Chapter 9, Section 1 Guided Notes
I)
Encouraging Industrial Growth
a. The Civil War encouraged industries to produce goods at faster rates and more efficiently. This
mechanization of industries continued after the Civil War ended, though.
b. Vast supply of NATURAL
RESOURCES, like forests and coal, benefitted industries. The
discovery of oil in 1859 by EDWIN
DRAKE
created a lasting industry and need for it.
c. Immigration from countries with political upheaval,
religious discrimination and crop failures created a cheap
labor supply because immigrants were willing to work for
low wages, and move frequently where opportunities
arose.
d. Growing ‘rags to riches’ sentiment by authors such as HORATIO
ALGER, whose books were
based around the idea of capitalism.
i.
ENTREPRENEURS fueled industrialization by investing money in products or
enterprises for profit.
e. Government encouraged capitalism through providing land for development (as with railroads), passing
PROTECTIVE TARIFFS to encourage buying of US goods, and through implementation of
LAISSEZ-FAIRE policies where businesses operated with minimal government interference.
II)
Innovation Drives the Nation
a. The number of PATENTS, or grants by the federal government giving an individual exclusive rights
to develop and sell an invention for a specific period of time, rose in the late 1800s.
i. Renowned inventor THOMAS
EDISON held over 1,000 patents but is most well-
known to his development of technology to send electricity over long
distances.
ii. Alexander Graham Bell patented the
TELEPHONE in 1876 and soon phone lines stretched across
the country.
iii. A new process began in England for purifying
iron into steel- a more lightweight material. It became known as the
BESSEMER PROCESS and gave way to many modern architectural structures such
as skyscrapers, elevators, and SUSPENSION
BRIDGES.
1. One of these was the Brooklyn Bridge.
b. The railroad industry created a need for TIME
ZONES to set schedules for shipment.
i. Some towns also flourished as railroad ‘hubs’ like Chicago, Atlanta and Las Vegas.
c. Altogether, natural resources and transportation efficiency spurred great growth for factories. Factories
were able to MASS
III)
PRODUCE goods to meet growing demand.
The Impact of Industrialization
a. The American economy expanded overseas—more railroads meant faster transport of goods to port
cities.
b. Cities were not the only locations subject to mechanization, though—farms were too.
i. However, this meant that fewer workers were needed. Thus, many moved to cities in search of
work. Here, they encountered higher costs of living, were dependent on wages, and
REPETITIVE TASKS in factories.
c. In the late 1800s, people began to worry about the increased mechanization’s impact on the
ENVIRONMENT.
i. In response, Congress passed legislation setting aside PUBLIC
Park Service.
1. Yellowstone Park was created in 1872.
LANDS for the National
Concept Questions:
1) What factors spurred industrial growth in the late 1800s? CIVIL
WAR DEMANDS,
AVAILABILITY OF NATURAL RESOURCES, INCREASED
IMMIGRATION AND SUPPORTIVE GOVERNMENT POLICIES.
2) How did new technologies shape industrialization? IMPROVED
COMMUNICATION AND
TRANSPORTATION. FACTORIES BEGIN TO MASS PRODUCE GOODS.
3) What impact did industrialization have on Americans? INCREASED
CITY POPULATIONS;
INCREASED PRODUCTION; GREATER POLLUTION.