Q1.
(a)
What information is required in order to calculate the growth rate of a population?
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(2)
(b)
The diagram shows an age population pyramid for humans in a country.
Percentage in Age Group
This country is at an early stage of demographic transition. Describe the evidence for this.
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(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Q2.
(a)
Explain what is meant by the term population.
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(1)
Page 1 of 18
(b)
Give two factors which could lead to a decrease in the death rate in a human population.
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2......................................................................................................................
(1)
The graph shows survival curves for human populations of the same country in different
years.
Age / years
(c)
Calculate the percentage increase from 1751 to 2007 in the number of people who
survived to 70 years of age. Show your working.
Answer = ...................................... %
(2)
Page 2 of 18
(d)
The changes in the survival curves between 1751 and 1960 show that a demographic
transition has taken place in this country. Explain how the changes show this.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q3.
(a)
Explain what is meant by birth rate.
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(1)
(b)
The table shows life expectancies for babies born in the United Kingdom and in the Sudan
in 2009.
United Kingdom
Sudan
Life expectancy
males / years
76.5
50.5
Life expectancy females /
years
81.6
52.4
(i)
Describe the patterns shown by these data.
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(2)
Page 3 of 18
(ii)
Suggest reasons for the differences in the life expectancy shown by these data.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q4.
(a)
Explain what is meant by the ecological term population.
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(1)
(b)
Four factors may affect the size of a human population. They are
•
•
•
•
Birth rate (B)
Death rate (D)
Emigration rate (E)
Immigration rate (I).
Use all the letters B, D, E and I to write a formula showing
(i)
a population that stays the same size
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(1)
(ii)
a population that is increasing in size.
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(1)
(c)
The table shows some features relating to the human population of Mexico in 2007.
Features
Total population / millions
107
Birth rate per 1000 population
20
Death rate per 1000 population
5
Life expectancy / years
76
Page 4 of 18
(i)
In 1990 the life expectancy was 70 years. Suggest one reason for the change in life
expectancy since 1990.
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(1)
(ii)
Use the information in the table to calculate the size of the population of Mexico in
2008. Show your working.
Answer .....................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q5.
(a)
The population pyramids show the age distribution in two countries in 2000.
Page 5 of 18
(i)
Describe the pattern of age distribution in each country.
Country A ............................................................................................
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Country B ............................................................................................
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(2)
(ii)
The population size of the two countries is about the same. In which country is the
population growing more rapidly? Explain your answer.
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(1)
(b)
What information is required in order to calculate the growth rate of a population?
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 6 of 18
Q6.
(a)
Explain what is meant by the ecological term, population.
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(1)
(b)
The diagram shows three survival curves, A, B and C.
(i)
Assume that the maximum age of a person living in a developed country is 95 years.
The diagram can be used to find the average life expectancy of people living in
developed countries. Explain how.
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(3)
Page 7 of 18
(ii)
Curve A is a survival curve for people living in the UK in 1750. Explain why the curve
is this shape.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q7.
(a)
(i)
In a demographic transition, give one factor that might cause
an increase in the birth rate; ...............................................................
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(ii)
a decrease in the death rate. ..............................................................
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(2)
Page 8 of 18
(b)
Births, deaths and migration affect population growth. The graph shows the effects of
these factors on a human population between 1960 and 2000. During this period the death
rate was almost constant.
(i)
From the information given, what does the graph show about changes in birth rate
between 1960 and 1980? Explain your answer.
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(2)
(ii)
Describe the effect of immigration and emigration on the growth of this population
between 1960 and 2000.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Page 9 of 18
Q8.
Figure 1 represents human demographic transition.
Figure 1
(a)
Starting from the arrow labelled X, sketch a curve on the graph to represent the total
human population over the time period shown.
(1)
(b)
Give two possible explanations for the fluctuating death rate during stage A.
1 ..........................................................................................................
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2 ..........................................................................................................
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(2)
(c)
Figure 2 is a simplified age pyramid.
Figure 2
In Figure 1, in which stage, A – D, is the age pyramid the same shape as Figure 2?
Stage .............................................
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Page 10 of 18
Q9.
The table shows the birth rate, death rate and life expectancy in England and Wales in four
different years. You may assume there was no migration.
Year
1851
1901
1931
1961
Birth rate per 1000 population
34.3
28.5
15.8
17.6
Death rate per 1000 population
22.0
16.9
12.3
11.9
Female life expectancy at birth / years
41.9
52.4
62.9
74.0
Male life expectancy at birth / years
39.9
48.5
58.7
68.1
(a)
(i)
Give the year when the population was growing at the slowest rate.
Explain your answer.
Year …….............................................................................................
Explanation .........................................................................................
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(2)
(ii)
The population of England and Wales in 1851 was 18 million. Calculate the size of
the population in 1852. Show your working.
Answer ............................................
(2)
(b)
One reason for the decrease in the death rate between 1851 and 1931 was the
introduction of mass vaccination. Explain how vaccinating a large proportion of the
population reduces the death rate.
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(2)
Page 11 of 18
S
(c)
Suggest a genetic explanation for the difference in life expectancy of females and males.
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(3)
(Total 9 marks)
Page 12 of 18
M1.
(a)
Birth rate and death rate = 2 marks;;
Neutral: any reference to per or times by a number eg per 1000 / ×
100
OR
1.
Change in population / births and deaths / population at start and end;
2.
In a given time;
Neutral: ignore any reference to immigration and emigration unless
context is incorrect
2
(b)
1.
High birth rate / high proportion/percentage / number of young / children;
1 and 2. Both points must be clearly stated. Do not award other
mark by implication
2.
High death rate / low proportion / percentage / number of elderly / older people /
low life expectancy
1 and 2. Accept appropriate use of percentage / number
as alternatives
1. Accept: ‘wide base’ or any equivalent description
of high proportion / number of young children
2. Accept: ‘narrow at top’ or any equivalent description of low
proportion of older people
2. Accept high death rate in context of any age group
2
[4]
M2.
(a)
Organisms / individuals of one species in a habitat / same place;
Accept ‘same gene pool’ as ‘species’
1
(b)
Any two factors for one mark e.g.
Accept two related factors e.g. vaccination and better health care
Improved medical care, improved nutrition, more food, improved sanitation, less
disease, improved living conditions, improved economy, war ends;
1
(c)
Correct answer in range of 269 − 291 (%);;
One mark for incorrect answer but shows change of 6.2 (× 1000) / 6.3 (× 1000) / 6.4
(× 1000);
2
Page 13 of 18
(d)
1.
Increase in (average) life expectancy;
Allow one maximum mark if candidate provides correct answer
using 2007 curve
2.
Low death rate / decrease in death rate / few(er) deaths / more survivors /
fewer babies / infants die / more old(er) people;
2. Allow any description which suggests more survivors or fewer
deaths
2
[6]
M3.
(a)
Births per thousand/given number of the population and per year/given period of time;
Accept if expressed as equation
births per year (x 1000)
total population (in that year)
1
(b)
(i)
1. Females have higher life expectancies;
2. UK has higher life expectancies;
2
(ii)
1. Females tend to outlive males linked to reason e.g.
male risk of CVD
more males smoke/drink to excess
males involved in fighting / war;
2. Medical care/vaccination programmes better in UK/infectious
disease common in Sudan;
3. More food/better diet in UK;
4. Food preservation/sanitation/clean water supply better in UK;
1. Females healthier is insufficient
2. Credit specific examples of medical care, for example during
childbirth
4. Principle underlying this mark is bacterial contamination of
food/water
2 max
[5]
M4.
(a)
(Number of) organisms of one species in a habitat/same place;
1
(b)
(i)
B + I = D + E/(B + I) – (D + E) = 0 / / (B – D) + (I – E) = 0;
Allow word equations.
1
(ii)
B + I > D + E / (B – D) + (I – E) > 0 / / (B + I) – (D + E) > 0;
1
Page 14 of 18
(c)
(i)
Improved medical care/improved nutrition/improved
sanitation/water treatment/lower infection rates/less disease;
Allow any specific examples of improved health or medical care
e.g. vaccinations, health education
1
(ii)
Correct answer of 108 605 000 = 2 marks;;
107 000 × 15/107 million × 0.015/1605 000/
(deaths) 535 000 and (births) 2140 000;
2
[6]
M5.
(a)
(i)
A – high proportion of young, decreasing proportion
in successively older groups / low proportion of older people;
B – approximately same proportion of all age groups;
(must have pattern i.e. refer to whole age range)
2
(ii)
a large base to pyramid/high proportion of young /high birth rate;
1
(b)
birth rate and death rate;
emigration and immigration;
2
[5]
M6.
(a)
All organisms of one species in a habitat/area/place/at one time;
Accept group
1
(b)
(i)
From curve C;
Find age as a percentage of a maximum/find value when 5000/50%
still alive;
(Use to) calculate as a percentage of 95/Answer = 85 years;
Q This question tests quality of written communication. Marks may
be awarded for calculating the answer but this must be supported
by adequate explanation making the points listed.
If curve A or B are given, figures for last mark point are
A 8
B 50
All three +/– 2
3
Page 15 of 18
(ii)
More disease/poor food supplies/poor sanitation/poor medical care;
Overcrowding not enough
High death rate among the young/in childhood/curve drops
steeply at first/in first 40;
Ignore ref to years or percentage
2
[6]
M7.
(a)
(i)
suitable reason for birth rate increase;
examples,
more people survive to reproductive age;
better pre-natal care / health care of mother;
better nutrition of mother;
1 max
(ii)
suitable reason for death rate fall;
examples,
better nutrition;
better sanitation;
(widespread) introduction of health care;
better post-natal care (mother or child);
vaccination programmes;
1 max
(b)
(i)
birth rate decreasing;
as the death rate constant but births minus deaths is falling;
2
(ii)
reduces population growth until 1989/90 (as more (net)
emigration); increases population growth from 1989/90
(as more (net) immigration);
2
[6]
M8.
(a) sigmoidal curve/low (in A), increase(in B), rapid increase (in C), levelling
off/slow rise (in D);
1
(b)
limited/changing food supply;
outbreaks of disease (accept epidemic);
2
(c)
D
1
[4]
Page 16 of 18
M9.
(a)
(i)
1931;
smallest difference between birth and death rate;
2
(ii)
rate of increase = 34.3 – 22.0 = 12.3 per thousand,
so increase = 18 000 × 12.3/221 400;
size of population = 18 000 000 + 221 400 (increase)
= 18 221 400;
2
(b)
herd immunity/effect;
any individual has lower chance of meeting infected individual;
lower chance of disease being passed on/prevents spread of disease;
2 max
(c)
males have XY, females XX/ males have Y chromosome females do not;
so males have only one allele for some genes;
these alleles are expressed;
(harmful alleles) increase chance of early death/valid example;
OR
males have XY, females XX/ males have Y chromosome, females do not;
males develop testes;
which are responsible for testosterone production;
which causes males to take more risks/valid example;
OR
males have XY, females XX/ males have Y chromosomes, females do not;
females develop ovaries;
which are responsible for oestrogen production;
which protects individuals against diseases/valid example, e.g CHD;
3 max
[9]
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