Everglades K­12 Publishing’s Florida Science Standards Biology End­of­Course Chapter 8 Answer Key Chapter 8 – Selected Topics: Human Anatomy and Physiology The Brain Diagram SC.912.L.14.26 page 186 1 – 9. Using the diagram of the brain on page 184, check your answers. Be sure to note that the orientation of the diagram is reversed. Blood Flow: Affecting Factors SC.912.L.14.36 page 193 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. From the right atrium (C), blood moves to the right ventricle (H) where it is pumped to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries (D). After oxygenation in the lungs, blood returns through the pulmonary veins (F) to the left atrium (E). From here, the blood enters the left ventricle (G) and is pumped through the aorta (A) to the body. Blood returns to the heart through veins, one of which is shown at (B), the superior vena cava, which leads to the right atrium. 5. D 6. F 7. A 8. C 9. E 10. H 11. G 12. D 13. B 14. Decreased blood flow means less oxygen to cells. Cells without enough oxygen can die. A stroke is a result of decreased blood flow to the brain. You may project and photocopy this page. page 1 Everglades K­12 Publishing’s Florida Science Standards Biology End­of­Course Chapter 8 Answer Key 15. If the atria and ventricles are not contracting and relaxing in a coordinated movement, then blood pressure will increase and decrease erratically. Blood flow will not be consistent, and areas of the body might get too little blood with its oxygen and nutrients, or there might not be a timely removal of wastes including carbon dioxide. Arrhythmias result when the heart beats too fast, or too slow. 16. Aspirin lowers the viscosity of the blood and allows for better blood flow. 17. Blood flow through arteries is driven by the pumping action of the heart. Blood flow in veins is the result of skeletal muscle contraction 18. Water pills get rid of excess water and salt. Loss of too much water results in a thickening of the blood and a decrease in blood pressure. 19. Heart murmurs are often caused by defective valves in the heart. This can result in decreased blood flow and/or an increase in pressure. Valves that do not close completely can even allow blood to seep backwards. 20. Good nutrition includes eating heart healthy foods, including limiting fried and fatty food intake. This will prevent a buildup of plaque in the blood vessels, which can decrease the diameter of the blood vessel, increasing blood pressure and making the heart work harder to pump the necessary blood volume. Immune System: Functions and Factors Impact Human Health SC.912.L.14.52 page 205 1.
The function of the immune system is to protect and defend our body from out of control cells (cancer), foreign protein substances, and infectious organisms. 2.
The term disease is used to describe any condition where a body system is not functioning correctly. These conditions can be genetic, a result of lifestyle, a malfunction of a system, or an infection (or infestation) by a pathogen. 3. mechanical – The skin is a mechanical barrier to outside invaders of the body. 4. glandular – The thymus in the upper chest behind the breast bone is very active in infants and young children; it processes lymphocytes into T cells. 5. lysozyme – Lysozyme is a non‐specific chemical found in tears, saliva, even sweat; it is a toxic substance to microbes. 6. antibody – An antibody produced by an active plasma cell (B cell) after a measles vaccination is a chemical defender specific to measles virus. 7. TNK – A Natural Killer T cell is one of the roaming cells vigilant and toxic to cancer cells. You may project and photocopy this page. page 2 Everglades K­12 Publishing’s Florida Science Standards Biology End­of­Course Chapter 8 Answer Key 8. Antigens are substances that the body recognizes as non‐self. Three examples could be any of: viruses, bacteria, parasitic worms, a splinter, a thorn, animal dander, skin, or hair, pollen, peanuts, shellfish and more. 9. Antibodies 10. Stem cells for the various blood cells arise in the red bone marrow. 11. Leukocytes, white blood cells, work as sentinels, macrophages, toxic chemical producers, antibody producers, and suppressor cells. 12. Many genetic diseases are recessively inherited; you may not know you carry the disease and could pass it on to a child. The disease may show up in a family medical history. Other dominantly inherited diseases do not appear symptomatically until you have already had children (Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s Disease). 13. Many communicable diseases (for example Measles) can cause developmental defects in an embryo. Communicable diseases can be fatal to anyone with a compromised immune system (genetically, cancer patient, elderly). 14. A booster shot is administered about 6 weeks after the first injection. The curve indicates that antibodies were made after the first injection and that there should be circulating memory cells. The booster will initiate the multiplication of active cells and more memory cells. This level of immunity can remain constant for years. 15. Epigenes have been discovered to be switches that may turn a gene off or on. Environmental factors have been demonstrated to affect the function of these controlling genes. Certain proteins (coded for by genes) are responsible for locating and repairing mutated strands of DNA. An environmental factor such as a toxin in a water supply could switch off such an important gene. The result could be a fatal mutation. Specific or Nonspecific Defense Active or Passive Immunity Natural or Acquired Immunity 16. Diphtheria toxoid Specific Active Aquired 17. Hepatitis vaccine Specific Active Acquired 18. Rattlesnake anti‐venom Specific Passive Acquired Non‐specific Passive Natural Medical Treatment 19. Lysozyme in tears You may project and photocopy this page. page 3 Everglades K­12 Publishing’s Florida Science Standards Biology End­of­Course Chapter 8 Answer Key 20. Treatment Anti‐Bacterial Anti‐Viral Yes Tetanus Toxoid Yes Ampicillin Yes Acyclovir Yes HPV Vaccine Human Reproduction and Development SC.912.L.16.13 page 212 1. vas deferens – sperm duct; conveys sperm from epididymis to urethra 2. penis – male copulatory organ 3. urethra – passageway out of the body for semen and urine 4. seminal vesicle – produces lubricating and sperm nourishing fluid 5. prostate gland – produces acid neutralizing component of semen 6. epididymis – immature sperm mature in this coiled tube 7. testicle (testis) – organ producing sperm and reproductive hormones 8. scrotum – sac holding the testes outside the abdomen; cooler 9. fallopian tube – tube from ovary leading to uterus 10. ovary – organ producing egg cells and reproductive hormones 11. uterus – site of embryo implantation and development 12. cervix – neck of the uterus 13. vagina – birth canal You may project and photocopy this page. page 4 Everglades K­12 Publishing’s Florida Science Standards Biology End­of­Course Chapter 8 Answer Key First Trimester Week Major Event 1 conception; egg fertilized by sperm 14 2 fertilized egg continues to divide, doubling in size every 12 hours 15 3 forms the blastocyst 16 4 placenta begins to develop 5 heart begins to beat 17 6 facial features forming 7 umbilical cord joins embryo to placenta 18 8 brain developing 19 9 morning sickness may start to occur 20 10 muscles growing 21 11 building bones and cartilage 22 12 embryo is building body mass Second Trimester Week Major event 13 fetus flexes and kicks; bone starts to replace cartilage 23 14 hair begins to sprout, eyebrows form 24 15 fetus kicking and flexing legs and arms 25 16 eyesight and eyelashes developing 26 17 fetus practicing sucking and swallowing 27 18 definite movement and kicking, weight around one pound 19 genitals distinct and recognizable on ultrasound 28 20 continuing to grow, can hiccup and yawn 29 21 senses developing 30 22 continuing to grow and develop 31 23 linea nigra forms on Mom’s belly skin 24 lungs developing, baby practices breathing You may project and photocopy this page. page 5 Everglades K­12 Publishing’s Florida Science Standards Biology End­of­Course Chapter 8 Answer Key Third Trimester Week 25 bones becoming solid, hands fully formed 32 26 eyes are opening 33 27 gaining weight 34 28 eyes blinking 35 29 growing and growing 36 30 brain getting bigger 37 31 senses (smell, touch, taste, etc.) getting ready for birth 32 toenails and fingernails complete 38 33 immune system developing 39 34 baby boys’ testicles descend 40 35 brain growing rapidly, as well as body 36 if born this week considered “full term” Major Event 37 – 40 baby continues to gain weight until born 41. The ectoderm will form skin, teeth, and the nervous system. 42. The mesoderm will form other organs and tissues. 43. The endoderm will form the respiratory, auditory and digestive systems. 44. Organs begin to form after gastrulation. 45. In the female, FSH (follicle stimulating hormone released prior to day 13) stimulates the ovarian follicle to release estrogens. LH (luteinizing hormone), released toward the middle of the menstrual cycle (about the 13th day), with the estrogens stimulates the egg cell to complete meiosis I and erupt from the follicle (meiosis II completes upon entry of the sperm). LH also stimulates the ruptured follicle to become the corpus luteum that will produce progesterone (stimulating endometrial thickening through day 28 or longer if implantation occurs). In the male, FSH stimulates the production of sperm in the testes. LH stimulates other cells (interstitial cells) of the testes to produce testosterone that also acts to mature sperm. 46. The first hormone that YOU produce is hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin). Very early in germ cell layer production, the embryo begins to produce hCG. The placenta continues the production of hCG. You may project and photocopy this page. page 6 Everglades K­12 Publishing’s Florida Science Standards Biology End­of­Course Chapter 8 Answer Key Formative Assessment 8 page 215 1. A 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. D 9. A 10. C 11. C 12. A 13. A 14. C 15. B 16. A 17. B 18. C 19. D 20. D You may project and photocopy this page. page 7