MIXTURES AND AIR CONDITIONING

&KDSWHU
*$69$3250,;785(6
$1'$,5&21',7,21,1*
,1752'8&7,21
$W WHPSHUDWXUHV EHORZ WKH FULWLFDO WHPSHUDWXUH WKH JDV SKDVH RI D
VXEVWDQFHLVIUHTXHQWO\UHIHUUHGWRDVD YDSRU
7KH WHUP YDSRU LPSOLHV D JDVHRXV VWDWH WKDW LV FORVH WR WKH VDWXUDWLRQ
UHJLRQRIWKHVXEVWDQFHUDLVLQJWKH SRVVLELOLW\RIFRQGHQVDWLRQ GXULQJD
SURFHVV
,QWKHSUHYLRXVFKDSWHUZHGLVFXVVHGPL[WXUHVRIJDVHV WKDWDUHXVXDOO\
DERYHWKHLUFULWLFDOWHPSHUDWXUHV
7KHUHIRUH ZH ZHUH QRW FRQFHUQHG DERXW DQ\ RI WKH JDVHV FRQGHQVLQJ
GXULQJDSURFHVV
1RWKDYLQJWRGHDOZLWKWZRSKDVHVJUHDWO\VLPSOLILHG WKHDQDO\VLV
,1752'8&7,21
:KHQ ZH DUH GHDOLQJ ZLWK D JDV±YDSRU PL[WXUH KRZHYHU WKH YDSRU
PD\FRQGHQVHRXWRIWKHPL[WXUHGXULQJDSURFHVVIRUPLQJDWZRSKDVH
PL[WXUH
7KLVPD\FRPSOLFDWH WKHDQDO\VLVFRQVLGHUDEO\
7KHUHIRUHDJDV±YDSRUPL[WXUHQHHGVWREHWUHDWHGGLIIHUHQWO\ IURPDQ
RUGLQDU\JDVPL[WXUH
6HYHUDOJDV±YDSRUPL[WXUHVDUHHQFRXQWHUHGLQHQJLQHHULQJ
,QWKLVFKDSWHUZHFRQVLGHUWKHDLU±ZDWHUYDSRUPL[WXUH ZKLFKLVWKH
PRVWFRPPRQO\ HQFRXQWHUHGJDV±YDSRUPL[WXUHLQSUDFWLFH
:HDOVRGLVFXVVDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJZKLFKLVWKHSULPDU\DSSOLFDWLRQ DUHD
RIDLU±ZDWHUYDSRUPL[WXUHV
'5<$1'$70263+(5,&$,5
$LULVDPL[WXUHRIQLWURJHQR[\JHQDQGVPDOODPRXQWVRIVRPHRWKHUJDVHV
$LULQWKHDWPRVSKHUHQRUPDOO\FRQWDLQVVRPHZDWHUYDSRURUPRLVWXUHDQG
LVUHIHUUHGWRDVDWPRVSKHULFDLU
%\FRQWUDVWDLUWKDWFRQWDLQVQRZDWHUYDSRU LVFDOOHGGU\DLU
,WLVRIWHQFRQYHQLHQWWRWUHDWDLUDVDPL[WXUH RIZDWHUYDSRUDQGGU\DLUVLQFH
WKH FRPSRVLWLRQ RI GU\ DLU UHPDLQV UHODWLYHO\ FRQVWDQW EXW WKH DPRXQW RI
ZDWHU YDSRU FKDQJHV DV D UHVXOW RI FRQGHQVDWLRQ DQG HYDSRUDWLRQ IURP
RFHDQVODNHVULYHUVVKRZHUVDQGHYHQWKHKXPDQERG\
$OWKRXJKWKHDPRXQWRIZDWHUYDSRULQWKHDLULVVPDOOLWSOD\VDPDMRUUROH
LQKXPDQFRPIRUW
7KHUHIRUHLWLVDQLPSRUWDQWFRQVLGHUDWLRQLQDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJDSSOLFDWLRQV
'5<$1'$70263+(5,&$,5
7KHWHPSHUDWXUHRIDLULQDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJDSSOLFDWLRQVUDQJHV IURPDERXW
WRDERXWr&
,QWKLVUDQJHGU\DLUFDQEHWUHDWHGDVDQLGHDOJDV ZLWKFRQVWDQW& YDOXHRI
N-NJÂ . >%WXOEP Â 5@ZLWKQHJOLJLEOHHUURUXQGHUSHUFHQW
7KHHQWKDOS\DQGHQWKDOS\FKDQJHRIGU\DLU FDQEHGHWHUPLQHGIURP
127,&(
7LQ &
'5<$1'$70263+(5,&$,5
,WFHUWDLQO\ZRXOGEHYHU\FRQYHQLHQW WRDOVRWUHDWWKHZDWHUYDSRULQWKHDLU
DVDQLGHDOJDVDQG\RXZRXOGSUREDEO\EHZLOOLQJWRVDFULILFHVRPHDFFXUDF\
IRUVXFKFRQYHQLHQFH
$Wr&WKHVDWXUDWLRQSUHVVXUH RIZDWHULVN3D
$WSUHVVXUHVEHORZWKLVYDOXHZDWHUYDSRUFDQEHWUHDWHGDVDQLGHDOJDV ZLWK
QHJOLJLEOHHUURUXQGHUSHUFHQWHYHQZKHQLWLVDVDWXUDWHGYDSRU
6LQFH ZDWHU YDSRU LV DQ LGHDO JDV WKH
HQWKDOS\ RI ZDWHU YDSRU LV D IXQFWLRQ RI
WHPSHUDWXUHRQO\WKDWLVK K7
7KLV FDQ DOVR EH REVHUYHG IURP WKH 7V
GLDJUDP RI ZDWHU JLYHQ LQ )LJ $±
ZKHUH WKH FRQVWDQW HQWKDOS\ OLQHV
FRLQFLGH ZLWK FRQVWDQWWHPSHUDWXUH OLQHV
DWWHPSHUDWXUHVEHORZr&
'5<$1'$70263+(5,&$,5
7KHUHIRUHWKHHQWKDOS\RIZDWHUYDSRULQDLUFDQEHWDNHQWREHHTXDOWRWKH
HQWKDOS\RIVDWXUDWHGYDSRU DWWKHVDPHWHPSHUDWXUH
7KDWLV
7KHHQWKDOS\RIZDWHUYDSRUDWr&LV
N-NJ 7KH DYHUDJH & YDOXH
RI ZDWHU YDSRU LQ WKH WHPSHUDWXUH
UDQJHWRr&FDQEHWDNHQWREH
N-NJÂ r&7KHQWKHHQWKDOS\RI
ZDWHU YDSRU FDQ EH GHWHUPLQHG
DSSUR[LPDWHO\IURP
127,&(
7LQ &
'5<$1'$70263+(5,&$,5
6LQFHZDWHUYDSRUFDQEHWUHDWHG DVDQLGHDOJDVWKHUHIRUHZDWHUYDSRULQDLU
EHKDYHVDVLILWH[LVWHGDORQH DQGREH\VWKHLGHDOJDVUHODWLRQ3Y 57
7KHQ WKH DWPRVSKHULF DLU FDQ EH WUHDWHG DV DQ LGHDOJDV PL[WXUH ZKRVH
SUHVVXUH LV WKH VXP RI WKH SDUWLDO SUHVVXUH RI GU\ DLU 3 DQG WKDW RI ZDWHU
YDSRU3
7KURXJKRXWWKLVFKDSWHUWKHVXEVFULSWDGHQRWHVGU\DLU DQGWKHVXEVFULSWY
GHQRWHVZDWHUYDSRU
3
3 3
7KH SDUWLDO SUHVVXUH RI ZDWHU YDSRU 3
LV XVXDOO\
UHIHUUHGWRDVWKHYDSRUSUHVVXUH
,W LV WKH SUHVVXUH ZDWHU YDSRU ZRXOG H[HUW LI LW
H[LVWHG DORQH DW WKH WHPSHUDWXUH DQG YROXPH RI
DWPRVSKHULFDLU
'DOWRQ¶VODZ
!"# $#!% '&'( )* 63(&,),&$1'5(/$7,9(+80,',7<2)$,5
7KHDPRXQWRIZDWHUYDSRULQWKHDLUFDQEHVSHFLILHGLQYDULRXV ZD\V
3UREDEO\WKHPRVWORJLFDO ZD\LVWRVSHFLI\GLUHFWO\WKHPDVVRIZDWHU
YDSRUSUHVHQWLQDXQLWPDVVRIGU\DLU
7KLV LV FDOOHG DEVROXWH RU VSHFLILF KXPLGLW\ DOVR FDOOHG KXPLGLW\
,
UDWLRDQGLVGHQRWHGE\Z
0DVV RI ZDWHU YDSRU LQ DLU P
Z
0DVV RI GU\ DLU
P7KH VSHFLILF KXPLGLW\ FDQ DOVR
EHH[SUHVVHGDV
Z
RU
P.
P0
.
39
5. 7 0
39
5 0 7 ;=<
3./
5.
301
50
3.
30
23 46575 9 8
9:
> 9 8
+
ZKHUH3LVWKHWRWDOSUHVVXUH
63(&,),&$1'5(/$7,9(+80,',7<2)$,5
&RQVLGHUNJRIGU\DLU
%\ GHILQLWLRQ GU\ DLU FRQWDLQV QR ZDWHU YDSRU DQG WKXV LWV VSHFLILF
KXPLGLW\LV]HUR
1RZOHWXVDGGVRPHZDWHUYDSRU WRWKLVGU\DLU
7KHVSHFLILFKXPLGLW\ZLOOLQFUHDVH
$V PRUH YDSRU RU PRLVWXUH LV DGGHG WKH VSHFLILF KXPLGLW\ ZLOO NHHS
LQFUHDVLQJXQWLOWKHDLUFDQKROGQRPRUHPRLVWXUH
$W WKLV SRLQW WKH DLU LV VDLG WR EH VDWXUDWHG ZLWK PRLVWXUH DQG LW LV
FDOOHGVDWXUDWHGDLU
$Q\PRLVWXUHLQWURGXFHGLQWRVDWXUDWHGDLUZLOOFRQGHQVH
?@
63(&,),&$1'5(/$7,9(+80,',7<2)$,5
7KH DPRXQW RI ZDWHU YDSRU LQ VDWXUDWHG DLU DW D VSHFLILHG WHPSHUDWXUH DQG
SUHVVXUH FDQ EH GHWHUPLQHG IURP Z E\ UHSODFLQJ 3
E\ 3A WKH VDWXUDWLRQ
SUHVVXUHRIZDWHUDWWKDWWHPSHUDWXUH
Z
3B
3 3B
%HFRPHV
Z
3C
3 3C
:KHUH
3E
D I
3F G(HJ
?'?
63(&,),&$1'5(/$7,9(+80,',7<2)$,5
7KHDPRXQW RIPRLVWXUH LQWKH DLU
KDV D GHILQLWH HIIHFW RQ KRZ
FRPIRUWDEOH ZH IHHO LQ DQ
HQYLURQPHQW
+RZHYHU WKH FRPIRUW OHYHO
GHSHQGV PRUH RQ WKH DPRXQW RI
PRLVWXUHWKHDLUKROGVP
UHODWLYH
WR WKH PD[LPXP DPRXQW RI
PRLVWXUH WKH DLU FDQ KROG DW WKH
VDPHWHPSHUDWXUHPA 7KHUDWLRRIWKHVHWZRTXDQWLWLHVLV
FDOOHGWKHUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\ I
I
0DVV RI YDSRU LQ DLU
0DVV RI VDWXUDWHG DLU
I
PM
PN
M
39
5M 7 3N 9 5M 7 3M
3N
PK
PL
?
63(&,),&$1'5(/$7,9(+80,',7<2)$,5
&RPELQLQJZ DQGIZHFDQDOVRH[SUHVVWKHUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\DV
Z=[
Z
TU V6W7W Y X
I
Y:
\ Y X
I 3Q
3 I 3Q
DQG
I
3R
3S
Z3
Z 3Q
7KHUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\UDQJHVIURPIRUGU\DLUWRIRUVDWXUDWHGDLU
1RWH WKDW WKH DPRXQW RI PRLVWXUH WKDW DLU FDQ KROG GHSHQGV RQ LWV
WHPSHUDWXUH
7KHUHIRUHWKHUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\RIDLUI FKDQJHVZLWKWHPSHUDWXUH HYHQ
ZKHQLWVVSHFLILFKXPLGLW\UHPDLQVFRQVWDQW
OP
63(&,),&$1'5(/$7,9(+80,',7<2)$,5
$WPRVSKHULF DLU LV D PL[WXUH RI GU\ DLU DQG ZDWHU YDSRU DQG WKXV WKH
HQWKDOS\RIDLULVH[SUHVVHG LQWHUPVRIWKHHQWKDOSLHVRIWKHGU\DLUDQGWKH
ZDWHUYDSRU
7KHWRWDOHQWKDOS\ DQH[WHQVLYHSURSHUW\RIDWPRVSKHULFDLULVWKHVXPRI
WKHHQWKDOSLHVRIGU\DLUDQGWKHZDWHUYDSRU
,QPRVWSUDFWLFDODSSOLFDWLRQVWKHDPRXQWRIGU\DLU P^ LQWKHDLU±ZDWHU
YDSRUPL[WXUHUHPDLQVFRQVWDQWEXWWKHDPRXQWRIZDWHUYDSRUFKDQJHV
7KHUHIRUH WKH HQWKDOS\ RI DWPRVSKHULF DLU LV H[SUHVVHG SHU XQLW PDVV RI
GU\DLU LQVWHDGRISHUXQLWPDVVRIWKHDLU±ZDWHUYDSRUPL[WXUH
'LYLGLQJE\P^ JLYHV
O]
63(&,),&$1'5(/$7,9(+80,',7<2)$,5
VLQFHK`
Ka VHHWKLV)LJXUH
$OVR QRWH WKDW WKH RUGLQDU\ WHPSHUDWXUH
RI DWPRVSKHULF DLU LV IUHTXHQWO\ UHIHUUHG
WR DV WKH GU\EXOE WHPSHUDWXUH WR
GLIIHUHQWLDWH LW IURP RWKHU IRUPV RI
WHPSHUDWXUHVWKDWVKDOOEHGLVFXVVHG
O_
([DPSOH
7KH$PRXQWRI:DWHU9DSRULQ5RRP$LU
$P; P; PURRPVKRZQFRQWDLQVDLUDWr&DQGN3DDWD
UHODWLYHKXPLGLW\RISHUFHQW'HWHUPLQH
DWKHSDUWLDOSUHVVXUHRIGU\DLU
EWKHVSHFLILFKXPLGLW\
FWKHHQWKDOS\SHUXQLWPDVVRIWKHGU\DLUDQG
GWKHPDVVHVRIWKHGU\DLUDQGZDWHUYDSRULQWKHURRP
Ob
'(:32,177(03(5$785(
7KHGHZSRLQWWHPSHUDWXUH 7d e LVGHILQHGDVWKHWHPSHUDWXUHDWZKLFK
FRQGHQVDWLRQEHJLQVZKHQWKHDLULVFRROHGDWFRQVWDQWSUHVVXUH
,QRWKHU ZRUGV7d e LVWKH VDWXUDWLRQWHPSHUDWXUH RIZDWHU FRUUHVSRQGLQJ
f
WRWKHYDSRUSUHVVXUH
7h i
7 jkmlon g
,I WKH WHPSHUDWXUH GURSV DQ\ IXUWKHU
IURPVRPHYDSRUFRQGHQVHVRXW
$VDUHVXOW WKHDPRXQWRI YDSRULQ WKH
DLU GHFUHDVHV ZKLFK UHVXOWV LQ D
GHFUHDVHLQ3` 7KH DLU UHPDLQV VDWXUDWHG GXULQJ WKH
FRQGHQVDWLRQSURFHVVDQGWKXVIROORZVD
SDWK RI SHUFHQW UHODWLYH KXPLGLW\
WKHVDWXUDWHGYDSRUOLQH
7KH RUGLQDU\ WHPSHUDWXUH DQG WKH GHZSRLQW WHPSHUDWXUH RI VDWXUDWHG
DLUDUHLGHQWLFDO
Oc
$',$%$7,&6$785$7,21$1'
:(7%8/%7(03(5$785(6
5HODWLYHKXPLGLW\DQGVSHFLILFKXPLGLW\DUH
IUHTXHQWO\ XVHG LQ HQJLQHHULQJ DQG
DWPRVSKHULFVFLHQFHVDQG LWLVGHVLUDEOH WR
UHODWH WKHP WR HDVLO\ PHDVXUDEOH TXDQWLWLHV
VXFKDVWHPSHUDWXUHDQGSUHVVXUH
2QH ZD\ RI GHWHUPLQLQJ WKH UHODWLYH
KXPLGLW\ LV WR GHWHUPLQH WKH GHZSRLQW
WHPSHUDWXUHRIDLU
7KLV DSSURDFK LV VLPSOH EXW QRW TXLWH
SUDFWLFDO
$QRWKHUZD\RIGHWHUPLQLQJWKHDEVROXWHRU
UHODWLYHKXPLGLW\ LV UHODWHG WR DQ DGLDEDWLF
VDWXUDWLRQ SURFHVV VKRZQ VFKHPDWLFDOO\
Op
DQGRQD7VGLDJUDP
$',$%$7,&6$785$7,21$1'
:(7%8/%7(03(5$785(6
7KH V\VWHP FRQVLVWV RI D ORQJ LQVXODWHG
FKDQQHO WKDWFRQWDLQVDSRRORIZDWHU
$VWHDG\VWUHDPRIXQVDWXUDWHGDLUWKDWKDV
DVSHFLILF KXPLGLW\ RIZ r XQNQRZQ DQG D
WHPSHUDWXUH RI 7 r LV SDVVHG WKURXJK WKLV
FKDQQHO
$VWKHDLUIORZVRYHUWKHZDWHUVRPHZDWHU
HYDSRUDWHV DQG PL[HV ZLWK WKH DLUVWUHDP
7KH PRLVWXUH FRQWHQW RI DLU LQFUHDVHV
GXULQJ WKLV SURFHVV DQG LWV WHPSHUDWXUH
GHFUHDVHV
,IWKHFKDQQHOLVORQJHQRXJKWKHDLUVWUHDP
H[LWV DV VDWXUDWHG DLU I SHUFHQW DW
WHPSHUDWXUH 7s ZKLFK LV FDOOHG OWKH
q
DGLDEDWLFVDWXUDWLRQWHPSHUDWXUH
$',$%$7,&6$785$7,21$1'
:(7%8/%7(03(5$785(6
tu
$',$%$7,&6$785$7,21$1'
:(7%8/%7(03(5$785(6
$SSO\LQJ WKH FRQVHUYDWLRQ RI PDVV DQG
FRQVHUYDWLRQ RI HQHUJ\ SULQFLSDO IRU WKLV
DGLDEDWLFVDWXUDWRUUHGXFHVWRWKHIROORZLQJ
ZKHUH
VLQFHIs
7KXV ZH FRQFOXGH WKDW WKH VSHFLILF
KXPLGLW\ DQG UHODWLYH KXPLGLW\ RI DLU
FDQ EH GHWHUPLQHG E\ PHDVXULQJ WKH
SUHVVXUHDQGWHPSHUDWXUH RIDLUDWWKHLQOHW
DQGWKHH[LWRIDQDGLDEDWLFVDWXUDWRU tvO
$',$%$7,&6$785$7,21$1'
:(7%8/%7(03(5$785(6
7KHDGLDEDWLFVDWXUDWLRQSURFHVVUHTXLUHVDORQJFKDQQHORUDVSUD\PHFKDQLVP
WRDFKLHYHVDWXUDWLRQFRQGLWLRQVDWWKHH[LW
$PRUHSUDFWLFDODSSURDFKLVWRXVHDWKHUPRPHWHUZKRVHEXOELVFRYHUHGZLWK
DFRWWRQZLFNVDWXUDWHGZLWKZDWHU DQGWREORZDLURYHUWKHZLFNDVVKRZQ
7KHWHPSHUDWXUHPHDVXUHGLQWKLVPDQQHULVFDOOHGWKHZHWEXOEWHPSHUDWXUH
7wx DQGLWLVFRPPRQO\XVHGLQDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJDSSOLFDWLRQV
7KH EDVLF SULQFLSOH LQYROYHG LV VLPLODU WR WKDW LQ
DGLDEDWLFVDWXUDWLRQSURFHVV
7KHUHIRUH WKH ZHWEXOE WHPSHUDWXUH 7wx FDQ EH
XVHG LQ SODFH RI 7s WR GHWHUPLQH WKH VSHFLILF
KXPLGLW\RIDLU
t't
$',$%$7,&6$785$7,21$1'
:(7%8/%7(03(5$785(6
7KH ZHWEXOE WHPSHUDWXUH FDQ DOVR EH PHDVXUHG E\ SODFLQJ WKH ZHWZLFNHG
WKHUPRPHWHULQDKROGHUDWWDFKHGWRDKDQGOH DQGURWDWLQJWKHKROGHUUDSLGO\
WKDWLVE\PRYLQJWKHWKHUPRPHWHULQVWHDGRIWKHDLU
$ GHYLFH WKDW ZRUNV RQ WKLV SULQFLSOH LV FDOOHG D VOLQJ SV\FKURPHWHU DQG LV
VKRZQ
8VXDOO\DGU\EXOEWKHUPRPHWHULVDOVRPRXQWHG RQ
WKH IUDPH RI WKLV GHYLFH VR WKDW ERWK WKH ZHW DQG
GU\EXOEWHPSHUDWXUHVFDQEHUHDGVLPXOWDQHRXVO\
$GYDQFHVLQHOHFWURQLFV PDGHLWSRVVLEOHWRPHDVXUH
KXPLGLW\GLUHFWO\LQDIDVWDQGUHOLDEOHZD\
,WDSSHDUVWKDWVOLQJSV\FKURPHWHUVDQGZHWZLFNHG
WKHUPRPHWHUV DUH DERXW WR EHFRPH WKLQJV RI WKH
SDVW
tP
([DPSOH
7KH6SHFLILFDQG5HODWLYH+XPLGLW\RI$LU
7KH GU\ DQG WKH ZHWEXOE WHPSHUDWXUHV RI DWPRVSKHULF DLU DW DWP
N3D SUHVVXUH DUH PHDVXUHG ZLWK D VOLQJ SV\FKURPHWHU DQG
GHWHUPLQHGWREHDQGr&UHVSHFWLYHO\'HWHUPLQH
DWKHVSHFLILFKXPLGLW\
EWKHUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\DQG
FWKHHQWKDOS\RIWKHDLU
t]
7+(36<&+520(75,&&+$57
7KH VWDWH RI WKH DWPRVSKHULF DLU DW D VSHFLILHG SUHVVXUH LV FRPSOHWHO\
VSHFLILHGE\WZRLQGHSHQGHQW LQWHQVLYHSURSHUWLHV
7KH UHVW RI WKH SURSHUWLHV FDQ EH FDOFXODWHG HDVLO\ IURP WKH SUHYLRXV
UHODWLRQV
7KHVL]LQJRIDW\SLFDODLUFRQGLWLRQLQJ V\VWHPLQYROYHVQXPHURXVVXFK
FDOFXODWLRQVZKLFKPD\HYHQWXDOO\JHWRQWKHQHUYHVRIHYHQWKH PRVW
SDWLHQWHQJLQHHUV
7KHUHIRUHWKHUHLVFOHDUPRWLYDWLRQ WRFRPSXWHUL]HFDOFXODWLRQVRUWRGR
WKHVH FDOFXODWLRQV RQFH DQG WR SUHVHQW WKH GDWD LQ WKH IRUP RI HDVLO\
UHDGDEOHFKDUWV
6XFK FKDUWV DUH FDOOHG SV\FKURPHWULF FKDUWV DQG WKH\ DUH XVHG
H[WHQVLYHO\LQDLUFRQGLWLRQLQJDSSOLFDWLRQV
t_
7+(36<&+520(75,&&+$57
t'b
7+(36<&+520(75,&&+$57
t'c
7+(36<&+520(75,&&+$57
$ SV\FKURPHWULF FKDUW IRU D SUHVVXUH RI DWP N3D RU SVLDLVJLYHQLQ)LJ$±LQ6,XQLWVDQGLQ)LJ$±(LQ(QJOLVKXQLWV
3V\FKURPHWULF FKDUWV DW RWKHU SUHVVXUHV IRU XVH DW FRQVLGHUDEO\ KLJKHU
HOHYDWLRQVWKDQVHDOHYHODUHDOVRDYDLODEOH
7KHEDVLFIHDWXUHV RIWKHSV\FKURPHWULF
FKDUWDUHLOOXVWUDWHGLQWKLV)LJXUH
7KH GU\EXOE WHPSHUDWXUHV DUH VKRZQ
RQ WKH KRUL]RQWDO D[LV DQG WKH VSHFLILF
KXPLGLW\ LVVKRZQRQWKHYHUWLFDOD[LV
2Q WKH OHIW HQG RI WKH FKDUW WKHUH LV D
FXUYH FDOOHG WKH VDWXUDWLRQ OLQH
LQVWHDGRIDVWUDLJKWOLQH
tp
7+(36<&+520(75,&&+$57
$OOWKHVDWXUDWHGDLUVWDWHVDUHORFDWHG RQWKLVFXUYH7KHUHIRUHLWLVDOVRWKH
FXUYHRISHUFHQWUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\
2WKHUFRQVWDQWUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\ FXUYHVKDYHWKHVDPHJHQHUDOVKDSH
/LQHVRI FRQVWDQWZHWEXOE WHPSHUDWXUH KDYHD GRZQKLOODSSHDUDQFH WR WKH
ULJKW
/LQHVRIFRQVWDQWVSHFLILFYROXPH LQPy NJ
GU\ DLU ORRN VLPLODU H[FHSW WKH\ DUH
VWHHSHU
/LQHVRIFRQVWDQWHQWKDOS\ LQN-NJGU\DLU
OLH YHU\ QHDUO\ SDUDOOHO WR WKH OLQHV RI
FRQVWDQWZHWEXOEWHPSHUDWXUH
7KHUHIRUH WKH FRQVWDQW ZHW EXOE
WHPSHUDWXUH OLQHV DUH XVHG DV FRQVWDQW
HQWKDOS\ OLQHVLQVRPHFKDUWV
tq
7+(36<&+520(75,&&+$57
7KHGHZSRLQW WHPSHUDWXUHRIDWPRVSKHULFDLUDWDQ\SRLQWRQWKHFKDUWFDQEH
GHWHUPLQHG E\ GUDZLQJ D KRUL]RQWDO OLQH D OLQH RI Z FRQVWDQW RU 3` FRQVWDQWIURPWKHSRLQWWRWKHVDWXUDWHGFXUYH
7KHWHPSHUDWXUHYDOXHDWWKHLQWHUVHFWLRQSRLQWLVWKHGHZSRLQWWHPSHUDWXUH
)RU VDWXUDWHG DLU WKH GU\EXOE ZHWEXOE DQG GHZSRLQW WHPSHUDWXUHV DUH
LGHQWLFDO
7KH SV\FKURPHWULF FKDUW DOVR VHUYHV DV D
YDOXDEOH DLG LQ YLVXDOL]LQJ WKH DLU
FRQGLWLRQLQJSURFHVVHV
$Q RUGLQDU\ KHDWLQJ RU FRROLQJ SURFHVV IRU
H[DPSOH DSSHDUV DV D KRUL]RQWDO OLQH RQ WKLV
FKDUWLIQRKXPLGLILFDWLRQRUGHKXPLGLILFDWLRQ
LVLQYROYHGWKDWLVZ FRQVWDQW
$Q\GHYLDWLRQ IURPDKRUL]RQWDOOLQHLQGLFDWHV
WKDW PRLVWXUH LV DGGHG RU UHPRYHG IURP WKH
DLUGXULQJWKHSURFHVV
P'u
([DPSOH
7KH8VHRIWKH3V\FKURPHWULF&KDUW
&RQVLGHUDURRPWKDWFRQWDLQVDLUDWDWPr&DQGSHUFHQW UHODWLYH
KXPLGLW\8VLQJWKHSV\FKURPHWULFFKDUWGHWHUPLQH
DWKHVSHFLILFKXPLGLW\
EWKHHQWKDOS\
FWKHZHWEXOEWHPSHUDWXUH
GWKHGHZSRLQWWHPSHUDWXUHDQG
HWKHVSHFLILFYROXPHRIWKHDLU
P6O