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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT LIFE SCIENCES
RESEARCH ARTICLE
ISSN: 2249- 1465
International Journal of Current Life Sciences - Vol. 4, Issue, 12, pp. 11492-11497, December, 2014
THE COMPARISON OF PARENTING STYLES OF MOTHERS OF OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE
DISORDER AND PHOBIA CHILDREN WITH MOTHERS OF NORMAL CHILDREN
Leili Shaham1 and Mehdi Rabiei2*
1Department
2Department
of Psychology Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
of Clinical Psychology, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AR TIC L E
I NF O
Article History:
th
Received 7 , November, 2014
Received in revised form 16th, November, 2014
Accepted 6th, December, 2014
Published online 28th, December, 2014
Key words:
parenting styles of mothers, children, obsessivecompulsive disorder, phobia
ABS TR AC T
Objective: The purpose of the present study was to compare parenting styles of
mothers of obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobia children with mothers of
normal children. Method: This was an ex post study. The statistical population
consists of all mothers of children with social phobia and obsession and normal
children in the city of Qom, Iran. In this research 40 mothers of children with
obsessive-compulsive disorder, 40 mothers of children with phobia, and 40
mothers in comparison group were selected on the basis of DSM-5 diagnostic
criteria. Sampling method of comparison group was random. The sample for
obsessive disorder and phobia was selected based on convenience sampling
method. Bamrind parenting style questionnaire (1972) was used as the outcome
measure. Research data was analyzed by descriptive statistic index, MANOVA
test, and SPSS-16 software.
Findings: The results of analysis of MANOVA showed that permissive
parenting styles, only obsessive group got higher scores than normal group. In
authoritarian style, only phobia group got higher scores than normal group.
However, the groups were not significantly different in authoritative style.
Conclusion: it seems that parents’ permissiveness can provide the ground of
obsession while their authority could lead to phobia in children.
© Copy Right, IJCLS, 2014, Academic Journals. All rights reserved.
INTRODUCTION
Focusing on parenting style is important in order to
understand the process of child growth and their
pathological structure in adulthood. Researchers have
enumerated several processes involved in anxiety
disorders in children. These include authoritarian and
strict behaviors of parents, and neglects of parents in being
excessively lenient which lead to extreme irresponsibility
in children (Salkovskis, Shafran, Rachman, & Freeston,
1999)
Previous systematic studies have shown that indifferent
behaviors, neglect of parents, and improper parenting
styles provide the ground for developing psychological
disorders in adulthood (Abramowitz, Nelson, Rygwall, &
Khandker, 2007; Taylor et al., 2010, Yarbro (2013)
Contemporary cognitive models have highlighted the role
of environmental factors particularly family systems in
development and continuation of anxiety disorders
(Rachman, 1997, 1998). Here, two more significant
disorders- obsession and phobia- are studied.
Obsessions are thoughts, or recurrent and persistent
mental images that are regarded as intruding and could be
easily discerned from excessive obsessions in daily life
problems (Lopez-Ibor and Lopez-Ibor 2005). Phobia is an
anxiety disorder. The main characteristic of phobia is the
fear of tangible and limited objects and situations. Phobia
tends to damage the individual’s functions and may cause
the individual respond to threatening stimuli adversely and
unexpectedly (Calinan, 2002).
Numerous factors have roles in the etiology of psychiatric
disorders. Genetic factors have crucial role in creating
these disorders. on the other side, the studies by some
researchers state that at least some environmental factors
such as parenting styles of parents are effective in creating
psychiatric disorders in children (Rubin and Mills, 1991;
Chorpita and Barlo, 1998; Manassis and Bradley, 1994).
Parenting style is considered as a set of attitude toward
children which lead to an emotional atmosphere where
parents’ behavior emerge (Darilng & Steinberg), 1993). In
Rapee study (1997), three permissive, authoritarian, and
authoritative parenting styles have been mentioned.
The authoritarian style is accompanied by characteristics
such as low self-esteem and self-confidence, low
education, increased use of narcotics and reduction in
happiness.
*Corresponding author: Mehdi Rabiei
Department of Clinical Psychology, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
International Journal of Current Life Sciences - Vol. 4, Issue, 12, pp. 11492-11497, December, 2014
Furnham&Cheng, 2000; Klein, O’Brayant, & Hopkins,
Nonetheless, some findings are contradictory proving that
1996; Wolfradt, Hempel, & Miles, 2003
parents’ parenting styles were not associated with children
obsessive signs. This relationship, whether direct or
On the contrary, children with permissive parents seem to
interactive, was not significant Knappe , Beesdo , Fehm ,
be happier than children with authoritative parents.
Höfler , Lieb , Wittchen(2009).
However, results of studies indicate a lack of individual
control, low grades, and low self-confidence in these
Despite initial research supports, there is no
children.
comprehensive and valid model to strongly affirm the
relationship between parenting styles and psychological
Dornsbusch,Ritter, Leiderman, Roberts, &Fraleigh, 1987
disorders in children and adolescents (Yarbro, Mahaffey,
;Furnham& Cheng, 2000).
Abramowitz, Kashdan, 2013). Therefore, it is not yet
There is a general consensus that authoritative style is the
known if anxiety disorder sufferers are necessarily grown
best and an ideal parenting style because children nurtured
up through a special parenting style. In this research, we
with these parenting style tend to be happier and less
carried out a comparative study on parenting styles of
neurotic. In addition, they value themselves, have higher
mothers in three groups of obsession-compulsion disorder,
motivation to make progress, and are more independent
phobic, and normal children in an Iranian population so as
and ethically grown.
to study the clinical causes of these differences in addition
to identifying the difference of groups in applying
Boyes& Allen, 1993 ;Furnham& Cheng, 2000 ; Klein
parenting styles.
et al., 1996 ; Steinberg, Elmen, & Mounts, 1989
In studying the function of families with children suffering
from psychiatric disorders, researchers have proven that
parents of children with obsession show lower levels of
positive behaviors in interaction with their children and
use fewer positive solutions (Barret, Shortt, and Healy,
2002).
Also, studies have shown a reverse relationship between
healthy parenting style and obsessive personality traits and
signs.
(Nordahl&
Stiles,
1997;
Timpano,
Keough,
Mahaffey,Schmidt, & Abramowitz, 2010; Wilcox et al.,
2008).
In a research, Timpano, Keough, Mahaffey, Schmidt,
Abramowitz (2010) studied the relationship of parenting
styles, obsession signs, and beliefs about obsessive
disorder. Results showed that authoritarian style was
significantly associated with symptoms and beliefs about
obsession (beliefs such as excessive accountability and
overemphasizing the thoughts). This relationship was
significant even after controlling anxiety and depression
variance.
Also, Yarbro (2013) proved that unsafe attachment has a
mediative role in the relationship between parenting styles
and child obsessive signs.
On one side, studies have shown that parents’ behaviors
such as excessive support and excessive rejection and
control facilitate the process of developing fear in children
(Lieb,
Wittchen,
Höfler,
Fuetsch,
Stein,
Merikangas,2000).
Akinsola, Udoka (2013) showed that parents’ permissive
parenting style is more significant than other styles in
developing fear in the child.
In a research, Knappe, Lieb, Beesdo, Fehm, Low, Gloster,
Wittchen (2009) studied the vulnerability grounds in
children with phobia disorder in relation with parental
behavior. Their results showed that parents with phobia,
anxiety, and depression will most likely have children
with phobia. Parenting styles such as being excessively
supportive, neglecting, and emotional indifference were
highly related with developing phobia in children.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This research is a casual comparative study. Research
statistical population consists of all mothers of children
with obsession, social phobia and normal children of Qom
in 2013. The sample size in this study includes 40 mothers
of children with obsessive-compulsive disorder, 40
mothers of children with phobia, and 40 mothers in
comparison group. The patient sample consisted of 8-12
year-old boys and girls who had obsession and phobia
based on diagnostic interview of child psychiatrists and
according to DSM-5 standard. The no-disorder group was
selected from 8-12 year-old boys and girls from
elementary schools of Qom. They were selected after
being interviewed and recognizing no specific disorder.
The comparison group was randomly selected as twice as
much as the final number of the sample, and selection was
made randomly after screening. The sample of obsessive
disorders and phobia was selected based on convenience
sampling method.
Measures of selection included: 1. 8-12 year-old male
and female children with fair and higher IQs. 2- Mothers
with minimum education of high school diploma without
chronic psychiatric disorder such as psychosis (based on
psychiatrist’s diagnosis). 3- The ability to answer, verbally
or written, to the questions in questionnaire. Measures of
exclusion included: 1. not observing any of selection
measures. 2. Declining or lack of tendency to fill out
questionnaires. 3. Defectively completing questionnaires.
For moral considerations, research objectives were
explained to participants. They were also assured that their
information would be kept strictly confidential. Moreover,
all questions of participants about the research were
answered and they were assured that results of research
would be published statistically as a general and not
individual conclusion and that they would be free not to
take part in the study or decline at any stage.
Participants were unified with respect to main
demographic variables such as child age, mother age, sex,
and mother education and were not significantly different.
Raw data was recorded in SPSS software after collection
and coding. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics
indices (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard
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International Journal of Current Life Sciences - Vol. 4, Issue, 12, pp. 11492-11497, December, 2014
deviation), graphical analysis, and sampling. In inferential
Table 2 distribution frequency of the children
section, in order to study the difference of groups in
gender, education, and social class of participating
dependent variables, MANOVA multivariate variance
mothers are presented:
analysis and Box, Levin and Kolmogorov–Smirnov
Groups
Gender
Frequency Percent
default tests were used.
Phobia
Male
16
40
Research Tools
1. Child psychiatric diagnosis in the form of interview
based on the revised text of diagnostic and statistical
guide of mental disorders, 5th edition.
2. Bamrind parenting style questionnaire (1972)
Bamrind parenting style questionnaire was used for
parenting style study. The questionnaire was designed
by Bamrind in 1972 and included 30 sentences. Ten
sentences were related to permissive style, 10 to
authoritarian style and 10 to authoritative and safe
style. Questions were answered in a 5-degree Likert
Scale. Despite special child rearing styles, parenting
styles do not follow cultural patterns. This means that
parenting styles are equal in different cultural patterns
and different communities (Darling, Steinberg, 1993:
quoting from Alizadeh and Andris, 2002). Buri (1991)
used retest method among mothers to report the
reliability of this questionnaire as follows: a reliability
of 0.86 for authoritarian style, 0.78 for authoritative
style, and 0.81 for permissive style. The questionnaire
was studied in different studies to obtain its reliability
and validity. In the 1991 study, Buri reported the
reliability of the questionnaire distributed among
mothers group according to Cronbach’s alpha method
as follows: %81 for permissive style, %86 for
authoritarian style, and %78 for authoritative style.
The following results have been reported for validity
of the questionnaire: mother’s being authoritarian has a
reverse relationship with permissive style (-0.38) and
with authoritative style (-0.48). Mother’s strictness
was conversely related with permissiveness (-0.5) and
authoritative (-.52) (Farzi Golfazani et al. 2003).
Findings
Findings of research are presented in this part: 1frequency distribution of demographic characteristics of
sample groups and 2- descriptive statistics of dependent
variables.
Table 1 descriptive indictors of children variable
Child Age
Mother Age
Groups
Phobia
Normal
Obsessive
Phobia
Normal
Obsessive
N
40
40
40
40
40
40
Mean
10.65
10.78
10.42
37.02
37.47
36.94
S.D
1.25
.99
1.48
4.52
5.68
5.24
Descriptive indicators of children age and mother’s age
are mentioned in the above table. One may observe
children are slightly different regarding age range. The
youngest participant aged 6 and the oldest aged 13. Also
mothers were slightly different regarding age range. The
youngest mother aged 27 and the oldest aged 50. Results
of inferential tests indicated lack of significant difference
of groups in this variable (p>0.05).
In the following, frequency distribution of children
gender, education, and social class of participating
mothers are presented:
Normal
Obsessive
Groups
Phobia
Normal
Obsessive
Groups
Normal
Obsessive
Female
Missing
Male
Female
Missing
Male
Female
Missing
Education
Middle school
Diploma
Bachelor
M.A
Missing
Middle school
Diploma
Bachelor
M.A
Middle school
Diploma
Bachelor
M.A
Missing
Socio-economic
class
Low
middling
Good
Excellent
Missing
Low
middling
Good
Excellent
Low
middling
Good
Excellent
Missing
22
2
21
19
17
22
1
16
Frequency
3
22
4
10
1
8
19
3
10
5
20
5
9
1
55
0.5
52.5
47.5
42.5
55
2.5
40
Percent
7.5
55
10
25
2.5
20
47.5
7.5
25
12.5
50
12.5
22.5
2.5
Frequency
Percent
1
24
10
4
1
1
15
23
1
19
18
2
1
2.5
60
25
10
2.5
2.5
37.5
57.5
2.5
47.5
45
5
2.5
Distribution frequency in the above table showed that sex
range was close to each other in groups and the majority
of participants included the holders of high school
diploma in all three groups. Results of Chi-2 analysis
indicated no significant difference in groups (p>0.05).
Also, the majority of participants in patient groups
reported their social and economic class average while
most participants in normal group reported their social and
economic class as good.
Table 3 mean and standard deviation of parenting
styles for each group
parenting styles
permissive style
authoritarian style
authoritative style
Groups
Phobia
Normal
Obsessive
Phobia
Normal
Obsessive
Phobia
Normal
Obsessive
Mean
15.52
14.97
17.73
16.20
12.36
14.94
28.89
30.33
29.73
S.D
5.11
4.25
3.98
5.41
4.99
5.1
4.65
3.6
3.96
N
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
Contents of the above tables show the indicators of central
tendency of dependent variables in the three groups.
Inferential tests were used in order to clarify the statistical
difference of groups.
MANOVA or multivariate variance analysis was used in
order to analyze hypotheses. At first, in order to study the
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main hypotheses, after determining normalness of
This study included a major hypothesis which in turn
variables distribution by histogram, the fairness of
included minor hypotheses:
variance and covariance in groups was tested.
There was a significant difference between average scores
Table 4 Total MANOVA Analysis of the Difference
of mothers of children with obsessive disorder and phobia,
of Three Groups in Parenting Styles:
and mothers of normal children in respect of permissive
style in child rearing. Results of Bonferroni post hoc
Wilks'
Hypothesis
Observed
F
DF
P
Eta
Lambda
df
Power
analysis showed that in respect of permissive style, only
0.84
3.41
6
0.23
0.003 0.08
0.94
normal and obsessive groups were different significantly.
In other words, obsession gained significantly higher
Contents of above table showed that two groups were
scores in permissive style than normal group. In
significantly different in at least one of the variables of
confirming the result of research we can refer to study
parenting styles. This difference was significant in alpha
findings: Khanjani (2012) found that the signs of
level 0.05 and confidence level 0.95. Therefore, main
obsessive-compulsive and anxiety disorders had
hypotheses were confirmed.
significantly positive relationship with authoritarian and
Results of paired or post hoc analyses are presented in
permissive parenting styles. However, this relationship
order to study the difference of groups. Paired tests are
was negative with authoritative parenting style. Also,
used to compare the patterns with more than two groups
parenting styles were capable of prognosticating the level
and most of them give similar results. In the following,
of obsessive-compulsive and anxiety disorder signs in
results of Bonferroni post hoc test are provided together
adolescents (Dorsnbakh, 1987). In permissive parenting
with corrected alpha for parenting styles:
style, low self-control, low accountability, low resilience,
and low education have been reported in children and
Table 5 Results of Bonferroni Post Hoc Test and
adolescents (Dorsnbakh, 1987). Permissive parents are
Corrected Alpha
warmly lenient to their child’s behavior and make minimal
Std.
Variable
Group1 Group2
D.M
P
Error
use of punishment (Hilstorm, 2009). Permissive parents
permissive style Phobia
Normal
0.55
1.002
1
are patient and permissive, and have little demands or no
Obsessive -2.20
1.002
0.08
demand at all about their child’s behavior or self-control
Normal
Phobia
-0.55
1.002
1
(Gopalan, 2009). Permissive parents allow their children
Obsessive -2.75
1.002
0.02
Obsessive Phobia
-2.20
1.002
0.08
to control their behavior and make decisions. Moreover,
Normal
2.75
1.002
0.02
they have few rules in their families (Makobi & Martin,
1983). Adolescents who grow up with permissive parents
Results of Bonferroni analysis show that only normal and
tend to describe their parents in less limiting ways than
obsessive groups were significantly different in permissive
other parenting styles. Compared to children who grow up
style. In other words, obsessive group got significantly
with authoritative parents, adolescents who grow up with
higher scores in permissive style than normal group.
permissive parents tend to have less self-control and be
Table 6 results of Bonferroni analysis
less accountable socially (Gopalan, 2009). Accountability
Std.
is low in such families and obsessive individuals show
Variable
Group1 Group2 D.M
P
Error
neutral behaviors in order to escape responsibility
authoritarian
Phobia Normal
3.84
1.15 0.004
according to Salicois theory. 2. There is significant
style
Obsessive 1.26
1.15 0.83
difference between mean scores of mothers of children
Normal Phobia
-3.84
1.15 0.004
with obsessive disorder and phobia and mothers of normal
Obsessive -2.57
1.15 0.84
children in respect of authoritarian style in child rearing.
Obsessive Phobia
-1.26
1.15 0.83
Results of Bonferroni post hoc analysis showed that in
Normal
2.57
1.15 0.84
authoritarian style, only normal and phobia groups were
Results of Bonferroni analysis show that only normal and
different significantly. In other words, phobia group
phobia groups are significantly different in authoritarian
gained significantly higher scores in authoritarian style
style. In other words, phobia group has significantly
than normal group. The following studies confirm the
higher scores in authoritarian style than the normal group.
results of this hypothesis. (Tirgami Ali (2008) Wolford,
Std.
2003, Dorsnbakh, 1987) (Tirgami Ali Ayobakh (1998)
Variable
Group1
Group2
D.M
P
Error
(Farzi Golfazani et al. 2003).
In explaining this
authoritative style Phobia
Normal
-1.44 0.91 0.34
hypothesis,
Gelakar
(2007)
made
studies
and showed that
Obsessive -0.84 0.91
1
educational factors, progress, anxiety, and distress are
Normal
Phobia
-1.44 0.91 0.34
Obsessive 0.59 0.91
1
effective in the understanding of children about the
Obsessive
Phobia
0.84 0.91
1
behavior and excessive control of parents. In this study,
Normal
-0.59 0.91
1
the relationship of these factors and educational factors of
Results of this table indicate lack of significant difference
parents and anxiety were studied according to 16-18 yearin all paired comparisons. In other words, groups were not
old adolescents. Results showed that parents’ child
significantly different in authoritative style.
growing is accompanied by strictness, punishment, and
unusual behaviors and wrath; attention and control were
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
not much swinging in rearing. Parents who used
authoritarian parenting styles were classified low in
The aim of this research is comparing mother’s parenting
responsiveness and high in demanding (Volfrodat et al.
styles in children with obsessive-compulsive disorder and
2003). Authoritarian parents have a set of standard
phobia. In the following we deal with research hypotheses.
behavioral standards and use strict control to internalize
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International Journal of Current Life Sciences - Vol. 4, Issue, 12, pp. 11492-11497, December, 2014
the standards in their children (Hilstorm, 2009). Moreover,
(Farnham,2000) Alonso (2004) too reported low
authoritarian parents strictly stress on maintaining their
emotional state in parents of obsessive individuals.
authority and suppress any attempt by the child to
Based on previous findings Boyes& Allen, 1993 ;
challenge this authority (Makobi and Martin, 1983). Loef
Furnham& Cheng, 2000 ; Klein et al., 1996 ; Steinberg,
& Horst and Horton (1980) state that parents’ autocracy
Elmen, & Mounts, 1989), we expected a significant
gives this idea to the children that they are not trustable to
difference in authoritative style between normal group and
independently undertake activities. Problem in gaining
patient groups, although results did not show statistically
social skills can be a boosting factor of social anxiety
significant differences. The reason could be likely due to
because of decrease in self-confidence and inability in
measurement errors because normal group had in fact
establishing successful social relations, receiving positive
gained higher scores in descriptive indicators than patient
feedback and being admitted by others. Lack of trust and
groups. This difference was not statistically significant
strictness of parents leads to excessive anxiety and support
due to small size of sample or other errors in
of parents and hence, lack of permission to show feelings
measurement. The difference could have been significant
and emotions in social phobia situations (Kinzi 2005).
if the degree of clinical significance of differences was
Studies indicate that an unsuccessful social experience can
studied with other applied tests. One of the common
be a point for emergence of social phobia. Almost half of
problems of psychological studies is the contradiction in
sufferers have reported beginning or deteriorating social
statistical and significant results.
phobia following a mental trauma or a humiliating social
accident (Zinbarg, 1995) (Volford, 2003, Dorsnbakh,
Based on the findings of research and all psychology texts,
1987). 2. This finding confirm the studies that believe
authoritative style is the best educational style.
parental behaviors such as excessive support and
Educational workshops and courses on teaching this style
excessive control facilitate the process of development of
may help parents use this style in child rearing and prevent
phobia in the child (Lieb, et al. 2000). Also the finding is
from many educational problems whether in relation with
similar to the results of Knappeetal (2009) who proved
obsession or other problems. Studying three different
that parental styles such as excessive support, rejection,
groups and using dependent variables that target various
and emotional indifference is highly related with phobia in
family system aspects were the privileges of this research.
children. Despite the findings of this research, some
Lack of unifying groups and control and eliminating
research works (Timpano, 2010) have reported
unhelpful variables, voluntary sample, and not discovering
authoritarian style in obsessive patients. The reason is
the reason and causes were the limitations of research.
rooted in biological and development grounds and
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